Notes

I. , A Sketch of My Life, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New, York, 1970), p. 74. 2. See Hans Burgin and Hans-Otto Mayer, Thomas Mann: A Chronicle of his Life (Alabama, 1969), p. I. 3. A Sketch of My Life, op. cit., pp. 3-4. 4. Quoted from Hans Burgin and Hans-Otto Mayer, op. cit., p. 20. 5. Ibid, pp. 18-19. 6. See, for example, his diary entry for 30 March 1919, in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918-1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston, selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten (New York, 1982), p. 42. What Mann termed his 'sexual inversion' seems to have reached a critical point in 1920, as is shown by an entry for 14 July. See ibid, p. 101. 7. See The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 69. 8. The history of this tense relationship between the two brothers at this time has been well charted by Marcel Reich-Ranicki in his The King and his Rival (Bonn, 1985). 9. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), p. 2. The original German edition was first published in 1918. 10. Mann's refutation of these accusations was published in a short article in Die Literarische Welt, 4 (24 February 1928), p. l. II. See Thomas Mann, 'Mario and the Magician', in Mario and the Magician and other Stories (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 150. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, 'Mario und der Zauberer', in Die Er:dihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Bucherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. 2, pp. 535-536. 12. The Letters of Thomas Mann, op. cit., pp. 167-168 (p. 168). 13. See his diary entry for 3 September 1933 in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918-1939, op. cit., p. 168. 14. See his diary entry for 31 December 1933, ibid, pp. 186-187 (p. 186). 15. See his letter of 7 June 1954 to daughter Erika in The Letters of Thomas Mann, op cit., pp. 464-467 (p. 465). 16. Mann entered into a lively debate with a number of such 'inner emigrants' to justify his position. The documentation has been collected

131 132 Notes

by J. F. G. Grosser in his Die grofle Kontroverse (Hamburg, 1963). 17. This was the assessment of Time magazine. See Klaus Schroter (ed.), Thomas Mann im Urteil seiner Zeit: Dokumente, 1891-1955 (Hamburg, 1969), pp. 445-447 (p. 447). 18. See Hans Erich Nossack, 'lnbegriff der Unehrlichkeit and Feigheit', in Marcel Reich-Ranicki (ed.), Was halten Sie von Thomas Mann?: Acht;:;ehn Autoren antworten (Frankfurt am Main, 1986), pp. 67-68 (p,67). (My translation). 19. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), pp. 98. The original German edition was first published in 1918. 20. Ibid, p. 98. 21. Thus Ernest K. Bramsted, Aristocrary and the Middle-Classes in Germany: Social Types in German Literature, 1830-1900 (Chicago, 1964), p. 201. 22. Thomas Mann, : The Decline of a Family (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1957), p. 44. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks: Verfall einer Familie (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frank­ furt am Main, 1960), p. 39. Subsequent references are to both editions. 23. See the entry on 'Biedermeier' in Henry and Mary Garland (eds.), The Oxford Companion to German Literature (Oxford, 1976), pp. 81-82. 24. Buddenbrooks, op. cit., p. 88; (p. 78). 25. Ibid, p. 83; (p. 73). 26. Ibid, p. 404; (pp. 355-356). 27. Ibid, p. 48; (p. 43). 28. Ibid, p. 135; (p. 120). 29. Ibid, p. 160; (p. 142). 30. Ibid, p. 88; (p. 78). 31. Ibid, p. 207; (p. 184). 32. Ibid, p. 353; (p. 310). 33. Ibid, p. 353; (p. 310). 34. Ibid, p. 13; (p. 13). 35. Ibid, p. 521; (p. 460). 36. Ibid, p. 15; (p. 14). 37. Ibid, p. 474; (p. 419). 38. Ibid, pp. 506-507; (pp. 447-448). 39. See, for example, pp. 543 and 574; (pp. 478 and 506). 40. Ibid, p. 580; (p. 511). 41. Ibid, p. 364; (pp. 319-320). 42. Ernst Haeckel is quoted by Alfred Kell)q The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860-1914 (Chapel Hill, 1981), p. 22. 43. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), p. 12. (I have preferred my translation here.) 44. Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, op. cit., p. 49. 45. Buddenbrooks, op. cit., pp. 580-583; (pp. 511-514). 46. Ibid, p. 22; (p. 20). 47. Ibid, p. 375; (p. 329). 48. Ibid, p. 9; (p. 9). Notes 133

49. Ibid, p. 487; (p. 431). 50. Ibid, p. 558; (p. 492). See also Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (Penguin edition, 1972), p. 60. 51. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), p. 67. The original German edition was first published in 1918. 52. See Thomas Mann, Little Herr Friedemann and Other Stories (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 30. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Die Erziihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 73. Subsequent references are to both editions. 53. Ibid, p. 35; (p. 78). 54. Ibid, p. 16; (p. 60). 55. Ibid, p. 98; (p. 146). 56. Ibid, p. 60; (p. 103). 57. Ibid, p. 59; (p. 103). 58. Ibid, p. 129; (p. 262). 59. Ibid, p. 143; (p. 275). 60. Ibid, p. 149; (p. 280). 61. Ibid, p. 150; (p. 281 ). 62. Ibid, p. 156; (p. 287). 63. See Thomas Mann, '' in , Tristan and Tanio Kroger, (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1955), p. 113. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Die Erziihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frank­ furt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 186. Subsequent references are to both editions. 64. Ibid, p. 121; (p. 192). 65. Ibid, p. 128; (p. 198). 66. Thomas Mann, Little Herr Friedemann and Other Stories (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 103. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Die Erziihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 201. 67. See Thomas Mann, 'Tonio Kroger' in Death in Venice, Tristan and Tanio Kroger, (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1955), p. 147. For the Ger­ man source, see Thomas Mann, Die Erziihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 219. Subsequent refer­ ences are to both editions. 68. Ibid, p. 148; (p. 220). 69. Ibid, pp. 153-154; (p. 225). 70. Ibid, p. 161; (p. 231). 71. Ibid, p. 171; (p. 239). 72. Ibid, p. 187; (p. 253). 73. Ibid, pp. 190-191; (p. 255). 74. See The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 46. 75. See, for example, Richard Schaukal, 'Thomas Mann: Ein liter-psycho­ logisches Portrat', first published in 1903 and reprinted in Klaus Schroter (ed.), Thomas Mann im Urteil seiner Zeit: Dokumente, 1891-1955 (Ham­ burg, 1969), pp. 27-28. 76. See The Letters of Thomas Mann, op. cit., p. 112. 134 Notes

77. Thomas Mann, 'Death in Venice' in Death in Venice, Tristan and Tonio Kroger, (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1955), p. 19. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Die Er::;iihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 347. Subsequent references are to both editions. 78. Ibid, p. 12; (p. 342). 79. Ibid, p. 17; (p. 346). 80. See Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1957), p. 558. For the German source, see Buddenbrooks: Verfall einer Familie (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1960), p. 492. 81. Death in Venice, p. 18; (p. 347). 82. Letters, op. cit., p. 48. 83. Death in Venice, p. 16; (p. 345). 84. See Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy, translated by Francis Golfiing (New York, 1956), p. 19. 85. Death in Venice, p. 43; (p. 367). 86. Ibid, p. 9; (p. 340). 87. This is how Mann interpreted Aschenbach's feelings in the essay 'On Myself, first published in 1940 and republished in Dichter iiber ihre Dichtungen, Volume VI/I, Thomas Mann, Part I: 1889-1917, edited by Hans Wysling, with Marianne Fischer (Passau, 1975), pp. 438-442 (p. 439). 88. Death in Venice, p. 910; and p. 340. 89. Ibid, p. 27; (p. 354). 90. See Thomas Mann, 'Tonio Kroger' in Death in Venice, Tristan and Tonio Kroger, (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1955), p. 183. For the Ger­ man source, see Thomas Mann, Die Er::.iihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. I, p. 249. 91. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), pp. 422-423. 92. Death in Venice, p. 54; (p. 376). 93. Ibid, p. 33; (p. 359). 94. Ibid, p. 61; (p. 381). 95. Ibid, p. 54; (p. 376). 96. Ibid, p. 67; (p. 386). 97. Ibid, p. 74; (p. 393). 98. Ibid, p. 76; (p. 394). 99. See Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983), p. 153. The original German edition was first published in 1918. 100. Death in Venice, p. 7; (p. 338). 10 I. See Mann's 'Tischrede bei der Feier der ftinfzigsten Geburtstags', given in 1925 and republished in Dichter iiber ihre Dichtungen, Volume VI/I, Thomas Mann, Part 1: 1889-1917, edited by Hans Wysling, with Marianne Fischer (Passau, 1975), p. 500. (My translation). 102. See Mann's letter to Paul Amann in August 1915. Reprinted in Wysling ibid., pp. 455-456 (p. 455). (My translation). 103. Thomas Mann, Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, Notes 135

1960), p. 27. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Der Zauberberg, (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), p. 31. Subsequent references are to both editions. 104. Ibid, p. 183; (p. 195). 105. Ibid, p. 10; (p. 15). 106. Ibid, p. 81; (p. 87). 107. Ibid, pp. 120-121; (pp. 127-128). 108. Ibid, p. 342; (pp. 361-362). 109. Ibid, p. 81; (p. 87). 110. Ibid, p. 103; (p. 109). 111. Ibid, p. 97; (p. 103). 112. See 'zur BegriiBung Gerhart Hauptmanns in Miinchen', first published in 1926 and republished in Wysling, op. cit., pp. 521-522 (p. 522). (My translation). 113. Quoted from Martin Swales, The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse (Princeton, 1978), p. 3. 114. Ibid, p. 654; (p. 692). 115. Ibid, p.57; (p.62). 116. Ibid, p.461; (p.485). 117. Ibid, p. 477; (p. 502). 118. Ibid, p. 479; (p. 504). 119. Ibid, p. 485; (p. 511). 120. Ibid, p. 492; (p. 519). 121. Ibid, pp. 496-497; (p. 523). The italics are Mann's. 122. Ibid, p. 583; (pp. 616-617). 123. Ibid, p. 603; (p. 637). 124. Ibid, p. 646; (p. 684). 125. Ibid, p. 652; (p. 690). 126. From The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Harmondsworth, 1975), pp. 136-137 (p. 137). 127. The Magic Mountain, p. 716; (p. 757). 128. Ibid, p. 716: (and p. 757). 129. See 'Thomas Mann in einem Gesprach mit Bernard Guillemin', first published in 1925 and republished in Dichter iiber ihre Dichtungen, Volume VI/I, Thomas Mann, Part 1: 1889-1917, edited by Hans Wysling, with Marianne Fischer (Passau, 1975), pp. 506-511 (p. 507). (My translation). 130. See Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, (Penguin edition, Harmonds­ worth, 1960), pp. 496-497. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Der Zauberberg, (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), p. 513. 131. These are the sentiments expressed iri Mann's diary entry for 9 June 1919, in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918-1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston, selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten (New York, 1982), pp. 58-59 (p. 59). 132. See 'Von deutscher Republik', reprinted in Essays, vo!. 2, Politische Reden und Schriften, ausgewahlt, eingeleitet und erlautert von Hermann Kurzke (Frankfurt am Main, 1977), pp. 59-93 (p. 93.). My translation. 133. See 'Deutsche Ansprache: Ein Appell an die Vernunft, in Essays, vo!. 2, Politische Reden und Schriften, pp. 109-125 (p. 116). My translation. 136 Notes

134. Ibid, p. 124. 135. Thomas Mann, 'Mario and the Magician', in Mario and the Magician and other Stories (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 120. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, 'Mario und der Zauberer: Ein tragisches Reiseerlebnis', in Die Er::;iihlungen, 2 Biinde (Fischer Biicherei, Frankfurt am Main, 1967), Vol. 2, p. 508. Subsequent references are to both editions. 136. Ibid, p. 122; (p. 510). 137. Ibid, p. 143; (p. 529). 138. Ibid, p. 133; (p. 520). 139. Ibid, p. 129; (p. 165). 140. Ibid, p. 141; (p. 527). 141. Ibid, p. 140; (p. 526). 142. Ibid, p. 133; (p. 520). 143. Ibid, p. 145; (p. 531). 144. See 'Deutsche Ansprache: Ein Appell an die Vernunft', op. cit., p. 120. 145. 'Mario and the Magician', p. 124; (p. 512). 146. Ibid, p. 150; (pp. 535-536). 147. Ibid, p. 149; (p. 534). 148. Ibid, p. 152; (p. 537). 149. See Hermann Rauschning, The Revolution of Nihilism (New York, 1939). 150. See his diary entry for 5 August 1934 in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918- 1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston, selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten (New York, 1982), pp. 221- 223 (p. 222). 151. From The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Harmondsworth, 1975), pp. 195-196 (p. 196). The emphasis is Mann's. 152. See Mann's letter of 1926 to Ernst Bertram in The Letters of Thomas Mann, op. cit., pp. 141-142 (p. 141). 153. Thomas Mann, and his Brothers (Penguin edition, Harmonds­ worth, 1978), p. 33. For the German source, see Joseph and seine Briider, 3 vols (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1971), vol. I, p. 39. As in the Penguin edition, the pagination runs serially throughout the three volumes. Subsequent references are to both editions. 154. Ibid, p. 24; (p. 28). 155. Ibid, p. 122; (p. 139). 156. Ibid, p. 719; (p. 809). 157. Ibid, p. 389; (p. 435). 158. Ibid, p. 37; (p. 44). 159. Ibid, p. 75; (p. 87). 160. Ibid, p. 324; (p. 362). 161. Ibid, p. 389; (p. 435). 162. Ibid, p. 416; (p. 465). 163. Ibid, p. 545; (p. 608). 164. Ibid, p. 902; (p. 1021). 165. Ibid, p. 615; (p. 689). 166. Ibid, p. 817; (p. 925). 167. Ibid, p. 853; (p. 966). Notes 137

168. Ibid, p. 976; (p. II 05). 169. Ibid, p. 1139; (p. 1287). 170. Ibid, p. 937; (p. 1062). 171. Ibid, p. 551; (p. 614). 172. Ibid, p. 879; (p. 997). 173. Ibid, p. 926; (p. 1049). 174. Ibid, p. 1139; (p. 1287). 175. Ibid, p. 719; (p. 810). 176. Ibid, p. 545; (p. 607). For an account of Mann's experiences in exile, see pp. 13-14 above. 177. Ibid, p. 449; (p. 499). 178. Ibid, p. 32; (pp. 37-38). 179. Ibid, p. 121; (p. 138). 180. Ibid, p. II 72; (p. 1324). 181. Ibid, p. 979; (p. 1108). 182. Ibid, p. 461; (p. 512). 183. Quoted from Hans Biirgin and Hans-Otto Mayer, Thomas Mann: A Chronicle of his Life (Alabama, 1969), p. 188. 184. Thomas Mann, Lotte in Weimar (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 245. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Lotte in Weimar (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1959), p. 220. Subsequent references are to both editions. 185. Ibid., p. 250; (p. 225). See also Mann's diary entry for 14 October 1933 (where he expresses similar sentiments about Germany and the Nazis) in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918-1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston, selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten (New York, 1982), p. 176. 186. See 'Deutschland und die Deutschen', reprinted in Essays, vol. 2, Politische Reden und Schrijien, ausgewahlt, eingeleitet und erlautert von Hermann Kurzke (Frankfurt am Main, 1977), pp. 281-298 (p. 282). My translation. 187. Ibid, p. 285. 188. Ibid, pp. 285-286. Mann had analysed the morally ambiguous nature of the German tradition in music within the context of a lengthy essay on Wagner, published in the fateful year of 1933. See Pro and Contra Wagner (Penguin edition, 1977). 189. Thomas Mann, : The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkuhn as told by a Friend (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 18. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonset;:.ers Adrian Leverkuhn er;:.iihlt von einem Freund (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1971 ), p. 17. Subsequent references are to both editions. 190. Ibid, p. 21; (p. 20). 191. Ibid, p. 40; (p. 40). 192. Ibid, p.55; (p.56). 193. Ibid, p. 69; (p. 71). 194. Ibid, p. 132; (p. 135). 195. Ibid, p. 148; (p. 152). 196. Ibid, p. 151; (p. 154). 138 Notes

197. Ibid, p. 186; (p. 192). 198. Ibid, p. 211; (p. 218). 199. See Goethe, Faust, Part One, translated by Philip Wayne (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1949), p. 75; and for the German source, Goethes Faust, kommentiert von Erich Trunz (Hamburg, 1966), p. 47. 200. Doctor Faustus, p. 236; (p. 244). 201. Ibid, p. 266; (p. 276). 202. Ibid, p. 351; (p. 365). 203. Ibid, p. 354; (p. 368). 204. Ibid, pp. 132-133; (p. 136). 205. Thomas Mann, The Genesis of a Novel (New York, 1961), p. 34. 206. Doctor Faustus, p. 291; (p. 302). 207. Ibid, p. 296; (p. 307). 208. Ibid, p. 319; (p. 331). 209. Ibid, p. 432; (p. 449). 210. The political philosophy of the Conservative Revolution is outlined in Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 18-48. 211. Ibid, p. 98; (p. 100). 212. Ibid, p. 122; (p. 125). 213. Ibid, p. 120; (p. 123). 214. Ibid, p. 272; (p. 281). 215. Ibid, p. 356; (p. 370). 216. Ibid, p. 359; (p. 373). 217. Ibid, p. 29; (p. 28). 218. Ibid, p. 345; (p. 359). 219. Ibid, p. 9; (p. 7). 220. Ibid, p. 244; (p. 252). 221. Ibid, p. 168; (p. 173). 222. Ibid, p. 167; (p. 172). 223. Ibid, p. 327; (p. 340). 224. Ibid, p. 461; (p. 480). 225. Ibid, p. 462; (p. 481). 226. Ibid, p. 486; (p. 506). 227. From Hans Egon Holthusen, Die Welt ohne Trans;;endenz: Eine Studie ;;u Thomas Manns "Dr. Faustus" und seine Nebenschriften (Hamburg, Second edition, 1954), p. 68. 228. Ibid, p. 489; (p. 509). 229. Ibid, p. 471; (p. 490). 230. Mann's letter of 7 June 1954 is republished in The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Har­ mondsworth, 1975), pp. 464-467 (p. 465). 231. See his letter to Ida Herz quoted in Hans Burgin and Hans-Otto Mayer, Thomas Mann: A Chronicle of his Lift (Alabama, 1969), pp. 248-249. 232. The first published part concluded with the suicide of Krull's father at the end of Part One, Chapter Nine in 1922. By 1937 Mann had added further sections up to and including Part Two, Chapter Four. 233. Thomas Mann, A Sketch of My Lift, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York, 1970), p. 43. Notes 139

234. Thomas Mann, Confessions of Felix Krull: Confidence Man (Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, 1958), p. 5. For the German source, see Thomas Mann, Die Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, 1965), p. 5. Subsequent references are to both editions. 235. Ibid, p. 229; (p. 200). 236. Ibid, p. 66; (p. 61). 237. Ibid, p. 20; (p. 19). 238. Ibid, p. 21; (p. 20). 239. Ibid, p. 28; (p. 26). 240. Ibid, p. 197; (p. 172). 241. Ibid, p. 229; (p. 199). 242. Ibid, p. 44; (p. 41). 243. Ibid, p. 103; (p. 92). 244. Ibid, p. 25; (p. 23). 245. Ibid, p. 39; (pp. 36-37). 246. Ibid, p. 172; (p. 151). 247. See the entry for 17 September 1918 in Thomas Mann, Diaries for 1918- 1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston, selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten (New York, 1982), pp. 5-6 (p. 6). 248. The Confessions of Felix Krull, p. 322; (p. 279). 249. Ibid, p. 244; (p. 212). 250. Ibid, p. 199; (p. 174). 251. Tony Tanner, City of Words: American Fiction, 1950-1970 (London, 1971), p. 31. 252. The Confessions of Felix Krull, p. 231; (p. 201). 253. Ibid, p. 205; (p. 179). 254. Ibid, p. 75; (p. 68). 255. Ibid, p. 73; (p. 66). 256. Ibid, p. 60; (p. 56). 257. Ibid, p. 347; (p. 300). 258. See Mann's letter to Michael Ott of 20 May 1948, republished in Dichter iiber ihre Dichtungen, Volume VI/1, Thomas Mann, Part /: 1889-1917, edited by Hans Wysling, with Marianne Fischer (Passau, 1975), pp. 570- 571 (p. 571). 259. A selection of his essays are available in Thomas Mann, Essays of Three Decades, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York, 1971 ). Select Bibliography

I PUBLICATIONS BY THOMAS MANN

The standard editions of Mann's work in German are the Gesammelte Werke, 13 vols (Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1960) and (in paperback) the 'Fischer Taschenbuchausgabe', Werke, 12 vols (Frankfurt am Main, 1967). In English, Penguin publish all the major works, including his letters (see below) and his extensive essay on Wagner, Pro and Contra Wagner. Other important works by Mann in English include: Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, translated, and with an introduction, by Walter D. Morris (New York, 1983); A Sketch of My Life, translated by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York, 1970) (originally published in German in 1930); Essays of Three Decades, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter (London, 1947); and Thomas Mann's Addresses, delivered at the Library of Congress, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1963), which include 'The War and the Future' and 'Germany and the Germans'. Ofless consequence but frequently insightful are the numerous interviews that Mann gave, and a selection has been collected in Volker Hansen and Gert Heine (eds), Frage und Antwort: Interviews mit Thomas Mann, 1909-1955 (Hamburg, 1983). The Letters of Thomas Mann, selected and translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Harmondsworth, 1975), and his Diaries for 1918-1939, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston (New York, 1982) are indispensable sources of information about his life and art. Mann's views on his own writings have been collected in Dichter iiber ihre Dichtungen, Volume 14, Thomas Mann, Part I: 1889-1917 and Part II: 1918-1943, edited by Hans Wysling with Marianne Fischer (Passau, 1975).

II SELECTED SECONDARY PUBLICATIONS

Mann has been well served by a number of excellent general studies of his work, many in English. Foremost amongst the latter is T.J. Reed's Thomas Mann: The Uses of Tradition (Oxford, 1974), which offers not only a reliable reading of the individual texts of Mann's oeuvre, but also a wealth of information regarding the background and the genesis of his fiction. More speculative in nature but highly _thoughtful are: Erich Heller, The Ironic German: A Study of Thomas Mann (London 1958), second edition 1973, and R.J. Hollingdale's Thomas Mann: A Critical Study (Lewisburg, 1971), who

140 Select Bibliography 141 helpfully groups his study around such central Mannian concepts as 'Irony', 'Decadence', 'Myth' and 'Sickness'. Georg Lukacs is the most perceptive of the Marxist critics who have written about Mann. His Essays on Thomas Mann (London, 1964) discuss Mann within the intellectual and political context of his times. Many interesting insights into Mann's oeuvre are provided by briefer introductions, such as R. Hinton Thomas's Thomas Mann: The Mediation rif Art (Oxford, 1956), Andrew White's Thomas Mann (Edinburgh, 1965), Ignace Feuerlicht's, Thomas Mann (New York, 1968) and (particularly) Martin Swales, Thomas Mann: A Study (London, 1980). The extensive secondary literature on Mann has been reviewed by Hermann Kurzke, Thomas Mann Forschung, 1969-1976: Ein kritischer Bericht (Frank­ furt am Main, 1977), and, more recently, by Volkmar Hansen, Thomas Mann, in the 'Sammlung Metzler' Series (Stuttgart, 1984). Finally, how Mann's contemporary friends and critics saw his work is well documented in Klaus Schroter (ed.), Thomas Mann im Urteil seiner Zeit: Dokumente, 1891-1955 (Hamburg, 1961). Owing to his premature death, Peter de Mendelssohn's biography of Mann did not get beyond the initial volume: Der Zauberer: Das Leben des deutschen Schriftstellers Thomas Mann: Erster Teil, 1915-1918 (Frankfurt am Main, 1975). For the non-German speaking reader, Richard Winston covers the same period in his Thoms Mann: The Making of an Artist, 1875-1911 (London, 1982). An overview of Mann's entire life is given by Klaus Schroter in his Thomas Mann (Hamburg, 1968) in the Rowohlt monograph series. Nigel Hamilton's The Brothers Mann: The Lives of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, 1871-1950 and 1875-1955 (New Haven, 1979) provides a concise and interesting comparison of the lives of the two literary brothers. Finally, in the absence of a full-length biography of Mann, readers will find Hans Burgin's and Hans-Otto Mayer's, Thomas Mann: A Chronicle of his Life, translated into English by Eugene Dobson (Alabama, 1969) indispensable. Buddenbrooks has remained Mann's most popular novel, and has, con­ sequently, attracted a number of in-depth studies accessible to student and general reader alike. Foremost amongst these are Jochen Vogt's, Thomas Mann: "Buddenbrooks" (Munich, 1983), and Hugh Ridley's, Thomas Mann: Buddenbrooks (Cambridge, 1987). Both cover the major themes of the novel and address themselves to techniques such as irony or the use of the leit motif. Herbert Lehnert's essay on Buddenbrooks in Paul Liitzeler (ed.), Deutsche Romane des 20. Jahrhunderts: Neue Interpretationen (Frankfurt am Main, 1983), pp. 31-49, is an excellent all-round introduction to the novel, as is Henry Hatfield's 'Thomas Mann's Buddenbrooks: The World of the Father', in Henry Hatfield (ed.), Thomas Mann: A Collection of Criticial Essays (New York, 1964), pp. 10-21. Mann's early short stories have received disappointingly little attention. Erdmann Neumeister's Thomas Manns frilhe Erziihlungen: Der jugendstil als Kunstjorm imfrilhen Werk (Bonn, 1977) offers many insights, but many readers will find its approach offputting. Helmut Haug focuses upon the nature of artistic alienation in his Erkenntnisekel: Zum frilhen Werk Thomas Manns (Tiibingen, 1969). Frank W. Young's Montage and Motif in Thomas Manns 'Tristan' (Bonn, 1975) offers an exhausting study of the influence of Wagner on that Novelle. A seminal reading of Tonio Kroger is provided by E. M. 142 Select Bibliography

Wilkinson in her 'Tanio Kroger: An Interpretation', in Hatfield (ed.), op. cit., pp. 22-34. Readers will also find much useful information in Hans Rudolf Vaget's, Thomas Mann: Kommentar ::.u siimtlichen Er::.iihlungen (Winkler, 1984). Peter Heller discusses Death in Venice in the context of Mann's early preoccupation with the figure of the artist in 'Der Tod in Venedig und Thomas Manns Grudmotive', in Hans Schulte and Gerald Chapple (eds), Thomas Mann: Ein Kolloquium (Bonn, 1978), pp. 35-83. Quite indispensable are the editions of the novella prepared by T.J. Reed with introduction and notes, in English (Oxford, 1971) and in German (Munich, 1983). An excellent intro­ duction to the Death in Venice is provided by Heinz Gockel's essay, 'Aschen­ bachs Tod in Venedig' in a volume of the excellent 'Sammlung Profile' series edited by Rudolf Wolff, Thomas Mann: Er::.iihlungen und Nove/len (Bonn, 1984), pp. 27-41. Thomas Mann called The Magic Mountain a 'parody of the Bildungsroman', and the status of the novel within that genre has been examined in detail by Hermann J. Weigand in his seminal study, The Magic Mountain: A Study of Thomas Mann's Novel "Der Zauberberg" (Chapel Hill, 1965), andm,ore recently by Michael Beddow in his The Fiction of Humanity: Studies in the 'Bildungs­ roman' from Wieland to Thomas Mann (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 230-286, and Martin Swales, The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse (Princeton, 1978), pp. 105-128. The genesis of the novel is outlined in Jens Rieckmann, "Der Zauberberg": Eine geistige Autobiographie Thomas Mann (Stuttgart 1977), and in Heinz SauereBig, Die Entstehung des Romans "Der Zauberberg": Zwei Essays und eine Dokumentation (Biberch an der Riss, 1965). Ulrich Karthaus's essay on Der Zauberberg in Paul Liitzeler (ed.), Deutsche Romane des 20. Jahrhunderts: Neue Interpretationen (Frankfurt am Main, 1983), pp. 95-109 provides a useful introduction to the novel. The novella Mario and the Magician seems to have been rediscovered as a major text in the past decade. Gert Sautermeister offers a full-length study of the story in his Thomas Mann: Mario und der Zauberer (Munich, 1981) in Fink's 'Text und Geschichte' series. The political dimension of the story is well discussed by Eugene Lunn, 'Tales of Liberal Disquiet: Thomas Mann's Mario and the Magician and Interpretations of Fascism', Literature and History, 11 (1985) 77-100. Anthony Grenville in his 'Idealism versus Materialism in the Representation of History in Literature: The Dictator Figure in Thomas Mann's "Mario und der Zauberer" and Brecht's "Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui'", Journal of European Studies, 17 (1987), 77-105 offers an interesting point of comparison between the Marxist Brecht and the non-Marxist Thomas Mann, whilst, by focusing upon the role of the narrator, Alan Bance arrives at a somewhat more critical reading of the political content of the story in his 'The Narrator in Thomas Mann's "Mario und der Zauberer'", The Modern Language Review, 82 (1987), 382-398. The role of the reader (who is addressed by the narrator in an act of complicity throughout the story) is discussed in Grant F. Leneaux, '"Mario und der Zauberer": The Narration of Seduction or the Seduction of Narration?', Orbis Litterarum, 40 (1985), 327-47. The Joseph novel tetralogy has been particularly well served by Mann scholars. Notable studies include Kate Hamburger's most recent study, Thomas Manns biblisches Werk: Der joseph-Roman, die -Er::.iihlung, 'das Geset::.' (Munich, 1981); Dietmar Mieth, Epik und Ethik: Eine theologischethische Select Bibliograplry 143

Interpretation der josephromane Thomas Manns (Tiibingen, 1976); and Willy R. Berger, Die mythologischen Motive in Thomas Manns Roman 'joseph and seine Briider' (Vienna, 1971), which importantly establishes many of the non-Christian myths that exist behind Thomas Mann's use of the Old Testament story. Henry Hatfield approaches the same aspect from a rather different angle in his essay 'Myth versus Secularism: Religion in Thomas Mann's Joseph', in lnta M. Ezergailis (ed.), Critical Essays on Thomas Mann (Massachusetts, 1988), pp. 115-23. The two volumes by Rudolf Wolff (ed.), Thomas Manns Docktor Faustus und die Wirkung (Bonn, 1983), in the 'Sammlung Profile' series brings together excellent essays by Georg Lukacs, Kate Hamburger, Kurt Sontheimer and Paul Gerhard Klussman on Thomas Mann's use of the Faust myth and the status of the novel as an historical novel or Zeitroman. This is also the focus of Hans Wisskirchen's thoughtful study, Zeitgeschichte im Roman: Zu Thomas Manns 'Zauberberg' und 'Doktor Faustus' (Francke, 1986). For non-German readers, the essays by]. P. Stern, 'History and Allegory in Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus', (Inaugural Lecture, University College, London, 1973), and T.]. Reed, 'The Writer as Historian of his Time', Modern Language Review (1976), 82-96 provide stimulating introductions. Mann's detailed use of music as a vehicle for his political allegory are well discussed by Patrick Carnegg in his, Faust as Musician: A Stu4J of Thomas Mann's Novel 'Doctor Faustus' (London, 1973), whilst the sources and genesis of the novel are exhaustively researched in Gunilla Bergtsen, Thomas Mann's 'Doctor Faustus': The Sources and Structure of the Novel (Chicago, 1969), and Lieselotte Voss, Die Entstehung von Thomas Manns Roman 'Doktor Faustus': Dargestellt anhand von unveriiffent­ lichen Vorarbeiten (Tiibingen, 1975). The most comprehensive account of The Confessions of Felix Krull: Con­ fidence Man is Hans Wysling's Nar;:;issmus und illusioniire Existeniform: Zu Bekenntnissen des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (Bern and Munich, 1982), which not only offers an account of the many facets of Thomas Mann's great picaresque novel but includes important primary materials from the Mann Archive in Zurich. A similar range of themes is covered in a much shorter space by Guido Stein in his Thomas Mann: Bekenntnissen des Hochstaplers Felix Krull Kunstler und Komodiant (Paderborn, 1984), in the Schoningh 'Modellanalysen' Series. In English, Robert B. Heilman's essay, 'Variations on the Picaresque', in Hatfield (ed.), op. cit., pp. 133-54, offers a good starting point. Claus Sommerhage's Eros und Poesie: Uber das Erotische im Werk Thomas Manns (Bonn, 1983) discusses the role of the erotic in Mann's entire oeuvre. Index

Apollonian principle, the, 51, 55, 56, Grass, Giinter, 16 57 Guillemin, Bernard, 74

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 27, 102, Haeckel, Ernst, 28 103, 113 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 15 Bertaux, Felix, 48 Hesse, Hermann, 127 Bildungsburgertum (educated Hitler, Adolf (and National middle-class), 2, 4, 18, 130 Socialism), 9-14, 77, 83, 85, 97, Bildungsroman (novel of 100, 106, 113 self-cultivation), 18, 65-6, 71-2, Huysmans, Georges, 39 88, 117, 129 Bismarck, Otto von, 18 Joyce, James, 30, 36, 126, 127, 129 Boll, Heinrich, 16 Brecht, Bertolt, 13, 129 Kafka, Franz, 15, 30, 127, 129 Keller, Gottfried, 66 Darwin, Charles, 28 Kielland, Alexander, 29 Dickens, Charles, 29, 70 Konradi, Eduard, 11 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 66 Dionysian principle, the, 51, 52, 57, Lie, Jonas, 29 88 Doppelganger figures, 128 Mann, Erika, 5, 115 Mann, Heinrich, 3, 7-8, 10, 14, Fascism, 12, 67, 76, 78-84, 104, 106, 75 110 Mann, Katja (nee Pringsheim), 5 Fin de siecle, 13, 32, 60, 90 Mann, Klaus, 11, 14, 106 Flaubert, Gustave, 21 Fontane, Theodor, 128 Mann, Thomas (life): Forster, E. M., 36 Award of Nobel Prize, I, 9, 85 Frederick the Great, 6, 49 Birth, 1-2 Freud, Sigmund, 6, 87 Exile, 10-25, 95, 98 , relationship with, George, Stefan, 39 6-8 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 3, Humanitiitsideal, 69, 75, 85, 94-5 40, 48, 66, 99, 104, 113, 116 Parents, 2-3 Graf, August, 51 Patrician figure, 1, 15-16

144 Index 145

Mann, Thomas - continued Mann, Thomas - continued Political views, 6-10, 75-6, 85-6, 68, 70, 72, 77, 78, 81-4, 87, 98-100, 129-30 93-7, 102, 106, 110-12, Vernunftsrepublikaner, as, 75-6 118, 120, 124-5, 128, 130 Weimar Republic, and the, 8, 10, Sexuality and eroticism, 5-6, 15, 75-6, 107 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65, Mann, Thomas (major themes and 80, 81, 116, 118, 120-21, style): 125, 126, 129 Art and the artist, 3, 13, 27, Mann, Thomas (work): 35-47, 48-51, 54-5, 56, 58, Black Swan, The,l5 60-1, 65, 77, 88-9, 100-1, 'Brother, A', 12 102, 106, 110, 115, 117, 118, Buddenbrooks, I, 3-5, I 7-33, 34- 121-2 6, 41, 48-50, 60-2, 68, 85, Burger and patriarchal society, 89, 123, 128, 130 the, 2, 17-21, 36, 46, 49-50, 'Coming Victory of Democracy, 62, 82, 112 The', 12 Death and transcendence, 2, 15, Confessions of Felix Krull, 17, 27-8, 35, 42-3, 52, 56, Confidence Man, 5, 14, 15, 38, 58, 60-2, 64-5, 68-9, 71, 88, 115-26, 129 74, 90, 103, 115, 126 Death in Venice, I, 2, 5-6, 15, 38, Decadence and decline, 4, 17-19, 40, 48-59, 60, 68-9, 72, 88, 23, 25-8, 31, 39, 47, 61, 107, 100, 128 108, 128 Diaries, 5, 11, 15, 74, 86, 123 Erlebte Rede, 30, 42, 99 Doctor Faustus, 2, 13-14, 33, Games and deception, 2, 15, 17, 98-114, 115-16, 129 22, 26, 38-9, 50-I' 52-3, 'Fallen , The', 3 56, 79-81, 89, 92, 101, 'Frederick and the Grand 118-20, 122-5, 129 Coalition', 6 History, German 1871-1945, 4, 'German Address: A Call to 6-7, 18-19, 36, 49-50, 58-9, Reason, A', 9·-10, 76 63, 69, 74-7, 97, 100, 'German Republic, The', 8, 75-6, 106-14, 129-30 85 Irony, 15, 18, 22, 29, 32-3, 36, 'Germany and the Germans', 13 39, 41' 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, Holy Sinner, The, 14 61, 70, 73, 85, 91, 92, 96, Joseph and His Brothers, I 0-13, 105, 114, 126, 130 85-97 Knowledge, Quest for, 13, 15, 32, Letters, 6, 11, 13, 15, 47, 48, 50, 33, 34, 44, 45, 60-1, 65-6, 62, 72, 86, 87, 115, 116, 127 69, 73, 90, 10 I, I 02, I 04, 115, 'Little Herr Friedemann', 3, 35-7, 123, 129, 130 60 Leit-motif device, 25, 31-2, 128, Lotte in Weimar, 2, 13, 98-100, 129 127 Montage technique, 129 Magic Mountain, The, 1, 2, 5, 8, Music, 18, 20, 27, 31, 35, 36, 41, 9, 33, 34, 60-73, 74-5, 85, 42, 51, 56, 60, 62, 67, 71-2, 88, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 101, 102-14, 128, 129 130 Narration, 29-30, 32, 37, 39, 42, Mario and the Magician, 10, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 62, 63, 74-84, 85, 88, 113, 119, 130 146 Index

Mann, Thomas - continued Plato, 54 'Measure and Value', 12 Proust, Marcel, 30, 36, 126 Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, 7-9, 18, 29, 34, 54, 58, 75 Rathenau, Walter, 75 'Problem of Freedom, The', 12 Realism, 1, 5, 29-31, 127-8 , 2, 5, 7, 34 Realpolitik, 18 Sketch of My Life, I, 3, 116 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 15 Story of a Novel, The, 13 Romanticism, 22, 27; 42, 43, 61, 62, 'Thoughts in Time of War', 6 64-5, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 75, Tonio Kroger, 34, 36, 43-7, 48-9, 103, 109, I 10, 116, 126, 128 53-4, 60, 65, 89, 100 Tristan, 4, 35, 41-3, 44, 45, 50, Schiller, Friedrich, 40 100-1 Schoenberg, Arnold, 104 'War and the Future', 13 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 26-8, 61, 65, Martens, Kurt, 47, 50 67 Modernism , 30, 32-3, 36, 49, 124, Schubert, Franz, 71, 72 126, 127-30 Servicen, Louise, 86 MoJo, Walter von, 14 Socrates, 54 Musil, Robert, 127 Sorel, Georges, 109 Mussolini, Benito, 79 Stifter, Adalbert, 66, 128 Storm, Theodor, 128 Naturalism, 7, 29-30, 61 Tieck, Ludwig, 128 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 26, 32-3, Tolstoy, , 21, 29 50-1, 58, 61, 67, 100, 103, 122-3, 130 Wagner, Richard, 26, 27, 41-2, 51, Nossack, Hans Erich, 16 67, 102-3 Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), Wandervogel, The, 107-9, 113 75, 128 Whitman, Walt, 75 Woolf, Virginia, 30 Patriarchal values, 17-19, 20, 82 Peyre, Henri, 98 Zola, Emile, 7, 29