DOCSLIB.ORG

TYPHUS FEVERS Typhus 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TYPHUS FEVERS Typhus 2 57 Feb., 1949 j EDITORIAL nostic titre is 1 in 1(30 but a rise in titre from 1 in 20 or 1 in 1 is significant (Rivers, loc. cit.). Indian Medical Gazette Even a titre of 1 in 100 may be accepted (War Office, loc. cit.). (8) Para-amino-benzoic acid given in the first week of the disease has a favourable influence on the course of the disease. DDT will kill all lice' on a FEBRUARY (9) dusting powder patient. The dusting is repeated after a week. (10) A subject recovered from classical typhus is immune to the murine and vice versa. TYPHUS FEVERS typhus 2. Murine causal is While the classical fever is now a typhus.?Its agent typhus R. mooseri which is borne the matter of almost ancient in medicine, by rat-flea, history same which other forms of this of fevers have been Xenopsylla cheopis (the spccics group The are endemic within the last 20 or so. fhe carries plague). synonyms recognized years urban of latest information about the latter was obtained typhus, typhus, shop typhus Malaya, flea and rat typhus : there arc at least during the World War II only. It was of typhus 6 names. military importance and remained a hush-hush affair so far as the general, non-service, medical The causal agent is capable of causing an after a few human profession was concerned. Details have been epidemic passages through lice from released only recently and have appeared in and is serologically indistinguishable serum of books (War Office, 1946; Rivers, 1948; Stitt, R. prowazeki, the the patient reacting Clough and Branham, 1948; Gradwohl, 1948). with OX19 similarly. The agent multiplies in the gut of the flea the insect louse is harmed Twelve their Nomenclature, Causal without harming (the Fevers, the of the which con- Agents, Vectors, etc. by agent epidemic typhus) tinues discharging it in its ffeces. The has been divided into 12 levels group From rat to rat the agent is carried by the named and described as follows :? same flea and by rat louse Polyplax spinubsus. 1. Classical epidemic typhus.?The causal The infected rats can impart infection to man agent is Rickettsia prowazeki, louse borne, lhe by infecting food with their urine. A human war synonyms are jail fever, camp fever, fever, case cannot transmit the disease to other persons famine fever, ship fever, hospital fever, petechial direct. morbus fever, liungaricus, typhus mstorique, The disease is milder than the tabardillo epidemic typhus typhus exanthematique, detoypho, and has been reported recently from Bombay and fleckfieber. There are at least 14 names. (Soman, 1947) and Calcutta (Lowe, 1946; The only items to which attention has been Krislman et cil., 1949; Chaudhuri and Ohakra- drawn recently are: (1) The mind of the varti, 1949). is far from inactive; the 'patient really imagination conjures up the most frightful 3. Drill's disease.?The present opinion on and fancies to which implicit belief is attached, this form of typhus fever is that it is a of which a distinct recollection may remain after recrudescence of the in a sub- ' epidemic typhus recovery (Murchison, 1862, quoted by Rivers, ject who had it previously. Such a patient can loc. reveals cit.). (2) The electron microscope start an epidemic. The causal agent resembles that rickettsiae, like vaccine virus and bacteria, that of the epidemic typhus and not of the appear to have a limiting membrane surround- murine typhus. In America the nomenclature ing the protoplasm in which are embedded of Brill's disease is used for fever found in granules. (3) Macchiavello's method of staifnng immigrants from Europe only. Further observa- is the most for rickettsise. satisfactory method tions on the recrudescence are necessary. Smears are (?') fixed lightly by heat, (?) stained for 3 to 5 minutes with 0.25 per cent basic fuchsm 4. The spotted fever of Rocky Mountain of in distilled water, (in) dipped quickly in 0.25 to America.?The causal agent is Dermacen- 0.5 per cent citric acid in distilled water, (iv) troxenus rickettsi, also known as Rickettsia placed in running tap water, {v) Hooded with 1 rickettsi, R. brasiliensis and R. typhi. It is per cent methylene blue in distilled water for a tick borne and about a dozen ticks have been few seconds, (vi) washed briefly in running tap incriminated under the leadership of Derma- water, and [vii) dried with filter paper. (4) centor andersoni. The infection is trans- About 10 per cent of cases and many experimental ovarian. This is contracted in the forest by animals do not develop agglutinins for proteus small rodents or other mammals. OX19. (5) There is no evidence of a true exo- The other names are mountain toxin produced by the rickettsia?. (6) Infection fever, typho- malarial fever, bull fever, black blue with Proteus vulgaris will of course produce fever, disease spotted fever, Sao Paulo mural agglutinins, and some subjects may have them typhus, Minas Geraes fever and Tobia fever. There are without any known cause. The titre naturally at least 9 names. in these cases will be constant. (7) The diag- THE INDIAN 58 MEDICAL GAZETTE [Feb., 1949 The only items to which attention has been bite and regional lymphadenopathy. A rash drawn are : The disease can be lately (1) may be present. in animals. In duplicated exactly experimental The causal is Dermacentroxenus the guinea-pigs the lesions in the brain and agent rickettsi var. borne ticks not necess- scrotum do not differ appreciably from those pipperi by arily on domestic animals and pets. found in experimental typhus and are more intense. (2) Most of the natural hosts show The Weil-Felix reaction is positive with 0X19, only inapparent infection. (3) Most large 0X2 and also OXK. This is rather an domestic animals are insusceptible. (4) In important point in India where tick typhus plasma tissue cultures the rickettsise show pre- (vide infra) and scrub typhus are known to ference for the nuclei of the cells. (5) The occur. } rickettsise are too to Berkefeld and N big pass 7. Rickettsial pox.?The described or candles or Seitz filter Red and recently W pads. (6) rickettsial disease in New York white blood cells from infected (Greenberg, guinea-pigs Klein and Huebner, 1947) is character- retain their even after Pelliteri, infectivity repeated ized a firm red papule which and brain and in by (i) develops washings; spleen suspended into a vesicle and dries to form a black retain their for a if scab, glycerol infectivity year (h) an chill and fever about a week stored at 7?C. Weil-Felix reaction does not abrupt later, (7) and a few days later still a the disease from (iii) maculo-papular distinguish epidemic typhus. rash. The nodules are affected. of 0X19 is than that regional lymph Usually agglutination higher The general rash also becomes vesicular and of but the reverse be the 0X2; occasionally may then forms black scabs. The disease is on the case. are not useless |? (8) Sulphanilamides only whole mild. in treatment but probably harmful. (9) Treat- j The causal is R. akari which mite ment with serum from rabbits hyperimmunized agent is borne. The mite concerned is with infected ticks or inoculated yolk sac is use- I Allodermanyssus on the ful. (10) Para-amino-benzoic acid is also sanguineus found house mice (Mus useful. (11) While the infection in man usually | mus cuius). occurs in those handling livestock and game, Weil-Felix reaction is negative. women and children be occasionally may Rickettsial pox is related to the In- [ Rocky infected by ticks on domestic pets. (12) Mountain fever in that guinea-pigs recovered fected unfed ticks exhibit 2 in phases biting from the pox are partially immune to the fever. {i) a phase of immunization, and (ii) a phase of infection. The rickettsias in starving tick 8. North Queensland tick typhus.?This need activation by a meal of blood. The animal j mild febrile disease has been described from bitten first is immunized and the one bitten later Australia. It is caused by a rickettsia probably fever is infected. The same difference is shown by I transmitted by ticks. Q is another name. infected tick's eggs : Fresh eggs infect while It also occurs in the U.S.A. The.causal agent dried eggs immunize. (13) Tick tissue, from is R. burneti. a tick fajces are crushed tick, and fresh capable Weil-Felix reaction is negative with 0X19, of causing infection through an abrasion. 0X2 and OXK. (14) There is no proved satisfactory repellent There is some cross resistance this which will prevent tick attachment. between fever on the one hand and the South African tick fever and murine on the other. 5. Boutenneuse fever.?This is an acute fever typhus of the Mediterranean basin. The synonyms arc 9. Tick bite rickettsial fever in India.?A lievre escheronodulaire, cxantheime typhorde spotted-fever-like illness was described some dothiendermic exanthema infectiet esteral, aigue, time ago (Megaw, 1921) in the United Provinces. exanthematous fever of Conor epidemique, fever, Later similar cases were reported from Mysore and Brucli. There are at least 7 names. It is (Ileilig and Naidu, 1941, 1942). characterized by maculo-papular rash on palms and soles and black spot usually at the site of 10. Tick bite rickettsial fever in Russia.? a tick bite. Such infections have been reported (Rivers, loc. cit.). The causal agent is Dermacentroxenus conori, similar to D. rickettsi borne by the dog tick, Weil-Felix reaction has been commonly Rhipicephalus sanguineus. positive with 0X19. Rickettsia have been iso- lated from naturally infected ticks. The Weil-Felix reaction may be positive with both 0X19 and 0X2 in equal titre.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CD Alert Monthly Newsletter of National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India
    CD Alert Monthly Newsletter of National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India May - July 2009 Vol. 13 : No. 1 SCRUB TYPHUS & OTHER RICKETTSIOSES it lacks lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan RICKETTSIAL DISEASES and does not have an outer slime layer. It is These are the diseases caused by rickettsiae endowed with a major surface protein (56kDa) which are small, gram negative bacilli adapted and some minor surface protein (110, 80, 46, to obligate intracellular parasitism, and 43, 39, 35, 25 and 25kDa). There are transmitted by arthropod vectors. These considerable differences in virulence and organisms are primarily parasites of arthropods antigen composition among individual strains such as lice, fleas, ticks and mites, in which of O.tsutsugamushi. O.tsutsugamushi has they are found in the alimentary canal. In many serotypes (Karp, Gillian, Kato and vertebrates, including humans, they infect the Kawazaki). vascular endothelium and reticuloendothelial GLOBAL SCENARIO cells. Commonly known rickettsial disease is Scrub Typhus. Geographic distribution of the disease occurs within an area of about 13 million km2 including- The family Rickettsiaeceae currently comprises Afghanistan and Pakistan to the west; Russia of three genera – Rickettsia, Orientia and to the north; Korea and Japan to the northeast; Ehrlichia which appear to have descended Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and northern from a common ancestor. Former members Australia to the south; and some smaller of the family, Coxiella burnetii, which causes islands in the western Pacific. It was Q fever and Rochalimaea quintana causing first observed in Japan where it was found to trench fever have been excluded because the be transmitted by mites.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, A61K 31/197 (2006.01) A61K 45/06 (2006.01) RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, A61K 31/60 (2006.01) A61P 31/00 (2006.01) TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, A61K 33/22 (2006.01) ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/IN20 12/000634 kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, (22) International Filing Date UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, 24 September 2012 (24.09.2012) TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, (25) Filing Language: English EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM, (26) Publication Language: English TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, (30) Priority Data: ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). 2792/DEL/201 1 23 September 201 1 (23.09.201 1) IN Declarations under Rule 4.17 : (72) Inventor; and — of inventorship (Rule 4.17(iv)) (71) Applicant : CHAUDHARY, Manu [IN/IN]; 51-52, In dustrial Area Phase- 1, Panchkula 1341 13 (IN).
    [Show full text]
  • What Do We Know About Q Fever in Mexico?
    ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL What do we know about Q fever in Mexico? Javier Araujo-Meléndez,* José Sifuentes-Osornio,* J. Miriam Bobadilla-del-Valle,* Antonio Aguilar-Cruz,** Orestes Torres-Ángeles,** José L. Ramírez-González,*** Alfredo Ponce-de-León,* Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios,* M. Lourdes Guerrero-Almeida* * Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. ** Jurisdicción Sanitaria No. 4, Huichapan, Hidalgo. *** Hospital General, Huichapan, Hidalgo. ABSTRACT ¿Qué sabemos acerca de la fiebre Q en México? In Mexico, Q fever is considered a rare disease among hu- RESUMEN mans and animals. From March to May of 2008, three pa- tients were referred, from the state of Hidalgo to a En México la fiebre Q se considera una enfermedad rara en- tertiary-care center in Mexico City, with an acute febrile ill- tre los humanos y los animales. Sin embargo, entre marzo y ness that was diagnosed as Q fever. We decided to undertake a mayo 2008 tres pacientes del estado de Hidalgo fueron refe- cross sectional pilot study to identify cases of acute disease in ridos a un hospital de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de México this particular region and to determine the seroprevalence of por una enfermedad febril aguda y fueron diagnosticados Coxiella burnetii among healthy individuals with known risk con fiebre Q. Se decidió llevar a cabo un estudio piloto para factors for infection with this bacteria. Q fever was defined identificar casos de enfermedad aguda en esa región y deter- according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention minar la prevalencia serológica de Coxiella burnetii en indi- criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Fever of Unknown Origin in Adult and Paediatric Patients L
    Overview of fever of unknown origin in adult and paediatric patients L. Attard1, M. Tadolini1, D.U. De Rose2, M. Cattalini2 1Infectious Diseases Unit, Department ABSTRACT been proposed, including removing the of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Fever of unknown origin (FUO) can requirement for in-hospital evaluation Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; be caused by a wide group of dis- due to an increased sophistication of 2Paediatric Clinic, University of Brescia eases, and can include both benign outpatient evaluation. Expansion of the and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy. and serious conditions. Since the first definition has also been suggested to Luciano Attard, MD definition of FUO in the early 1960s, include sub-categories of FUO. In par- Marina Tadolini, MD Domenico Umberto De Rose, MD several updates to the definition, di- ticular, in 1991 Durak and Street re-de- Marco Cattalini, MD agnostic and therapeutic approaches fined FUO into four categories: classic Please address correspondence to: have been proposed. This review out- FUO; nosocomial FUO; neutropenic Marina Tadolini, MD, lines a case report of an elderly Ital- FUO; and human immunodeficiency Via Massarenti 11, ian male patient with high fever and virus (HIV)-associated FUO, and pro- 40138 Bologna, Italy. migrating arthralgia who underwent posed three outpatient visits and re- E-mail: [email protected] many procedures and treatments before lated investigations as an alternative to Received on November 27, 2017, accepted a final diagnosis of Adult-onset Still’s “1 week of hospitalisation” (5). on December, 7, 2017. disease was achieved. This case report In 1997, Arnow and Flaherty updated Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36 (Suppl.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocarditis Due to Bartonella Quintana, the Etiological Agent of Trench Fever
    PRACTICE | CASES CPD VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Endocarditis due to Bartonella quintana, the etiological agent of trench fever Carl Boodman MD, Terence Wuerz MD MSc (Epi), Philippe Lagacé-Wiens MD n Cite as: CMAJ 2020 December 7;192:E1723-6. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.201170 CMAJ Podcasts: author interview at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.201170/tab-related-content 48-year-old man presented to the emergency depart- ment with a 2-day history of pleuritic chest pain and KEY POINTS shortness of breath. His medical history included HIV • Bartonella quintana, the causal agent of trench fever, is infection,A diagnosed 14 years earlier in the context of intraven- transmitted by body lice (Pediculus humanus var. corporis). ous drug use. Three months previously, he had an undetectable • Although B. quintana is notorious for causing disease in the First viral load and a CD4 count of 94 cells/mm3 (normal range: 500– World War, outbreaks of trench fever have recently occurred in 1400 cells/mm3) or 0.09 (normal range 0.50–1.40) × 109/L. The urban populations experiencing homelessness. patient adhered to his prescribed antiretroviral regimen (darunavir, • B. quintana causes culture-negative endocarditis and may be ritonavir and abacavir-lamivudine) and prophylaxis against oppor- fatal without antimicrobial and surgical treatment, despite mild tunistic infections (valacyclovir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole symptomatology during chronic bacteremia. Consultation with infectious disease specialists is encouraged. and fluconazole). In addition, the patient had a congenital soli- Because B. quintana evades identification in routine blood tary kidney with normal baseline renal function, alcohol expos- • cultures, diagnosis of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Recurrent Fever in Children
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AIR Universita degli studi di Milano International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Recurrent Fever in Children Sofia Torreggiani 1, Giovanni Filocamo 1 and Susanna Esposito 2,* 1 Pediatric Medium Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; sofi[email protected] (S.T.); giovanni.fi[email protected] (G.F.) 2 Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-5503-2498; Fax: +39-02-5032-0206 Academic Editor: Vera Sau-Fong Chan Received: 3 February 2016; Accepted: 21 March 2016; Published: 25 March 2016 Abstract: Children presenting with recurrent fever may represent a diagnostic challenge. After excluding the most common etiologies, which include the consecutive occurrence of independent uncomplicated infections, a wide range of possible causes are considered. This article summarizes infectious and noninfectious causes of recurrent fever in pediatric patients. We highlight that, when investigating recurrent fever, it is important to consider age at onset, family history, duration of febrile episodes, length of interval between episodes, associated symptoms and response to treatment. Additionally, information regarding travel history and exposure to animals is helpful, especially with regard to infections. With the exclusion of repeated independent uncomplicated infections, many infective causes of recurrent fever are relatively rare in Western countries; therefore, clinicians should be attuned to suggestive case history data.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections 1105
    Chapter 25 | Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections 1105 Chapter 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Figure 25.1 Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease that can cause liver damage, resulting in jaundice (left) as well as serious and sometimes fatal complications. The virus that causes yellow fever is transmitted through the bite of a biological vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito (right). (credit left: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit right: modification of work by James Gathany, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Chapter Outline 25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Introduction Yellow fever was once common in the southeastern US, with annual outbreaks of more than 25,000 infections in New Orleans in the mid-1800s.[1] In the early 20th century, efforts to eradicate the virus that causes yellow fever were successful thanks to vaccination programs and effective control (mainly through the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]) of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that serves as a vector. Today, the virus has been largely eradicated in North America. Elsewhere, efforts to contain yellow fever have been less successful. Despite mass vaccination campaigns in some regions, the risk for yellow fever epidemics is rising in dense urban cities in Africa and South America.[2] In an increasingly globalized society, yellow fever could easily make a comeback in North America, where A. aegypti is still present.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Louse-Transmitted Infectious Diseases
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector REVIEW 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03778.x Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases S. Badiaga1,2 and P. Brouqui1 1) URMITE, CNRS-IRD, UMR 6236/198, Poˆle des Maladies Infectieuses AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Me´diterrane´e Infection and 2) Service d’Accueil des Urgences Adultes, Poˆle AUR, CHU hoˆpital Nord, Marseille, France Abstract Several of the infectious diseases associated with human lice are life-threatening, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, which are caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, and Bartonella quintana, respectively. Although these diseases have been known for several centuries, they remain a major public health concern in populations living in poor-hygiene conditions because of war, social disruption, severe poverty, or gaps in public health management. Poor-hygiene conditions favour a higher prevalence of body lice, which are the main vectors for these diseases. Trench fever has been reported in both developing and developed countries in pop- ulations living in poor conditions, such as homeless individuals. In contrast, outbreaks of epidemic typhus and epidemic relapsing fever have occurred in jails and refugee camps in developing countries. However, reports of a significantly high seroprevalence for epidemic typhus and epidemic relapsing fever in the homeless populations of developed countries suggest that these populations remain at high risk for outbreaks of these diseases. Additionally, experimental laboratory studies have demonstrated that the body louse can transmit other emerging or re-emerging pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Yersinia pestis.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemic Typhus: a Re-Emerging Rickettsial Zoonosis
    ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 2 Issue 9 September 2019 Review Article Epidemic Typhus: A Re-Emerging Rickettsial Zoonosis Mahendra Pal1* and Pratibha Dave2 1Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Aangan, Gujarat, India 2Welfare Hospital and Research Centre, Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: Founder of Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Aangan, Gujarat, India. Received: July 29, 2019; Published: August 16, 2019 DOI: 10.31080/ASMI.2019.02.0344 Abstract Epidemic typhus is a re-emerging zoonosis of public health concern, and is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii that is considered a bioterrorism agent. In earlier centuries, epidemic typhus was responsible for millions of deaths in several parts of the world. The disease is transmitted through infected feces of the body louse, and is responsible for great epidemics in people who live in over- crowded and unhygienic conditions. Outbreaks of louse borne epidemic typhus are recorded in several countries, such as Burundi, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda and Uganda. The primary clinical manifestations of disease include fever, headache, and rash. Clinical illness. Presently, doxycycline is considered the mainstay of treatment. The mortality rate in severe cases without antibiotic therapy diagnosis should be supported with laboratory findings and needs to be differentiated from other diseases, which present febrile patient. The public should be educated to avoid visiting crowded areas, avoid sharing clothes, taking daily bath, and maintaining hy- may reach up to 60%. It is imperative to make an early diagnosis to start a prompt specific therapy to mitigate the suffering of the gienic conditions at home. It is advised that delayed diagnosis and treatment should be avoided as it may lead to increase morbidity and mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Bartonellosis: an Underappreciated Public Health Problem?
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review Human Bartonellosis: An Underappreciated Public Health Problem? Mercedes A. Cheslock and Monica E. Embers * Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, LA 70433, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +(985)-871-6607 Received: 24 March 2019; Accepted: 16 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Abstract: Bartonella spp. bacteria can be found around the globe and are the causative agents of multiple human diseases. The most well-known infection is called cat-scratch disease, which causes mild lymphadenopathy and fever. As our knowledge of these bacteria grows, new presentations of the disease have been recognized, with serious manifestations. Not only has more severe disease been associated with these bacteria but also Bartonella species have been discovered in a wide range of mammals, and the pathogens’ DNA can be found in multiple vectors. This review will focus on some common mammalian reservoirs as well as the suspected vectors in relation to the disease transmission and prevalence. Understanding the complex interactions between these bacteria, their vectors, and their reservoirs, as well as the breadth of infection by Bartonella around the world will help to assess the impact of Bartonellosis on public health. Keywords: Bartonella; vector; bartonellosis; ticks; fleas; domestic animals; human 1. Introduction Several Bartonella spp. have been linked to emerging and reemerging human diseases (Table1)[ 1–5]. These fastidious, gram-negative bacteria cause the clinically complex disease known as Bartonellosis. Historically, the most common causative agents for human disease have been Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella henselae.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mixed Outbreak of Epidemic Typhus Fever and Trench Fever in a Youth Rehabilitation Center: Risk Factors for Illness from a Case-Control Study, Rwanda, 2012
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 95(2), 2016, pp. 452–456 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0643 Copyright © 2016 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene A Mixed Outbreak of Epidemic Typhus Fever and Trench Fever in a Youth Rehabilitation Center: Risk Factors for Illness from a Case-Control Study, Rwanda, 2012 Irenee Umulisa,1* Jared Omolo,2 Katherine A. Muldoon,3,4 Jeanine Condo,5 Francois Habiyaremye,1 Jean Marie Uwimana,1 Marie Aimee Muhimpundu,6 Tura Galgalo,2 Samuel Rwunganira,1,6 Anicet G. Dahourou,2 Eric Tongren,7 Jean Baptiste Koama,8 Jennifer McQuiston,9 Pratima L. Raghunathan,8 Robert Massung,9 Wangeci Gatei,8 Kimberly Boer,8 Thierry Nyatanyi,6 Edward J. Mills,3,4,10 and Agnes Binagwaho11,12,13 1Rwanda Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; 2CTS Global assigned to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda; 3University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; 4University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; 5School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; 6Epidemic Infectious Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda; 7Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda; 8Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda; 9National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 10Stanford University, Stanford, California; 11Ministry of Health Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; 12Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 13Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Fevers: Part A. Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal
    5A.1 CHAPTER 5 Tropical Fevers: Part A. Viral, bacterial, and fungal John Frean and Lucille Blumberg 1. INTRODUCTION Pyrexial illness is a presentation of many diseases particularly associated with tropical environments, but one should remember that many common infections, such as influenza and tuberculosis, also occur in the tropics or may be acquired en route to and from exotic locales. Febrile patients may also have chronic or recurrent medical problems that are unrelated to their tropical exposure, including non-infectious disease e.g. autoimmune or malignant conditions. In approaching a pyrexial patient, therefore, a general medical history should aim to elicit the presence of any underlying conditions, particularly those associated with increased risk of infections such as diabetes, neoplastic conditions, HIV infection, splenectomy, and pregnancy. The history of the current illness will determine the duration (acute or chronic) and pattern, if any, of fever; signs and symptoms which may be important in suggesting possible aetiologies are headache and other central nervous system involvement; myalgia and arthralgia; photophobia and conjunctivitis; skin rashes and localised lesions; lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly; jaundice, and anaemia. The geographic and travel history, both recent and past, is of course of vital importance. The onset of illness in relation to known incubation periods and time of possible exposure can help to include or eliminate various infectious diseases (see Table 1). The areas visited and the nature of the travel may also be helpful in suggesting the likely exposures, e.g. business travel confined to city hotels has a different risk profile compared to river-rafting adventures.
    [Show full text]