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VIAJE AL CENTRO DE LA MADERA DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.Qxp DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 2 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.Qxp DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 3 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 2 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 1 VIAJE AL CENTRO DE LA MADERA DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 2 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 3 REAL ACADEMIA DE INGENIERÍA VIAJE AL CENTRO DE LA MADERA DISCURSO DEL ACADÉMICO ELECTO EXCMO. SR. D. LUIS GARCÍA ESTEBAN LEÍDO EN EL ACTO DE SU RECEPCIÓN PÚBLICA EL DÍA 18 DE FEBRERO DE 2020 Y CONTESTACIÓN DEL ACADÉMICO EXCMO. SR. D. LUIS ALFONSO GIL SÁNCHEZ MADRID MMXX DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 4 Editado por la Real Academia de Ingeniería © 2020, Real Academia de Ingeniería © 2020 del texto, Luis García Esteban ISBN: 978-84-95662-74-3 Depósito legal: M-1916-2020 Impreso en España DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 5 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN Y AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................... 7 EVOLUCIÓN DE LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PLANTAS ................................... 25 EL CAMINO HACIA LA FORMACIÓN DE LA MADERA ................................. 33 ONTOGENIA DE LA PARED CELULAR (XILOGÉNESIS) ................................. 35 ESTRUCTURA EN CAPAS Y COMPONENTES DE LA PARED CELULAR .... 43 ANATOMÍA DE LA MADERA DE CONÍFERAS .................................................. 49 ANATOMÍA DE LA MADERA DE FRONDOSAS ................................................ 80 RELACIONES AGUA-MADERA ............................................................................. 117 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................ 125 CONTESTACIÓN ........................................................................................................ 147 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 6 DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 7 Excelentísimo Sr. Presidente de la Real Academia de Ingeniería, Excelentísimas Señoras y Señores Académicos, Señoras y Señores; queridos amigos, INTRODUCCIÓN Y AGRADECIMIENTOS Hoy es sin duda uno de los días más emotivos de todos los que he vivido en mi carrera profesional y por ello, muchas gracias a todos por acompañarme en este acto de recepción pública como Acadé- mico de Número de la Real Academia de Ingeniería. Representa para mí un honor entrar a formar parte de este admi- rable claustro de Académicos tan ilustres, al que me sumo con el ánimo de aprender. Espero estar a la altura de las circunstancias y aportar con mi tra- bajo, dedicación y experiencia en los distintos campos de mi forma- ción académica y profesional, las reflexiones, ideas y proyectos que permitan a la institución alcanzar sus objetivos. Mi agradecimiento de corazón a todos los miembros de esta Real Academia por confiar en mi persona y su cariñoso recibimiento. Es- pecial mención y agradecimiento a los Académicos que han promo- vido mi candidatura, Ramón Argüelles Álvarez, José Antonio Pardos Carrión, Luis A. Gil Sánchez y Enrique Cerdá Olmedo. Cuando Ramón Argüelles Alvárez me sugirió que presentara mi candidatura a la Real Academia de Ingeniería, mi respuesta inme- diata fue, que sería un honor. Parece que el destino vuelve a unir nuestras vidas, porque hace 26 años, él mismo me proponía dirigir a su hijo mi primera tesis doctoral titulada Predicción con simulación animada del comportamiento de piezas de madera, en la que se desarro- lló un programa de análisis plano por elementos finitos para mate- DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 8 8 LUIS GARCÍA ESTEBAN riales ortótropos con módulos de elasticidad en tracción y compre- sión diferentes y con diagramas no lineales. Como es costumbre en este acto, me corresponde dedicar unas palabras, en esta ocasión, a quien todavía es el depositario de la me- dalla que me será impuesta, la número III, que desde 1994 precisa- mente corresponde al Académico el Excmo. Sr. D. Ramón Argüelles Álvarez. Junto a otros Académicos tuvo la visión de hacer realidad la Real Academia de Ingeniería. Gracias a todos los Académicos constitu- yentes, hoy muchos de ellos desgraciadamente desaparecidos, esta institución ha alcanzado su vigésimo quinto aniversario el pasado año y se ha consolidado ocupando el lugar que le corresponde den- tro de las instituciones que vertebran la ingeniería en nuestro país. Ramón Argüelles fue profesor mio de las materias de Cálculo de Estructuras I y II en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes de Madrid, y desde siempre le he profesado respecto y ad- miración. Pero Ramón Argüelles no sólo es admirado en nuestra Es- cuela, sino que sus trabajos son reconocidos y referenciados nacio- nal e internacionalmente. Ha sido profesor de Resistencia de Mate- riales y Construcción en el periodo 1965-70, Catedrático de Cálculo de Estructuras desde 1970 hasta su jubilación, y desde 2009 es Pro- fesor Emérito de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. En 1979, fue Premio Nacional de Estructuras Metálicas por el pro- yecto y construcción de la Fábrica de Cementos de Mariel (Cuba). Ha sido pionero en el desarrollo de la normativa en España, donde había un vacío importante y en la investigación de las aplicaciones estructurales de la madera, campo este último continuado por sus discípulos. Sus libros, especialmente, La estructura metálica hoy: Teoría y prác- tica, desde 1972, Estructuras de madera. Diseño y cálculo (1996) y Es- tructuras de acero. Cálculo. Norma Básica y Eurocódigo, desde 1999 son un referente en la Universidad y en empresas relacionadas con el mundo de la construcción. También ha sido desde 1980 pionero en el uso aplicaciones infor- máticas relacionadas con la mecánica de los medios continuos y cons- trucciones de hormigón, acero y madera. Podría seguir loando al Profesor Argüelles durante más tiempo, y ahora entenderán lo que representa para mí que me corresponda su medalla como Académico Numerario. DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 9 VIAJE AL CENTRO DE LA MADERA 9 Con mi incorporación a la Academia seré el quinto Ingeniero de Montes que formará parte de esta institución tras los Académicos constituyentes D. Ramón Argüelles Álvarez, y D. Ángel Ramos Fer- nández y los Numerarios D. José Alberto Pardos Carrión y D. Luis A. Gil Sánchez, así como el decimonoveno Académico de todas las Reales Academias de España de ámbito nacional que han tenido o tie- nen en su seno algún Ingeniero de Montes. De la Real Academia de la Lengua, D. Agustín Pascual ocupó el sillón A el 30 de abril de 1876 con el discurso La influencia germánica en la lengua española; D. Juan Navarro Reverter, tomó posesión el 6 de diciembre de 1914 con el discurso titulado El renacimiento de la poesía provenzal en España, ocupó la silla P; D. Luis Ceballos Fernández de Córdoba, tomó po- sesión el 12 de diciembre de 1945, medalla XXVII, ocupó el sillón J con el discurso La flora del Quijote. De la Real Academía de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, D. Esteban Boutelou y Soldevilla, tomó posesión el 18 de febrero de 1877, medalla XI, con el discurso Del ori- gen y progresos de la Botánica y de los botánicos que más han contribuido a la creación y adelantamiento de esta ciencia; D. Máximo Laguna y Vi- llanueva, tomó posesión el 17 de junio de 1877, medalla XIV, con el discurso Reproducción de los vegetales y fecundación de las plantas fane- rógamas en particular; D. Francisco García Martino, electo el 1 de di- ciembre de 1886, falleció, sin haber tomado posesión, el 6 de enero de 1890; D. Francisco de Paula Arrillaga y Garro, tomó posesión el 1 de junio de 1890, medalla XXXIV, con el discurso Fundamentos ma- temáticos de la novísima Metrología de precisión; D. Juan Navarro Re- verter, tomó posesión el 6 de mayo de 1894, medalla XII, con el discurso Lo invisible y lo desconocido; D. Carlos Castel y Clemente, tomó posesión el 11 de junio de 1899, medalla XXX, con el discurso Valor de los agentes que determinan la distribución de los vegetales en el Globo; D. Joaquín María Castellarnau y Lleopart, tomó posesión el 3 de mayo de 1914, medalla XXVII, con el discurso, La Morfología de las plantas, según las leyes biogénicas; D. Pedro de Ávila y Zumarán, tomó posesión el 9 de mayo de 1915, medalla XIV, su discurso versó sobre Máximo Laguna y su obra científica; D. Luis Ceballos Fernández de Córdoba, tomó posesión el 12 de diciembre de 1945, medalla XX- VII, con el discurso Los matorrales españoles y su significación; D. Gon- zalo Ceballos y Fernández de Córdoba, tomó posesión en 1962 de la medalla XXIII con el discurso Consideraciones sobre el Orden Hyme- nóptera y su conocimiento en España; D. Ángel Ramos Fernández, tomó DISCURSO Luis García Esteban.qxp_DISCURSO 31/1/20 7:55 Página 10 10 LUIS GARCÍA ESTEBAN posesión el 28 de abril de 1993, medalla XIV, con el discurso ¿Por qué la conservación de la naturaleza?; D. Manuel García de Viedma Hitos, ingresó en 1984, medalla XIV, con el discurso Consideraciones acerca de la conservación de especies de insectos. De la Real Academia de In- geniería, D. José Alberto Pardos Carrión, ingresó el 29 de abril de 2003, medalla XLVIII, con el discurso Los árboles, prodigios de inge- niería; D. Luis A. Gil Sánchez, medalla XXVII, ingresó el 23 de sep- tiembre de 2008, con el discurso Pinares y rodenales. La diversidad que no se ve. En la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, D. Gus- tavo Torner de la Fuente, ingresó el 24 de enero de 1993, con el dis- curso El arte, víctima de sus teorías y de su historia. Así pues, dentro del elenco de tan ilustres personajes de la Inge- niería de Montes, recibo la medalla con el respeto a quien la ha lle- vado hasta hoy y con el compromiso de ser digno sucesor de ella. En un acto como éste, no me puedo olvidar de todos aquellos pro- fesores, que desde mi etapa de bachillerato me inculcaron los valo- res de las ciencias para la comprensión de los procesos naturales y que me inspiraron para desarrollarme en el mundo de la Ingeniería de Montes.
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