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Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures.” Electronic Scientific Notebook 1160E
NUREG/CR-7201 Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as books, NRC’s Library at www.nrc.gov/reading-rm.html. Publicly journal articles, transactions, Federal Register notices, released records include, to name a few, NUREG-series Federal and State legislation, and congressional reports. publications; Federal Register notices; applicant, Such documents as theses, dissertations, foreign reports licensee, and vendor documents and correspondence; and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings NRC correspondence and internal memoranda; bulletins may be purchased from their sponsoring organization. and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers Copies of industry codes and standards used in a and their attachments. substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are maintained at— NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC regulations, The NRC Technical Library and Title 10, “Energy,” in the Code of Federal Regulations Two White Flint North may also be purchased from one of these two sources. 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852-2738 1. The Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Publishing Office These standards are available in the library for reference Mail Stop IDCC use by the public. Codes and standards are usually Washington, DC 20402-0001 copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov organization or, if they are American National Standards, Telephone: (202) 512-1800 from— Fax: (202) 512-2104 American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street 2. -
Development of a Correlation Between
DEVELOPMENT OF A CORRELATION BETWEEN ROTARY DRILL PERFORMANCE AND CONTROLLED BLASTING POWDER FACTORS by JOHN CHARLES LEIGHTON B.A.Sc, The University of British Columbia, 1978 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Mining and Mineral Process Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1982 © John Charles Leighton, 1982 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. John Charles Leighton Department of MIVMVI3 The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date DE-6 (.3/81) - i i - ABSTRACT Despite the availability of established, sophisticated methods for plan• ning and designing stable slopes in rock, comparatively little attention is usually paid to the problems of carrying out the excavation. Blasting should be carefully planned to obtain optimum fragmentation as well as steep, stable pit walls for a minimum stripping ratio. The principal difficulty facing a blast designer is the lack of prior information about the many critical blasting characteristics of the rock mass. -
NUCLEAR WEAPONS EFFECTS Introduction: the Energy Characteristics and Output from Nuclear Weapons Differ Significantly from Conve
NUCLEAR WEAPONS EFFECTS Introduction: The energy characteristics and output from nuclear weapons differ significantly from conventional weapons. Nuclear detonations exhibit much higher temperature within the fireball and produce peak temperatures of several hundred million degrees and intense x-ray heating that results in air pressure pulses of several million atmospheres. Conventional chemical explosions result in much lower temperatures and release the bulk of their energy as air blast and shock waves. In an atmospheric detonation, such as was deployed in Japan, it is the blast and thermal component of the nuclear explosion that is the major factor in destruction and death, not nuclear radiation, as the public believes. The effective range of immediate harm to humans from nuclear radiation from the atmospheric explosion is much less than the effective range from blast and thermal heating. In order to limit the discussion of weapons effects to elementary terms, this discussion is based upon a single worst-case scenario. Probably the largest weapon that might be employed against a population would have a yield of less than one-megaton (or 1 million tons of TNT equivalent energy or simply 1 MT). However, a crude terrorist nuclear device would probably be in the range of a few thousand tons of TNT equivalent energy or a few KT). The discussion here is based upon a nuclear detonation of 1 MT. Yield: The destructive power of a nuclear weapon, when compared to the same amount of energy produced by TNT is defined as the ‘yield’ of the nuclear weapon. A 20-kiloton (KT) weapon, such as was detonated over Japan in World War II was equivalent in energy yield to 20,000 tons of TNT. -
Explosives and Terminal Ballistics
AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE AAF SCIEN'rIFIC ADVISORY GROUP By D. P. MAC DOUGALL Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington, D. C. N. M. NEWMARK Department oj Civil Engineering, University oj Illinois • PMblished May, 1946 by HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND PUBLICATIONS BRANCH, INTEJtJYiE~9) '1001 WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO V-46579 The AAF Scientific Advisory Group was activated late in 1944 by General of the Army H. H. Arnold. He se cured the services of Dr. Theodore von Karman, re nowned scientist and consultant in aeronautics, who agreed to organize and direct the group. Dr. von Karman gathered about him a group of Ameri can scientists from every field of research having a bearing on air power. These men then analyzed im portant developments in the basic sciences, both here and abroad, and attempted to evaluate the effects of their application to air power. This volume is one of a group of reports made to the Army Air Forces by the Scientific Advisory Group. Thil document contolnl Information affecting the notional defenle of the United Statel within the meaning of the Espionage Ad, SO U. S. C., 31 and 32, 01 amended. Its tronsmiulon or the revelation of Its contents In any manner to on unauthorized person II prohibited by low. AAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP Dr. Th. von Karman Director Colonel F. E. Glantzberg Dr. H. L. Dryden Deputy Director, Military Deputy Director, Scientific Lt Col G. T. McHugh, Executive Capt C. H. Jackson, Jr., Secretary CONSULTANTS Dr. C. W. Bray Dr. A. J. Stosick Dr. L. A. -
Explosive Weapon Effectsweapon Overview Effects
CHARACTERISATION OF EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVE WEAPON EFFECTSWEAPON OVERVIEW EFFECTS FINAL REPORT ABOUT THE GICHD AND THE PROJECT The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) is an expert organisation working to reduce the impact of mines, cluster munitions and other explosive hazards, in close partnership with states, the UN and other human security actors. Based at the Maison de la paix in Geneva, the GICHD employs around 55 staff from over 15 countries with unique expertise and knowledge. Our work is made possible by core contributions, project funding and in-kind support from more than 20 governments and organisations. Motivated by its strategic goal to improve human security and equipped with subject expertise in explosive hazards, the GICHD launched a research project to characterise explosive weapons. The GICHD perceives the debate on explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) as an important humanitarian issue. The aim of this research into explosive weapons characteristics and their immediate, destructive effects on humans and structures, is to help inform the ongoing discussions on EWIPA, intended to reduce harm to civilians. The intention of the research is not to discuss the moral, political or legal implications of using explosive weapon systems in populated areas, but to examine their characteristics, effects and use from a technical perspective. The research project started in January 2015 and was guided and advised by a group of 18 international experts dealing with weapons-related research and practitioners who address the implications of explosive weapons in the humanitarian, policy, advocacy and legal fields. This report and its annexes integrate the research efforts of the characterisation of explosive weapons (CEW) project in 2015-2016 and make reference to key information sources in this domain. -
Factors Affecting Anfo Fumes Production
FACTORS AFFECTING ANFO FUMES PRODUCTION James H. Rowland III and Richard Mainiero ABSTRACT For many years there have been small scale tests available for evaluating the toxic fumes production by cap- sensitive explosives (DOT Class 1.1), but these could not be used with blasting agents due to the large charge sizes and heavy confinement required for proper detonation. Considering the extensive use of blasting agents in construction and mining, there is a need to determine the quantities of toxic fumes generated by blasting agents. At the International Society of Explosive Engineers Twenty Third Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique in 1997, the authors reported on a facility for detonating large (4.54 kg), confined blasting agent charges in a controlled volume that had been constructed at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Pittsburgh Research Lab’s Experimental Mine. Since 1997, this facility has been used to collect data on toxic fumes produced by the detonation of various ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) mixtures and several cap-sensitive explosives. ANFO composition ranging from 1 to 10 percent (pct) fuel oil have been studied. As expected from previous studies, with an increase in fuel oil content the carbon monoxide production increases, while nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide production decrease. The detonation velocity varies from 3,000 to 4,000 m/sec for the 1 to 10 pct range of fuel oil content, suggesting that ANFO mixes with improper fuel oil content may appear to detonate properly, while their fume production differs significantly from optimum. The study also considers such factors as degree of confinement, water contamination, and aluminum content on blasting agent fume production. -
Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Former), OU 2 Mead, NE 4/7/1997
PB97-964304 EPA/541/R-97/143 January 1998 EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Former), OU 2 Mead, NE 4/7/1997 ~-+,+--,+- ,#'+'+'-'+'+ lit Woodward-Clyde ~ October 1, 1996 WCC Project 92KW030M Commander u.s. Army Engineer District, Kansas City ATTN: CEMRK-EP-EC (Ms. Rosemary Gilbertson) 700 Federal Building 601 East 12th Street Kansas City, Missouri 64106-2896 Re: Transmittal ofFinal Record ofDecision for Signature Pages Completion For Operable Unit No.2 (Groundwater) Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant, Mead, Nebraska Contract No. DACA41-92-C-0023 Dear Ms. Gilbertson: We are hereby transmitting seven copies ofthe subject document. We understand that after the signature pages have been completed, we will distribute copies ofthe signed document according to the attached distribution list. On September 30, 1996, we transmitted to you 13 pages ofthis document which showed revisions from the draft final document in redline/strikeout format. We also copied the transmittal to Mr. Craig Bernstein ofthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Mr. Troy Bredenkamp ofthe Nebraska Department ofEnvironmental Quality. Electronic facsimile was used to make the transmittals. Please contact us should you have any questions. Very truly yours, Curt Elmore, Ph.D., P.E. OU2 Project Manager Mead Project Manager Enclosure cc: Steve Iverson (CEMRK-ME-H) w/o enc. Craig Bernstein (U.S. Environnmental Protection Agency) 92030\RODLTRJ.ACE 10/01196 9:44AM Woodward.Clyde Consultants - A subsidiary of WOOdward-Clyde Group. Inc 10975 EI Monte. SUite 100 Overland Park. Kansas 66211 (913) 344-1000 Fax (913) 344-1011 DISTRIBUTION LIST (After Signature) OF THE FINAL RECORD OF DECISION OPERABLE UNIT NO.2 FORMER NEBRASKA ORDNANCE PLANT MEAD, NEBRASKA Organization Copies U.S. -
Toxic Fume Comparison of a Few Explosives Used in Trench Blasting
Toxic Fume Comparison of a Few Explosives Used in Trench Blasting By Marcia L. Harris, Michael J. Sapko, and Richard J. Mainiero National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory ABSTRACT Since 1988, there have been 17 documented incidents in the United States and Canada in which carbon monoxide (CO) is suspected to have migrated through ground strata into occupied enclosed spaces as a result of proximate trench blasting or surface mine blasting. These incidents resulted in 39 suspected or medically verified carbon monoxide poisonings and one fatality. To better understand the factors contributing to this hazard, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carried out studies in a 12-foot diameter sphere to identify key factors that may enhance the levels of CO associated with the detonation of several commercial trenching explosives. The gaseous detonation products from emulsions, a watergel, and ANFO blasting agents as well as gelatin dynamite, TNT, and Pentolite boosters were measured in an argon atmosphere and compared with those for the same explosives detonated in air. Test variables included explosive formulation, wrapper, aluminum addition, oxygen balance, and density. Major contributing factors to CO production, under these laboratory test conditions, are presented. The main finding is the high CO production associated with the lack of afterburning in an oxygen poor atmosphere. Fumes measurements are compared with the manufacturer’s reported IME fume class and with the Federal Relative Toxicity Standard 30 CFR Part 15 in order to gain an understanding of the relative toxicity of some explosives used in trench blasting. INTRODUCTION Toxic gases such as CO and NO are produced by the detonation of explosives. -
Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES
Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES This chapter classifies commercial blasting compounds according to their explosive class and type. Initiating devices are listed and described as well. Military explosives are treated separately. The ingredi- ents and more significant properties of each explosive are tabulated and briefly discussed. Data are sum- marized from various handbooks, textbooks, and manufacturers’ technical data sheets. THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES In general, an explosive has four basic characteristics: (1) It is a chemical compound or mixture ignited by heat, shock, impact, friction, or a combination of these conditions; (2) Upon ignition, it decom- poses rapidly in a detonation; (3) There is a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high-pressure gases that expand rapidly with sufficient force to overcome confining forces; and (4) The energy released by the detonation of explosives produces four basic effects; (a) rock fragmentation; (b) rock displacement; (c) ground vibration; and (d) air blast. A general theory of explosives is that the detonation of the explosives charge causes a high-velocity shock wave and a tremendous release of gas. The shock wave cracks and crushes the rock near the explosives and creates thousands of cracks in the rock. These cracks are then filled with the expanding gases. The gases continue to fill and expand the cracks until the gas pressure is too weak to expand the cracks any further, or are vented from the rock. The ingredients in explosives manufactured are classified as: Explosive bases. An explosive base is a solid or a liquid which, upon application or heat or shock, breaks down very rapidly into gaseous products, with an accompanying release of heat energy. -
1. Energy and Power1
1. Energy and Power1 © John Dawson At the end of the Cretaceous period, the golden age of dinosaurs, an asteroid or comet about 10 miles in diameter headed directly towards the Earth with a velocity of about 20 miles per second, over ten times faster than our speediest bullets. Many such large objects may have come close to the Earth, but this was the one that finally hit. It hardly noticed the air as it plunged through the atmosphere in a fraction of a second, momentarily leaving a trail of vacuum behind it. It hit the Earth with such force that it and the rock near it were suddenly heated to a temperature of over a million degrees Centigrade, several hundred times hotter than the surface of the sun. Asteroid, rock, and water (if it hit in the ocean) were instantly vaporized. The energy released in the explosion was greater than that of a hundred million megatons of TNT, 100 teratons, more than ten thousand times greater than the total U.S. and Soviet nuclear arsenals. Before a minute had passed, the expanding crater was 60 miles across and 20 miles deep. It would soon grow even larger. Hot vaporized material from the impact had already blasted its way out through most of the atmosphere to an altitude of 15 miles. Material that a moment earlier had been glowing plasma was beginning to cool and condense into dust and rock that would be spread worldwide. Few people are surprised by the fact that an asteroid, the size of Mt. Everest, could do a lot of damage when it hits the Earth. -
Potentially Explosive Chemicals*
Potentially Explosive Chemicals* Chemical Name CAS # Not 1,1’-Diazoaminonaphthalene Assigned 1,1-Dinitroethane 000600-40-8 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate 006659-60-5 1,2-Diazidoethane 000629-13-0 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 000602-96-0 1,3-Diazopropane 005239-06-5 Not 1,3-Dinitro-4,5-dinitrosobenzene Assigned Not 1,3-dinitro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Assigned Not 1,4-Dinitro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylolbutanetetranitrate Assigned Not 1,7-Octadiene-3,5-Diyne-1,8-Dimethoxy-9-Octadecynoic acid Assigned 1,8 –dihydroxy 2,4,5,7-tetranitroanthraquinone 000517-92-0 Not 1,9-Dinitroxy pentamethylene-2,4,6,8-tetramine Assigned 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 000585-79-5 Not 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitro-3,3'-dihydroxyazobenzene Assigned 2,2-di-(4,4,-di-tert-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane 001705-60-8 2,2-Dinitrostilbene 006275-02-1 2,3,4,6- tetranitrophenol 000641-16-7 Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl methyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso nitrobenzene Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso-1,4-dinitrobenzene Assigned 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazo benzene 029306-57-8 Not 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-diazabenzene Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl trimethylol methyl nitramine trinitrate Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitroso-3-methyl nitraminoanisole Assigned 2,4-Dinitro-1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene 000608-50-4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 000119-26-6 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol 000519-44-8 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diydroperoxy hexane 2-Nitro-2-methylpropanol nitrate 024884-69-3 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 000609-99-4 Not 3-Azido-1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate -
List of Explosive Materials Mixtures (Cap Sensitive)
64446 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 205 / Friday, October 23, 2015 / Notices Dated: January 15, 2015. list supersedes the List of Explosive Cyanuric triazide. Ray Sauvajot, Materials dated October 7, 2014 (Docket Cyclonite [RDX]. Associate Director, Natural Resources, No. 2014R–25T, 79 FR 60496). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Stewardship and Science, Washington Office, [HMX]. Notice of the 2015 Annual List of National Park Service. Cyclotol. Explosive Materials Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine [RDX]. Editorial Note: This document was Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 841(d) and 27 received for publication by the Office of the D Federal Register on October 20, 2015. CFR 555.23, I hereby designate the following as explosive materials covered DATB [diaminotrinitrobenzene]. [FR Doc. 2015–26999 Filed 10–22–15; 8:45 am] under 18 U.S.C. 841(c): DDNP [diazodinitrophenol]. BILLING CODE 4312–52–P DEGDN [diethyleneglycol dinitrate]. A Detonating cord. Acetylides of heavy metals. Detonators. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Aluminum containing polymeric Dimethylol dimethyl methane propellant. dinitrate composition. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, Aluminum ophorite explosive. Dinitroethyleneurea. and Explosives Amatex. Dinitroglycerine [glycerol dinitrate]. [Docket No. 2015R–23] Amatol. Dinitrophenol. Ammonal. Dinitrophenolates. Commerce in Explosives; 2015 Annual Ammonium nitrate explosive Dinitrophenyl hydrazine. List of Explosive Materials mixtures (cap sensitive). Dinitroresorcinol. * Ammonium nitrate explosive Dinitrotoluene-sodium nitrate AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, mixtures (non-cap sensitive). explosive mixtures. Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); Ammonium perchlorate having DIPAM [dipicramide; Department of Justice. particle size less than 15 microns. diaminohexanitrobiphenyl]. ACTION: Notice of list of explosive Ammonium perchlorate explosive Dipicryl sulfone. materials. mixtures (excluding ammonium Dipicrylamine. SUMMARY: Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 841(d) perchlorate composite propellant Display fireworks.