CHINA’S STRATEGIC FORAY IN THE POST- MONARCHY NEPAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA* LA INCURSION ESTRATÉGICA DE CHINA EN NEPAL POST-MONÁRQUICO: IMPLICACIONES PARA INDIA A INCURSÃO ESTRATÉGICA DA CHINA NO NEPAL PÓS-MONÁRQUICO: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A ÍNDIA Dr. Bawa Singh (AP)a [email protected] Shahbaz Shahb [email protected] Fecha de recepción: 11 de octubre de 2015 Fecha de revisión:10 de noviembre 2015 Fecha de aceptación: 16 de diciembre 2015 ABSTRACT Nepal had been surrounded by two major powers- India and China. India and Nepal had been sharing very historical and civilizational relations. With the signing of Indo-Nepal Peace and Friendship Treaty 1950, the first step in solidifying the multifaceted bilateral relations was taken. But soon, some anti-Indianness started growing and was further strengthened on account of South Asian geopolitics. India’s South Asia in general and diplomatic manoeuvres towards Nepal in particular drifted Nepal away from its geostrategic and geopolitical calculus,which led to vacuum in Indo-Nepal relations. Meanwhile, China and India both have been competing for expanding their influence in South Asian countries. In order to find its geostrategic space, China has re-oriented its policy vis-à-vis Nepal in particular and for South Asia in general. Consequently, China hasremained successful making it a strong partnerunlike India. It has convinced Nepal to support, China’s One Policy. In order to achieve it vested interests in Nepal, China has been making strong strategic foray. In this changing scenario, how China has been expanding its geostrategic foray in Nepal and how it would impact on Indian interests, remain the main focus of this paper. * Research paper. a. Dr. Bawa Singh (AP), teaching in the Centre for South and Central Asian Studies, School MISIÓN JURÍDICA of Global Relation, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India (151001). Revista de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia) b. Shajbaz Hussain Shah, is a Ph. D research scholar in the Centre for South and Central Colaboradores Externos Internacionales Asian Studies, School of Global Relation, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India Núm. 10 Año 2016 (151001). Enero - Junio, pp. 55 - 76 ISSN 1794-600X 55 CHINA’S STRATEGIC FORAY INTHE POST-MONARCHY NEPAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA KEY WORDS multifacetadas entre esses países. No entanto, logo India’s South Asia Policy, Chinese South começou a crescer a anti-indianidade, fortificada Asia Policy, Nepal’s “One China” Policy, Chinese a partir da geopolítica estabelecida no Sul da Ásia. Geostrategic Foray in Nepal, Indian Concerns. A Índia da Ásia do Sul levou as suas manobras diplomáticas para o Nepal, deixando-o fora de seus cálculos geoestratégico e geopolítico, o que gerou RESUMEN um vácuo nas relações indo-nepalesas. No entanto, Nepal estaba rodeado por dos grandes a China e a Índia tinham competido para expandir potencias, India y China. India y Nepal habían suas influências nos países do Sul da Ásia. A fim estado compartiendo relaciones de civilización de encontrar seu espaço geoestratégico, a China profundamente históricas. Con la firma del reorientou sua política em relação ao Nepal, em tratado de Paz y Amistad Indo-Nepalesa en 1950 particular, e à Ásia do Sul, em geral. Dessa forma, a se dio el primer paso en la consolidación de las China manteve-se bem-sucedida, transformando o relaciones bilaterales multifacéticas entre estos Nepal em forte aliado, apesar da Índia. Convenceu países. Sin embargo, pronto comenzó a crecer o Nepal a apoiar a política “China One Policy”. Para la anti-Indianidad que se fortificó a partir de alcançar este objetivo, investiu seus interesses las geopolíticas de Asia del Sur. La India de no Nepal, fazendo incursões fortes e estratégicas. Asia del Sur derivó sus maniobras generales y Nesse cenário de mudança, a análise da expansão diplomáticas hacia Nepal dejándolo por fuera da China, assim como a incursão geoestratégica no de sus cálculos geoestratégicos y geopolíticos, Nepal, e seus impactos na Índia são os principais lo que dejó un vacío en las relaciones Indo- focos de pesquisa. Nepalesas. Mientras tanto, China e India habían estado compitiendo por expandir su influencia en PALAVRAS-CHAVE los países del Sur de Asia. Para poder encontrar su espacio geoestratégico, China re-orientó su Políticas da Índia do Sul da Ásia, políticas política respecto de Nepal en particular y Asia chinesas da Ásia do Sul, política "uma só China" do del Sur en general. Por consiguiente, China se Nepal, incursão geoestratégica no Nepal da China, mantuvo exitosa convirtiendo a Nepal en un interesses da Índia. fuerte aliado a pesar de India y convenció a Nepal de apoyar la política china One Policy. Para lograrlo invistió intereses en Nepal, INTRODUCTION haciendo incursiones fuertes y estratégicas. China and Nepal are bounded together by a En este escenario cambiante, analizar cómo long history of cultural and social relationships China estuvo expandiendo su incursión established through Buddhism in the middle geoestratégica en Nepal y cómo esto impacta of the seventh century A.D (Kant, 1976). China en los intereses de India son los principales promoted these ties further through cultural focos de esta investigación. interactions with Nepal to further strengthen their bilateral relationship. Nepal has also been historically, culturally, economically and politically PALABRAS CLAVES close to India. However, the revolution of 1950 in Políticas Indias del Sur de Asia, Políticas Nepal, which resulted in the overthrow of pro- Chinas del Sur de Asia, Política “Una sola China” India Rana Dynasty, enhanced the possibility of de Nepal, Incursión Geoestratégica en Nepal de establishing a diplomatic relationship with China. China, Intereses de India. Consequently, both the countries established diplomatic relationship on 1 August, 1955 (Nayak, RESUMO 2014).Since then, China has been providing O Nepal foi cercado por duas grandes potências, a Índia e a China. A Índia e o Nepal tinham compartilhado profundas relações históricas de ofsignificant the industry, contribution education, to Nepal health, in developmentsports etc.In civilização. Com a assinatura do Tratado de Paz e response,fields like NepalInfrastructure upholds thebuilding, ‘One China’establishing Policy Amizade Indo – Nepal, em 1950, foi dado o primeiro and committed not to allow Nepalese territory passo para a consolidação das relações bilaterais against China (Kumar, 2011). 56 Singh, B., Shah, S. Chinese relationship with Nepal is said to be made U-turn when Maoists unexpectedly won the CA (Constituent Assembly) election in 2008. The areas,has given including a significant trade andpush investment to foster connectivity within the ideological linkage between Maoist of Nepal and Southand promoted Asian region. mutual It hasconfidence taken several in multiple steps China and their enthusiasm to neutralize India’s in providing market access to its neighbours which helps in regional integration in a mutually engagement. So, China’s foreign policy towards Nepalinfluence has have undergone made them a majoran apparent paradigm choice shift for engagements towards South Asia is not going well (Samaranayake, 2012).The Chinese government asbeneficial far as its manner foreign (Kher,policy is2012). concerned However, (Haokip, its gets strongly engaged in gaining strong strategic 2011). Its policy towards South Asia has been foothold by providing huge economic packages, criticized for being short-sighted and delinquent diplomatic and security offers, and development on certain counts. projects in an attempt to impact policy-making. The global powers, regarded India as the main facilitator for ensuing regional development increased both ingeo-political and geo-strategic and cohesion in South Asian and world affairs. terms.Such This China’s engagements engagement andhave influence attained has great now They confer on it at the same time the special intensity in the recent years and present Nepal responsibility for the stability and protection have been providing numerous opportunities of democracies and human rights in the South to expand ties with China. No doubt, India and Asian region (Hamdani, 2013). However, the Nepal are sharing more close economic political over-bearing presence of India with aspirations and cultural relations established through various for global leadership has become a source of agreements and treaties particularly the treaty of apprehensions for the smaller South Asian Peace and Friendship 1950 (Dwivedi, 2009). countries. South Asian countries are hijacked by the dilemma of comprehending India’s However, in recent years, the Nepal is strongly perceived and actual role as hegemony among developing its strategic relationship with China the smaller South Asian countries. Thus, India by making greater inclination towards it. Indeed, has been criticized by smaller South Asian Sino-Nepal relations have been moving forward countries on many fronts. Its policy of regional in a rather organic and irreversible manner. economic cooperation is viewed by regional Thus, it is critically important for India to balance states as a mechanism of ensuring the economic China’s rising power in Nepal. By not doing so, empowerment of India at their expense (Das, India’s position and its security interest will 1996). South Asian states fear that India would be undermined which would also have serious emerge as the dominating factor in the region that will lead to their greater dependence on India. ramifications for its role as a regional power. The policy of entering into win-win 1. INDIA’S SOUTH ASIAN POLICY: arrangements with south Asian countries has NEIGHBOURLY PERCEPTIONS remained a major plank of India’s neighbourhood India occupies a unique position in the South policy. India has entered into various bilateral Asian region. By the virtue of its size, location agreements with her South Asian neighbours.1 and economic potential, India assumes a natural While favouring a bilateral dialogue for addressing leadership role in the region. It has been remained some concerns, the neighbours have been a predominant power in South Asia virtually in demanding a multilateral regional approach.