Essential First Aid MANUAL New Zealand Red Cross Now Carries the Most Comprehensive Range of First Aid Kits in New Zealand
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Choosing from six individual options will let you create the Workplace First Aid System your risk assessment demands. ɠ Workplace blue for food areas ɠ Online portal for ordering replacement stock ɠ Low, medium and high risk first aid courses ɠ App and online learning FOR MORE INFORMATION: [email protected] Sending for help If you are not sure whether emergency services are needed, call anyway. They can help you decide. Remain calm. Take a deep breath, call an ambulance. In New Zealand, call 111. Know the emergency numbers for where you are or where you are going. Emergency numbers: Always send for help as soon as possible. Once you have made contact, LISTEN carefully and answer the questions. The following information will be required by the dispatcher: ɠ Where the emergency happened ɠ The telephone number you are calling from ɠ What has happened ɠ The number of people who need help Quick assessment If you are able to quickly assess the casualty, obtain the following information: ɠ Is the casualty awake? ɠ Can the casualty talk to you? ɠ Is the casualty breathing normally? ɠ Is the casualty bleeding severely? Tell the dispatcher what you find in your quick assessment. If you feel you are unable to do anything, send for help. Essential First Aid New Zealand Red Cross helps people in New Zealand and across the Pacific to respond in a crisis and has been teaching first aid for many years. All the topics covered in first aid and emergency care courses are contained in this book, which acts as a primary reference. What do you do when? Your father collapses after complaining of indigestion all day. Your daughter gashes her foot on broken glass. You’re first on the scene when a pedestrian is hit by a car. One of your team mates sprains an ankle during practice. Your toddler chokes on a piece of apple. TR35-010-01(2021) This book contains first aid information and is intended to supplement and revise information learned on New Zealand Red Cross First Aid courses. Published by authority of the National Board of New Zealand Red Cross. Published by the New Zealand Red Cross. 69 Molesworth Street, Thorndon, Wellington. This book is copyright. Except for the purpose of fair reviewing, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Infringers of copyright render themselves liable to prosecution. ISBN 978-0-908998-29-6 © 2021 New Zealand Red Cross. The author asserts its moral rights in the work. First published 1996. Reprinted annually with new information as required. Printed 2021. Written and designed by New Zealand Red Cross. Photographs and illustrations courtesy of American, Australian, New Zealand, Samoa, Tuvalu and Papua New Guinea Red Cross, IFRC Pacific Delegation, New Zealand Resuscitation Council and National Heart Foundation of Australia. Additional photography: Richard Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons; Cugerbrant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved in all countries. Contents Choking 23-31 Adult 24 What is first aid? 1 Conscious – Back blows / First aider 1 Chest thrusts / Obstructed airway 24–26 First aid aims 2 Unconscious – Obstructed airway 27 First aid action plan 2–3 DRSABCD – Choking adult / child 28 When to call an ambulance 3 Infant – Conscious 29–30 Infant – Unconscious 31 Primary assessment 4 DRSABCD – Choking infant 31 Using DRSABCD 5 Dangers 2,6 Bleeding 32 Response – Levels of consciousness External bleeding 32–33 (AVPU) 7 Wounds 32–33 Airway 8 Embedded objects in wounds 34 Breathing 8,12–15 Internal bleeding 35 Breathing difficulties 9 DRSABCD – Bleeding 35 Circulation / CPR 9 Unconsciousness 10 Shock and fainting 36–37 Stable Side Position (recovery position) 11 DRSABCD – Resuscitation 12–14 Check for other conditions and injuries 38–41 Basic Life Support Flowchart 14 Vital signs 38–39 Resuscitation 15-22 Consciousness (AVPU) 40 Check for injuries / MedicAlert® 41 Chain of survival 15 Resuscitation – Adult 16 Medical conditions 42–57 CPR action checklist 16 DRSABCD – Adult resuscitation 17 Heart attack 42–44 Defibrillation and AEDs 18 Angina 43 Resuscitation – Child / Infant 19 Heart health 44 CPR action checklist 20 Heart attack action plan 45 DRSABCD – Child / infant Stroke 46–47 resuscitation 21 Diabetic emergency 48 Drowning 22 Seizures / Febrile convulsions 49–50 Hyperventilation 51 Poisoning 80–85 Asthma 51-52 Snake bites 82 DRSABCD – Medical conditions 53 Fish and shellfish poisoning 82 Fever 54 DRSABCD – Poisoning 84 Malaria 55 Tick bites; bee, wasp and ant stings 85 Diarrhoea 56 Severe allergic Injuries 58–75 reaction 86–87 Fractures 58–59 Anaphylaxis 86 Dislocations 60 Anaphylaxis action plan 87 Soft tissue injuries / bruising 61 DRSABCD – Severe allergic reaction 87 DRSABCD – Fractures and soft tissue injuries 62 Environmental Spinal injuries 63 conditions 88–92 DRSABCD – Spinal injuries 64 Hyperthermia 88-90 Head injuries 65–67 Heat exhaustion 88 Concussion 65 Heat stroke 89 Brain compression 66 DRSABCD – Hyperthermia 90 DRSABCD – Head injuries 67 Hypothermia 91-92 Fractured nose 67 DRSABCD – Hypothermia 92 Stable Side Position for head or spinal injuries – Log roll 68 Amputations 69 Other useful Chest injuries 70 information 93–102 Abdominal injuries 70 Casualty reporting 93 Crush injuries 71 Handwashing and hygiene 93 Nose bleeds 72 Applying slings 94 Ear injuries 72 Hazard app 96 Knocked out permanent teeth 73 Household Emergency Plan 97–98 Eye injuries 74-75 Useful numbers 99 Workplace accidents 100 Burns and scalds 76–79 Suicide information 101 DRSABCD – Burns and scalds 79 Psychological First Aid 102 Glossary 103–104 Index 105-106 Mission statement What is first aid? First aid is the initial help IS FIRST AID? WHAT provided to the ill or injured person until advanced care arrives. It is concerned not only with physical injury or illness but also with other initial care, including psychosocial support for people suffering from emotional distress caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. First aid interventions seek to “preserve life, alleviate suffering, prevent further illness or injury and promote recovery”.1 This manual refers to the person requiring care as a casualty. The responder, with their basic first aid knowledge and skills, provides the assistance and is referred to as the first aider. Further emergency care information for Basic Life Support and First Aid can be found in the Guidelines documents found on the New Zealand Resuscitation Council website nzrc.org.nz. New Zealand Red Cross acknowledges the New Zealand Resuscitation Council Guidelines. 1 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), 2015 1 First aid First aid aims action plan ACTION PLAN ACTION | In emergency situations, In first aid theDRSABCD cycle injuries or medical is used to assist the first aider to conditions can kill: identify, prioritise and treat any problems. FIRST AID AIMS ɠ in minutes ɠ within hours, or What is DRSABCD? DRSABCD is an abbreviation for the casualty ɠ not at all. primary assessment process used by the New Zealand Red Cross and stands for: General principles Dangers, Response, Send for help, Airway, ɠ Ensuring safety of the first Breathing, Circulation / CPR, Defibrillation aider, casualty and bystanders Many countries use the DRSABCD casualty ɠ Preventing further harm assessment process at all levels of care. or injury DRSABCD identifies theDangers to the ɠ Checking response to verbal first aider, casualty and bystanders as the and tactile stimuli first issue to address. The first aider then ɠ Sending for help checks for a Response from the casualty ɠ Care of airway, breathing, and considers Sending for help at this circulation early stage of the assessment. Simple ɠ Control of bleeding and logical steps are used to ensure an open Airway, and to assess and manage ɠ Protection from Breathing and Circulation (bleeding and environmental conditions shock). If the casualty is unresponsive and ɠ Other specific first aid care not breathing, the first aider startsCPR relevant to the circumstances immediately and attaches a defibrillator ɠ Careful handling (Automated External Defibrillator) as ɠ Reassurance soon as possible. ɠ Ongoing monitoring The purpose of DRSABCD is to assist rescuers to identify injuries or medical conditions and treat the casualty until the ambulance or advanced care arrives. DRSABCD is used as the guide for first aid given to casualties in all situations. Repeat the DRSABCD cycle as needed until advanced care arrives. 2 When to call an ambulance The first aid action plan For life threatening illness 111 TO CALL WHEN | involves: or injury – call an ambulance immediately. ɠ primary assessment (DRSABCD); Send for help – call an ambulance if ɠ specific care – identification and the casualty has: management of specific injuries and medical conditions using the ɠ collapsed or is unresponsive. PLAN ACTION methods outlined in this manual; ɠ absence or difficulty breathing.