Scientific Papers Compiled M

ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS A COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES WITH ABSTRACTS For Private Circulation Only Compiled by Kavitha Kuruganti with help from Ananthasayanan , Dileep Kumar , Lekshmi Narasimhan and Priyanka M. for Coalition for a GM-Free India March, 2013 (i) ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS Foreword A COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES WITH ABSTRACTS This book is a compilation of numerous scientific references of studies, surveys and analyses that point to various adverse (For Private Circulation Only) impacts of Genetically Modified (GM) crops and foods. Needless to say, the implications of this living, irreversible technology have to be understood on different fronts (as much as possible, because there is also severe dearth of research, that too on long term implications and from independent sources) by policy makers and individual citizens before GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are released into the environment, given that such deployment would take place on a large scale in agriculture. This book tries to present a picture of the evidence available on specific fronts like molecular level instability and unpredictability induced by the process of GE; health implications flowing out of individual genes used as well as the GMO and also because of the chemicals used along with particular GMOs; environmental implications in terms of impacts on biodiversity, soil, on pests and diseases, impacts on non-target organisms, creation of “super weeds” etc. Some of the studies which have looked at yield myths related to GM crops have also been included. Further, studies that have looked at regulation and suggested improvements in biosafety assessment regimes are part of this compilation. Ethical and Socio-economic implications of GMOs including building up of seed monopolies into the hands of a few multinational corporations are also covered in a few studies presented here. This is by no means an exhaustive compilation, but is only illustrative. In a few cases, we also included some news articles Printed by Coalition for a GM-Free India especially when data and information was presented therein. (with support from INSAF) We hope that this compilation compels sceptics to appreciate the overwhelming evidence that already exists against this Secretariat: technology and also our scientists and regulators to undertake A 124/6, First Floor, assessments that consist of sound protocols and designs so that Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi : 110 016. early warnings can be captured for appropriate decision-making. - Coalition for a GM-Free India (ii) (iii) ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS CONTENTS 1. IMPRECISION & UNPREDICTABILITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING . 1 2. HEALTH IMPACTS 2.1 Bt toxin . 29 2.2 Glyphosate & Other Herbicides . 36 2.3 Genetic Engineering & Health Impacts. 68 2.4 Changes in Nutritional Composition . 108 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS . 111 3.1 Super Weeds . 151 3.2 Pest Dynamics including Resistance . 169 3.3 Agri-chemical use with GM crops . 200 3.4 Biodiversity . 204 3.5 Soil Impacts. 209 4. HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER. 252 5. GENE FLOW, CONTAMINATION & FIELD TRIALS' RISK . 278 6. YIELD MYTHS WITH GM CROPS . 310 7. OTHER RELATED PAPERS. 322 (REGULATION, ETHICS, CORPORATE MONOPOLIES, SOCIAL IMPACTS ETC.) 8. SOME UNPUBLISHED BUT IMPORTANT PAPERS. 360 (iv) (v) IMPRECISION & UNPREDICTABILITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 1. Zhi Liu, Yunhe Li, Jie Zhao, Xiuping Chen, Guiliang Jian, Yufa Peng, and Fangjun Qi (2012): Differentially Expressed Genes Distributed Over Chromosomes and Implicated in Certain Biological Processes for Site Insertion Genetically Modified Rice Kemingdao. Int J Biol Sci. 8(7): 953963. Release of genetically modified (GM) plants has sparked off intensive debates worldwide partly because of concerns about potential adverse unintended effects of GM plants to the agro system and the safety of foods. In this study, with the aim of revealing the molecular basis for unintended effects of a single site insertion GM Kemingdao (KMD) rice transformed with a syntheticcry1Ab gene, and bridging unintended effects of KMD rice through clues of differentially expressed genes, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed for GM KMD rice and its parent rice of Xiushui11 (XS11). The results showed that 680 differentially expressed transcripts were identified from 30-day old seedlings of GM KMD rice. The absolute majority of these changed expression transcripts dispersed and located over all rice chromosomes, and existed physical distance on chromosome from the insertion site, while only two transcripts were found to be differentially expressed within the 21 genes located within 100 kb up and down-stream of the insertion site. Pathway and biology function analyses further revealed that differentially expressed transcripts of KMD rice were involved in certain biological processes, and mainly implicated in two types of pathways. One type was pathways implicated in plant stress/defense responses, which were considerably in coordination with the reported unintended effects of KMD rice, which were more susceptible to rice diseases compared to its parent rice XS11; the other type was pathways associated with amino acids metabolism. With this clue, new unintended effects for changes in amino acids synthesis of KMD rice leaves were successfully revealed. Such that an actual case was firstly provided for identification of unintended effects in GM plants by comparative transciptome analysis. (vi) (1) ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS IMPRECISION & UNPREDICTABILITY OF S &T OF GENETIC ENGINEERING A COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES WITH ABSTRACTS 2. Love AJ, C Geri, J Laird, C Carr, BW Yun, GJ Loake et al 3. Podevin N and du Jardin P (2012): Possible consequences of (2012): Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Protein P6 Inhibits the overlap between the CaMV 35S promoter regions in Signaling Responses to Salicylic Acid and Regulates Innate plant transformation vectors used and the viral gene VI in Immunity. PLoS One. 7(10): e47535. transgenic plants. GM Crops and Food. 3 (4): 296-300 Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) encodes a multifunctional protein P6 Multiple variants of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P35S) that is required for translation of the 35S RNA and also acts as a are used to drive the expression of transgenes in genetically modified suppressor of RNA silencing. Here we demonstrate that P6 additionally plants, for both research purposes and commercial applications. The acts as a pathogenicity effector of an unique and novel type, modifying genetic organization of the densely packed genome of this virus results NPR1 (a key regulator of salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)- in sequence overlap between P35S and viral gene VI, encoding the dependent signaling) and inhibiting SA-dependent defence responses multifunctional P6 protein. The present paper investigates whether We find that that transgene-mediated expression of P6 in Arabidopsis introduction of P35S variants by genetic transformation is likely to result and transient expression inNicotiana benthamiana has profound effects in the expression of functional domains of the P6 protein and in potential on defence signaling, suppressing expression of representative SA- impacts in transgenic plants. A bioinformatic analysis was performed to responsive genes and increasing expression of representative JA- assess the safety for human and animal health of putative translation responsive genes. Relative to wild-type Arabidopsis P6-expressing products of gene VI overlapping P35S. No relevant similarity was transgenics had greatly reduced expression ofPR-1 following SA- identified between the putative peptides and known allergens and treatment, infection by CaMV or inoculation with an avirulent bacterial toxins, using different databases. From a literature study it became clear pathogenPseudomonas syringae pv tomato( Ps t). Similarly transient that long variants of the P35S do contain an open reading frame, when expression inNicotiana benthamiana of P6 (including a mutant form expressed, might result in unintended phenotypic changes. A flowchart defective in translational transactivation activity) suppressed PR-1a is proposed to evaluate possible unintended effects in plant transcript accumulation in response to Agrobacterium infiltration and transformants, based on the DNA sequence actually introduced and on following SA-treatment. As well as suppressing the expression of the plant phenotype, taking into account the known effects of ectopically representative SA-regulated genes, P6-transgenic Arabidopsis showed expressed P6 domains in model plants. greatly enhanced susceptibility to both virulent and avirulentP st (titres elevated 10 to 30-fold compared to non-transgenic controls) but reduced 4. D. Blaise and K R Kranthi (2011): Cry1Ac expression in susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungusBotrytis cinerea . Necrosis transgenic Bt cotton hybrids is influenced by soil moisture following SA-treatment or inoculation with avirulentP st was reduced and depth. Current Science, Vol 101 (6) and delayed in P6-transgenics. NPR1 an important regulator of SA/JA crosstalk, was more highly expressed in the presence of P6 and Cry1Ac toxin concentration was assessed in leaves of Bt transgenic introduction of the P6 transgene into a transgenic line expressing an cotton hybrid grown on shallow (<60 cm) and deep (>90 cm) black soils NPR1:GFP fusion resulted in greatly increased fluorescence in nuclei of

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