DOCSLIB.ORG

(Bithynia) Bir Antik Kiyi Yerleşimi: Prainetos/Preietos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Bithynia) Bir Antik Kiyi Yerleşimi: Prainetos/Preietos KARAMÜRSEL’DE (BITHYNIA) BİR ANTİK KIYI YERLEŞİMİ: PRAINETOS/PREIETOS Bülent ÖZTÜRK* Prainetos/Preietos’un Konumu ve Adının Kökeni Antikçağ’da Bithynia coğrafi bölgesinin batı kesiminde Propontis (Marmara) Denizi’nin doğu, Astakos Körfezi’nin (sinus Astakenos; İzmit Körfezi) güney kıyısında bulunan antik yerleşim, bugün Marmara Bölgesi, Kocaeli ili Karamürsel ilçesi sınırları içine konumlanır; belirleyici sınırlarına baktığımız zaman kuzeyinde Propontis (Marmara) Denizi’nde İzmit Körfezi, hemen batısında ise kıyı yerleşimi Drepana-Helenopolis (Yalova-Hersek), güneyinde ise Nikaia (İznik) antik yerleşimleri bulunur (Harita 1-2)1. Bu yerleşimin adı Antikçağ ve Ortaçağ kaynaklarında “Pronetios”, “Pronesion”, “Prenetos”, “Prinetos”, “Pronektos”, “Preietos”, “Prainetos” olarak görülse de, en yaygın kullanılan form, bizim de tüm metin boyunca kullanacağımız “Prainetos”tur: Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenen ve o dönemin coğrafi, etnografik ve politik durumunu gösteren Tabula Peutingeriana’ya göre2 yerleşim, “Pronetios” isim formuyla ∗ Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sakarya Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, Esentepe Kampüs – Serdivan, Sakarya. E-posta: [email protected]. Müzelerindeki Karamürsel buluntularının çalışılması için gerekli izni veren ve ayrıca her türlü desteği ve kolaylığı sağlayan İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Müdürlüğü ile müze uzmanı arkeolog-epigraf Feza Demirkök’e; Kocaeli Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi Müdürlüğü ile müze müdür vekili Rıdvan Gölcük ile müze arkeoloğu Kemal Çubuk’a; bu metnin hazırlanması esnasında Almanca metinlerin çevirilerini yaparak önemli katkılar sağlayan Klasik Arkeolog Dr. Buket Akçay’a ve müzelerdeki epigrafik çalışmalarımda yardımcı olan Marmara Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı’ndan Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin Sami Öztürk’e en içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. 1 Walther Von Diest, Von Pergamon über den Dindymos zum Pontus, Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1889, s. 125, 11; Karte des nordwestlichen Kleinasien nach eigenen Aufnahmen und unveröffentlichtem Material auf Heinrich Kiepert’s Grundlage, [[map] :] neu bearbeitet von Walther v. Diest, Oberst a.D., Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung Alfred Schall, 1903, s. 125; William Mitchell Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London, 1890, s. 188; Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Anatolische Ausflüge, Berlin: Schall & Grund, 1896, s. 377–378; Johann Sölch, “Historisch-geographische Studien über bithynische Siedlungen: Nikomedia, Nikäa, Prusa”, Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher, 1 (1920), s. 274, dn. 3; Friedrich Karl Dörner, “Preietos”, RE, 44. Band XXII.2 (1954), s. 1832; Arif Müfid Mansel,Yalova ve civari: Yalova und Umgebung, İstanbul, 1936, s. 5; Friedrich Karl Dörner – Maria Barbara von Strisky, Tituli Asiae Minoris, IV: Tituli Bithyniae, linguis graeca et latina conscripti, fasc. 1. Paeninsula Bithynica praeter Calchedonem, Nicomedia et Ager Nicomediensis cum septentrionali meridiano que litore sinus Astaceni et cum lacu Sumonensi, Wien, 1978; Louis Robert, “Sur un mois du calendrier bithynien”, Aρχαιoλoγική εφημερίς, 118 (1979), s. 235–236; Marielouise Cremer, Hellenistich-römische Grabstelen im nordwestlichen Kleinasien, 2: Bithynien, Bonn, 1992, s. 52, “Preietos”; Karl Strobel, “Preietos”, DNP, 10 (2001), s. 287–288; Klaus Belke, “Bithynien. Historische und geographische Beobachtungen zu einer Provinz in byzantinischer Zeit”, Engelbert Winter – Klaus Zimmermann (Hrsgg), Neue Funde und Forschungen in Bithynien (Asia Minor Studien 69), Bonn, 2013, s. 84, Abb. 1. 2 Tab. Peut. 9,2: “Pronetios”. Şu anda Viyana Ulusal Kütüphanesi’nde bir kopyası bulunan Latince haritanın tıpkı basımı için bk. Ekkehard Weber, Tabula Peutingeriana. Codex Vindobonensis 324, vollständige Faksimile Ausgabe im Originalformat, Graz, 1976. Bu harita ile ilgili ayrıca bk. Alexander V. Podassinov, “Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Pontus”, Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of archaeology and ancient history, Oxford, 2012, s. 203–204. 61 Nikaia’ya 28 mil mesafede kıyıda bir kent olarak gösterilmektedir (Harita 3-4)3. Bu harita kentin, Nikaia antik kentine giden yolun başlangıç noktası ve Constantinopolis’ten Nikaia’ya doğru seyahat edenlerin uğrak yerlerinden biri olduğuna işaret etmektedir4. Zira konumuna baktığımızda da kent, Drepana-Helenopolis ile birlikte, o dönemin siyasi ve ekonomik açıdan güçlü ve önemli kentleri Byzantion/Constantinopolis, Nikaia ve Nikomedeia’nın (İzmit) ortasında yer almış, konum açısından önemli bir geçiş noktası ve kıyı yerleşimi özelliğiyle de bir durak olarak önem kazanmıştır (Harita 1). Önce Roma İmparatoru Diocletianus’un M.S. 286’da Nikomedeia kentini Roma İmparatorluğu’nun doğu kesiminin başkenti ilan etmesi ve kenti imar ettirmesi, hemen ardından ise Roma İmparatoru Büyük Constantinus’un M.S. 330’da Byzantion’u (İstanbul) kendi adını vererek Constantinopolis adıyla imparatorluğun başkenti yapması ve yeniden yapılandırması, sadece bu kentlerin değil aynı zamanda bu bölgede bulunan diğer yerleşimlerin de her anlamda önem kazanmasına vesile olmuştur. Constantionopolis, Khalkedon (Kadıköy) ve Khrysopolis’ten (Üsküdar) Nikaia’ya ulaşmak için körfezi dolaşarak karayolunun kullanılmasından ziyade, deniz yoluyla önce Drepana-Helenopolis veya Prainetos’a, oradan da karayoluyla Nikaia’ya ulaşılmıştır; bu yol ve Prainetos limanının hem ticari olarak tüccarların hem sivil olarak yolcu ve seyyahların hem de askeri ulaşım olarak Doğu Roma ordusu tarafından kullanıldığı görülmektedir5. M.S. ca. 700’lerde adı bilinmeyen Ravennalı bir rahibin o dönem haritalarını kullanarak oluşturduğu Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia adlı yer isimleri listesinde, yerleşimin adı “Pronesion”6, adı geçen bu eseri M.S. 1119’da yeniden derleyerek Geographica adıyla yayımlayan coğrafya yazarı Pisalı Guido’nun listesinde ise “Prenetos” olarak geçmektedir7. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında, Karamürsel’e ve bölgeye ilişkin gezi notlarını yayımlayan Prusyalı asker ve yazar Colmar Freiherr von der Golts, eserinde “Preietos” olarak adlandırdığı yerin detaylı bir lokasyonunu vermiş olup ayrıca bugün henüz tespit edemediğimiz sütun ve sütun başlıkları gibi çok sayıda antik yapı kalıntısının mevcut olduğunu ve bunların bazılarının evlerin ahşap verandalarında temel olarak kullanıldığını bazılarının ise düz konulduğunu ve üst yüzeylerinin kadınların tahıl ve un ezme işlemi için oyulduğunu anlatır8. Yerleşimin adının nereden geldiğine dair sorunun cevabı, Nikomedeia antik kent sınırları içinde bulunmuş Roma Dönemi’ne ait yazıtlardan gelmektedir. Prainetos/Preietos adının Bithynia kökenli savaşçı tanrı Preietos’tan (Theos Preietos) geldiğini, 1939 yılında Alman eskiçağ tarihçisi ve epigraf Friedrich Karl Dörner (1911-1992) tarafından Nikomedeia kent sınırları içinde tespit edilen, Theos Preietos’a adanmış Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi adaklarından9 ve ayrıca Bithynia bölgesinin takviminde karşımıza çıkan ve bu tanrıyla bağlantılı olduğu düşünülen Preieteios (Πρειετέιος)10/Prieteos (Πριέτηος)11 ay adından anlamak mümkündür12. Nikomedeia sınırları içindeki köylerde tespit edilmiş bu adakların 3 Ramsay, The Historical Geography..., s. 188. 4 Sölch, “Historisch-geographische...”, s. 274, dn. 3; Ramsay, The Historical Geography..., s. 188; Dörner, “Preietos”, s. 1832. 5 Agâh Yönsel – Şemsettin Arkan, Karamürsel, Ankara, 1973, s. 167–168; Dilek Bayraktar, “Karamürsel Şehrinin Yerleşim Özellikleri”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Dergisi, 6 (1998), s. 367–368. 6 Geogr. Rav. V9 (s. 363, 12). 7 Guido 99 (s. 529,7). 8 Von der Goltz, Anatolische Ausflüge, s. 377–378. 9 Friedrich Karl Dörner, Inschriften und Denkmäler aus Bithynien, (Istanbuler Forschungen 14), Berlin, 1941, s. 65–66, no. 39-42; TAM IV1, 74-78; Yazıtlarla ilgili ayrıca bk. Robert, “Sur un mois ...”, s. 231–232; Dörner, “Preietos”, s. 1832. 10 TAM IV 1, 19, 35, 98, (M.S. 117–138), 381. 11 TAM IV 1, 59 (M.S. 119), 163; SEG 36, 1155. 12 Bu ay adıyla ilgili ayrıca bk. Dörner, “Preietos”, s. 1832; Robert, “Sur un mois ...”, s. 232 (Robert, AE 1979 [1981] 231–236); Henry George Liddell – Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford, 1996, s. 1463, “Πριέπιος”; Bradley Hudson McLean, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great down to the Reign of Constantine (323s.c.-A.D.337), Ann Arbor, 2005, s. 170, Table 14, “Bithynia”. 62 Bülent ÖZTÜRK üzerindeki yazıtlar ve kabartmalar13; tanrının kültü, niteliği ve betimi hakkında önemli bilgiler sunar. Kente adını veren tanrının kim olduğunu ve önemini kavramak, kentin öneminin anlaşılmasına da yardımcı olacağından, bu adakları incelemek yerinde olacaktır. Ele alacağımız ilk yazıtta, adları anılan akrabaların, tanrı kehanetinin emrinin gereğince (kata epitagen) Theos Preietos’a şükranlarını (eukharisterion) sunduğu bilgisi mevcuttur (Resim 1)14. Adağın üzerinde betimlenen tanrı figürünün sağ elinde mızrak tutması, onun savaşçı özelliğe sahip bir tanrı olduğunu düşündürmektedir. İkincisinde Agathodoros ile Sallous adlı iki kardeşin dindarlıklarını göstermek için gene tanrıya adaklarını sunduğu belirtilir15. Bir diğer örnekte ise Theos Preietos’un rahibi (hiereus) de olan Demophilos; tanrıya, köyü ve kendileri için sunağını adamıştır (Resim 2)16. M.S. 155/156 yılına tarihlenen bir adakta ise bir önceki örnekte olduğu gibi Theos Preietos’un rahipliğini yaptığı anlaşılan Sosios ile Rufus adındaki iki kişi(kardeş?) Theos Preietos’a adak diktirmişlerdir17. Bozulmuş yazıtından okunabildiği kadarıyla “Gorgios oğlu ...las” adlı birisi, bir başka adakta
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century
    Studia Ceranea 5, 2015, p. 231–247 ISSN: 2084-140X DOI: 10.18778/2084-140X.05.07 e-ISSN: 2449-8378 Rafał Kosiński (Białystok) The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century he existence of quick and efficient communication with the provincial territo- Tries was a matter of vital importance to Late-Antique Constantinople, the cap- ital city and the administrative centre of the Eastern Roman Empire. As a result, it became necessary to ensure the creation and maintenance of the land and sea routes linking the City with the provinces. The present article aims to examine which of those links, specifically by land or sea, facilitated a more rapid and conve- nient communication between the capital city and the more or less distant regions of the Empire, as exemplified by the various places of exile connected with the deposed bishops of Constantinople. Assuming that one of the key goals of sending someone into banishment would be to prevent them, as much as possible, from having any form of communication with the City, the location of the places to which they had been confined by the order of the authorities could indicate which method of contact would have potentially made it easier, or more difficult, for an exiled bishop to communicate with his followers at the capital1. In the early Byzantine period, the office of the Bishop of Constantinople was not a very secure position. Considering the time frame from the consecration of the City until the end of the sixth century, as many as 11 metropolitan bish- ops, in effect every third one, had been deposed from their office.
    [Show full text]
  • The North American Patristics Society
    NORTH AMERICAN PATRISTICS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM May 21-23, 2009 Holiday Inn Mart Plaza Chicago, Illinois North American Patristics Society Past Presidents of the Society Officers of the Society o 1972 Bruce M. Metzger (†) o 1973 Robert D. Sider Paul M. Blowers, President o 1974 Maurice Cunningham (†) Virginia Burrus, Vice President o 1975 Robert M. Grant Brian Matz, Secretary-Treasurer o 1976 William R. Schoedel o 1977 Joseph M.-F. Marique, S.J. (†) o 1978 John Meyendorff (†) Other Elected Members of the Board of Directors o 1979 Thomas P. Halton Christopher Beeley o 1980/81 William R. Schoedel Jeffrey Bingham o 1981-83 Dennis E. Groh Elizabeth Digeser o 1983-85 David Balás, O.Cist. Blake Leyerle o 1985/86 Robert L. Wilken David G. Hunter (Immediate Past President) o 1986-88 Sidney H. Griffith o 1988/89 Elizabeth Clark o 1989/90 Charles Kannengiesser Nominations Committee o 1990-92 Everett Ferguson o 1992/93 J. Patout Burns Kate Cooper, Chair o 1993/94 Frederick W. Norris Richard Layton o 1994-96 Joseph F. Kelly William Harmless o 1996/97 Patricia Cox Miller o 1997/98 Brian E. Daley, S.J. o 1998-2000 Susan Ashbrook Harvey Journal of Early Christian Studies o 2000/01 Joseph T. Lienhard, S.J. David Brakke, Editor o 2001/02 J. Rebecca Lyman Bradley Storin, Editorial Assistant o 2002-04 William Tabbernee Richard Layton, Book Review Editor o 2004/05 James E. Goehring o 2005/06 Maureen A. Tilley o 2006-08 David G. Hunter Patristic Monograph Series, Catholic University of America Press o 2008/09 Paul M.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq
    OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES General Editors Gillian Clark Andrew Louth THE OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES series includes scholarly volumes on the thought and history of the early Christian centuries. Covering a wide range of Greek, Latin, and Oriental sources, the books are of interest to theologians, ancient historians, and specialists in the classical and Jewish worlds. Titles in the series include: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and the Transformation of Divine Simplicity Andrew Radde-Gallwitz (2009) The Asceticism of Isaac of Nineveh Patrik Hagman (2010) Palladius of Helenopolis The Origenist Advocate Demetrios S. Katos (2011) Origen and Scripture The Contours of the Exegetical Life Peter Martens (2012) Activity and Participation in Late Antique and Early Christian Thought Torstein Theodor Tollefsen (2012) Irenaeus of Lyons and the Theology of the Holy Spirit Anthony Briggman (2012) Apophasis and Pseudonymity in Dionysius the Areopagite “No Longer I” Charles M. Stang (2012) Memory in Augustine’s Theological Anthropology Paige E. Hochschild (2012) Orosius and the Rhetoric of History Peter Van Nuffelen (2012) Drama of the Divine Economy Creator and Creation in Early Christian Theology and Piety Paul M. Blowers (2012) Embodiment and Virtue in Gregory of Nyssa Hans Boersma (2013) The Chronicle of Seert Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq PHILIP WOOD 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Philip Wood 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Board of Missions
    PROCEEDING-S OF THE BOARD OF MISSIONS OF TH E PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, A T T H E IH iFttst gftfronfal Sttnttna, Held in the City o f Philadelphia, on the 6th day of September, A. D. 1838, and continued by adjournments to the 11th of the same month. TOGETHEB WITH THE REPORTS OF TH E DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN COMMITTEES, THE REPORT OF THE BOARD TO THE GENERAL CONVENTION, AND TH E REPORT OF A SPECIAL COMMITTEE, MADE BY THE REV. DR. JARVIS. NEW-YORK: t PRINTED BY WILLIAM OSBORN, 88 William-street. M DCCC XXXVIII. PROCEEDINGS OF T H E BOARD OF MISSIONS. TRIENNIAL MEETING. Philadelphia, September 6, 1838. T h e Triennial Meeting of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, was held this day at St. Andrew’s church, at 5 o’clock, P. M. Present: The Rt.Rev. Bishops Moore, Bowen, Chase, Brow­ nell, H. U. Onderdonk, Meade, B. T. Onderdonk, M‘Ilvaine, Doane, and McCoskry;—The Rev. Messrs. Allen, Anthon, Boyd, Burroughs, Carder, Croswell, De Lancey, Dorr, Dunn, Ducachet, Edson, Forbes, Hawks, Jackson, Jarvis, Johns, Jones, Mason, Mead, Milnor, Morehouse, Prestman, Rodney, Tyng, Vaughan, Watson, and the Secretary,—Messrs. Ec- cleston. Huntington, Lovell, Morris, Newton, Nicklin, Stuy- vesant and Wharton. The Rt. Rev. Bishop Moore opened the meeting with prayer. The roll having been called, it was on motion of the Se­ cretary, Resolved, That the reading of the minutes of the last meeting be dispensed with. The Rev. Mr. Vaughan, the Secretary and General Agent of the Foreign Committee, reported that Henry I.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Garden Culture
    Byzantine Garden Culture Byzantine Garden Culture edited by Antony Littlewood, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2002 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Byzantine garden culture / edited by Antony Littlewood, Henry Maguire and Joachim Wolschke- Bulmahn. p. cm. Papers presented at a colloquium in November 1996 at Dumbarton Oaks. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) ISBN 0-88402-280-3 (alk. paper) 1. Gardens, Byzantine—Byzantine Empire—History—Congresses. 2. Byzantine Empire— Civilization—Congresses. I. Littlewood, Antony Robert. II. Maguire, Henry, 1943– III. Wolschke- Bulmahn, Joachim. SB457.547 .B97 2001 712'.09495—dc21 00-060020 To the memory of Robert Browning Contents Preface ix List of Abbreviations xi The Study of Byzantine Gardens: Some Questions and Observations from a Garden Historian 1 Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn The Scholarship of Byzantine Gardens 13 Antony Littlewood Paradise Withdrawn 23 Henry Maguire Byzantine Monastic Horticulture: The Textual Evidence 37 Alice-Mary Talbot Wild Animals in the Byzantine Park 69 Nancy P. Sevcenko Byzantine Gardens and Horticulture in the Late Byzantine Period, 1204–1453: The Secular Sources 87 Costas N. Constantinides Theodore Hyrtakenos’ Description of the Garden of St. Anna and the Ekphrasis of Gardens 105 Mary-Lyon Dolezal and Maria Mavroudi Khpopoii?a: Garden Making and Garden Culture in the Geoponika 159 Robert Rodgers Herbs of the Field and Herbs of the Garden in Byzantine Medicinal Pharmacy 177 John Scarborough The Vienna Dioskorides and Anicia Juliana 189 Leslie Brubaker viii Contents Possible Future Directions 215 Antony Littlewood Bibliography 231 General Index 237 Index of Greek Words 260 Preface It is with great pleasure that we welcome the reader to this, the first volume ever put together on the subject of Byzantine gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal'in Mezar!
    HANNIBAL'IN MEZAR! Ord. Prof. Dr. AR~ F MÜF~D MANSEL Topraklar~m~zda bulundu~unda ~üphe olm~yan Eskiça~~n en büyük komutanlar~ndan Kartacal~~ Hannibal'in mezar~~ ve onun yeri bilhassa 19 uncu yüzy~ldan beri bir hayli ara~t~r~c~y~~ me~gul etmi~, bunlar taraf~ndan çe~itli ve hattâ bazan birbirine z~d faraziyeler ileri sürülmesine yol açm~~ t~r. 1935 y~l~~ sonlar~ na do~ru ATATÜRK'Üri bu büyük askerin mezar~na kar~~~ ilgi göstermesi, yerinin tesbiti ile orada bir an~ t dikilmesini emretmesi üzerine gerek Milli E~itim Bakanl~~~~ Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü~ü, gerek Kocaeli Vilâyeti, gerek ~stanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri ve Eski Eserleri Koruma Encü- meni tarafindan bu alanda baz~~ ön çal~~malar yap~lm~~, bundan sonra da zaman zaman resmi makamlar bu i~le me~gul olmu~~ ve bas~ nda çe~itli yaz~lar ç~ km~~ t~r. Ileride yap~lacak ara~t~rmalara ve dikilecek an~t~ n yerinin tesbitine ~~~ k tutar ümidi ile bir taraf- tan antik kaynaklara, di~er taraftan topografik ara~t~ rmalara ve ar~iv incelemelerine dayanan bu etüdü haz~rlam~~~ ve ATATÜRK'till iste~inin bir k~sm~n~, imkânlar~m~z çap~ nda, yerine getirmi~~ bulu- nuyoruz. Hannibal'in hayat~~ ve bilhassa Romal~larla yapt~~~~ harpler hakk~ nda ne kadar çok bilgimiz varsa onun ölümü ve gömüldü~ü yer hakk~nda o kadar az ~ey biliyoruz 1. Tarihin ~ah~slarla, ancak kendi sahas~nda önemli bir rol oynad~klar~~ müddetce ilgilendi~i gerçe~i ile aç~ klanmas~~ mümkün olan bu durum Hannibal'in meza- r~n~n yeri ile ilgili problemin hallini güçle~ tirmektedir.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88209-5 - The Roman Revolution of Constantine Raymond Van Dam Index More information Index iii Ablabius, Flavius (consul), 121n, 152–55, 198, Ammianus Marcellinus (historian), 39n, 60 369–72 Amorium, 156–57, 208–9 Abraham (patriarch), 295, 301 Ampelius, Publius (prefect), 212 Acacius (count), 301n Amphilochius (bishop of Iconium), 347n Acesius (bishop), 182 Amun, 241 Achaea, 187, 212, 214 Anastasia (half-sister of Constantine), 107n, Actium, 55n 110n, 175n Adam, 255 Anatolius (prefect in 340s), 212 adnotatio, 152–54 Anatolius (prefect in 350s), 212 Adonis, flowerbeds of, 2 Ancyra,157, 166n, 170, 176, 196–97, 201–3, Adriatic Sea, 43, 54, 71, 249 209, 287–88. See also Basil (bishop of Aegean Sea, 36, 358 Ancyra); Marcellus Aelia Capitolina, 296, 300 Andrew (apostle), 315, 338 Aeneas, 8 Antaradus, 113–14 Aetius (heresiarch), 270n, 361n Antioch (in Pisidia), 187 Aezani, 188 Antioch (in Syria), 23, 136, 137n, 188–89, Africa, 7n, 20, 33, 35–38, 51, 135, 146, 212, 197n, 211–14, 319, 328; emperors at, 1, 263–65, 307 113, 116, 164–68, 171, 196, 200, 207, Afyon Karahisar: see Akroenos 245n, 343, 358–60; councils at, 38, 150, Agamemnon (king), 354 176, 257n, 258, 278, 280, 287. See also Agnes (saint): see Church of St. Agnes Eustathius; Euzoius; Flacillus; Akroenos, 220 Flavianus Alamans, 37, 74n, 270 Antoni(n)opolis, 113n, Alaric (king of Visigoths), 76–77 Antoninus Pius (emperor), 24 Albano, 34 Antonius, Marcus, 151 Alexander (bishop of Alexandria), 151n, Antony (ascetic), 119n, 318–29, 341–43. See 256–78, 285n, 286–87, 322, 333, 361 also Athanasius Alexander (bishop, perhaps of Thessalonica), Anullinus (governor), 264n 262n Apennine Mountains, 53 Alexander the Great, 16, 39, 161, 244, 311 Aphaca, 206 Alexandria, 23, 140n, 256–57, 272, 321, 324, Aphrodisias, 154n, 190, 203 329, 338n.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Web Gis-Based Tsunami Inundation Mapping Service; a Case Study for Marmara Sea Region
    DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB GIS-BASED TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPPING SERVICE; A CASE STUDY FOR MARMARA SEA REGION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYKUT AYÇA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING JUNE 2012 Approval of the thesis: DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB GIS-BASED TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPPING SERVICE; A CASE STUDY FOR MARMARA SEA REGION submitted by AYKUT AYÇA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Güney Özcebe _____________ Head of Department, Civil Engineering Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet Yalçıner _____________ Supervisor, Civil Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ayşen Egin _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet Yalçıner _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zuhal Akyürek _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Utku Kanoğlu _____________ Engineering Sciences, METU Dr. Işıkhan Güler _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Date: _____________ iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: AYKUT AYÇA Signature: iii ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB GIS-BASED TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPPING SERVICE; A CASE STUDY FOR MARMARA SEA REGION AYÇA, Aykut M.Sc., Civil Engineering Department Supervisor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Names for SCA Personae
    1 A Short (and rough) Guide to Byzantine Names for SCA personae This is a listing of names that may be useful for constructing Byzantine persona. Having said that, please note that the term „Byzantine‟ is one that was not used in the time of the Empire. They referred to themselves as Romans. Please also note that this is compiled by a non-historian and non-linguist. When errors are detected, please let me know so that I can correct them. Additional material is always welcomed. It is a work in progress and will be added to as I have time to research more books. This is the second major revision and the number of errors picked up is legion. If you have an earlier copy throw it away now. Some names of barbarians who became citizens are included. Names from „client states‟ such as Serbia and Bosnia, as well as adversaries, can be found in my other article called Names for other Eastern Cultures. In itself it is not sufficient documentation for heraldic submission, but it will give you ideas and tell you where to start looking. The use of (?) means that either I have nothing that gives me an idea, or that I am not sure of what I have. If there are alternatives given of „c‟, „x‟ and „k‟ modern scholarship prefers the „k‟. „K‟ is closer to the original in both spelling and pronunciation. Baron, OP, Strategos tous notious okeanous, known to the Latins as Hrolf Current update 12/08/2011 Family Names ............................................................. 2 Male First Names .......................................................
    [Show full text]