Pokopališče Žale Žale Cemetery Vodeni Ogledi Pokopališča Žale Od Marca Do Septembra Vsako Prvo Soboto V Mesecu Ob 10.00 Oziroma Po Naročilu Za Skupine

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Pokopališče Žale Žale Cemetery Vodeni Ogledi Pokopališča Žale Od Marca Do Septembra Vsako Prvo Soboto V Mesecu Ob 10.00 Oziroma Po Naročilu Za Skupine Pokopališče Žale Žale Cemetery Vodeni ogledi pokopališča Žale Od marca do septembra vsako prvo soboto v mesecu ob 10.00 oziroma po naročilu za skupine. Odhod izpred vhoda v Vrt Vseh svetih na Žalah. Informacije: Turistični informacijski centri Guided tours of the Žale cemetery March to September, every first Saturday of the month at 10:00. Groups by appointment. The tour departs from the entrance to Žale’s Garden of All Saints. Information: Tourist Information Centres www.visitljubljana.com 2 Kazalo Contents Uvod 4 Introduction 5 Pokopališče Žale: Pojem Žale Cemetery: A Paradigm arhitekturne odličnosti 4 of Architectural Excellence 5 Trumler, Plečnik in Mušič 4 Trumler, Plečnik, and Mušič 5 Spomenik kulturne dediščine 6 Cultural Heritage Site 7 Ljubljanska pokopališča Ljubljana Cemeteries skozi čas 6 through Time 7 Prazgodovina 6 Prehistory 7 Antika 6 Antiquity 7 Srednji vek 8 Middle Ages 9 Od reformacije do 20. stoletja 8 From the Reformation Period to the 20th Century 11 Razvoj pokopališča Žale 10 Development of the Odprtje Svetokriškega Žale Cemetery 13 pokopališča (del A) 10 The Opening of the Cemetery Cerkev sv. Križa 10 of the Holy Cross (Section A) 13 Galerija na prostem 12 Church of the Holy Cross 13 Širitev Svetokriškega pokopališča 12 Outdoor Gallery 13 Vrt Vseh svetih 12 Expansion of the Cemetery Cerkev Vseh svetih 14 of the Holy Cross 15 Novo pokopališče (del B) 18 Garden of All Saints 15 Nove Žale (del C) 18 Church of All Saints 17 Mušičeve Nove Žale (del D) 18 New Cemetery (Section B) 19 New Žale (Section C) 19 Mušič's New Žale (Section D) 21 Znamenitosti pokopališča The Sights of the Žale 22 Žale Cemetery 22 Turistični informacijski Tourist Information centri 42 Centres 42 3 Uvod Pokopališče Žale: Pojem arhitekturne odličnosti Nekatera pokopališča so več kot le prostor poslavljanja, žalovanja in spominjanja. So arhitekturni fenomeni in pravi biseri poslovilne kulture. Eno takšnih pokopališč so Žale, osrednje ljubljansko pokopališče, ki je v nekaj več kot stotih letih svoje zgodovine zraslo v enega večjih spomenikov v Sloveniji, po zaslugi slovitega ljubljanskega arhitekta Jožeta Plečnika (1872–1957) pa sodi med arhitekturno najpomembnejša evropska pokopališča. Poleg edinstvene arhitekture ga odlikujeta tudi izjemna raznolikost in oblikovno bogastvo nagrobnih obeležij, ki so jih izdelovali največji slovenski kiparji in slikarji. Trumler, Plečnik in Mušič Prvi od arhitektov, najzaslužnejših za današnjo podobo pokopališča, je bil dunajski arhitekt Ferdinand Trumler, ki je ustvaril najstarejši del pokopališča in pokopališko cerkev sv. Križa ob njem. Trumler je pokopališče zasnoval kot park s širokimi alejami, kjer drevesa in grmičevje odpirajo in zapirajo razgled in dajejo mehkobo kamnitim obeležjem. Trumlerjevo delo je nadaljeval Jože Plečnik, ki je zasnoval znameniti Vrt Vseh svetih, ki je leta 1940 sprožil val kritik, danes pa velja za biser pokopališke arhitekture. Tradicija arhitekturne odličnosti se je na pokopališču Žale nadaljevala tudi po Plečnikovi smrti. Vsi arhitekti in umetniki, ki so sodelovali pri širitvi pokopališča, so stremeli k nadgrajevanju obstoječega, četudi je vsak od njih sledil okusu in potrebam svojega časa. Do odločilnih sprememb v videzu pokopališča je prihajalo zlasti zaradi obnove starodavne tradicije upepeljevanja ter nastanka tradicije raztrosa pepela, spričo katerih se je pojavila potreba po žarnih grobovih in nišah ter gomilah, namenjenih raztrosu pepela. Najnovejši del pokopališča, ki je zasnovan v skladu z novimi načini pokopa in oblikami nagrobnih obeležij, hkrati pa se navezuje na Plečnikovo delo, je ustvaril arhitekt Marko Mušič. 4 Introduction Žale Cemetery: A Paradigm of Architectural Excellence Some cemeteries are more than just places to mourn, remember, and pay respect to the dead. Rather, they are phenomenal pieces of architecture and true gems of burial culture. One of such cemeteries is the Ljubljana Žale cemetery, which has, over its more than a hundred-year history, grown into one of the largest monuments in Slovenia and, thanks to Ljubljana's famous architect Jože Plečnik (1872–1957), one the most impressive cemeteries in Europe, remarkable not only for its unique architecture, but also for its extraordinary diversity of sepulchral monuments, created by some of the greatest Slovenian sculptors and painters. Trumler, Plečnik, and Mušič The first of the architects who deserve most of the credit for the Žale cemetery's present appearance was Ferdinand Trumler, a Vienna-based architect who designed the oldest part of the cemetery and the cemetery church of the Holy Cross next to it. Trumler conceived the cemetery as a park with broad avenues, where trees and shrubbery allow fleeting views of the cemetery site and soften the contours of stone monuments. Trumler's work was carried on by Jože Plečnik, who designed the famous Garden of All Saints, which provoked a wave of criticism back in 1940, but is now considered to be a prime example of cemetery architecture. The tradition of architectural excellence at the Žale cemetery continued after Plečnik's death. All the architects and artists involved in the expansion of the cemetery strived to build on the existing architecture while at the same time trying to respond to current needs and suit the taste of the time. The most significant changes to the appearance of the cemetery were due to the revival of the ancient tradition of burning the dead, which resulted in a need for urn graves and vaults, and special mounds where ashes could be scattered. The newest part of the cemetery, rooted 5 Spomenik kulturne dediščine Ljubljanske Žale, ki so skozi desetletja postale pomemben del kulturne dediščine mesta in države, so leta 2009 dobile status kulturnega spomenika državnega pomena. Leta 2001 je pokopališče postalo ena izmed ustanovnih članic združenja kulturno pomembnih pokopališč Evrope (ASCE). Leta 2007 je bilo uvrščeno v seznam evropske kulturne dediščine. Ljubljanska pokopališča skozi čas Prazgodovina Korenine stalne poselitve na območju Ljubljane segajo v prazgodovino, s tem pa tudi različne kulture in načini pokopavanja. Prvi znani prebivalci ljubljanskega območja, koliščarji, ki so tod živeli pred približno 6500 leti, so pokojnike po vsej verjetnosti kremirali, vendar je dokazov o tem premalo, da bi to z gotovostjo trdili. Naslednja velika kultura na ljubljanskem območju, kultura žarnih grobišč iz obdobja na prehodu iz bronaste v železno dobo, že s svojim imenom nakazuje, kako so tiste čase ravnali s pokojniki. Pripadniki kulture žarnih grobišč so živeli na vzhodnem bregu Ljubljanice, pokojnike pa so skupaj z različnimi darovi za posmrtno življenje v lončenih žarah pokopavali na zahodnem bregu reke, na območju današnjega Poletnega gledališča Križanke, Narodne in univerzitetne knjižnice ter Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. Antika V 1. stoletju našega štetja je s postavitvijo najprej rimskega vojaškega tabora, nato pa rimskega mesta Emona na področje Ljubljane prišla rimska kultura in z njo drugačen način pokopavanja. Rimska pokopališča so nastala zunaj emonskega obzidja, ob glavnih vpadnicah v mesto. V Emoni se je glavno pokopališče nahajalo vzdolž današnje Slovenske ceste od Kongresnega trga do 6 in Plečnik's work, but designed to enable the newly revived burial practices and provide space for new types of sepulchral monuments, was created by the architect Marko Mušič. Cultural Heritage Site Over the decades of its existence, the Žale cemetery has become an important part of Ljubljana's cultural heritage. In 2007, it was designated a European Cultural Heritage Site and in 2009 a Cultural Heritage Site of National Significance. It is one of the founding members of the Association of Significant Cemeteries of Europe (ASCE), established in 2001. Ljubljana Cemeteries through Time Prehistory The origins of permanent settlement in the Ljubljana area go back to prehistory and so do various burial cultures and practices. It is very likely that the first known settlers, the so called pile dwellers, who lived in the area approximately 6,500 years ago, cremated their dead, but there is not sufficient evidence to prove this. The next large culture to settle in the Ljubljana area was the Urnfield culture from the period between the Bronze and the Iron Age, whose very name speaks about the ways in which the dead were treated in its time. The members of the Urnfield culture lived on the east bank of the river Ljubljanica, while the ashes of their dead, along with various offerings for the journey to the afterlife, were buried in pottery urns on the west bank of the river, on the sites of the present-day Križanke Summer Theatre, National and University Library, and Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Antiquity The 1st century AD, when first a Roman military encampment and then a Roman city called Emona were built on the site of the 7 skoraj kilometer oddaljenega Gospodarskega razstavišča. Simbol rimske Emone, pozlačen bronast kip emonskega meščana, ki krasi Kongresni trg, je ostanek rimskega mavzoleja z začetka 2. stoletja, ki je stal na mestu današnje Kazine. Od prihoda Rimljanov v naše kraje so pokojnike večinoma pokopavali v žare, od 4. stoletja naprej, ko je večinska vera Rimskega imperija postalo krščanstvo, pa se je kultura pokopavanja spremenila in kot edinin način pokopa se je za skoraj dve tisočletji uveljavil zemeljski pokop. Srednji vek Z nastankom srednjeveških mest je v tradiciji in kulturi pokopavanja prišlo do nemajhnih težav. Prebivalci srednjeveških mest so si želeli biti pokopani v sveti oziroma posvečeni zemlji v bližini cerkva in samostanov, da bi bili tako tem bližje krščanskemu simbolu ponovnega vstajenja. Krščanske norme pa so bile v tem pogledu jasne: že Nicejski koncil leta 325 je prepovedal pokopavanje pri cerkvah in na drugih svetih prostorih, ker bi bila to oskrunitev. Prvi so si pravico za pokop v sveti samostanski zemlji izborili menihi, ki so bili po smrti tako lahko bližje svojim bratom. Že v 12. stoletju so si pravico do pokopa v cerkvah pridobili cerkveni škofje, nadškofje in posvetni veljaki, le nekoliko kasneje pa je bilo tudi navadnemu prebivalstvu dovoljeno mrtve pokopavati ob cerkvah.
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