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Jennifer Barry BISHOPS in FLIGHT Exile and Displacement in Late Antiquity JENNIFER BARRY The publisher and the University of California Press Foundation gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature Bishops in Flight Luminos is the Open Access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and reinvigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Bishops in Flight Exile and Displacement in Late Antiquity Jennifer Barry UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2019 by Jennifer Barry This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY-SA license. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses. Suggested citation: Barry, J. Bishops in Flight: Exile and Displacement in Late Antiquity. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.69 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Names: Barry, Jennifer, 1982- author. Title: Bishops in flight : exile and displacement in late antiquity / Jennifer Barry. Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018047795 (print) | LCCN 2019012027 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520971806 () | ISBN 9780520300378 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Bishops--Rome--History--Early church, ca. 30-600. | Persecution--History--Early church, ca. 30-600. | Exiles--Rome-History. | Exile (Punishment)--Rome. | Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373. | John Chrysostom, Saint, -407. Classification: LCC BR1604.23 (ebook) | LCC BR1604.23 .B37 2019 (print) | DDC 273/.4--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018047795 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Bernie (1990–2016) Contents Prologue xiii Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 The Discourse of Flight 2 Explorations of Exile 5 Episcopal Exile 9 Models of Exile 11 Heresiology and Exile 17 Episcopal Exile and Displacement 22 Outline of Book 26 1. Athanasius of Alexandria in Flight 31 How to Construct a Model City: Alexandria 32 If These Walls Could Talk: Defense Before Constantius 37 A Wall-Less Desert: Defense of His Flight 44 A Model City without Walls: Life of Antony 49 Conclusion 54 vii viii Contents 2. How to Return from Flight 56 How to Rehabilitate a Failed Bishop: Gregory of Nazianzus 57 How to Construct a Model City: Constantinople 59 A Model Exile: In Praise of Basil the Great 64 A Model Return: In Praise of Athanasius 69 Conclusion 74 3. John Chrysostom in Flight 76 A Man in Flight: John Chrysostom 77 How to Construct a Model City: Antioch 79 Bishops Who Die in Flight: Meletius of Antioch 81 How Not to Flee: Theophilus of Alexandria 84 Bishops Who Do Not Return 92 Conclusion 100 4. To Rehabilitate and Return a Bishop in Flight 103 How to Diagnose Exile: Ps.-Martyrius’s Funerary Speech 105 How to Interpret Exile: Palladius of Helenopolis’s Dialogue on the Life of John Chrysostom 119 How to Return from Exile: Athanasius and John Chrysostom 124 Conclusion 130 5. To Condemn a Bishop in Flight 132 How to Condemn a Model City: Nicomedia 133 An Unorthodox Return from Flight: Eusebius of Nicomedia 136 How to Rehabilitate a Bishop: Philostorgius of Cappadocia’s Ecclesiastical History 139 How to Condemn a Model Exile: Socrates of Constantinople’s Ecclesiastical History 141 How to Rehabilitate a Condemned City: Theodoret of Cyrrhus’s Ecclesiastical History 148 Conclusion 151 Contents ix 6. Remembering Exile 154 Remembering a Not-So-Model City: Antioch 155 Martyrs and Bishops in Flight 157 How to Remember Orthodox Flight: Sozomen of Constantinople’s Ecclesiastical History 161 Competing Memories: Socrates and Sozomen 167 Conclusion 172 Epilogue 173 Bibliography 179 Index 195 Acknowledgments Many thanks go first and foremost to Robert McGrath, who saw this project at various stages. As a close reader of this dissertation turned monograph, he has been a wonderful help and source of strength through it all. There aren’t enough words to say thank you. I love you, Rob. I would also like to acknowledge my two children, who bookend this project. Laura, who was born at the start of my graduate studies, and Leighton, who was born at the end of the editorial process, offered their mother the discipline and motivation to finish this book. I would also like to thank my Doktormutter, Virginia Burrus, whose tireless patience and invaluable feedback both challenged and significantly improved my research and writing at each phase of this project. Virginia, your ongoing confidence in my work has pushed me to strive for excellence continuously. I am also indebted to the other members on my dissertation committee, Melanie Johnson-DeBaufre and Catherine Peyroux, whose comments helped me to envision where the project could go. My graduate school colleagues were also instrumental in the early stages of my research. Many thanks are due to my Drew University cohort, including my dearest friend, Peter Mena. I am also thankful for the support provided by my early graduate school writing-group members and fellow academic mothers Shanell Smith and Kathleen Gallagher Elkins. I also owe a great deal to the kind- ness and friendship shown to me by my colleagues Minta Fox, Matthew Ketchum, Dhawn Martin, Geoff Pollick, David Evans, Jennifer Kaalund, Natalie Williams, and Christy Cobb. The writing process was often an alienating experience, but I was often encouraged and supported by those collegial friendships that extended beyond my graduate institution. Many thanks to Maia Kotrosits, Christine Luck- ritz Marquis, C. Mike Chin, Kristi Upson-Saia, Susanna Drake, Blossom Stefaniw, xi xii Acknowledgments Carrie Schroeder, Dana Robinson, Todd Berzon, Mike Azar, Jon Stanfill, Phil Webster, Phillip Fackler, John Penniman (PH), and Eric Daryl Meyer. I would also like to thank another informal mentor, Andrew Jacobs, who was instrumental in helping me transition this project from dissertation to book. Your thorough feedback and ongoing collegial guidance have helped me on more than one occasion. The support offered by both Ellen Muehlberger and Mira Balberg while I was at the University of Michigan provided me with much of the confi- dence needed to see this project forward at a very uncertain stage in my career. Ellen, in particular, I remain indebted to you for your ceaseless mentorship and ongoing example of academic integrity and kindness. I would also like to thank Julia Hillner and Sarah Bond whose constant willingness to collaborate helped me to imagine new ways and methods to explore exile in late antiquity. I have learned a great deal from the other members of the Migrations of Faith: Clerical Exile in Late Antiquity Project as well, including Eric Fournier, David M. Reis, Margarita Vallejo Girves, and David Natal. This book project has, of course, evolved and changed over time. My research and ideas could not have come about without the time and effort taken by many of my colleagues who have discussed, read, advised, edited, or commented on early chapters or drafts, such as Wendy Mayer, Angela Erisman, Eric Schmidt, Kathryn Yahner, Stephanie Cobb, David Eastman, Kate Cooper, Becky Krawiec, Ben Dun- ning, Richard Flower, Robin Whelan, Christopher Frilingos, Bradley K. Storin, Mark Delgoliano, J. Warren Smith, Susanna Elm, Taylor Petrey, Chris De Wet, Heidi Marx, Annette Yoshiko Reed, Candida Moss, Elizabeth Castelli, Elizabeth Clark, Jim Goehring, David Brakke, and David Maldonado-Rivera. My nonaca- demic relationships were also instrumental, and I would like to thank Caroline Dyer for running alongside me throughout this marathon of a project. And, finally, I owe a great deal; to my wonderful mother, Ellen Barry; to my father, John Barry, and his wife, Mary Ellen Barry; to my brother, Johnny, and sister-in-law, Emily Barry; and my supportive in-laws, Mary McGrath and Bob McGrath. I could not have finished this book without all their love and assistance through various means, such as childcare, financial support, and con- stant encouragement. Prologue For if persecution proceeds from God, in no way will it be our duty to flee from what has God as its author; a twofold reason opposing; for what proceeds from God should not be avoided and it cannot be evaded. —Tertullian, On Flight in Persecution1 The Lord commanded us to withdraw and flee from persecution, and to encourage us to it. He both taught and did so Himself. —Cyprian, On the Lapsed2 To flee during times of persecution is to deny Christ—or so Tertullian of Carthage (ca. 155–240) argued in On Flight in Persecution. Yet flight became an important part of the Christian legacy, even well after the official imperial persecution of Christians had ended. This book explores why the discourse of Christian flight became an important part of the narrative of pro-Nicene orthodoxy that would dominate the Roman Empire. Not only does Christian flight take precedence over memories of martyrdom, but the cultural authority of those bygone martyrs is also slowly folded into new persecution narratives of episcopal exile. As Athanasius of Alexandria (ca. 293–373) argued in the fourth century, the blood of the martyrs may indeed be the seed of the church, but the bishop—particularly the bishop who survives—ensures that the seed takes root.
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