A Dokumentum Használatával Elfogadom Az Europeana Felhasználói Szabályzatát
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
A PDF fájlok elektronikusan kereshetőek. A dokumentum használatával elfogadom az Europeana felhasználói szabályzatát. ATLANTIC STUDIES ON SOCIETY IN CHANGE NO. 138 Editor-in-Chief, Ignác Romsics Founder, Béla K. Király MINORITY HUNGARIAN COMMUNITIES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY edited by Nándor Bárdi Csilla Fedinec László Szarka Translated by Brian McLean Copyedited by Matthew Suff Typeset by Andrea T. Kulcsár Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc. Highland Lakes, New Jersey Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York 2011 EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS, NO DCCLXXIV The publication of this volume was made possible by grants from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the National Cultural Fund, the Hungarian Book Foundation, the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs, and the MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Company. All rights reserved, which include the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2011 by Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc. Institute for Ethnic and National Minority Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences ISBN 978-0-88033-677-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2010923618 Printed in Hungary Table of Contents Preface to the Series . xi Introduction . 1 I. Changes of Sovereignty and the New Nation States in the Danube Region 1918–1921 1. The Break-Up of Historical Hungary László Szarka . 29 2. Hungary at the Peace Talks in Paris László Szarka . 43 3. The Creation of Hungarian Minority Groups Romania (Nándor Bárdi) . 52 Czechoslovakia: Slovakia (Attila Simon) . 58 Czechoslovakia: Transcarpathia (Csilla Fedinec) . 62 The Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom (Enikő A. Sajti) . 65 Austria (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 69 II. Between the Two World Wars 1921–1938 1. Nation States and Minorities in Central Europe László Szarka . 81 2. International Minority Defense System: The League of Nations Ferenc Eiler . 92 3. The Policies Towards Hungarian Communities Pursued by Hungary’s Neighboring Countries Nándor Bárdi . 102 4. Disputes, Plans and Proposals for Handling the Minority Question Nándor Bárdi . 117 5. Territorial Revision and Minority Protection in Hungarian Politics Nándor Bárdi and Ferenc Eiler . 128 v vi Table of Contents 6. Outcomes and Inconsistencies in Hungarian Policy on Territorial Revision László Szarka . 142 7. Minority Hungarians and Central European Land Reforms Attila Simon and Attila Kovács . 157 8. Minority Hungarian Societies Nándor Bárdi . 164 9. Minority Hungarian Culture, Art, Science and Scholarship Tamás Gusztáv Filep . 178 10. Case Studies Romania (Nándor Bárdi) . 194 Czechoslovakia: Slovakia (Attila Simon) . 202 Czechoslovakia: Transcarpathia (Csilla Fedinec) . 207 Yugoslavia (Enikő A. Sajti) . 214 Austria (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 218 III. The World War II Years 1939–1944 1. Returnee Hungarians Tamás Gusztáv Filep . 235 2. The Autonomy Question in Transcarpathia Csilla Fedinec . 248 3. Case Studies Romania (Béni L. Balogh and Nándor Bárdi) . 256 Slovakia (Árpád Popély) . 261 The Banat (Enikő A. Sajti) . 265 The German Reich: Burgenland (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 269 IV. From the End of World War II to the Communist Takeover 1944–1948 1. Hungary and the Situation of the Hungarian Minorities in 1945 László Szarka . 279 2. The Losses of Hungarian Minorities Mihály Zoltán Nagy . 287 Table of Contents vii 3 Case Studies Romania (Csaba Zoltán Novák) . 295 Czechoslovakia (Árpád Popély) . 299 The Soviet Union (Csilla Fedinec) . 304 Yugoslavia (Enikő A. Sajti) . 306 Austria (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 311 V. In the Eastern European Single-Party States 1948–1989 1. The Models for Communist Minority Policy Stefano Bottoni and Zoltán Novák . 323 2. Hungary and the Hungarians Beyond Its Borders Nándor Bárdi . 340 3. Demographic Features Patrik Tátrai . 357 4. Collectivization and Rural Change Nándor Bárdi and Márton László . 366 5. The Education Question Csilla Fedinec . 379 6. The Development of Cultural, Artistic and Scientific Institutions Tamás Gusztáv Filep . 386 7. Case Studies Romania (Stefano Bottoni and Csaba Zoltán Novák) . 397 Czechoslovakia (Árpád Popély) . 403 Yugoslavia (Árpád Hornyák) . 408 The Soviet Union (Csilla Fedinec) . 413 Austria (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 419 VI. From the Change of Regime to the Recent Past 1989–2005 1. Minority Rights in International Relations Balázs Vizi . 435 2. Hungarian Minorities and the Change of System, 1989–1991 László Szarka . 441 viii Table of Contents 3. The Policy of Budapest Governments towards Hungarian Communities Abroad Nándor Bárdi . 456 4. Demographic Processes in Minority Hungarian Communities László Gyurgyík . 468 5. The Education Issue Attila Papp Z. 480 6. The Position of the Hungarian Language Orsolya Nádor . 493 7. Cultural and Scientific Activity Among Hungarian Minority Communities Nándor Bárdi, Csilla Fedinec and Attila Papp Z. 503 8. Case Studies Austria (Gerhard Baumgartner) . 517 Croatia (János Vékás) . 521 Romania (Nándor Bárdi) . 525 Serbia (János Vékás) . 538 Slovakia (Judit Hamberger) . 545 Slovenia (János Vékás) . 552 Ukraine (Csilla Fedinec) . 556 VII. Other Hungarian-Speaking Communities In and Beyond Hungary’s Neighboring Countries 1. Hungarian-Speaking Jews in the Carpathian Basin Viktória Bányai . 585 2. Hungarian-Speaking Jewish Communities Overseas Viktória Bányai . 598 3. The Csángós of Moldavia Zoltán Ilyés . 605 4. Hungarian-Speaking Gypsies in the Carpathian Basin Péter Szuhay . 618 5. The Hungarian Diaspora Beyond the Carpathian Basin up to 1989 Ilona Kovács . 628 Table of Contents ix 6. Some Social and Demographic Features of the Hungarian Diaspora in the West and Its Institutions Attila Papp Z. 642 7. The Contact Dialects of Hungarian Miklós Kontra . 661 8. Population Movements in the Carpathian Basin Tamás Stark . 680 Biographies of Key Personalities . 697 The Authors . 713 Bibliography . 741 Historical Regions of Minority Hungarian Communities in the Carpathian Basin. .806 Maps (made by László Sebők) . 809 Name Index . 831 Place Index . 840 Volumes Published in “Atlantic Studies on Society in Change” . 851 Preface to the Series The present volume is a component of a series that is intended to present a comprehensive survey of the history of East Central Europe. The books in this series deal with peoples whose homelands lie between the Germans to the west, the Russians, Ukrainians and Belorussians to the east, the Baltic Sea to the north and the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to the south. They constitute a particular civilization, one that is at once an integral part of Europe, yet substantially different from the West. The area is characterized by a rich diversity of languages, religions and governments. The study of this complex area demands a multidisciplinary approach, and, accordingly, our contributors to the series represent several academic disciplines. They have been drawn from universities and other scholarly institutions in the United States and Western Europe, as well as East and East Central Europe. The editor-in-chief is responsible for ensuring the comprehensiveness, cohesion, internal balance and scholarly quality of the series that he has launched. He cheerfully accepts these responsibilities and intends this work to be neither justification nor condemnation of the policies, attitudes and activities of any person involved. At the same time, because the contributors represent so many different disciplines, interpretations, and schools of thought, our policy in this, as in the past and future volumes, is to present their contributions without major modifications. xi xii Preface to the Series The authors of this volume are distinguished scholars in the field to which the theme of this book belongs to. Special thanks are due to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Company, and the Közéletre Nevelésért Alapítvány [Training for Public Life Foundation] whose contribution to the production costs made this publication possible. Budapest, March 15, 2011 Ignác Romsics Editor-in-Chief INTRODUCTION The Versailles peace process redrew the map of Europe after World War I, as new states emerged on the territories of the dismembered Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Hungary, one of the successor states to finally gain full independence, was in a difficult position. Its historical borders within the Monarchy had embraced large non- Hungarian communities that obtained state-constituting rights under US President Wilson’s idea of national self-determination, which became the organizing principle for post-war state construction. The peace conference, however, presented the new Hungarian state with borders beyond which lay wide areas with ethnically nearly homogeneous or majority Hungarian populations that became annexed to neighboring states. Consequently, the new states of Austria, Czechoslovakia, a much-expanded Romania and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) began their existence with sizable Hungarian minorities. This book traces the history of these minority communities from 1918 until the 2000s – including native Hungarian-speakers whose ethnic self-identification might have classified them as Jewish, Roma (previously known as “Gypsy”) or Moldavian Catholic. Additionally, the volume includes accounts of Hungarian diasporas in Western Europe and overseas. The book is an edited and annotated translation of a work published in Hungarian in 2008 in conjunction with the Institute for Ethnic and National Minority Studies of the Hungarian Academy