'German Nation' in International Status-Seeking Prac

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

'German Nation' in International Status-Seeking Prac A Nation in a World of Status: The Echoes of the Representations of the ‘German Nation’ in International Status-Seeking Practices Bruno Miguel Correia Rocha Dissertação em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais (Especialização em Rel ações Internacionais) Novembro, 2020 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais, especialidade em Relações Internacionais, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Madalena Pontes Meyer Resende e do Professor Doutor Nuno Miguel Peres Monteiro To my Grandfather, João Rocha, and my Great Grandmother, Maria Bemvinda Correia Acknowledgments When I began the Master’s in Political Science and International Relations, at the NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, in 2018, I did not dream the endeavor it would turn out to be, nor the collective nature of the effort. Often it felt to be a lonely adventure, but, in reality, I have never walked alone. However, I cannot fully express my gratitude. I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Madalena Resende and Professor Nuno Monteiro. Without them this dissertation would not have any prospects of success. Professor Madalena has been an inspiration. I am grateful for her encouraging words, her patience, friendship and selfless readiness to hear my fears, both academic and personal. Professor Nuno has been the genuine example of what means to be a scholar, nowadays. I am thankful for the attention and intellectual enthusiasm I received from him. From their examples I learnt what means, to be a ‘good person’ in the academic community. I would like to thank all the ‘informal’ supervisors without which this work could not have been done. My appreciation goes to Professor António Araújo, Professor Pedro Tavares de Almeida, Professor Carlos Gaspar, Professor João Sedas Nunes and Professor Craig Calhoun, who read several versions of this work and provided valuable suggestions and academic reassurance. A special acknowledgment to Professor Carmen Fonseca and Professor Ana Santos Pinto, whose uplifting words and advices helped me to restructure the dissertation in a logical manner in the later stages of the work. A distinct thank you to my friends. To Beatriz, Patricia, Renato and Ruben for the sincere and enduring friendship, with whom I have been lucky to celebrate all these years. To Andre, who has been the companion of this undertaking, for the incessant support and for the honest friendship throughout the years – this is a path we have journeyed together. To Eduarda, for the candid love, for believing in me when I did not; for taking care of me and assuring that everything was going to be alright; for helping pass through the storm. A tender word to my beloved family. To my great grandmother, Maria da Glória, for all the affection and for raising me. To my grandmother, Maria Rocha, for teaching me the importance of humility. To my grandparents, Francisco Correia and Maria Alice, for showing me the value of curiosity. To my parents, Ana Paula and Manuel Rocha, for the unreserved love and dedication, for showing me that happiness is in the little things. To my grandfather, ‘my man’ João Rocha, and my great grandmother, ‘my jewel’ Maria Bemvinda, who set off before they could see this milestone. This work is devoted to them, who I know have been by my side all this time. I hope to have made them proud. i Resumo Uma Nação num Mundo de Estatuto: Os Ecos das Representações da ‘Nação Alemã’ nas Práticas de Procura de Estatuto Internacional Bruno Miguel Correia Rocha Resumo PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Teoria das Relações Internacionais, Nacionalismo Alemão, Estatuto Internacional, História das Relações Internacionais, Viragem da Prática, Pierre Bourdieu Esta investigação tem como principal argumento que diferentes representações da ‘nação alemã’ ressoam nas práticas de procura de um estatuto internacional, contribuindo para a desconstrução da premissa de que processos domésticos e internacionais devem ser separados no estudo das Relações Internacionais (RI). Ao invés, esta dissertação, inspirada na gramática sociológica do sociólogo francês, Pierre Bourdieu, e na ‘viragem da prática’, argumenta que estes processos estão inerentemente relacionados, porque qualquer agente, seja um ‘estado-nação’, nasce dentro de um jogo social que já decorre, o ‘campo transnacional do poder’. Neste ‘jogo duplo’, os líderes dos Estados olham para dentro, mas também competem uns com os outros, pelo ‘poder’ de definir o princípio legítimo de divisão e legitimação (um nomos), enquanto doxa incontestável da política mundial. Neste sentido, se uma representação da ‘nação alemã’, uma categoria simbólica que é objetivada e subjetivada em estruturas mentais, na história internalizada, dos agentes, muda – isto é, se os elementos constitutivos (e.g. natureza introvertida) acoplados se transformam –, então, a maneira como os líderes alemães procuram estatuto internacional irá mudar concordantemente; tal como a intensidade das preocupações em torno de um estatuto internacional nas narrativas nacionais, no esforço incessante de fazer coincidir as representações ao estatuto internacional reconhecido intersubjetivamente. O último, como será proposto, deverá ser compreendido como uma matéria de “distinção”, um traço intrínseco da política internacional, a qual parece estratificada em vários campos sociais, do que anárquica, como as abordagens mainstreans das RI tendem a retratar. Para compreender o processo de construir, imaginar ou inventar, a ‘nação alemã’, este contributo avança um modelo de análise, teórico e heurístico, do nacionalismo. O nacionalismo é entendido como uma prática, que mobiliza e reproduz a categoria da ‘nação’, inventada por intelectuais (em particular, académicos e historiadores), os quais, sendo dominados-dominantes, são coniventes com os líderes de Estado, i.e. os dominadores-dominantes. Só apreendendo a discussão intelectual em torno da ‘nação alemã’, que inclui sempre uma dimensão externa – isto é, não só a posição que a ‘nação’ detém em relação a outras ‘nações’, mas também a natureza dessas relações em si mesmas –, se pode compreender a sua ligação ao Estado, que precisa da primeira para manter a estabilidade da ordem doméstica e, além disso, para justificar e legitimar as práticas de procura de um estatuto internacional. Pese embora as últimas se relacionem, ainda, com o ‘sentido prático internacional’, denotado pela doxa consolidada. Esta dissertação foca-se no caso alemão, um único estudo de caso, ainda que alargado por uma análise diacrónica desde as primeiras discussões da ‘nação alemã’, até ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando o nacionalismo dos líderes e intelectuais alemães foi responsável pela transformação dos elementos acoplados à categoria simbólica da ‘nação alemã’. Não obstante, a dissertação argumenta que as preocupações com um estatuto internacional continuaram a ser processos presentes, e que o projeto de integração europeia deve ser entendido como um eco da ideia de que as reconstruções da Europa e da Alemanha eram duas faces da mesma moeda, como a análise dos minutos parlamentares do Bundestag ilustra. ii Abstract A Nation in a World of Status: The Echoes of the Representations of the ‘German Nation’ in International Status-Seeking Practices Bruno Miguel Correia Rocha Abstract KEYWORDS: International Relations Theory, German Nationalism, International Status, History of International Relations, History of Modern Germany, Practice-Turn, Pierre Bourdieu This research is built on the core argument that different representations of the ‘German nation’ resonate in international status-seeking practices, thus, contributing for the deconstruction of the premise that domestic and international processes should be separate in the study of International Relations (IR). Instead, this dissertation, that draws from the sociological grammar of the french sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu and IR’s Practice-Turn, argues that these processes are inherently interrelated, because every agent, as a ‘nation-state’ is born within the already on-going social game of the ‘transnational field of power’. In this ‘double game’, state leaders look to the inside, but also compete against each other, for the ‘power’ to define the legitimate principle of division and legitimation (a nomos), as the unquestioned doxa of world politics. In this sense, if the representation of the ‘German nation’, a symbolic category that is ‘objectified’, and ‘subjectified’ in the mental structures, in the internalized history, of national agents, changes – that is, if the constitutive elements (e.g. introvert nature) attached to it are transformed –, then, the manner according to which German leaders seek international status will change accordingly; as will the intensity of international status concerns in national narratives, in the incessant attempt to make those representations equate to the intersubjectively recognised international status. The latter, as will be proposed, should be understood as a matter of “distinction”, an intrinsic trait of international politics, which seems rather stratified by manifold social fields, rather than anarchic, as IR mainstream accounts tend to portray. To understand the process of constructing, imagining or inventing, the ‘German nation’, this work advances a theoretical, heuristic model of analysis of nationalism. Nationalism is understood as a practice, which mobilises and in fact reproduces the category of ‘nation’, invented by intellectuals
Recommended publications
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstammungslinien-Entwurf Zur Grafik 3
    Abstammungslinien-Entwurf zur Grafik 3: Stand: 5. Juni 2010 Zusammenstellung: Arndt Richter, München am 23.12.2016 ergänzt von Wolfgang Bernhardt, Hoyerswerda Diese Zusammenstellung soll linienmäßig noch erweitert werden. Ergänzungswünsche erbeten an: [email protected] Quellen: AL Anna von Mohl, (Arndt Richter, handschriftlich) AL Kinder Rösch, (Siegfried Rösch, handschriftlich) AL Max Planck (Arndt Richter, WORD-AL) AL v.Weizsäcker-v.Graevenitz, Berlin 1992 ( F. W. Euler) AL Wilhelm Hauff: AT berühmter Deutscher, Bd. 2. und Ergäzung Bd. 4. Zu Seite 46 f.: Deutsches Familienarchiv (DFA) Bd. 58, 1973 (Gmelin-Stammliste!): Zu Seite 56 f.: F. W. Euler: „Alfred v. Tirpitz und seine Ahnen“; in: AfS (1989), 55. Jg., H. 114, S. 81-100). Zu Seite 57 f: Gero v.Wilcke: Caroline Böhmer und ihre Tochter – Zur Genealogie von Schellings erster Frau; in: AfS (1975), H.57, S.39-50; und Friedrich v. Klocke: Familie und Volk (1955, S. 169). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstammungslinien A (zur Grafik 3) (AvM 10170/1) Aus der AL Anna von Mohl (Zusammenstellung Arndt Richter, München) entnommen: Die Ahnen-Nrn. beziehen sich hier daher auf die AL Anna von Mohl als Probanden. Quelle zur Dynastenabstammung: Deutsches Geschlechterbuch (DGB) Bd. 170 = Schwäbisches Geschlechterbuch, 9. Band, zur Famlie Dreher, Anhang B (AL Dreher/Volland), bearbeitet von D. Dr. Otto Beuttenmüller). 20342 v. Wirtemberg (Württemberg), Graf Eberhard V., „der Junge“, * 23.8.1388, + Waiblingen 2.7.1419, □ Stuttgart; o-o (uneheliche Verbindung) 20343 v. Dagersheim, Agnes, * (Stuttgart) um 1399, das „v.“ ist Herkunftsbezeichnung, die bereits bei Ihrem Vater üblich war; ihre Eltern waren Werner v. Dagersheim, Ratsherr zu Stuttgart 1402/31, und Katharina Machtolf (war seine 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION
    ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION THE ASHGatE RESEarCH COMPANION TO IMPERIAL GERMANY ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companions’ editors bring together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany Edited by MattHEW JEFFERIES University of Manchester, UK © Matthew Jefferies 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Matthew Jefferies has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to Imperial Germany / edited by Matthew Jefferies. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3551-8 (hardcover) – ISBN 978-1-4094-3552-5
    [Show full text]
  • Power Distribution in the Weimar Reichstag in 1919-1933
    Power Distribution in the Weimar Reichstag in 1919-1933 Fuad Aleskerov1, Manfred J. Holler2 and Rita Kamalova3 Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................2 2. The Weimar Germany 1919-1933: A brief history of socio-economic performance .......................3 3. Political system..................................................................................................................................4 3.2 Electoral system for the Reichstag ..................................................................................................6 3.3 Political parties ................................................................................................................................6 3.3.1 The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).....................................................................7 3.3.2 The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands – KPD)...............8 3.3.3 The German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei – DDP)...............................9 3.3.4 The Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Zentrum) .......................................................10 3.3.5 The German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei – DVP) ..................................................10 3.3.6 German-National People's Party (Deutsche
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Stibbe on Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg
    Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich, Irina Renz. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2004. 1002 S. EUR 58.00, cloth, ISBN 978-3-506-73913-1. Reviewed by Matthew Stibbe Published on H-German (January, 2005) With 26 survey essays and over 650 individu‐ many by the late Wolfgang Mommsen, on France al entries, this is a substantial work of reference by Jean-Jacques Becker, on Belgium by Laurence and a valuable resource for all those interested in van Ypersele, on Britain by Jay Winter, on Aus‐ First World War studies. In terms of format it has tria-Hungary by Manfried Rauchensteiner, on something in common with the Enzyklopädie des Russia by Dittmar Dahlmann, on Italy by Mario Is‐ Nationalsozialismus, which appeared in 1997, al‐ nenghi, and on the United States by Ronald Schaf‐ though the subject matter is obviously different fer. Mommsen's essay traces the gradual break‐ and the scope is necessarily broader, especially as down of Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's several of the essays are written from a compara‐ Burgfrieden strategy and the ensuing slide to‐ tive or transnational perspective.[1] The volume wards military rule which led, ultimately, to the also includes twenty-three maps and over one disastrous decision in favor of unrestricted sub‐ hundred photographs and illustrations from the marine warfare in January 1917. Bethmann's suc‐ period, many of which appear for the frst time. cessors after July 1917, Georg Michaelis and Georg The full range of contributions cannot be ade‐ von Hertling, were little more than puppets of the quately dealt with in a short review, making it German supreme command under Hindenburg necessary to select just a few items for more de‐ and Ludendorff whose "silent dictatorship" over tailed discussion below.
    [Show full text]
  • Thl3 CONSERVA- and the PRUSSLGN Francease, 1917-1918
    WE SHALL NOT LEAVE WXTHOUT A FIGHT': THl3 CONSERVA- AND THE PRUSSLGN FRANCEaSE, 1917-1918 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph In partial Witof requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December, 1998 O Adam Sumun, 1998 National Library Bibliothèque.nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 355 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawatON K1AW OrtawaON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Li"brary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenirise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. 'WE SHALL NOT LEAVE WITHOUT A FIGHT': THE CONSERVATIVES AND THE PRUSSIAN FRANCHISE, 19 17- 19 18 Adam Sumun Advisor: University of Guelph Professor Eric G. Reiche This thesis is an examination of the Prussian Conservatives' opposition to the equai suffrage during the years 19 17- 19 18. This study was designed to demonstrate that the Conservatives, despite the increasing need for reform created by the war and the sacrifices of the Germans.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Currency Crisis of 1930
    Why the French said “non”: Creditor-debtor politics and the German financial crises of 1930 and 1931 Simon Banholzer, University of Zurich Tobias Straumann, University of Zurich1 First draft July, 2015 Abstract Why did France delay the Hoover moratorium in June of 1931? In many accounts, this policy is explained by Germany’s reluctance to respond to the French gestures of reconciliation in early 1931 and by the announcement to form a customs union with Austria in March of 1931. The analysis of the German currency crisis in the fall of 1930 suggests otherwise. Already then, the French government did not cooperate in order to help the Brüning government to overcome the crisis. On the contrary, it delayed the negotiation process, thus acerbating the crisis. But unlike in 1931, France did not have the veto power to obstruct the rescue. 1 Corresponding author: Tobias Straumann, Department of Economics (Economic History), Zürichbergstrasse 14, CH–8032 Zürich, Switzerland, [email protected] 1 1. Introduction The German crisis of 1931 is one the crucial moments in the course of the global slump. It led to a global liquidity crisis, bringing down the British pound and a number of other currencies and causing a banking crisis in the United States and elsewhere. The economic turmoil also had negative political consequences. The legitimacy of the Weimar Republic further eroded, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning became even more unpopular. The British historian Arnold Toynbee quite rightly dubbed the year 1931 “annus terribilis”. As with any financial crisis, the fundamental cause was a conflict of interests and a climate of mistrust between the creditors and the debtor.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther and Women: from the Dual Perspective of Theory and Practice
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2019-06-27 Martin Luther and Women: From the Dual Perspective of Theory and Practice Jurgens, Laura Kathryn Jurgens, L. K. (2019). Martin Luther and Women: From the Dual Perspective of Theory and Practice (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/110570 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Martin Luther and Women: From the Dual Perspective of Theory and Practice by Laura Kathryn Jurgens A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA JUNE, 2019 © Laura Kathryn Jurgens 2019 ii Abstract This thesis argues that Martin Luther did not enforce his own strict theological convictions about women and their nature when he personally corresponded with women throughout his daily life. This becomes clear with Luther’s interactions with female family members and Reformation women. With these personal encounters, he did not maintain his theological attitudes and often made exceptions to his own theology for such exceptional or influential women. Luther also did not enforce his strict theology throughout his pastoral care where he treated both men and women respectfully and equally.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet Martin Luther: an Introductory Biographical Sketch
    Andrews University Seminary Studies, Spring 1984, Vol. 22, No. 1, 15-32. Copyright O 1984 by Andrews University Press. MEET MARTIN LUTHER: AN INTRODUCTORY BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH KENNETH A. STRAND Andrews University Introductory Note: The following biographical sketch is very brief, given primarily to provide the nonspecialist in Luther studies with an introductory outline of the Reformer's career. Inasmuch as the details presented are generally well-known and are readily accessible in various sources, documentation has been eliminated in this presentation. Numerous Luther biographies are available. Two of the more readable and authoritative ones in the English language which may be mentioned here are Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand (New York: Abingdon Press, 1950), and Ernest G. Schwiebert, Luther and His Times (St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1950). These or any number of good Luther biographies may be con- sulted for a detailed treatment of Luther's career. Following the sketch below, a chronological listing is provided of important dates and events in Luther's life and in the contemporary world from the year of his birth to the year of his death. Just over 500 years ago, on November 10, 1483, Martin Luther was born in the town of Eisleben, in central Germany (now within the German Democratic Republic or "East Germany"). He was the oldest son of Hans and Margarethe (nee Ziegler) Luther, who had recently moved to Eisleben from Thuringian agricultural lands to the west. It appears that before Martin's first birthday, the family moved again-this time a few miles northward to the town of Mans- feld, which was more centrally located for the mining activity which Hans Luther had taken up.
    [Show full text]
  • Helmut Schmidt Prize Lecture German Historical Institute at Washington
    Helmut Schmidt Prize Lecture German Historical Institute at Washington DC December 10, 2015, 6 p.m. Austerity: Views of Chancellor Brüning’s and President Hoover’s Fiscal Policies from Across the Atlantic, 1930-32 Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies Freie Universtät Berlin Contents: 0. Acknowledgements and thanks 1. Introduction 2. Fact and circumstance: similarities and differences 3. Chancellor Brüning’s fiscal policy in American public opinion 4. President Hoover’s fiscal policy as mirrored in a German newspaper 5. Conclusions 0. Acknowledgements and thanks Helmut Schmidt died exactly one month ago, on the tenth of November. As opinion polls show, he ranks as the most highly esteemed chancellor that the Federal Republic of Germany has ever had. The Helmut Schmidt Prize pays tribute to him for his part in transforming the framework of transatlantic economic cooperation. I would add that with his pragmatism and common sense he has been the most Anglo-Saxon of all chancellors in Germany’s history. I think that he would have appreciated the transatlantic perspective of my lecture today. My admiration for Helmut Schmidt has other roots as well. First, I was very impressed by the pragmatic and results-oriented instead of rules-oriented way he handled the flood in his city of Hamburg in February 1962, in his capacity as the city-state’s Senator of the police force and shortly thereafter of the interior. Second, ten years later, in the fall of 1972, I witnessed the skillful way Schmidt calmed down a group of very upset leading industrialists at a meeting of the 1 Federation of German Industry in Cologne.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections in the Weimar Republic the Elections to the Constituent National
    HISTORICAL EXHIBITION PRESENTED BY THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elections in the Weimar Republic The elections to the constituent National Assembly on 19 January 1919 were the first free and democratic national elections after the fall of the monarchy. For the first time, women had the right to vote and to stand for election. The MSPD and the Centre Party, together with the German Democratic Party, which belonged to the Liberal Left, won an absolute majority of seats in the Reichstag; these three parties formed the government known as the Weimar Coalition under the chancellorship of Philipp Scheidemann of the SPD. The left-wing Socialist USPD, on the other hand, which had campaigned for sweeping collectivisation measures and radical economic changes, derived no benefit from the unrest that had persisted since the start of the November revolution and was well beaten by the MSPD and the other mainstream parties. On 6 June 1920, the first Reichstag of the Weimar democracy was elected. The governing Weimar Coalition suffered heavy losses at the polls, losing 124 seats and thus its parliamentary majority, and had to surrender the reins of government. The slightly weakened Centre Party, whose vote was down by 2.3 percentage points, the decimated German Democratic Party, whose vote slumped by 10.3 percentage points, and the rejuvenated German People’s Party (DVP) of the Liberal Right, whose share of the vote increased by 9.5 percentage points, formed a minority government under the Centrist Konstantin Fehrenbach, a government tolerated by the severely weakened MSPD, which had seen its electoral support plummet by 16.2 percentage points.
    [Show full text]
  • Familienarchive Und Nachlässe Im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz Ein Inventar
    Familienarchive und Nachlässe im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz Ein Inventar bearbeitet von Ute Dietsch Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz Herausgegeben von Jürgen Kloosterhuis und Dieter Heckmann Arbeitsberichte 8 Familienarchive und Nachlässe im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz Ein Inventar bearbeitet von Ute Dietsch Berlin Selbstverlag des Geheimen Staatsarchivs PK 2008 Illustration auf der vorderen Umschlagseite: Karl August von Harden- berg (1750 - 1822), preußischer Staatskanzler (Gipsabguss nach Christian Daniel Rauch, 1816) Illustration auf der hinteren Umschlagseite und im Reihentitel: Mittel- trakt des neuen Dienstgebäudes des GStA, 1924 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Informationen sind im Internet abrufbar: http://dnb.ddb.de Copyright 2008 by Geheimes Staatsarchiv PK, Berlin Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechts- gesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des GStA PK unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover- filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Textverarbeitung: Susanne Brockfeld, GStA PK Photos: Joachim Kirchmair, Christine Ziegler, GStA PK Herstellung: Druckhaus Berlin-Mitte GmbH Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-923579-09-9 Vorwort Familienarchive
    [Show full text]