Report on Fuel Cell Development in India

APPENDIX - VI

REPORT ON FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Prepared by Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, New Delhi June, 2016

“The global fuel cell market is estimated to reach US$5.20 billion by 2019, with a projected CAGR of 14.7%, signifying a substantial increase in demand, during the next five years”**

“Asia Pacific region including China and India will have the major share”

** “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (published in September 2014). (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell)

Foreword

Fuel Cells are electrochemical devices, which convert chemical energy of gaseous fuels, hydrogen in particular, directly to electrical energy with significantly high conversion efficiency. The principle of fuel cell was demonstrated more than 175 years back. However, its technological importance has been recognized for the last half a century or so. Concern for climate change in recent years has accelerated the development of this technology world over so that the carbon cycle of energy production can be changed to hydrogen cycle within the shortest possible time. Almost all the developed and developing countries have earmarked billions of dollars for development of this technology. Consequently, a significant progress has already taken place. A large number of prototypes are being operated by different countries. All the auto-giants are aggressively developing fuel cell driven automobiles in an attempt to cut down greenhouse gas emission.

India being a highly populous country is also concerned about its contribution to climate change and therefore has been giving significant importance to generation of renewable energy e.g. solar and wind. Hydrogen energy has also been a focus of attention for quite some time. Unfortunately, required emphasis could not be given primarily due to resource crunch and therefore the progress is lagging far behind in the global race. Under this premises, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India constituted a high power Steering Committee to prepare a status report and way forward for hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology in this country. One of the five sub-committees was entrusted with the responsibility of preparing this particular document concerning the development of fuel cell technology.

I am indebted to all the members of the Sub-Committee, other experts (Dr. Venkat Mohan, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Dr. Irudayam Arul Raj Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Dr. Venkatesan V. Krishnan, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad) for their contribution, Dr. M. R. Nouni, Scientist ‘G’, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and also the officials of the Project Management Unit – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells at the Ministry, Dr. Jugal Kishor and Dr. S. K. Sharma in particular for their active and invaluable contribution preparing this document.

This report is expected to be of immense use to all the stakeholders related to the activities in the area of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in the country.

June, 2016 Prof. H. S. Maiti Chairman, Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development

CONTENTS

Subject Page No. Sl. No. Composition of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell I I Development II Terms of Reference Ii

III Details of Meetings Iii 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 15 25 3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

(Low Temperature And High Temperature)

3 3.1 International Activity 27 3.2 National Status 35 3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap 45 4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 53 4.1 International Activity 55 4 4.2 National Status 55 4.3 Gap Analysis and Strategy to bridge the gap 56 5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 59 5.1 International Activity 61 5 5.2 National Status 62 5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap 66 6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell 69 6.1 International Activity 71 6 6.2 National Status 72 6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap 74

7.0 Different Types of Bio-fuel Cell 77 7.1 Working Principle of Bio-fuel cells 79 7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell 79 7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cell 82 7 7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cell 83 7.5 International Status 84 7.6 National Status 86 7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells 87 7.8 Conclusions 88

8.0 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 91 8 8.1 International Activity 93 8.2 National Status 93

9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell 95 9.1 International Activity 97 9 9.2 National Status 97 9.3 Proposed National Plan 97 10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 99 10 10.1 Introduction 101 10.2 Technology Features 103 11.0 Micro Fuel Cell 105 11 11.1 Introduction 107 11.2 Technology Features 107 12 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies / Countries 109

13 Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time 115 Schedule of Activities 14 Conclusions and Recommendations 119 15 Annexure I (Bibliography) 137 16 Annexure II (Portfolio of Publications and Patents on 142 Fuel Cell Related Areas of the Important Research Groups of this Country)

I. Composition of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development

1. Dr. H. S. Maiti, Former Director, CGCRI & Prof. NIT Rourkela - Chairman 2. Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary / Shri A. K. Dhussa, Adviser (December, 2013 to March, 2015) / Dr. BibekBandyopadhyay, Adviser (upto December, 2013), MNRE 3. Dr. Deep Prakash, SO/G, Energy Conversion Materials Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 4. Shri M. R. Pawar, AGM (FCR), Corporate BHEL R&D, Hyderabad 5. Dr. R. S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Defence Research Development Organization,Amarnath 6. Dr. Ashish Lele, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Pune 7. Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (ARCI), Chennai 8. Shri Shailendra Sharma, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad 9. Dr. K. Vijaymohanan, Director, Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 10. Prof. S. Basu, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 11. Dr. R. N. Basu, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 12. Dr. Nawal Kishor Mal, Senior Scientist / Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Chief Scientist (Retired on 31.07.2014), Tata Chemicals, Pune 13. Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy Chief General Manager, Alternate Energy, IOCL R&D, Faridabad 14. Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President, Thermax India Ltd., Pune - Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry

II. Terms of Reference

1. To specify different kinds of fuel cell systems with technical parameters relevant for various applications in India. 2. To review R & D status of fuel cell technologies in the country and to identify the gap with reference to the international status. 3. To suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly develop in-house technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies from abroad. 4. To identify applications for demonstration of technologies developed globally under Indian field conditions and suggest policy measures for deployment of such technologies in the country. 5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for development and testing of fuel cells including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided. 6. To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among leading Indian academic institutions, research organizations and industry in the area of fuel cells. 7. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to fuel cell technologies.

ii III. Details of the Meetings of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in India

The first meeting of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in India was organized on 29.11.2012, in which presentations were made by the expert members of the Sub-Committee in their areas of specialization and discussions were held subsequently. The expert members provided input materials for preparing the draft report. The input materials were presented in the second meeting held on 02.09.2013. Based on the input material, the report on Fuel Cell Development in India was drafted and presented in the 2nd meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 11.06.2014. The Steering Committee recommended constituting an Expert Group to prepare a list of focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals may be invited and supported by the Ministry for the time being. This Group met on 02.09.2014 and identified the focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals were invited to support by the Ministry. The finality of the report was discussed in the 3rd meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 26.03.2015. The Steering Committee gave some suggestions, which were discussed in the meeting of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development held on 22.05.2015 to incorporate in the report. The Steering Committee further requested the Chairpersons of all the five Sub-Committees to meet and discuss uniformity of the reports and alignment of outcome of the reports. Accordingly, the report was again modified based on the suggestions given / decisions taken in the meetings of the Chairpersons of the Sub-Committees held on 11.09.2015, 16.12.2015 and 18.01.2016.

iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 1.0 Executive Summary

1.1 The need for developing appropriate technologies for harnessing renewable and/ or alternate sources of energy have gained significant importance globally, including in India, in view of increasing use of fossil fuels both for power generation and transportation with consequent environmental concerns on one hand and depleting reserves on the other. In this context, fuel cell technology, which can address these issues, is attracting a considerable attention.

1.2 A fuel cell is an electro-chemical device that converts chemical energy of a fuel into electricity and produces heat & water. The fuel cells using different electrolytes operate at different temperatures. Fuel Cell developed so far are Low and High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol & Ethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC & DEFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). A few more fuel cells e.g. Bio-fuel cell (BFC), MEMS based micro fuel cell (MFC) and Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) are at different stages of development. The operating conditions, fuel capability, performance characteristics including conversion efficiency and application potentiality of these fuel cells are quite different.

1.3 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the potential to be deployed in portable, small capacity power generation and transportation applications. These fuel cells have high power density and can be operated at low and high temperatures at variable loads. The LT-PEMFC can be easily started-up and stopped at low temperatures -35 to 400C and thus currently a leading technology for deployment in the light and heavy duty vehicles. To resolve the issues of LT-PEMFC such as requirement of pure hydrogen due to low tolerance of Pt (a costly noble metal) catalyst to CO and humidification of membrane for migration of protons from anode to cathode, HT-PEMFC, which operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C are being developed.

1.3.1 PEMFC technology has been developed to the commercialization stage in many countries like Canada, USA, Japan, Germany etc. As per Industry Review, the shipment of PEMFC units dominated in 2011 for the stationary and transport applications. In India a large number of groups are engaged in the research, development and demonstration activities of PEMFC but it has not reached the stage of commercialization. A few organizations like CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-Network Labs, NMRL, VSSC, BHEL are engaged in complete development of PEMFC system. Engineering input and infrastructure for producing such system in large numbers for trials / demonstration are lacking. These activities rely on pressurized bottled

3 hydrogen procured at high cost. On site hydrogen generation units (reformers) operating on commercial fuels such as LPG, methanol or natural gas are not available in the country, which again restrict the technology development process.

1.3.2 Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with limited number of commercial deployments so far.In Denmark a 3 kW system has been demonstrated. Another 5 kW unit hasbeendeveloped for telecom application. Danpowerfrom Denmark has recently announced that they can supply the high temperature membrane in larger sizes and quantities. Prefabricated MEAs are also available from limited suppliers. Important attraction of this fuel cell is the tolerance of up to 3% CO in the fuel (hydrogen) and the possibility of using combined cycle system for heat recovery. Further developments in HT-PEMFC are awaited.

1.3.3 Globally, it is expected that Power supply system of 25 lakh telecom towers will be converted to fuel cell based power system by 2020 and potential of global market for stationary fuel cells will reach 50 GW by 2020. All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in developmental or in testing stage. Some of them will start large scale fleet operation from 2015. In India, development of fuel cells is not reached to the stage, at which they may be taken up for manufacturing. Therefore, a strategy is required at national level to address the issues like balance of system development, system integration, manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat components and their demonstration. Other issues like power density at a given cost, weight, and life time, which have commercial importance, are also to be taken up for further R&D.

1.4 The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) operates in the temperature range of 190 to 2200C and hence is capable to use reformed hydrocarbon fuels or biogas with less than 2% CO. These fuel cells have been used widely for different stationary power generation applications in the range of 100 - 400 kW. The electrical efficiency of PAFC is about 40% and combined heat and power efficiency is around 85%. These systems were used in military applications in USA. M/s Toshiba and M/s Fuji electric Japan developed this technology for power generation with online reformer based initially on propane/LPG and later on CNG / landfill gases with a life time of more than 45000 hours. In India, PAFC a system of 50 kW capacities was developed by the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL) sometime back. Unfortunately, the work could not be taken up further, because of non-availability of carbon paper at that time. BHEL also imported, installed and operated a 200kW PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba Corporation of Japan with LPG as the primary fuel. Later, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath also developed such systems of 1-15 kW capacity and demonstrated successfully

4 for field applications. The technology has been transferred to M/s Thermax Ltd, Pune and around 24 numbers of 3kw units have been manufactured for DRDO’s captive use. This is the only example of a successful indigenous production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in development of underwater power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote and sensitive areas.

1.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) in which an aqueous solution of KOH is used as the electrolyte, is a low cost technology because of its components are made from inexpensive materials. It can be operated in the temperature range -400C to 1200C. It is a reliable source of electricity generation leading to higher energy efficiency i.e. up to 60%. AFC was initially used to provide electric power and drinking water in Apollo spacecrafts.However, AFC operating with air on the cathode suffers from CO2 contamination and reduces output and also enhances the cost. In addition the problem of an appropriate electrode material is still to be solved.Presently there is a large effort to develop anion exchange polymeric membrane, which can replace the aqueous potassium hydroxide hitherto used. It can be deployed in various other applications such as telecommunication towers, scooters, auto- rickshaws, cars, boats, household inverters, etc. So far there has not been any technology development effort in this country even though limited basic research has been carried out by a few academicians.

1.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC), which uses methanol, a product of renewable sources, as fuel. It is in liquid state at normal temperature and can easily be stored and transported. This fuel cell is best suited to applications requiring power less than 100 W like computerized notebooks, mobile phones, military equipment and such other electronic devices. SPIC Science Foundation, Chennai was the first in the country to demonstrate a 250 watt stack in early 2000. Later CSIR–CECRI designed, developed and evaluated for continuous operation of a 50 watt stack. R&D is being continued for further improvements. The researchers have shifted their focus to use ethanol in place of methanol due to methanol being lower in molecule size (tendency to crossover more than ethanol), having low boiling point (more loss), being toxic in nature and has comparatively low energy density. IIT, Delhi developed a 3 W stack using Nafionmembrane and a novel bi/tri metallic catalyst with a performance of 50-70 mW/cm2.

1.7 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) uses solid, nonporous metal oxide electrolytes like yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) together with oxide based electrodes. There are two forms depending on the operating temperature. High temperature ones operates in the rage 800 – 10000C while the intermediate temperature ones operate in the range 550-8000C. For high

5 temperature variety internal reforming is possible. Fuels like gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, biogas etc. can be reformed internally on the anode surface producing hydrogen. This hydrogen generates electricity in the fuel cell. External reforming is required for intermediate operating temperatures. SOFCs have been developed in two different designs i.e. tubular and planar types. Both have their merits and de-merits in their fabrication and operation. Initial development by Westinghouse or Siemens-Westinghouse was centered on high temperature tubular type and up to 200kW units have been demonstrated with natural gas as the fuel. Most of the recent developments are in the area of intermediate temperature one. Several institutes and commercial houses across the countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK, Denmark, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated the operation of a large number of units up to 25kW capacity with planar configuration. High power density relatively low temperatures of operation are the two most attractive features of the planar design. Commercialization of SOFC technology particularly for stationary power generation seems to be viable as many prototype demonstration units are operating for a considerable length of time. In India, R&D activity on materials development for SOFC technology followed by stack development and testing have been in progress for more than two decades and has just reached a stage of technology demonstration on a relatively large scale. CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has recently demonstrated a 500W anode supported stack with planar configuration using ferritic steel as the bipolar plate. Efforts are on for further scale-up in association with an industrial collaborator. Another major effort in development of the 3rd generation technology (metal supported SOFC) has been underway since 2012, by NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with University of Cambridge, UK, for development up to the level of a SOFC stack. This project is funded by DST-RCUK (as part of the Indo-UK, UKIERI program).Several other institutions of the country have also developed the R&D capability on different aspects of the technology. Monolithically integrated micro-SOFC can replace Li-batteries for certain type of applications.

1.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) uses an alkali metal carbonate as the electrolyte in the molten phase. Most common electrolyte is the eutectic mixture of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 in the ratio of 62 to 38 mole% and operates at a temperature of about 6500C. The higher operating temperature provides the opportunity for achieving higher overall system efficiencies and greater flexibility to the choice of fuels. Unlike other fuel cells MCFC anode can oxidize carbon monoxide in the fuel to carbon dioxide through electrochemical reaction. However, the limitation associated with MCFC is the management of carbon dioxide produced as product of combustion. The high operating temperature imposes limitations and constraints in selection of suitable materials of construction for long time operations. MCFCs can be used with both external and internal reformers. Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal

6 reforming system at the city of Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external reforming by San Diego Gas and Electric, California have been demonstrated and a 280 kW system hasstarted up in Germany. A 1 MW system has also been installed at Kawagoe, Japan. Extensive developments are still required before commercial applications become a reality. In India not much development activity has been undertaken so far on MCFC except an attempt by CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudifor the development in laboratory scale of multi-cell stack. TERI, New Delhi also carried out a small demonstration project based on an imported MCFC unit with financial support from MNRE.

1.9 Bio-fuel Cell (BFC): The fuel cells, which convert biochemical energy to electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction by usingdifferent forms of bio-catalysts, are normally referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. There are two major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1) Microbial fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst for the electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels. The range of substrates for BFCs is unlimited and depends on the biocatalysts being used to drive the reactions to generate power. The production / consumption cycle of bio-fuels is considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than that of conventional fuel cells. Moreover, biocatalysts could offer significant cost advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies of scale. The most important advantage is wastewater treatment with production of energy. However, the magnitude of power reported so far in BFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The potential areas for its power application are portable electronics, biomedical instruments, environmental studies, military and space research etc. In India, many institutions are active in this area. Their primary focus is to develop suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated in laboratory scale. In India many small groups are active in the area of microbial fuel cells (several reviews have been published by Indian groups in the last ten years) but the primary focus is to develop suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated by a couple of groups and proof-of-concept demos have been carried out at IICT, IIT-Khargpur, CECRIand NTU although this is an area where India could do substantially better given our strengths in chemical, biochemical and microbial engineering together with interdisciplinary capability.

1.10 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel (granulated carbon powder ranging from 10 to 1000 nm sizes) to electricity directly with a maximum electrical efficiency up to 70% (with 100% theoretical efficiency). The systems, which may operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from

7 coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass are under development. The byproduct is nearly pure CO2, which can be stored and used for commercial purpose leading to zero emission. The program is developing the next generation of high temperature fuel cells.The cell design, materials development program and fabrication technologies have specifically focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This has led to the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell designs and materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected electrically and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of time with minimal degradation. Several laboratories in USA and Australia are active in the development of such a device that can easily be scaled up. No work in this area is reported so far from India.

1.11 Micro fuel cells (MFCs) are the miniature form of either PEMFC or DMFC or SOFC and have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by times, shorter recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices (fuel cell on a chip). As per CSIRO, Australia if these are mass produced; they can be delivered at low cost and cover large volume markets. Such micro-fuel cells and disposable methanol cartridges have been developed for mobile devices. Polymer electrolyte micro fuel cells can be used in 3D printing, which is effectively carried out on a large area. There is an ever increasing demand for more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing. Low cost lithographic techniques have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features include self-air-breathing or stack-powered air supply, 100% fuel utilization, no air or hydrogen humidification, ambient temperature operation, low catalyst loading, life time over 20,000 hrs. The other type based on monolithically integrated SOFC on a Si ship is also very important as planar configurations can be effected using modern manufacturing processes to make Li-batteries obsolete for certain type of applications. Unfortunately, there is no tangible activity in India and therefore there may be an opportunity to initiate preliminary work.

1.12 Governments in many countries are providing support at various levels like research & development, demonstration and deployment of fuel cell systems not only to research laboratories but also to industries.Severalbillion dollars have been spent by various Governments in promoting fuel cell research and development at different levels over several decades. Investment by industries has also been quite substantial. In contrast, Indian funding has been significantly low; MNRE, DRDO, CSRI, DST, BRNS, DSIR being the major contributors. A fewIndian Industries are also quite keen in fuel cell technology development and demonstration. During the last 10 years

8 MNRE spent around Rs.25 Crore on fuel cell research. CSIR also spent around a similar amount during this period. In addition DST and DSIR contributed around Rs.5 Crore each for the similar purpose. DRDO has so far invested around Rs.50 Crore and plans invest another Rs. 100 Crore in near future. Exact amount spent by DAE is not available at this stage but likely to be of the order of Rs.50 Crore during the last 10 years. 1.13 In order to revisit the “Hydrogen Energy Road Map” prepared in 2007, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy constituted a Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in 2012 under the Chairmanship of Dr. K Kasturirangan, the then Member (Science) Planning Commission, Government of India to advise the Ministry and steer overall activities and its five Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for in-depth analysis. The Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development is one of them, which met thrice under the Chairmanship of Dr. H.S. Maiti, Former Director, Central Glass and Ceramic Institute, Kolkata and currently INAE Distinguished Professor, Govt. College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata to thrash out various issues pertaining to the indigenous development of complete fuel cell systems and their commercialization in the country.

1.14 Major Recommendations:

1.14.1 Basic Strategy

 Identification of Mission Mode projects, which may be implemented by pulling together resources from different governmental agencies.

 Prioritization of technology development and field level demonstration activities in comparison to normal laboratory development.

 Focus should be provided for manufacturing both at the assembly line level and also indigenization of the critical components.

 Identification of critical applications where Fuel cells can play a dominant role and develop the appropriate Fuel Cell technology for these applications.

 Promotion of critical mass of projects and identification of areas requiring funding both to set-up manufacturing facility as well as initial deployment through Viability Gap Funding (VGF) and R&D funding mechanisms.

9  Identification of the USP like Combined Heat & Power (CHP) integrated with the Fuel Cells which provide an enhancement in efficiency, a quantum more than the current state-of-the-art.

 Keeping the strategic sector apart, one may create two consortia for telecom and CHP and the consortia should include institutions, industry and project developers. The first consortium may be on low to medium temperature PAFC / PEM while the second consortium could be around SOFC.

 Provide significant emphasis on quantifiable targets and deliverables together with enhanced professionalism in project monitoring and management.

1.14.2 Classification of Projects a) After a careful analysis, the Sub-Committee suggests that all the institutions involved/ interested to work in this area may be brought together to put their efforts in a coherent and cohesive manner and by pooling together all the resources available with them to achieve a common goal i.e. development of specific fuel cell systems in the shortest possible span of time. It recommends that the Government of India may support the projects in three categories viz. (i) Mission Mode Projects (ii) Research & Developmental Projects and (iii) Research Projects (knowledge base generation). Based on the application potentiality as well as available expertise in the country, the types of fuel cells identified for Indigenous development of the technology in Mission Mode(Category I) are: i) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle (Joint Lead Institutes: CSIR-NCL, Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi) ii) LT- PEMFC (Lead Institutes: CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad) iii) Planar SOFC (Lead Institute: CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata) iv) PAFC /for civilian applications only (Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad) All national mission projects must have industry collaboration. The areas for conducting Research and Development (Category II) activities have also been identified, which are: a) DMFC/ DEFC b) MCFC c) BFC Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category of projects.

10 Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (Category III) may be sponsored preferably to the academic institutions/ universities and IITs for all other varieties of fuel cells including AFC and Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). No lead institution is identified for the last two categories of projects. Projects may be approved based on the merit of the proposals. b) Under the Mission Mode Projects, development of stand-alone systems of following capacities may be taken up in a phase-wise manner: • 1-5 kW for back-up power supply unit for urban households, • 3-5 kW for telecom towers, • 3-10 kW for small trucks, • 10-15 kW for medium trucks, • 25 -50 kW for large trucks and submarine application and • 50-120 kW for buses

In the first phase, the projects may be targeted for development and demonstration of minimum 5 units each type of systems of capacities 1, 3 & 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components.

Particularly for the PEMFC units, targeted electrical efficiency would be 37-40%; minimum 1000 h operational life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h degradation; to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air may be taken up initially. During the development, manufacturing techniques should also be mastered.

Recognizing the fact that the all ceramic fuel cell namely SOFC will be primarily used in stationary applications as distributed power sources, the targeted capacities should be in the higher range. In this case the suggested specifications may as follows:  Capacities :5, 15 and 25kW  Minimum power density :1.5W/cm2  Operating temperature :8000C (max)  Fuels to be used :Impure hydrogen/Natural gas/Biogas  Fuel Utilization :70% (min)  Minimum life span :40,000hrs  Imported components :50% (max)

c) All Mission Mode projects are to be inter-institutional with industry participation. One of the institutes may be identified as a nodal Institute and would be made responsible for the ultimate delivery of the project objectives. MNRE may take proactive measures to identify the projects and seek “Expression of Interest (EOI)” from the identified lead institutes in

11 association with Indian industries. Foreign collaboration, if required may also be accepted. d) Financial Outlay: An overall budget provision of around Rs.750 Croresmay be made available for a period of next 7 years (till 2022) for technology development and research on all categories of the activity mentioned above; 80% of which may be earmarked for mission mode projects (category I), 10% for Research and Development projects (category II) and 10% for knowledge base generation (category III). As a part of the mission mode activity, it would be essential to establish a “Centralized Fuel Cell Testing Facility” for independent evaluation of all the fuel cell units proposed to be developed under the programme. e) Pure hydrogen is required for the operation of LT-PEMFC. Since transportation of bottled hydrogen makes hydrogen costly, on-site hydrogen generation is preferred but the imported reformers are very expensive. It is therefore suggested that hydrogen generation projects should also be supported simultaneously with the fuel cell development projects. Chlor-alkali Industries and other industries where hydrogen is available as by-product should be encouraged to install large fuel cells stacks (50 kW or more) in their premises. Incentives could be provided for public-private partnership for such installations. f) In addition, development of appropriate technologies for generation, storage and transportation of the fuels, in particular pure hydrogen have to be give due emphasis to match with the requirements of the above mentioned fuel cells. According to a rough estimate overall requirement of 1,500 million liters hydrogen may be required for the proposed developmental programme. It is expected that the same will be taken care of by other sub-committees specifically constituted for this purpose.

1.15 Policies, Procedures and Legislation:

 For each Mission Mode project a consortium may be formed consisting of R&D groups, academia and industry (both manufacturer and user) and representatives from the funding agencies.  While the lead Institutes may be decided by the ministry (as recommended above), identification of the other participants may be done through news paper advertisement of “Expression of Interest” followed by selection by an “Expert Group” to be constituted by the Ministry.  Projects need to be formulated with sufficient micro-detailing in terms of technical specification, target and time frame.

12  Rigorous monitoring and risk management together with mid-course correction, if required, should be an integral part of project management in order to keep the projects on track.  Important but uncertain activities may be duplicated if required.  For projects other than mission mode, industry participation may not be essential. However, micro detailing and rigorous monitoring have to be ensured.  Provision of fore-closing a project should be practiced as and when necessary.

1.15.1 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute (VFCI):

In order to ensure implementation of all these policies and procedures, a strong and fully-empowered R&D management group is essential at the level of the ministry. It is therefore proposed to establish a “Virtual Fuel Cell Institute (VFCI)” to coordinate all the activities related to country’s Fuel Cell Development Programme” It will help bringing together all the concerned stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians, researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together and pool their resources. The Institute may function through a strong “Advisory Committee” with representatives from different stake holders.

1.15.2: Modality of establishing the VFCI and its modus-operandi may be decided by MNRE in consultation with other departments/ agencies if required.

INTRODUCTION

16 2.0 Introduction

2.1 All over the world, including India, the need for the development of an alternate energy sector, which is becoming increasingly important not only due to our need to reduce dependence of rapidly exhausting fossil fuels, but also due to increasing global concern about the environmental consequences of the uses of fossil fuels in generation of electricity and for the propulsion of vehicles. There are more than 1 billion automobiles in use worldwide, satisfying many needs for mobility in daily life. The automotive industry is therefore one of the largest economic forces globally employing huge people force and generating a value chain in excess of $3 trillion per year. As a consequence of this colossal industry, the large number of automobiles in use has caused and continues to cause a series of major issues in our society as follows:

2.2 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—the transportation sector contributes ~13.1% of GHG emissions worldwide (5 billion tonnes of CO2 per year). More than two thirds of transport-related GHG emissions originate from road transport. Reducing the GHG emissions of automobiles has thus become a national and international priority. Air pollution—tailpipe emissions are responsible for several debilitating respiratory conditions, in particular the particulate emissions from diesel vehicles. The increasing number of diesel vehicles on roads would further worsen air quality. Oil depletion—oil reserves are projected to only last 40–50 years with current technology and usage. Transport is already responsible for large share of the oil use and this share continues to increase. Energy security—India dependence on foreign sources for its oil and reserves of conventional oil are concentrated largely in politically unstable regions; dependency on fossil fuels for transportation therefore needs to be reduced in the country. According to the United Nations, world population reached 7 Billion on October 31, 2011and is expected to reach 8 billion in the spring of 2024 & 9 billion by 2050. This will obviously have an important impact on climate change, food security and energy security. The development of alternative fuels to petrol and diesel has therefore been an ongoing effort since the 1970s, initially in response to the oil shocks and concerns over urban air pollution. Efforts have gained momentum more recently as the volatility of oil prices and stability of supplies, not to mention the consequences of global climate change, have risen up political agendas the world over. Hydrogen has emerged as environment friendly alternate fuel. A number of devices / systems have been developed / are under development for power generation / transportation applications with hydrogen as fuel. Fuel cells are low-carbon technologies and have already been recognized to address all the above issues related to GHG emissions, air pollution, energy security etc. and are thus rapidly advancing in global technology and industrial domain Today, fuel cells are widely considered to be efficient and nonpolluting

17 power sources offering much higher energy densities and energy efficiencies than any other current energy storage devices. Further, the fuel cells like other small-scale generation systems such as wind turbine, photovoltaic, micro-turbines, etc. play an important role to meet the consumers demand using the concepts of distributed generation. The term distribution generation means any small-scale generation is located near to the customers rather than central or remote locations. Survey showed that at the end of year 2005 the total loss over the transmission, distribution and transformers in India was about 32.15 %. The major benefits of distributed generation systems (DGS) are saving in losses over the long transmission and distribution lines, installation cost, local voltage regulation, and ability to add a small unit instead of a larger one during peak load conditions. Among the different distributed generation systems greatest attention is being paid to the fuel cell because it has the capability of providing both heat and power. Fuel cells are therefore considered as promising energy devices for the transport, mobile and stationary sectors.

2.3 The fuel cell has its own importance, as it is an energy conversion device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid /solid fuel into electrical energy by electrochemical reaction. In this device electrolyte (nonconductive to electrons and conductive to charged species) is sandwiched by the two electrodes (cathode and anode). Hydrogen, when fed to anode, splits into proton and electron in presence of catalyst. The electrons flow through conductor and charged species pass through electrolyte membrane to cathode, where they combine with oxygen to produce heat and water as byproducts. The water, so produced, does not have any pollution footprint. It is environmentally benign. Fuel cells operating with hydrogen as the fuel do not produce any gaseous pollutants like CO2, CO, NOx, SOx etc., which are normally released by conventional power plants.Efforts are being pursued over the globe to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells and coupling with devices to utilize the waste heat for energy conservation. Therefore, owing to the advantages associated with fuel cell technology, security of electricity can be ensured in future, which is also expected to induce a new era of ‘hydrogen economy’.

2.4 Fuel Cells are a family of most efficient energy conversion devices in which the chemical energy stored in a fuel is converted to electricity by a single step electrochemical reaction. This is in contrast to a thermal power plant in which conversion takes place through a multistep process.

2.5 Fuel cells differ from conventional electrochemical cells and batteries. Both technologies involve the conversion of potential chemical energy into electricity. But while a conventional cell or battery employs reactions among metals and electrolytes whose chemical nature changes over time, the fuel

18 cell actually consumes its fuel, leaving nothing but an empty reservoir or cartridge.A common example of conventional electrochemical technology is the lead-acid automotive battery. Another is the lithium-ion battery. Some conventional cells and batteries can be recharged by connection to an external source of current. Others must be discarded when they are spent. A fuel cell, in contrast, is replenished merely be refilling its reservoir, or by removing the spent fuel cartridge and replacing it with a fresh one. While the recharging process for a conventional cell or battery can take hours, replacing a fuel cartridge takes only seconds.

2.6 Hydrogen may be obtained by reforming various gaseous fuels like producer gas, biogas from organic waste or other biomass, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and liquid fuels like methanol, ethanol etc.

2.7 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have also gained significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel cells (MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC), which uses micro-organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid carbon can be used as the fuel. The electrochemical reaction of different fuel cells, the nature of the electrolyte and the fuel used in the important types of fuel cell are schematically presented in Fig. 1.Details of a typical PEM based fuel cell are presented in Fig. 2. In addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several single cells (number depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger, exhaust system etc. The schematic layout of such a power plant is presented in Fig.3. Summary of the characteristics of the important types of fuel cells, their operating conditions and application potentialities are presented in atabular for in Table 1.

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the electrochemical cell used in different types of fuel cells (http://www.fuelcells.org/uploads/FuelCellTypes.jpg)

Fig. 2: Details of a PEM based fuel cell.

Fig. 3: Schematics of a complete fuel cell power pack.

Table 1: Characteristics of Important Fuel Cell Types Operatin Electrica Common Typical Fuel Cell g l Electrolyt Stack Applications Advantages Disadvantages Type Tempera Efficienc e Size ture y (LHV)

 Backup  Solid electrolyte power  Expensive reduces Low  Portable catalysts 60% corrosion and Temperatu Per-fluoro- power  Sensitive to direct H2 electrolyte re Polymer sulfonic <1 kW–  Distributed fuel impurities ~80°C 40% management Electrolyte acid 200 kW generation (tolerant up to reformed problems Membrane (Nafion®)  Transportati only 20ppm fuel  Low (LT-PEM) on CO and 1ppm temperature  Specialty Sulphur)  Quick start-up vehicles

 Solid electrolyte reduces  Portable corrosion and Better High power electrolyte than LT- Temperatu  Distributed management  Destabilization PEMFC re Polymer Acid doped 100 – <1 kW– generation problems and high cost particularl Electrolyte PBI 180oC 100 kW  Transportati  No of electrolyte y under Membrane on humidification CHP (HT-PEM)  Specialty of electrolyte mode vehicles  Les sensitive to fuel impurities (tolerant up to

21 3% CO and 20ppm Sulphur))

Aqueous  Wider range of  Sensitive to potassium stable CO2 in fuel and  Military hydroxide materials air  Space soaked in a allows lower  Electrolyte Alkaline  Backup porous <100°C 1–100 kW 60% cost management (AFC) power matrix, or components (aqueous)  Transportati alkaline  Low  Electrolyte on polymer temperature conductivity membrane  Quick start-up (polymer)

400 kW, Phosphoric 100 kW acid  Expensive module  Suitable for soaked in a catalysts Phosphori (liquid CHP porous 150°–  Distributed  Long start-up c Acid PAFC); 40%  Increased matrix or 200°C generation time (PAFC) <10 kW tolerance to imbibed in  Sulfur (polymer fuel impurities a polymer sensitivity membran membrane e)

 High Molten temperature lithium,  High corrosion and sodium, efficiency 300 kW–3  Electric breakdown of Molten and/or  Fuel flexibility 600°– MW, utility cell Carbonate potassium 50%  Suitable for 700°C 300 kW  Distributed components (MCFC) carbonates, CHP module generation  Long start-up soaked in a  Hybrid/gas time porous turbine cycle  Low power matrix density

 High  High temperature efficiency corrosion and  Auxiliary  Fuel breakdown of power flexibility Solid Yttria cell 500°– 1 kW–2  Electric  Solid Oxide stabilized 60% components 1,000°C MW utility electrolyte (SOFC) zirconia  Long start-up  Distributed  Suitable for time generation CHP  Limited  Hybrid/gas number of turbine cycle shutdowns

2.8 Global production and shipment of different types and applications of fuel cells till 2011 with projection for 2012 are presented in the following histograms (Fig. 4 & Fig. 5):

Fig.4: Global production and shipment of different types of fuel cells till 2011 and projected for 2012.

Fig.5: Global production and shipment for different applications of fuel cells till 2011 and projected for 2012.

2.9 Details of global research and development, technology demonstration and commercialization activities vis-à-vis Indian status in respect of all the different types of fuel cells mentioned above are presented in the following sections for a comprehensive understanding of the status of fuel cell technology as a whole.

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL (LOW TEMPERATURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE)

26 3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (Low Temperature and High Temperature)

3.1 International Activity:

Among the various types of fuel cells, PEMFC is reported to have reached acceptable level of technology development. These developments have come from changes made from originally developed poly tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bonded electrodes to direct transfer method to use of some proprietary processes such as nano structured electrodes and membrane. The maturity level is also indicated by the reduction in spending on R&D by companies in advanced countries on this type of fuel cells. Bulk of the R&D spending in recent times is on improving the manufacturability of these systems. PEMFCs have been demonstrated in a variety of applications (portable, stationary and transportation). In a report published in 2009-10, by Pike Research, USA, it is stated that the stationary fuel cell market experienced 60% year-over-year growth in unit shipments between 2009 and 2010. The Clean-tech Market Intelligence (another US based consultancy firm) forecasts that sales volumes will continue to expand at an impressive pace over the next several years, surpassing 1.2 million units annually by 2017. In a new report published in 2012-2013 from Pike Research the number of stationary fuel cells shipped annually will grow from 21,000 in 2012 to more than 350,000 by 2022. The Navigant report also indicates that over the past year, the stationary fuel cell industry has experienced healthy growth due to a surge in U.S. and foreign governments’ interest in reliable and resilient energy sources. The sector is now at a point where, if, all government policy relevant to stationary fuel cells was carried out, the global market potential would surpassed 3 GW in 2013, and increasing to more than 50 GW by 2020. Further as per Pike research, nearly 2.5 million telecom towers will be supported by fuel cell based back-up power system across the globe by 2020.

According to The Fuel Cell Today Industry Review 2012, PEMFC dominated in terms of unit shipment in 2011, because of its usefulness in diversified market segments most notably in small stationary and in transportation applications as well as in consumer electronics applications (DMFC). The growth was 87.2% (cf. 2010). Attempts to reduce the cost component of platinum commonly used as electro catalysts in these fuel cells are being aggressively pursued. In a major project launched in Canada in 2012, which involves several industries and with $8.1 million funds aims to reduce the platinum content by 80% in automotive fuel cells. The first prototype is expected to be ready in 5 years. In Japan N. E. Chemcat, a catalyst manufacturing company is reported to have plans to acquire the core- shell catalyst technology with ultra-low platinum from Brookhaven National Laboratory for use in electric vehicle. Toyota Motor Corp., the biggest seller of 27 hybrid cars announced in 2010 that it had cut expenses to make the vehicles by reducing platinum use to about one-third the previous level. Toyota and GM now use about 30 grams of platinum per fuel-cell vehicle and aim to reduce it to about 10 grams. Although alternatives are being investigated, platinum would continue to play a significant role in PEMFC owing to its high activity and durability. Green recycling methods to recover platinum are also being pursued for sustainability. A UK project ($7.2 million) involving Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells was launched in February 2012 to find methods for the recovery of high-value materials from membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Optimization of stack size for specific end use is another method being researched for cost reduction e.g. the Japanese Ene–Farm program, which used 1 kW PEMFC stacks originally are being reduced to 750 watts, which is considered a better for Japanese homes.

Development of HT-PEMFC continues but with only a very small number of commercial deployments so far. A large number of papers are being published on high temperature membranes many of them without any convincing results. In a recent paper, researchers in Japan have developed a novel PEMFC that shows high durability (>400,000 cycles) together with high power density (252 mW/cm2) at high temperature of 1200C under a non- humidified condition. In order to prevent acid leaching from the HT-PEMFC system, this group used poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) in place of PA because PVPA is a polymeric acid and is stably bound to the PBIs via multipoint acid-base reactions.

Fuel cell Energy, USA demonstrated a HT-PEMFC System (540 kW with ATR and logistic fuels) for ship board power generation in 2009. This system used phosphoric acid doped PBI. In 2007, Volkswagen reported some of their work on HT-PEMFCs for transport application. Enerfuel in Denmark has demonstrated a 3 kW HT-PEMFC. Dantherm is reported to be developing a 5 kW HT-PEMFC for telecom applications. Leaching of electrolyte and thus durability has been a major concern. A power density of 100 mWcm-2 at 1600C was obtained when using a commercial HTPEMCELTEC-P1000 MEA produced by BASF. Global Energy Corporation Inc, GEI, is another company which has developed a 500 watts HT-PEMFC stack using BASF membrane. Dominovas Energy’s Fuel cell division has also reported to be working on HT- PEMFC. Advent sells small size membranes for high temperature fuel cells. Helbio S.A. in Patras, Greece has received an order from a major Greek telecommunications company for a 5 kW Fuel Cell Power System operating on commercial propane. The system will be equipped with a HT-PEMFC and will be designed for unattended system operation in remote location without the need for external power input.

28 DoE, USA has set several technical targets for the membrane, catalyst coated membrane for both stationary and automobile applications of which a very few of them have been met so far.

All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in development or in testing. New models are being introduced regularly. According to a report published by Pike Research, USA, a part of Navigant’s Energy Practice published in 2009, the global commercial sales of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) will reach the key milestone of 1 million vehicles by 2020, with a cumulative 1.2 million vehicles sold by the end of that year generating $16.9 billion in annual revenue. The fuel cell car market is now in the ramp-up phase and commercialization is anticipated by automakers to happen around 2015. Pike Research’s analysis indicates that, during the pre- commercialization period from 2010 to 2014, approximately 10,000 FCVs will be deployed. Following that phase, the firm forecasts that 57,000 FCVs will be sold in 2015, with sales volumes ramping to 390,000 vehicles annually by 2020. The growth trends in Asia-Pacific region are going to outcast the North America and the Western European regions. This large demand is expected in the countries like Japan, Korea, China and India. Bulk of fuel cell vehicles use PEMFC and most have hydrogen stored in composite cylinders.

Honda and Toyota have already begun leasing vehicles in California and Japan. Seven major global automotive OEMs – Daimler, Ford, GM, Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, and Toyota have co - signed a MoU in September 2009, signaling their intent to commercialize a significant number of FCEV from 2015. Hyundai Motor introduced its Tucson ix FCEV equipped with its newest 100-kilowatt (kW) fuel cell system recently. Hyundai will test 50 new Tucson ix FCEVs as part of the second phase of the Korean Government Validation Program and plans to begin mass production in 2015. Nissan showcased NewTeRRA Fuel Cell Concept at Paris Motor Show 2012: The TeRRA is designed as an evolution of the company’s popular Juke and Qashqai crossover SUVs. It has three electric motors, one to power the front wheels and an in-wheel motor in each of the rear wheels; Hyundai-Kia Motors also signed a MoU with key hydrogen stakeholders from the Nordic countries, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland to collaborate on market deployment of FCEVs.

Over the past six years, more than 20 cities around the world have, or are currently, demonstrating fuel cell or hydrogen powered buses in their transit fleets. Most demonstrations involve individual cities and transit agencies, but some have been multi-city demonstrations. These include  Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) – Multi city demo (since 2003, Ballard powered buses have operated for more than 78,000 hours delivering over four million passengers to their destinations)

29  Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) based in Reykjavik, Ireland  Sustainable Transport Energy Perth (STEP) programme in Perth, Western Australia  Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Urban Transport in Brazil  Japan’s Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme  National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Programme (USA) and  China programme – Multi city demonstrations.

Most demonstrations reported better than expected performance and strong passenger acceptance. The buses performed well across a wide range of operating conditions: Hilly and flat terrain, hot, and cold temperatures & high and low-speed duty cycles. Bus availability, an indicator of vehicle reliability, was greater than 90% in many programs (CUTE, ECTOS, STEP, and HyFLEET fuel cell bus trials). This was higher than expected. There were no major safety issues over millions of miles of vehicle service and thousands of vehicle fueling. The drivers preferred fuel cell buses to CNG or diesel, noting their smooth ride, ease of operation, strong acceleration, and ability to maneuver well in traffic. Fuel cell bus drivers were less tired at the end of their shifts, mainly because the buses produced significantly less noise than diesel or CNG. 75% of surveyed passengers reported a quieter ride. Most participants found that the buses were easily incorporated into revenue service, with some accommodation for increased vehicle weight and height and longer fueling times. Most participants noted that developing fuel cell bus maintenance facilities was not as challenging as expected. The current CHIC (Clean Hydrogen In European Cities) project is building upon previous work by the CUTE and Phase 1 of CHIC plans to roll-out a total of 26 buses across four countries: London (UK), Oslo (Norway), Milan and Bolzano (Italy), and Aargau/St. Gallen (Switzerland). In London, five buses are already in operation and Transport for London (TfL). Similar programmes are being executed in USA, Canada, Japan and China. Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) and Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hino) are planning to Provide Fuel-cell Bus for Tokyo Airport Routes.

Another application area for PEMFC, which is expected to boost the revenue of the fuel cell companies, is the fuel cell powered material handling equipment for large warehouse operations. Several demonstration programmes have already shown a cost benefit and convenient hydrogen refueling. Fuel cell based forklifts have been employed in warehouses and distribution centers. USA is the world leader in deployment of fuel cell based forklifts and more than 1500 units have been deployed at various locations. Fuel cell stacks of various capacities are deployed in forklifts.  Hydrogenics - 12 kW fuel cell hybrid power packs into two Hyster Class forklifts.

30  Nissan (2006) - 9 kW PEM fuel cells using compressed hydrogen as the fuel.  Tropical Green technologies -10 kW PEM fuel cell stack / MH system  Toyota Industries Corporation – 30 kW fuel cell stack and can lift a maximum of 2,500 kilograms.  Plug Power - different types of forklifts and utility trucks.  HydrogenicsHyPX™ Fuel Cell Power Packs,  Nuvera’sthe Power Edge,  Proton Motor Fuel Cells  OorjaProtonics’ OorjaPacs a methanol-fueled fuel cell that continuously trickle-charges an onboard battery, while the unit is in operation or parked, have also been demonstrated in several fuel cell based forklifts.  Noveltek, Taiwan has developed a forklift in collaboration with Nan-Ya.

Another niche area for PEMFC application is use in locomotives. In a recent development in Denmark, a Hydrogen Train Project has been announced which would use 150 kW PEMFC stack. In South Africa, Anglo American Platinum Limited along with its project collaborators Vehicle Projects, Trident South Africa, and Battery Electric, unveiled its fuel cell- powered mine locomotive prototype using a Ballard Power Systems fuel cell. The partnership will construct five fuel cell locomotives to be tested for underground use at one of Anglo American Platinum’s mines.

PEMFC are also being tested for application in aerospace industries. The application domain includes novel on-board systems, truck auxiliary power units (APUs), ground power units, primary and emergency power, road vehicles, and gate handling equipment such as conveyors, fuel trucks, catering vehicles, water trucks, and mobile lighting, on board energy systems for aircraft, galley operations, in-flight entertainment, peak power, and other applications. In military the application include power for engine restart; on- ground Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC); electric and pneumatic power; and cargo door operations. Fuel cells may also represent the best alternative for efficient processing of bio aviation fuels presently under development. Boeing and Japanese aircraft engine manufacturer IHI Corp researching regenerative fuel cells to power aircraft electrical systems. The in-flight testing was expected by the end of 2013. The companies anticipate FCs could be used on aircraft as early as 2018, reducing amount of jet fuel used for power generation by ~14%. Boeing Fuel cell airplane demonstrator developed by Boeing Research and Technology ( B,R&T), Europe which uses 20 kW PEMFC from M/s Intelligent energy has been successfully tested. Boeing has long term plans for fuel cells, which besides using PEMFC presently include use of HT-PEMFC and SOFC in the long run. Airbus industries along with German Aerospace Center 31 (DeutschesZentrumfürLuft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) have also demonstrated fuel cells in some applications. In one of its efforts, use of a fuel cell-powered electric nose wheel, this will save fuel while significantly reducing airport noise has been developed. The fuel cell-powered electric nose wheel reduces the emissions produced by aircraft at airports by up to 27%, and noise levels during taxiing by up to 100%. Aircraft fitted with this nose wheel will be able to approach their apron locations travelling in both forward and reverse directions, as well as taxi to their take-off positions without needing towing vehicles or using their main engines.

There are reports of plans to use of fuel cells in Green Sea Ports. The type of application envisaged are on-board ship power, a fuel cell system could generate prime power or could propel the ship into port at low speeds prior to docking. In addition, fuel cells could replace batteries and diesel generators used for emergency power and on-board electronics, shore power for cargo and cruise ships (auxiliary diesel engines that provide power to docked ships contribute heavily to the pollution levels at ports). Fuel cell can replace these diesel engines. FCEVs can replace yard tractors, heavy-duty trucks, and passenger cars used at the port facility. Fuel cells can also be installed as APU on heavy-duty trucks, to supply grid-independent power and backup power for security, rail transport (fuel cells can be used as auxiliary or primary power in rail locomotives), refrigeration for containers (the contents of some containers need to be kept at a controlled temperature) and container cranes (the offloading of cargo from docked ships is typically powered by a diesel engine generator near the top of the crane or, more commonly, by electric power onshore. A fuel cell could replace or supplement either).

A report on global policies update has been published by International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) in 2011. Summary of the national level policies as stated in the report are given below:

S. Country Policy No. 1 China  “1,000+ Green Vehicles in each City” since 2009. Till 2011, 25 cities had joined this program.  Hybrid vehicle will receive the subsidies. 2 Norway  No tax or value added tax (compared to the high taxation of the conventional cars in Norway).  Access to bus lanes.  Free use of (public) toll roads  Significantly reduced annual car taxes.  Free parking in public places  No fuel tax or carbon tax on hydrogen as a fuel (compared to high taxes on fossil fuels) 32 3 Japan Installation over 10,000 stationary residential combined heat and power fuel cells with 50% subsidy on the cost of the equipment and installation - Since 2009.

4 Iceland Tax based on documented CO2 emissions and fuel origin - Motor vehicles will no longer be taxed based on engine size or total weight since 1 January 2011. 5 Germany Motor vehicle tax exemption until December 15, 2015 for

vehicles with CO2 emissions below 50 grams per kilometre. 6 Korea 1. 1 million green homes with various renewable energy facilities in residential areas by 2020. 2. The government has a target of 100,000 1-kW fuel cell units by 2020 and has subsidies of up to 80% of installation costs between 2010 and 2011, decreasing to 50% from 2013 to 2015. 3. Long-term and low-interest loans for the customers or manufacturers of commercialized fuel cells. 4. 10% tax-deduction system for fuel cell power plants. 7 Australia 1. Fund for clean energy and energy efficiency proposal – Australian $10 billion by “Clean Energy Finance”. 2. $200 million in grants to support business investment in renewable energy, low emission technology and energy efficiency. 3. $2.5 million in funding for hydrogen projects with a commencement date in 2010 by Australian Research Council (ARC). 8 United 1. Investment Tax Credits (ITC) for fuel cell systems States through 2016 valued at up to $3,000 per kW installed at businesses and $3,334 per kW installed in joint occupancy residential dwellings. • 2. From 2009 to 2011, over $27 million for grants in lieu of tax credits were provided to companies with insufficient tax liability to apply for the ITC. 3. The hydrogen fuelling facility tax credit provides up to 30% or $30,000 for fuelling stations construction. 9 European 1. €1 billion was contributed from the EU Sixth Union Framework Programme (FP6) budget to support R&D (EU) and demonstration activities of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. 2. From 2008 to 2013, the EU will devote €470 million from the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) budget to support R&D and demonstration activities of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. 3. Currently, there are 44 on-going projects (with

33 cumulative grants of approximately €100 million) engaging some 250 different partners. 4. Twenty seven additional projects of the 2010 call (estimated grants of €89 million) should start by the end of 2011. 10 United 1. A Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) provides incentives for the Kingdom deployment of small scale renewable energy generation up to 5 MW. 2. The FIT also supports the deployment of residential fuel cell CHP systems of up to 2 kW regardless of fuel type, because of their carbon saving potential. 3. This measure is a pilot limited to the first 30,000 systems, and with a review after the first 10,000 installations. 4. Motorists purchasing a qualifying ultra-low emission car can receive a grant of 25 percent towards the cost of the vehicle, up to a maximum of £5,000. 5. Under current policy, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may also receive a zero Vehicle Excise Duty rating.

6. Vehicles with CO2 emissions below 100 grams per kilometre pay zero under standard rates of Vehicle Excise Duty.

7. Vehicles with CO2 emissions of 130 grams per kilometre or less pay zero under first year rates.

Major commercial players in PEMFC are given below. Besides these players, the auto industry players like Honda, Toyota and Nissan are reported to have developed their own fuel cells stacks although most of them used Ballard stacks in earlier development of FCEV.

Sr. Company Country Manufacturing Technology Capacity No. capacity range in kW 1 Ballard Canada 20000 stacks PEM 2 to 11 per year (about 150 MW) 2 ClearEdge US 6000 units PEM 5 to 25 Power 3 Intelligent UK NA PEM 3 to 5 Energy 4 Hydrogenics Canada 160 MW per PEM 4 to 12 year 5 MicroCell US 3 MW PEM 0.5 to 3

34 6 NedStack Nederland 3000 stacks PEM 1 to 10 7 Nuvera US 3000 stacks PEM 5 to 30 8 ReliOn US NA PEM 0.1 to 2.5 9 Horizon Singapore 1000 stacks PEM 0.1 to 3 10 OorjaProtoni US NA 5 DMFC cs

3.2 National Status

The last few years has seen considerable research activity in hydrogen fuel cells in India mainly via R&D work sponsored by the MNRE, DST, CSIR etc. PEM Fuel cell uses a large range of materials. Such materials are electro catalysts, catalyst support, gas diffusion media, micro porous materials, hydrophobic materials, hydrophilic materials, different types of carbon and binders, electrolyte, sealants, conducting coating materials.

The R& D activities encompass a wide variety of issues including developing novel materials, durability, modeling etc. However there are very few organizations involved in stack and system developments. The number of Indian industries engaged in developing fuel cell technology in the country is also few, although many have international collaboration for application demonstration. A brief status and nature of work being done by various organizations are given below:

3.2.1 Research Groups and Nature of Work

Organizations Nature of work IIT-M, NCCR, IIT-B, IIT-G, IIT-K, IIT-Kh • Basic Science , , IIT-R, IIT-H, IISc, BESU, CSIR- • Catalysts, Membrane, Bipolar CECRI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-NPL, CFCT- plate ARCI, CIPET, CSIR-CSMCRI, BITS- • Modeling Goa, TU, AIIST, PSGIAS, Anna University, UoH, DTU and many other Universities BHEL, CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI, IIT- • Stack and System, B, SSF (closed), ISRO Labs & Def. • Application demonstration labs, Tata, M&M, TVS, REVA, NMRL, Some • System integration using bought CSIR labs , IITs , BPCL ,RIL out stacks for demonstration • Demonstration of indigenously built fuel cells • Application Simulation studies ARCI, CSIR-NCL, CSIR-CECRI, CSIR- • Materials ( large scale ) NPL, Arora Matthey, Falcon Graphite, 35 TCIC

3.2.2 Research and Development on Catalysts

Organizations Nature of work

IITM, NCCR, CSIR-NCL,  Pt on Carbon CSIR-CECRI, IISc, BESU,  Pt- alloy (Co, Ni, Ru , Rh) on carbon IITD, IITB, CFCT-ARCI,  Other Noble metals like Au, Pd with

NMRL, TCIC, Alagappa Oxides like MnO2 , RuO2, ZnO Univ., and many  Non Noble metal catalysts such as Metal Universities and Colleges carbides, oxide supported catalysts like

Pt on WO3/ TiO2/SnO2,  Oxide additives as add-on  Cu-Ni-Alloy catalyst, conducting polymer containing catalyst  Nanostructured tungsten and titanium based electro-catalysts  Rh and their Selenides for ORR  Shape dependent electro catalyst  High aspect ratio nano-scale multifunctional materials  Platinum-cobalt alloy nanoparticles decorated functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, dispersed on nitrogen doped graphene  Pt/clay/Nafionnano-composite for ORR  Pt Nanoparticle-dispersed graphene- wrapped MWNT composites  Graphene-supported Pd–Ru nanoparticles  Pt–MoOx-carbon nanotube redox couple based electro-catalyst  Platinum-Polyaniline composite  Highly active catalyst by newer methods

3.2.3 Research and Development on Catalyst Support

36 Organizations Nature of work

IIT-M, NCCR, CFCT-ARCI,  Modified CNT , CSIR-NCL, CSIR- CECRI,  Microporous CNT BESU, ARI-Pune, JN  Oxides Centre and many other  Metal carbides , different carbons, universities  Ti mesh substrate  Graphene  Nitrogen doped graphene and hybrid carbon nanostructures  Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanocoils  Multi Walled Carbon Nano tubular coils  Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon with graphite walls  Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanocoils

3.2.4 Research and Development on Membranes

Organizations Nature of work

CSIR-CSMCRI,CSIR- Nafion Based Membranes CECRI, ANNA Univ., - Nafion Composites CSIR-NCL, UoH, CFCT- - Organic–inorganic composite membranes ARCI, NMRL, CIPET, IICT, (Nafion with silica, MZP and MTP ) BHU, BIT, AIIST, IIT-D and - Poly electrolyte complexes of Nafion and many other groups Poly (oxyethylene) bisamine

Fluorinated Polymers - Fluorinated poly (arylenes ether sulfones) containing pendant - Sulfonic acid groups - Fluorinated poly(ether imide) copolymers with controlled degree of sulfonation

PVA based polymers - inter penetrating with PSSA - Incorporation of mordenite (MOR) in the above - Stabilized forms of phosphomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid and silicotungstic

37 acid incorporated into PVA cross-linked polymers - Novel mixed-matrix membranes sodium alginate (NaAlg) with PVA and certainheteropolyacids (HPAs), such as PMoA, PWA and SWA.

High temp. Polymers - PBI, SPEEK - Cross-linked SPEEK - reactive organo clay nano-composite - Phosphonated multiwall carbon nanotube- polybenzimidazole composites - Novel blends of PBI and Poly(vinyl-1,2,4- triazole) - SPEEK/ethylene glycol/ polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane hybrid membranes - SPEEK and Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate based semi interpenetrating network membranes - Heat treated SPEEK/diol membrane

High temp. Polymers –Others - Anhydrous Proton Conducting Hybrid Membrane Electrolytes for High Temperature (>1000C) PEM - Aprotic ionic liquid doped anhydrous proton conducting polymer electrolyte membrane - Polysulfone / clay nanocomposite membranes - Multilayered sulphonatedpolysulfone / silica composite membranes

Other types of Polymers - SPSEBS/PSU blends - blending SPSEBS (Sulfonated poly styrene ethylene butylene polystyrene) with Boron phosphate (BPO4) - Organic–inorganic nano-composite polymer electrolyte membranes - Zwitterionic silica copolymer based cross- linked organic–inorganic hybrid polymer electrolyte membranes - Carbon nanotubes rooted montmorillonite

38 (CNT-MM) reinforced nano-composite membrane - Domain size manipulation by sulfonic acid- func. MWCNTs - Functionalized CNT based composite polymer electrolytes - Minimally hydrated polymers, replace water with ‘proton mobility facilitator

3.2.5 Research and Development on Other Components/Materials/Issues

Components / Organizations Nature of work Materials / Issues Bipolar plates CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-NPL, Resin impregnated, CSIR-NCL, SSF, NMRL, resin bonded, IIT-B, TU, IITG, IITK, exfoliated graphite, VSSC, DTU metal, PCB Carbon substrate CSIR-NPL, CFCT-ARCI, PAN, modified rayon, NMRL carbon composites GDL CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI, Studies on micro CSIR-NPL, IIT-M, porous layer, method of Bharathiyar University fabrication, effect of additives, impedance analysis Operation methods CSIR-CECRI, CFCT-ARCI Dead end mode operation Fuel Impurities CFCT-ARCI, AU with SVCE Effect of impurities in gas feed Durability CFCT-ARCI, CSIR-CECRI, Single cells & stack, IIT-M composite membrane, GDL

3.2.6 Other Studies

Study Organizations Flow field modeling IIT-M, IIT-G, IIT-H, NMRL, CFCT- ARCI Heat and mass transfer modeling IIT-M Cathode reactant supply modeling CFCT-ARCI with IITM and design Operation IIT-B, CFCT-ARCI

39 Control system modeling IIT-M, IIT-B, SSN College of Engg., CFCT-ARCI with Anna University Power electronic modeling IIT-B, Anna University with CFCT- ARCI, SSN, IISER-Kolkata Electrochemical Modeling IIT-M , IIT-D, IISER Pune, NIT-W, AU-Vizag, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-M, IITM (cyl. cathode), IIT-M (multiple layer), Bharathiyar University Electrical conductivity IIT-G, BARC System integration modeling with wind MN-NIT, BESU, IIT-B, IIT-K energy etc., Stack Modeling CFCT-ARCI, IIT-B Statistical analysis, Artificial Neural CFCT-ARCI with ISI, CSIR-NCL , Network CFCT-ARCI Molecular Dynamics CSIR-NCL with IISER-Pune

3.2.7 Technology Demonstration

1. SPIC Science Foundation was the first institution in India to have developed and demonstrated PEMFC in different applications. In 2000, SSF had demonstrated fuel cells in UPS and transport applications. They had developed complete process know-how for most of the components used in PEMFC. Few years back they demonstrated 5 kW UPS based on PEMFC. However, this group is not active presently.

2. BHEL R & D Developed a 3 KW PEM Fuel cell stack comprising of 1 kW modules and demonstrated the same at BPCL. Recently they have initiated work on HT-PEMFC using commercial MEA and also indigenously developed membrane. Their experience in PAFC would be highly useful in these developments. By September 2013, BHEL R&D had planned to develop several 1 kW HT-PEMFC.

3. A CSIR Team comprising of CSIR-CECRI, CSIR-NCL and CSIR-NPL have been jointly conducting research on PEMFC development and developed a self-supported 1 kW fuel cell stack using many indigenously developed components. The technology for one of the components (carbon paper) has been transferred to an Indian Company. Besides developing the main components of PEMFC the programme also focused on measuring the performance of the components in single cells and in stacks. Performance of MEAs is comparable to commercially available MEAs. This team also developed and demonstrated a 250 Watts HT- PEMFC stack built with several indigenously developed components. Besides technology development, fundamental research by the team in 40 the areas of electro catalysis, membrane science, carbon materials and stack engineering has resulted ~ 50 papers in journals of high impact factors, completion of 12 PhD dissertations and filing of 10 patents by the team across the three laboratories. Novel ideas on hybrid catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions, new PBI copolymers, non-infringing routes to synthesis of PBI monomers, new gas diffusion layers of high conductivity and porosity and stacks of improved pressure distribution have been developed.

4. Based on the developments summarized above, CSIR is setting up a test bed for demonstrating and validating 3 kW LT-stacks for targeting a PEMFC based back-up power supply for telecom towers. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) is major industrial partner in this activity. Recent research has shown that the performance of the HT-MEA developed in CSIR is superior to the performance of commercial HT-MEAs. CSIR has created strong IP portfolio in this area and the team will work towards the demonstration and validation of a 1 kW HT-PEMFC stack based on indigenous MEAs. In the near future, CSIR will create an Innovation Centre on fuel cells in order to consolidate its resources and activities in this area. The Innovation Centre will focus on R&D to develop the next generation PEMFC systems, application development and vendor development. It will strengthen the consortium of industries with a view to demonstrate applications and establish manufacturing base within the country.

5. IIT-M has demonstrated a bicycle powered by imported PEMFC.

6. VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram is reported to have developed a PEM fuel cell using metallic bipolar plates. A major developmental programme is also being planned.

7. NMRL has developed membranes for use in HT-PEMFC, which are being tested in stack.

8. Centre for Fuel Cell Technology at ARCI developed and demonstrated PEMFC in various capacities ranging from few hundred watts to 10 kW modules. These stacks have been integrated with various balance of systems. Grid Independent Power Supply systems in the range 1 kW to 20 kW have been developed and demonstrated. Recently the Centre completed a 20 kW PEMFC system demonstration. CFCT has also demonstrated their fuel cells in transportation applications as a range extender in 3 wheeler and 4 wheeler electric vehicles along with battery banks and has developed a fuel cell powered “Go-kart”. CFCT-ARCI has developed process know-how for most of the components of fuel cell and

41 several balance of systems including controls and power converters. The technology for making bipolar plate was transferred to an industry. Besides these technology developments, the scientific personnel at CFCT-ARCI have published nearly 80 papers in international journals and have filed 20 patents.

9. DRDO is developing PEMFC power system for submarine application. In the initial trails stacks from Ballard will be used.

10. DSIR has sanctioned a project to M/s ELPROS to develop PEMFC systems.

11. NEAH Power Systems, Inc., a leading company in the development of fuel cells for the military and portable electronic devices announced that it has signed a letter of intent to explore acquisition or merger plans with EKO Vehicles of Bangalore, Private Limited, India.

12. Nissan Renault operates a R&D centre working on PEMFC in Chennai.

13. GM R&D India Science Lab., GE’s John F Welch Technology Centre & Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. (MBRDI) is reported to have some hydrogen R&D programs in Bengaluru.

14. Other major PEMFC developers like Hydrogenics is also reported to be interacting with some Indian Industries.

3.2.8 Industry Activities

The Indian Industries participation continues to be lukewarm. Some companies are involved in demonstration notably in telecom sector. Hydrogen supply is the major bottle neck that is hampering large scale deployment of fuel cells in the country. By-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali units is being targeted by many groups. However, this source can be counted to only a limited extent for fuel cell applications as there is huge demand for this hydrogen from different industries. The activities reported are summarized below:

1. Tata Teleservices alongwith US based M/s Plug power made efforts for installing and maintaining fuel cell systems as back-up power supply for telecom towers. The other partner was M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL). A few systems were installed in India. Later M/s Plug Power decided to be in the area of application of fuel cell in forklifts only and withdrawn their activities from India.

42 2. ACME Telepower Group had a tie-up with Canada based M/s Ballard Power systems and M/S Idatech for fuel cell installation in telecom sector. As per latest developments M/s Ballard has taken over M/s Idatech and have tie-up with Dantherm. Dantherm are reported to be working with Delta and installed 30 fuel cell systems in various telecom towers located in Madhya Pradesh in association with Aditya Birla group.

3. Intelligent Energy, UK has started a business in India and planning to install several PEMFC in telecom sector.

4. Altergy and ReliOn are also targeting India for fuel cell application in telecommunication towers.

5. Electro Power Systems, based in Turin, Italy, launched its ElectroSelfTM UPS product in India in December 2010. The ElectroSelfTM is a self- recharging backup power system integrating a fuel cell and electrolyser and requiring only minimal maintenance in the form of a water top-up once a year. The company installed two systems for demonstration.

6. IOC R&D besides setting up the hydrogen fuelling station has also planned to create fuel cell testing facilities, which would help in establishing the country specific regulations, codes and standards through the validation of testing procedures and measurement methodologies for the performance assessment of fuel cells. It will also have a reference function in the Indian Hydrogen Energy Roadmap for pre-competitive research and performance verification. By building a state-of-the-art fuel cell testing facility, Indian Oil R&D will have a foot- hold in framing the fuel specification, infrastructure requirements, and can facilitate the development and harmonization of fuel cell testing procedures in transport and stationary applications considering the Indian conditions. The facility may allow the comprehensive testing and performance evaluation of PEM & solid Oxide fuel cells, stacks and systems in terms of energy efficiency, durability, reliability and emissions at a scale of up to 100 kW.

7. IOC is planning to have PEMFC based fork lift for demonstration at R&D centre. Further, they have signed MOC with Tata Motors for joint demonstration of FC buses to ply in the Faridabad region.

8. Tata Motors are reported to have developed a range of hydrogen fuel cell-powered buses and light trucks. TATA and ISRO are partnering a fuel cell bus demonstration programme in India using Ballard Fuel cell stacks. The first vehicle was displayed at the Auto Expo in N. Delhi in 2012. IOCL and TATA Motors are reported to be establishing a hydrogen

43 fuelling station in Faridabad in Haryana to demonstrate two fuel cell buses developed by Tata Motors, which uses fuel cell stacks from M/s Ballard. They are also planning to set up a major hydrogen dispensing station at Sanand, Gujarat for the technology demonstration of the fuel cell buses being developed by them.

9. REVA electric Car Company has demonstrated fuel cell powered passenger car using Ballard stacks.

10. Reliance is reported to be the industrial partner in the NMTLI project with Team – CSIR

11. M/s Falcon Graphites, a small scale company in Hyderabad has commenced large scale production of bipolar plates based on technology developed by CFCT-ARCI.

12. The technology for carbon paper developed by NPL has been transferred to HEG Limited Noida, which is expected to begin production soon.

13. M/s Arora Matthey, Kolkata has been a major supplier of electro catalysts in India.

14. Sai Energy in Chennai is becoming a major supplier of fuel cell materials and components.

15. Sai Energy, Chennai is also reported to be partnering Tata Chemical Innovation Centre (TCIC) in developing fuel cell stacks, which use catalysts developed by TCIC.

16. Sai Energy-Anabond consortium in Chennai is reported to have joined hands with Team-CSIR for demonstrating PEMFC stacks in different applications.

17. TCIC is working to develop a non-nafion / or substantially reduced use of nafion MEA part of PEMFC, aiming to develop both novel catalyst and membrane to decrease the cost of MEA to an affordable level for stationary applications. TCIC in short duration has developed the 500 W stack and aimed to develop 5 kW stack in 2013 mainly using own catalyst and other locally available FC components as prototypes for field trial at telecom tower for testing their durability & stability using hydrogen.

18. M/s Thermax, Pune may soon enter into an agreement with NCL & CECRI (CSIR) for prototype manufacturing of HT-PEMFC to be used in

44 combined cooling and power (CCP) mode based on a vapour adsorption

technique.The targeted capacity of the stack is 5kWe.

19. M/s KPIT Technologies, Pune is in the process of making an agreement with NCL (CSIR) to develop LT-PEMFC stacks of 8-10kW capacity for application in automotive in which fuel cell power will be supplemented by a combination of supercapacitors and lithium ion battery and the fuel will be enriched with oxygen.

3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap

3.3.1 Gap Analysis

Globally, PEMFC has numerous applications including stationary power generation (centralized and decentralized), transportation (automobiles, railways, aeroplanes, ships), back-up power supply (telecom towers, residences, commercial places), material handling applications (forklifts for warehouses and locomotives for mines), auxiliary power units for trucks, locomotives, aeroplanes, ships) portable applications (lap top charger, mobile charger) and micro-power supply to electronic equipment. New applications are continuously on increase. According to Fuel Cell industry Review in 2011 around 2,77,700 units of PEMFC were shipped by various countries.

A number of industries in USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia, Japan, Italy etc. are manufacturing these products for various applications and meeting the domestic demand and exporting their products to various countries. Further as per Pike research, the number of stationary fuel cells shipped annually will cross 3,50,000 numbers by 2022. Power supply system used in 25 lakh telecom towers will be converted to fuel cell based power system across the globe by 2020. It is expected that potential of global market for stationary fuel cells will reach to 50 GW by 2020. These countries are exporting the various products based on PEMFC to all over world. All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in developmental or in testing stage. Pike research analysis indicates that 57,000 fuel cell vehicles will be sold in 2015, which will increase to 3,90,000 vehicles annually by 2020.

In India, research institutions are more focused on materials development and modeling, whereas CSIR, DST,defence and space research laboratories are engaged in the development of complete PEMFC including

45 stacks. However, some labs are reported to have imported fuel cell stacks for carrying out integration studies. Demonstration of PEMFC requires large number of stacks at reasonable cost. No engineering efforts have been put for the manufacture of stacks / systems so far (Except PAFC stacks by Thermax particularly for the strategic sector for which economic consideration has not been an important parameter). There is still no mechanism in place to make large number of stacks / systems for demonstration on a large scale so as to establish an optimized manufacturing technology. In addition, hydrogen is also not available at reasonable cost to run continuously these stacks / systems, which are being researched / demonstrated. Testing of fuel cells at sites, where hydrogen is easily available such as chlor-alkali units, is urgently required to make further improvements in the indigenously developed systems. The chlor-alkali units are not very warm to this idea. In addition, compact reformer development (methanol / natural gas / LPG) in the country has not taken place. Several groups have developed catalysts for such reformation and also for PROX and other purification chains. NMRL is reported to have developed a fuel reformer, but is not available to others. Some institutions are reported to have imported small capacity reformers and are in the process of integrating the same with fuel cell stacks. The cost of the imported reformer is very high.

Several membranes are reported to have been developed in the country. However, most of these membrane developments are restricted to small size membrane with the notable exception of the membranes (PBI membrane for HT-PEMFC, Nafion composite membrane for LT-PEMFC and membrane for DMFC) developed by a few national laboratories. The process of making these membranes is still manual and only small sized sheets can be made. No long term testing of these membranes in fuel cells has been reported from Indian Laboratories. A large number of catalysts have been developed in the country and tested in half/single cell. However, the laboratories engaged in fuel cell stack development are using standard commercial catalysts. Bipolar plates have also been developed indigenously by CFCT-ARCI, CSIR lab and VSSC and technology has also been transferred to Industry by CFCT-ARCI.

HT-PEMFC seems more promising than LT-PEMFC, as they can tolerate more CO impurity in the hydrogen feed and can be useful in CHP/ CCP applications. It has many potential drawbacks including increased degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material determines the other fuel cell component material composition. Novel research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components so that they can meet stringent durability requirements for various applications. Selective research should be supported with tangible goals.

There is an urgent need to initiate projects in mission mode on stacks / systems building and their demonstration involving academic institutions to address specific issues. The project should aim to identify Indian laboratories to scale up these materials and building stacks/complete system. A clear distinction needs to be made between academic research and applied research with suitable funding for the applied research. There is a need for aggressive research programs with more thrust on applied research, analysis of the achievements in materials developed so far and take forward the promising ones to large scale preparation. It should focus on performance improvement at the systems level and take up programs with multiple partners (intra or inter institutions) with interlocked objectives/tasks. These institutions should initiate major programs on stack assembly engineering & system integration using available materials and understand the dynamics. Major programs should be started on BoS development (air moving devices, thermal management devices, motors, pumps, all with low power requirement, high efficiency inverters and converters), system development and integration of the components. Merit of such programs should include power density at given cost, weight, lifetime and manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat components.

3.3.2 Strategy to Bridge the Gap

3.3.2.1 Basic Strategy

LT-PEMFC technology has been demonstrated but durability studies at component and long term performance of the cell have not carried out. Most of the results reported are based on electrochemical studies. Only a few groups are working on stack and system development. Efforts for the manufacturing R&D were not made. Large number of research groups engaged in hydrogen research and trained man power availability is on the increase. System level development is very low. Hydrogen infrastructure is very poor. Financial support for basic research is high, which needs to be necessarily linked with applied research / technology development. Industry participation is poor. With increased demand on energy requirement for both transport and stationary power, business opportunity is high and scope of advanced R&D as well. Further delay in technology development will lead to International players flooding their products in Indian market, legging behind the domestic industries. Research may be continued for the development of low cost durable membranes, increased tolerance for impurities in feed, reduction in catalyst cost, improvement in durability and performance improvement of low temperature and high temperature PEMFC. Thus, there is need for vertical research instead of horizontal research. FocusedR&D may be initiated under the following areas:

47  High-throughput catalyst synthesis and basic characterization  Reduction in catalyst loading on electrodes  Manufacturing processes and materials for fuel cell systems.  Development of diagnostic techniques to help optimize cost/lifetime of fuel cell systems to aid commercialization  Low-cost purification systems for hydrogen reformers  Accelerated life testing of components and systems  Standards and regulations related to deployment of systems  Design scalable, high-throughput fabrication processes for high- performance MEAs.  In line quality control for production  High-Speed Sealing of Cell Components and Cell Stacks  Controlling the thickness and conformity of the catalyst layers as they are deposited on the membranes.  Expand the operating range of MEAs (temperature, relative humidity, tolerance to air, fuel and system-derived impurities) and improve durability with cycling  Develop sustainable MEA designs that incorporate recycling / reclamation of catalysts and membranes and/or re-use of cell components.  Non-noble metal catalysts in combination with new hydrocarbon membrane (operated at a higher temperature e.g., 150-200 oC)  Corrosion stability of support materials  Development of cost effective Fuel cell control systems, inverters and converters  Efficient Thermal management for managing low grade heat  Standardization of testing procedures to ensure common platform for all results.  Machine-vision based inspection  Information-driven manufacturing processes  Automated fuel cell stack assembly process  Mapping of electrode catalyst loading using suitable techniques such as X-Ray Florescence  Degradation Signature Identification for Stack Operation Diagnostic (Design)  Address the vehicular PEM fuel cell performance issues affected by hydrogen fuel contaminants.  Generate database from which alternate solutions may result e.g., development of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that are contaminant immune and regenerative procedures for mea’s using low / inferior quality hydrogen gas  environmental testing of fuel cell systems

48  Transient tests for accelerated load profiles o Continuous idle to full load tests o Continuous half load to full load tests o Fast deceleration tests  Investigating the electrical, thermal and environmental performance of the fuel cells over a wide range of power loads

3.3.2.2 Identification of the application areas

PEM fuel cells (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) are ideally suited for application requiring less than 100 kW in stationary / distributed power generation. The quick start-up and low temperature operation of LT-PEMFC is ideally suited for strategic sectors. The stationary application does not require stringent volume / weight issues normally associated with transportation application. Initial application could be in niche areas such as telecommunication towers in remote areas. Currently, back-up power to these towers is provided by batteries for the short-duration and noisy and low- efficiency DG sets for long duration. In some locations where there is no gird connectivity, they are run completely on DG sets. With the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s directive of 2012 is to power 50% of all rural telecom base station towers and 33% of all urban towers in the country by hybrid solutions within 5-years, there is a huge impetus for the deployment of fuel cells for such applications. Hybrid solutions involve a combination of renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen fuel cells, and grid electricity.

Natural extension is to IT companies, hotels, shopping malls, remote areas like meteorological stations eventually reaching common households as back-up power units.

PEMFC is ideally suited for transportation application. However fuel cell stacks for transportation application requires meeting stringent size and weight targets. The first step could be to develop PEMFC for application Materials handling Devices such as forklifts. The specification targets for this application can be met. Application in transport especially cargo handling trucks (Small, Medium, Large) could be the next application followed by use in buses. The other applications may be in refrigerated trucks for dairy products / short life food commodities, sea ports and rail yards.

Other niche areas like airports, sea ports can also be addressed.

3.3.2.3 National Targets

The success of achieving the targets depends on selecting the projects for support for development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) in India.

49 The funding agencies should consider calling for proposals for specific development instead of total fuel cell stack development alone. This would bring in more working groups. Special attempts should be made for the development of fuel cell stacks for transportation application. If possible a distinction needs to be made between these two application regimes and thus the targets. Projects should be initiated on developing test benches for use in evaluating the fuel cell stacks. Presently, most of the project proposals include cost of an imported test bench which constitutes a substantial part of the project cost. The following targets can be set for development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems for different applications:

(i) Capacity vis-à-vis Application Targets

Telecom towers 3-5 kW Urban households 1-5 kW Small trucks 3-10 kW Medium trucks 10-15 kW Large trucks 25 -50 kW Submarine application and buses 50-120 kW

(ii) Development Targets

Different groups in the country have already demonstrated up to 25kW of LT-PEMFC stacks whereas for HT-PEMFC the development, including the membranes, is mostly at its initial stage. Not more than 1kW stack has been demonstrated so far. However, considering the advantages of HT-PEMFC over the LT-PEMFC particularly in terms of higher CO tolerance by the former and the possibility combined heat and power or combined cooling and power, it is proposed to pursue the development of HT-PEMFC more aggressively than LT-PEMFC in this country. Accordingly, the following time targets may be fixed for the development and deployment of these fuel cells:

Fuel Cell Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Type 2018) 20) 2022)

HT-PEMFC Up to 5kW Up to 25kW Up to 50kW

LT-PEMFC Up to 25kW Up to 50kW Up to 120kW

The efficiency target may be 37-40% for the phase-I, which may be enhanced to ~50% by the end of phase-III.

50 All the units should be capable of cold start down to a temperature of at least -20oC.

Precise cost targets are difficult to be fixed at this stage. However, an approximate cost target of Rs.2.5 lakh/kW for LT-PEMFC systems of more than 5 kW capacity with a durability of 5000h (stationary application) could be aimed at during the first phase. The system should comprise of stack, air supply units, thermal and humid units, power electronics, sensors and control units using a maximum of 30% imported components. In the second phase, the target may be Rs.2.5 lakh/kW with completely indigenous components. However, the ultimate target at the end of Phase-III could beRs.50,000/kW, with adaptation of best practices in manufacturing. One of the global projections based on a very high volume production (500,000 units per year) is as follows:

Fig. 7: Cost Estimate of PEMFC Fuel Cells over the years.

Another very important criterion is the power density of the stack. The target may be 1kW/L during the first phase to be enhanced to 2kW/L at the end of phase-III from the current level of ~200W/L.

In order to reach the targets mentioned above, several key materials and components e.g. membrane, GDL, monomer dispersions, and catalysts may continue to be imported, at least for some more time.Efforts need to be put in to ease their import as well as enable their manufacturing in the country, on an urgent basis.Importing of several key machines will also be essential to proceed with automation to achieve the cost targets mentioned above,

PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL

54 4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

4.1 International Activity

PAFC systems were initially developed for military applications in the decade of seventies in USA. Spurred by the initial success, the technology is further developed for commercial applications by companies such as M/s UTC, USA. A packaged module of around 250kW using PAFC for power generation with online reformer based on propane/LPG was tried in different parts of the world. The technology was also used and further developed by companies such as M/s Toshiba and M/s. Fuji electric Japan.

Commercial plants ranging up to several hundreds of kilowatts with a fuel processor (reformer) are being developed and have shown PAFC life to be more than 45000 operational hours and more than 85% availability of the plant during its entire life cycle. These plants were accomplished using CNG/LPG/ land fill gases as the primary fuel that got converted to hydrogen rich reformer gas by the online fuel processor. Such commercial plants are available for outright purchase and the units being modular may be easily transported. Multiple units can be used to meet higher demand. The systems developed are mainly for catering to base load onsite power generation and can be operated continuously.

Companies such as M/s UTC have also developed a variant for operating city buses with a PAFC unit along with methanol reformer as an onboard Hydrogen source. The buses mounted with PAFC and reformer systems were demonstrated successfully at Georgetown, USA.

4.2 National Status

Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Corporate R&D has carried out lot of research work in development of PAFC stacks. In this regard, a 2x25 kW unit was developed and operated using Hydrogen from the Chlor -alkali industries. Further, BHEL (R&D) procured a 200kW PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba that uses LPG as the primary fuel and was installed and operated successfully by BHEL (R&D) engineers. This activity was discontinued due to problem of leaching of electrolyte (phosphoric acid) and maintenance issues.

Naval Materials research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, one of DRDO’s Naval cluster laboratories undertook a long term PAFC development plan in the early nineties. Initial efforts focused on development of all materials & related technologies necessary for PAFC technology, which was then, transformed to willing industry partners. Accordingly, PAFC stacks

55 ranging from 1kW to few kWs have been developed and produced through industry for tests & evaluation.

NMRL has also developed other accessories such as fuel processors viz, compact, planar methanol reformers and Borohydride hydrolyzers coupled with power electronics to feed conditioned power solutions for defence applications. Products such as onsite, mobile/transportable power generators ranging from 1kW to 15 kW were developed and demonstrated successfully for field applications with very low signatures.

The laboratory has finally transferred the technology to M/s Thermax Ltd, Pune,who have set up a manufacturing facility for PAFC based on a technology developed by NMRL (DRDO)and have already manufactured and supplied to DRDO (through a buy-back arrangement) 24 units of 3kW stacks for their strategic applications. The facility is provided with all sub- manufacturing modules to manufacture electrodes from basic raw materials, assemble them in the form of fuel cell stacks and conduct elaborate testing of each stack for meeting the strict quality control requirements of NMRL necessary for defence establishments. A large scale skilled manpower for manufacture of fuel cells is also being built in the process.

This is so far the only example of a successful indigenous production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in the development of underwater power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote and sensitive areas.

4.3 Gap Analysis and Technology Road Map

With the initiatives taken by NMRL and Thermax Ltd., India has already taken the very first and the most important step for commercialization of fuel cell technology in this country. Even though this particular type of fuel cell has certain inherent drawbacks such as use of corrosive electrolyte together with expensive platinum catalyst in relatively large quantities, the technology can still be pursued in the country particularly for large capacity (MW scale) distributed stationary power plants in the civilian sector till alternative fuel cells of the same scale are available for deployment.

4.3.1 Identification of Potential Application Areas

Land based applications are distributed power for remote area, sensitive location and tent city application. Marine applications are underwater powering and all electric ship propulsion civilian spinoffs applications are high

56 efficiency power generators for distributed applications, Hydrogen grid area powering, powering of large transport vehicles etc. 4.3.2 National Targets in next 10 years

(i) Land based distributed power systems for forward area power using local energy harvesting with civil spinoffs:

(a) Broad spectrum fuel processor technologies viz, diesel reforming, CNG/LPG reforming, Bio-ethanol reforming and direct Hydrogen feed from solar/wind power systems including hybrids with fuel cell power plants.

(b) Deployment of an aggregate of around 10 MW of PAFC field generators of various capacities for defence applications, static and field mobile platforms, distributed power generation.

(ii) Lowering of production cost with technology development for cheaper components of the fuel cell plants to lower the PAFC cost to less than Rs 30,000/kW inclusive of accessories.

(iii) Underwater and marine propulsion applications for defence use.

4.3.3 Technology Gaps

(i) Low cost PAFC catalyst: Research on development of low noble metal content catalyst, structured inter digitated electrodes, improved support etc.

(ii) Fuel processor technology for broad spectrum fuel: Technology for compact diesel fuel processor along with multi-purpose reformers for various fuels like Dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, CNG etc.

4.3.4 Development Plan

The time frame for different capacities for PAFC systems may be as follows:

Fuel Cell Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Type 2018) 20) 2022) PAFC Up to 50kW Up to 100 kW Up to 250 kW

(i) Primary technology development initiatives may be taken by DRDO research groups through technical projects. These groups will be responsible for the development of the basic technology.

57 (ii) In-house R&D will be carried out based on strong research areas and core competence of DRDO. Research work as per requirement and expertise will be outsourced to Indian Research organizations as sub- projects.

(iii) Mature Technologies if available abroad will be assimilated through technology transfer to DRDO project group or to DRDO nominated industry partner as applicable.

(iv) Assimilation of technology for system development: A core group inside DRDO to hold the know-how and know-whys of the technologies developed and will be responsible for transferring the technologies to Indian industries for realization of the products for the user. DIITM at DRDO Hqrs in association with FICCI may be the main interface with Indian Industries.

(v) Business plan to realize system is as per DRDO’s rule viz to transfer the technologies to relevant industry through technical report, training and support to develop the equipment and infrastructure. ToT fees with commitment to effect supplies for DRDO & Indian Armed Forces will be decided by DIITM.

4.3.5 Challenges towards PAFC Technology Commercialization

(i) High cost of production of PAFC is primary impediment towards its commercialization. (ii) The fuel infrastructure that is mostly for fossil fuel need to be upgraded to enable renewable fuel usage. Additionally, fuel processors to adapt fossil fuel to be inducted for operational flexibility and better marketability. (iii) There are various restrictions to use fuel cell power plants that need expensive and complicated control systems. Rugged PAFC technology with minimal operational restrictions needs to be developed & commercialized to meet the market expectations.

SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL

60 5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

5.1 International Activity

Research on SOFC has reached to a reasonably matured stage, particularly in the advanced countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK, Denmark, Australia, Japan etc., where commercialization of the technology seems to be viable through prototype demonstration as well as installation of systems, particularly for residential and transport applications. The technology development so far has been realized through major programmes such as Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), USA, Framework program on SOFC (Europe), NEDO (Japan) etc. One of the key features of all such programmes has been the industry-institute participation with clear cut objectives and deliverables to achieve the final goal. As an outcome of these programmes, several industries have built up their capabilities to develop the technology. The following companies are active in SOFC development and demonstration in recent years.

Westinghouse and Siemens were pioneers in SOFC development. However there seems to no activity reported by these companies in recent years. The prominent players presently are: Accumentrics, Bloom Energy, Delphi, Protonex , Ultra Electronics AMI, Lockheed Martin, Versa Power, FCE( USA), Ceres Power (UK), LG Fuel cell systems ( South Korea), Elogenis, Convion/Wartsila (Finland), Hexis AG (Swiss), SOFC power ApA,(Italy), Staxera-Sunfire, Germany, Topsøe Fuel Cell (Denmark), Kyocera, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan), Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (Australia).

Acumetrics with Sumitomo in Japan has developed micro tubular anode supported SOFC. They have built 1 kW micro-CHP system for the home. Bloom Energy has seen fastest growth in SOFC deployment. They have already deployed a large number of SOFC systems (Planar design) in 100 kW range at Google, Coca-Cola and Bank of America and eBay. Bloom Energy have some R&D and production activity in India also. Delphi is focusing on SOFC solution (anode supported planar design) for APU application in Volvo trucks. They are also participating in the Integrated Gasification Fuel Cells Power Plant (IGFC) project with UTRC. Protonex, which acquired Mesoscopic Devices LLC develops SOFC systems based on tubular-cell technology for portable and mobile applications. Ultra Electronics AMI is engaged in developing small SOFC systems in the power range 250- 300 watts, which operate on propane, butane and LPG. Lokheed Martins program is on integrating SOFC with solar panels. Versa Power, which also has Fuel cell Energy, a leading company in MCFC is working on SOFC-GT systems with an ultimate aim of 250 kW and above with integrated coal gasification. Ceres Power develops micro-CHP SOFC systems (metal

61 supported structures) for the residential sector and for energy security applications. Elcogenics has demonstrated 1 kW IT-SOFC system, which is based on anode supported cells. Hexisdeveloped planar SOFC-based CHP units for stationary applications with electrical power requirements below 10 kW, which integrates a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reactor. The cell design is unique flow field design. The LG Fuel cell system (SOFC-μGT) based on the technology from Rolls Royce technology is also being positioned for use in integrated coal gasification plants with sizes greater than 100 MW.SOFCpower SpA develops anode supported SOFC (1 kW) for micro CHP applications. The Staxera SOFC stacks (4.5 kW) use ferritic bipolar plates and electrolyte supported cell configuration. Topsøe Fuel Cell, focuses on the development of residential micro-CHP and auxiliary power units with SOFC planar anode-supported technology (1-5 kW), Topsøe with Wärtsilä have installed 20 kW SOFC, which uses land fill gas. They plan to scale this to 250 KW system eventually. Convion/Wärtsilä are reported to have developed and commercialized 50 kW and larger SOFC products for distributed power generation markets. Kyocera is developing micro-CHP systems (750-1000 watts) for ‘ENEFARM’ program and is collaborating with a number of companies like Osaka gas, Toyota, JX Nippon Oil in these demonstrations. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a long experience in SOFC. They demonstrated a pressurized 21 kW SOFC in 1998. They also demonstrated a SOFC-micro CHP (75 kW) in 2004, which has been now scaled up to 229 MW. Their mono block technology with planar cell includes internal reforming. Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited manufactures and markets planar SOFC anode-supported technology systems for small-scale cogeneration (1.5 kW). It is expected that 100.000 units will be delivered in the next 6 years.

Lowering the operation temperature to around 500-800oC is one of the major objectives of recent SOFC research activity. The main challenge is that to develop cell materials with acceptably low ohmic and polarization losses to maintain sufficiently high electrochemical activity at reduced temperature. The nano scale engineering and nano-structured approached in the development of high efficient and high performance electrodes in SOFC is a relatively a new phenomenon. The nano composites will tremendously reduce the working temperature of conventional SOFC from 1000oC to 300oC which opens new opportunities and success by employing composites and nano technology.

5.2 National Status

In India, there has been a spurt in SOFC research since the last decade. The relevant research has primarily been catered by the academic institutions and Government R&D organizations. However, there is a growing

62 interest among many private and PSU organizations which are initiating their own R&D programmes. Though many institutions as listed in Table given below may be considered to have research activities related to SOFC, these activities have largely been limited to material development, except CSIR- CGCRI, Kolkata and BARC, Mumbai, where efforts have been made to develop the total technology with varying degrees of achievements.

Table – Indian Institutions active in the field of SOFC

Sl. Institution and Major area of activity/achievements No. Department 1. CSIR-CGCRI, Planar anode-supported SOFC including Kolkata (Fuel Cell & component materials, single cells, high Battery Division) temperature seals and stack. Recently demonstrated 500 W class SOFC stack 2. BARC, Mumbai Cathode-supported tubular SOFC including component materials through indigenous processing for cell fabrication 3. CSIR-IMMT, Cell fabrication through low cost processing Bhubaneshwar technique, EPD, in particular; testing of (Colloids & Materials single cells Chemistry Division) 4. IIT, Delhi (Chemical Material development and cell fabrication for Engg. Dept.) direct hydrocarbon SOFC, DMFC and its test protocols 5. CSIR-NCL, Pune Novel anode catalyst formulations for (Catalysis Division) internal reforming of methane 6. NMRL, Ambernath With a strong expertise on PAFC recently initiated program on SOFC research 7. IIT, Bombay (Dept. of Modelling, simulation and material Energy Science development &Engg.) 8. IIT, Madras (Dept. of Development of alternative materials, Metallurgical and fabricated a tape casting machine to make Materials single cells and developed a single cell Engineering) testing station. 9. IIT, Kanpur (Dept. of Development of YSZ electrolyte and ceria Materials & based anode material Metallurgical Engg.) 10. CSIR-NAL, Tubular SOFC, plasma sprayable Bangalore (Surface component materials for SOFC Engg. Division) 11. IIT, Kharagpur 63 (Depts. Of Materials Material development, Modelling and & Metallurgical Engg. simulation And Mechanical Engg.) 12. Shivaji University, Development of YSZ &NiO, NiO variation in Kolhapur (Physics NiO/GDC nano-composites, yttrium doped

Deptt.) BaCeO3thin films and study of morphological & electrical properties of materials for SOFCs at various substrate temperatures. 13 Thapar University, Synthesis and characterization of cathode Patiala (School of materials (bismuth based), solid electrolytes Physics & Materials (lanthanum based perovskite materials), Science) interconnects and various glass sealants. 14 BHEL, Hyderabad & Anode-supported single cell and glass seal CTI, Bangalore of SOFC. Strong expertise on PAFC including system integration 15 ARCI Development SOFC with novel architecture 16 GAIL, Noida Planning to develop test facilities for SOFC stack using natural gas 17 Bloom Energy, Pune Assembly of imported parts for supply to & GE India, Principals Bangalore 18 NTPC, New Delhi Planning to initiate SOFC activity 19 MayurREnergy, Pune Collaboration with IKTS, Dresden for assembly and supply of SOFC stacks in the India for residential application

 CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has the strongest R&D group for technology development in the area of SOFC, which was initiated in the mid 90’s. The initial activities were focused on materials development. In recent years stack development is given major thrust, which has resulted in the demonstration of a 250 watts stack (anode supported , ferrite steel based metallic interconnect) in 2011, followed by a 500 watts stack in 2013, and 1kW stack in 2015 using anew SOFC bi-polar stack design.  BARC is focusing on developing tubular SOFC. The R&D activities include materials development by different routes, electrolytic coating by electrochemical vapor deposition (ECVD) process, dip coating, spray deposition and electrophoretic deposition etc. The programme, however, is slowly tapering down.  IIMT, Bhubaneswar is working on development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) using low-cost ceramic processing techniques like electrophoretic deposition, slip-casting, dry pressing etc. They are developing a 1kW

64 stack. They are also developing alternative anode material, that is tolerant to sulphur under the Indo-UK Fuel Cell Initiative Programme  NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with Cambridge University is developing metal supported SOFC and plan to build 1 kW stacks shortly.  CSIR-NAL started working developing materials and processes for the tubular SOFC from 10th Plan. Anode supported button cells with a power density of 350 mW/cm2together with tape casting process, interconnect, sealant and test bench were developed. Recently, activities on fabrication of self-reforming anode supported SOFCs for direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuel and intermediate temperature SOFC have been initiated. CSIR- NAL is in the process of transferring technology for the fabrication of SOFC electrodes to some industries. Currently, work is focused towards the development of a stack with 50 W power.  Materials of SOFC and IT-SOFC are being pursued at IIT-M [rare earth

doped zirconia and ceria, BaCeO3 based proton conducting oxides (PCO)] , IIT-D ( anode supported SOFC, Cu-Co bimetallic impregnated in CeO2 – YSZ cermet anodes , Yttrium and Lanthanum doped Strontium titanates) , Thapar University (of bismuth based cathode materials and lanthanum

based perovskite materials for the electrolyte applications, SiO2-BaO-ZnO- M2O3-B2O3 (M=Al, Mn, Y, La) based glass sealants , SiO2-B2O3-MgO- SrO-A2O3 (A=Y, La, Al) based glasses),  IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur have also recently initiated SOFC activities on new materials development along with simulation & modelling for planar SOFC. International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad has started working in SOFC on a typical design of honeycomb structures for specific application. In addition to R&D establishments, multi-national companies such as GE (India), Bangalore and Bloom Energy (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai have ventured into this area, primarily to assemble imported parts supplied by their principals. BHEL, CTI, Bangalore has initiated the research work with SOFC single cell testing using their own developed glass based seals. NTPC has also planned to initiate activities on SOFC. With respect to gasification of Indian coal, Thermax Limited, Pune is involved in building a gasifier for coal and biomass for quite sometimes and now looking for application of bio gas in SOFC.

Thus, it may be commented at this point that through research initiatives at various levels, the overall strength in the field, in terms of knowledge base, skilled manpower and infrastructural facility, the SOFC development has reached a degree of maturity where, at least, pre- commercial trials is envisaged in near future through well-framed network programmes involving R&D organizations, Academia and Industry.

5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap

Application National International Suggestive Suggestive Approximat area target/status target/status pathway to bridge organization e timeframe the gap for action Single Cell Planar anode- Both for planar R&D on scale-up CGCRI, 2014-2016 design and supported of and tubular for high BARC, HR size dimension 10 cm x designs, much performance and Johnson Ltd., 10 cm x 1.5 mm larger dimension redox stable cell MayurEenergy (CGCRI) and cells are fabrication Tubular cathode- fabricated on a through industrial supported (BARC, production scale. tie up and/or NAL) of length upto For anode- collaboration ~15 cm. supported cells, (both national and Cells are being the anode international) fabricated in lab thickness is scale only typically between 0.3 to 0.7 mm. Component Production of Facilities Indigenization of all Indian Rare 2014-2016 materials relevant component available for component Earth Ltd., (Conven- powders in Kg level. supply of all the powders for their BARC. MNRE tional) (Except for BARC, component production with YSZ powder is powders in 10’s proper QC through mainly imported by of Kg Identification of other organizations) suitable industry Component No focused target in Materials are in R&D on CGCRI, IITs 2014-2017 materials the national level. advance stage of development of and other (New) Some stray efforts development, internally academic are being made by particularly for LT- reformable anode institutes different groups to SOFC and direct materials and develop alternate hydrocarbon fuel alternate materials materials for SOFC applications. for LT-SOFC applications. Stack and system 1 kW. Till now > 10 kW. 1 to 2 R&D to improve CGCRI, BHEL 2015-2020 (a) Rating demonstrated 500W- kW stack upon stack class stack (CGCRI) available in the efficiency and in planar design market (but at develop upto 5 kW

66 very high cost) stack in planar mainly in the design planar design Mainly H2 with target Both H2 and R&D on CGCRI, 2014-2017 (b) Fuel to use natural gas natural gas have development of Thermax India, been used. new materials as IITs and other Utilization of stated above academic gasified coal and and/or institutes biogas has been development of targeted. external reformers (c) Seal (for Glass-ceramics Stacks can be R&D to develop CGCRI, BARC, 2014-2017 planar based rigid sealants thermally cycled self-healing and/or Thapar Univ. SOFC) have been between ambient compressive type developed by and working non-rigid sealants CGCRI. R&D temperatures. for thermal initiated on thermally cyclability. cyclable sealant No activity has been Complete system Research related BHEL, BARC, 2017-2022 (d) System initiated yet with BOP and to system Thermax India, integration thermal integration, NTPC, GAIL management has simulation, thermal IITs, CGCRI been developed management, BOP, etc,

5.3.1 Issues / Challenges for Commercialization of the Technology in the Country

Necessary expertise and knowledge-base has been generated in the country to a stage where development of the total SOFC technology seems to be definitely feasible. However, for commercialization of the technology, there are certain issues/challenges that need to be looked into. The following are some of the key issues:  No concerted efforts have been made so far to develop the technology under a national program involving institute-industry- academia. Whatever successful commercialization has been made so far in the advanced countries, are mainly through such national programs (e.g. SECA in USA) only.  As SOFC technology is related to an alternate source of energy, import of key component materials in future may be restricted and/or become more costly  Global competition from various existing manufacturers, particularly from China  Significant financial requirement for establishment of the technology

5.3.2 National Targets

Considering several advantages of the technology, particularly in terms of fuel flexibility, overall efficiency, possibility combined heat and power utilization and the level of expertise available in the country, it is suggested that the development of this technology should be taken up in the “mission mode” with the following time schedule and targeted capacities.

Fuel Cell Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Type 2018) 20) 2022)

SOFC Up to 5kW Up to 25kW Up to 100kW

DIRECT METHANOL / ETHANOL FUEL CELL

70 6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell

6.1 International Activity

6.1.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

In 1951, Kordesch and Marko identified for the first time the possibility of using methanol as a fuel for fuel cell system. However, the major developmental milestones for DMFC technology did not come until the 1960s. At this time, methanol was being steam reformed to produce hydrogen which was subsequently used in fuel cell systems. In developing DMFC systems, researchers hoped to find a way of removing the reforming step and enabling the direct use of methanol to produce electricity. In 1963, researchers at Allis- Chalmers tested a methanol fuel cell which used potassium hydroxide as an alkaline electrolyte. The degradation of the alkaline electrolyte by carbonate formation was observed as part of this work and the theory of regenerating carbonate ions to hydroxide ions was proposed. By 1965, both Shell and ESSO had given much attention for the development of DMFC systems. Shell chose to research the use of aqueous sulphuric acid electrolyte in favor of alkaline electrolyte as this was unaffected by the carbon dioxide produced in the electrochemical reaction. ESSO also produced a direct methanol-air fuel cell which utilized sulphuric acid electrolyte. This system was developed for the US Army Electronics Laboratories for use in portable military communications equipment. Also in 1965, Binder developed catalysts for DMFC technology based on noble metal alloys. In 1992, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Giner and the University of Southern California developed a DMFC which operated with a Nafion membrane. The solid nature of the membrane meant that it became necessary to deliver methanol fuel to the anode rather than through the electrolyte as had been the case in the sulphuric acid system. This new fuel delivery method thus began to resemble the modern day design of DMFC technology much more closely.

DMFC are best suited to applications under 100 W. SFC Energy (SFC) was one of the first companies to successfully commercialize a fuel cell consumer product and the first to do so in the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) sector. Its range of DMFC products targeted at consumers, industrial users and military users. OorjaProtonics offers a different approach to the Materials Handling Vehicle (MHV) market: instead of replacing lead-acid batteries with fuel cells, it offers DMFC charger that sits on top of the existing battery and extends its operation. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corporation develops and manufactures disposable methanol fuel cartridges that provide the energy source for fuel cell powered notebook computers, mobile phones, military equipment and other applications being developed by electronics OEMs, such as Samsung and Toshiba, and other companies. DMFC Corporation has

71 licensed an extensive portfolio of direct methanol fuel cell patents from Pasadena-based California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the University of Southern California (USC). DMFCC is partnered with Samsung and other companies engaged in fuel cell development and applications. Small, portable fuel cells for hand-held devices are being developed by a number of companies. For instance, Toshiba (Tokyo: 6502 JP) has already developed a direct methanol fuel cell for use in electronic equipment, which they are currently integrating into several electronic prototypes, including digital music players and laptop computers.

However, in order to be competitive within the transport market, the DMFC must be reasonably cheap and capable of delivering high power densities. At present, there are a few challenging problems in development of such systems. These mainly consist in finding i) electrocatalysts which can effectively enhance the electrode-kinetics of methanol oxidation ii) electrolyte membranes which have high ionic conductivity and low methanol crossover and iii) methanol tolerant electro-catalysts with high activity for oxygen reduction. One of the biggest challenge is engineering a product.

6.1.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

One of the challenges in DEFC is the incomplete oxidation of ethanol to produce hydrogen gas. Several studies have been reported that new catalysts, which are better than the conventional catalyst, have been used in DMFC. Scientists from California Institute of Technology, San Francisco, USA developed direct ethanol fuel cell, which exhibit a power density of 110 mW/cm2 under extremely severe conditions (Nafion®-silica, 1400C., 4 bar anode, 5.5 bar oxygen). A team of researchers from Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA and University of Delaware have synthesized a ternary

PtRhSnO2/C electro catalyst, which produces electrical currents 100 times higher than those produced with other catalysts. Scientists at the Kyushu

Institute of Technology, Japan have found that addition of TiO2, SnO2, and SiO2 nanoparticles to the carbon-supported PtRu (PtRu/C) in the ratio 1:1 increased the short circuit current from 2.8 to 9.0 mA/cm2.

6.2 National Status

SPIC Science Foundationin Chennai demonstrated a 250 watts DMFC in the early 2000s. Subsequently there has been no report from this group. CSIR–CECRI has been addressing several issues related to DMFC. These include Identifying and qualifying methanol tolerant catalysts and electrocatalysts for enhanced methanol oxidation, PEMs with reduced methanol permeability, customization of flow fields and end plates for stack building,

72 custom designing BOP with application centric approach and validation of durability of components and system are focused. The following are the list of electro catalyst supports that have been found to yield better performance than the state-of-the-art catalyst reported in the literature. (i) Transition Metal Carbide supported Pt-Ru Anode catalyst (Methanol oxidation).

(ii) Pt-Ru decorated self-assembled TiO2-Carbon hybrid nano structure (EnhancedMethanol electro-oxidation). (iii) Carbon-Supported Pt-Pd Alloy cathode catalyst (Methanol tolerant). (iv) Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol- tolerant oxygen reduction electro catalyst.

(v) Pt-Y(OH)3/C cathode catalyst.

These electro catalysts have not only been assessed for respective reaction kinetics but also tested on single cell configuration (25 cm2) with standard flow field using Nafion 117 as the electrolyte. Similar to the approach shown above, different kinds of proton exchange membranes originating from Nafion and also non-Nafion source particularly from natural and synthetic polymers have been developed and validated with standard flow field and electro catalyst configurations: (i) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) blend. (ii) Mordenite-PVA-PSSA composite. (iii) PVA-Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)-heteropolyacid (HPA) mixed matrices. (iv) Chitosan(CS)-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)-phosphotungstic acid(PTA) mixed matrices.

All these polymers have been configured specific to reducing methanol permeability using different concepts of poly blending and cross linking polymer chemistry with the possibility of realizing proton conductivity close to Nafion 117. While doing so, the methanol impermeability has been taken into consideration with a little sacrifice on proton conductivity. This gives rise to a factor called “Electrochemical selectivity” that decides the choice of appropriate polymer membrane suiting to the desired configuration of DMFC.

The following two tables show the different concepts used in evolving the resultant macromolecular network and electrochemical selectivity obtained for the competing polymer electrolyte membrane:

Membrane Type Concept used PVA – PSSA blend Interpenetrating network / PVA cross – linked with GA. Mordenite – PVA – PSSA Dispersed phase of the inorganic filler and continuous phase of PVA

73 PVA – SSA- HPA – PSSA improving overall PVA – SSA- CS, PVA –GA- CS electrochemical selectivity for the membrane. Providing a bridge for proton Bio-polymeric natural CS, Na Alg transport through SSA. Stabilizing mixed matrices. through larger cations (Cs) for better dispersion and enhancing DMFC performance. Preferential water absorption helpful in restricting methanol cross over in DMFCs. Hydrophilizing PVDF with chemical Pore filled PVDF membrane etchant route, formation of charge transfer complex

Besides electro active components, CECRI has also optimized flow field pattern required for efficient DMFC operation and to avoid leakage. A 50 W self-sustained DMFC has been designed and evaluated for continuous longer hours operation. It has been shown that by careful balancing methanol and water, it is possible to customize the DMFC for an uninterrupted operation. The present efforts are directed towards the following action plan: Increase the gravimetric power density of DMFC stack to 200W/kg, improve flow distribution, current distribution, metallic flow field design, MEMS based bipolar plate, reduce methanol crossover, improved stack design, lighter/thinner end and bipolar plates, miniature control system.

IIT Delhi developed 3 W stack based of direct alcohol (methanol and ethanol) flowing alkaline electrolyte fuel cells and direct alcohol proton exchange membrane fuel cell. They developed a direct ethanol fuel cell using Nafion membrane and a novel bi/tri-metallic catalyst with a performance of 50- 70 mW/cm2. Work on non-noble metal catalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions is going on. They have developed direct glucose fuel cells with power density of 5-10 mW/cm2. The mathematical modelling of SOFC, PEMFC and DAFC is also carried out.

6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap

As mentioned earlier, DEFC has recently attracted much research attention due to its non-toxicity, its availability from renewable sources and low ethanol fuel-crossover compared with methanol. Ethanol is a hydrogen- rich liquid and it has a higher energy density (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to methanol (6.1 kWh/kg). But DEFC has low power output compared to DMFC. On other hand DMFC has problem of fuel cross over which is less in DEFC. The performance of the DEFC is currently about half that of the DMFC.

74 Reason being the electro-catalytic oxidation of ethanol in a direct ethanol polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is known to be more complex and incomplete than that of methanol. Low-temperature oxidation of ethanol to hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide requires a more active catalyst with excellent selectivity, which typically means a good combination of bimetallic, trimetallic platinum based catalyst, is required than in conventional catalysts used for DMFC. Thus investigation of ethanol electro-oxidation reaction mechanisms on electrode is important and needs to be investigated. The amount of catalyst used in direct alcohol fuel cell is normally very high and efforts are required to address this issue. Methanol crossover is one of the major obstacles to prevent DMFC from commercialization. There are very few studies of short stack or stack development and associated engineering issues. These need to be looked into.

Transfer of technology from abroad may be required for the development of balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC. Packaging product DEFC or DMFC as power source for portable equipment requires precise design and optimization of design parameter for BOP and precise control of the same. There are couple of Korean, Taiwan and German manufacturers, who are in advance stage of commercialization for the use of DMFC and back-up power for telecom tower, utility vehicle such as golf cart, scooter and portable electronic equipment.

6.4 National Targets

Depending on the power capacity of the product, three main areas of applications can be national targets such as:

(i) Consumer Electronics Applications: 50-250W with an energy density of 500-800Wh/L. Although India’s contribution to electronics industry in general is only 0.7%, the Indian industry and R&D institutions in general can provide breakthrough to portable fuel cell.

(ii) Other applications e.g.two wheelers, golf cart, mini trucks, residential and small business establishments etc.: 1-5 kW having energy density of 800 – 1000Wh/L.

(iii) Time schedule may be as follows:

(iv) Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Fuel Cell Type 2018) 20) 2022)

Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW DMFC/DEFC 75

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-FUEL CELL

78 7.0 Different Types of Bio-Fuel Cell

7.1 Working Principle and classification of bio-fuel cell

The fuel cells, which use different forms of bio-catalysts, are normally referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. They are relatively of more recent origin and require significant extent of basic/ fundamental research before technology development effort may be initiated in this country.

There are two major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1) Microbial fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst for the electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels.A generalized schematic of a bio-fuel half-cell is presented in Fig. 4 and an overview of different types of bio-fuel cells is presented in Fig. 7.

Fig.7: Schematic of a generalized half-bio-fuel cell. A fuel is oxidized (or oxidant reduced) with the help of a biological component (organism or enzyme), and electrons are transferred to (or from) a mediator, which either diffuses to or is associated with the electrode and is oxidized (or reduced) to its original state and thus act as a catalyst.

7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell

As mentioned above, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts chemical energy of a fuel (generally a liquid) to electrical energy by the catalytic activity of microorganisms, which helps to generate both electrons and protons at the anode. Use of various types of microorganisms has been reported for this purpose. For example, brevibacillus sp. PTH1 has been one of the most extensively used microorganisms in a MFC system. Others include firmicutes, acidobacteria, proteobacteria and yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae and hansenulaanomala etc.

Bio-fuelCell

Fig.8: Classification of bio-fuel cells.

Microbial bio-fuel cells have the major advantage of complete oxidation of the fuels due to the use of microorganism as catalyst system and their lifetime is generally quite long. Besides, as there is no intermediate process involved, they are very efficient energy conversion devices. In addition, as a fuel cell, a MFC doesnot need charging during operation. However, there are certain bottlenecks. Power generation of a MFC is affected by many factors including microbe type, fuel biomass type and concentration, ionicstrength, pH, temperature, and reactor configuration.

The principle cell performance of MFCs lies in the electron transfer from microbial cells tothe anode electrode. The direct electron transfer from the micro-organism to electrodes is hindered by overpotential due to transfer resistance. The overpotential lowers the potentialof a MFC and significantly affects the cell efficiency. In this case, the practical outputpotential is less than ideal because the electron transfer efficiency from the substrate to theanode varies from microbe to microbe. Microorganism species do not readily releaseelectrons and hence the redox mediators are needed. A desirable mediator should have awhole range of properties: Firstly, its potential should be different from the micro-organismpotential to facilitate electron transfer. Secondly, it should have a high diffusion coefficientin the solution. Lastly, it is 80 suitable for repeatable redox cycles in order to remain active inthe electrolyte. Widely used Dye mediators such as neutral red (NR), methylene blue (MB),thionine (Th), meldola's blue (MelB) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNQ) canfacilitate electron transfer for microorganism such as Proteus, Entero-bacter, Bacillus,Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli. In the electron transfer process, these mediators arereduced by interacting with electron generated within the cell then these mediators inreduced form diffuse out of the cell to the anode surface where they are electro-catalyticallyoxidized. The oxidized mediator is then capable to repeat this redox cycle.Better performing electrodes can improve the cell performance of a MFC because differentanode materials can result in different activation of a polarization loss, which is attributed toan activation energy that must be overcome by the reactants. Carbon or graphite basedmaterials are widely used as electrodes due to their large surface area, high conductivity, biocompatibility and chemical stability. Also, platinum and gold are popular as electrode system although they are expensive. Compared with carbon basedelectrode materials, platinum and gold electrodes are superior in the performance of thecells. Besides, they have a higher catalytic kinetics towards oxygencompared to carbon based materials and hence the MFCs with Pt based cathodes yieldedhigher power densities than those with carbon based cathodes.Electrode modification is another way to improve MFC performance of cells. An increase of 100-folds in current has been observed by using (neutral red) NR-woven graphite and Mn4+-graphite anode instead of the wovengraphite anode alone. Electrode modifications including adsorptionof AQDS or 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) and incorporation with Mn2+, Ni2+, Fe3O4 increasedthe cell performance of MFCs in their long-term operations. In addition,the fluorinated polyanilines, poly (2-fluoroaniline) and poly (2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluoroaniline)outperformed polyaniline were applied for electrode modification (Niessen et al., 2006).These conductive polymers also serve as mediators due to their structural similarities toconventional redox mediators.

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) such as “Nafion” can also significantly affect a MFC system's internalresistance and concentration polarization loss because the internal resistance of MFCdecreases with the increase in the PEM surface area Compared with the performanceof MFC using a PEM or a salt bridge, the power density using the salt bridge MFC was 2.2 mW/m2 that was an order of magnitude lower than that attained using Nafion.However, side effect is unavoidable with the use of PEM. For example, the concentration ofcation species such as Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ is much higher than that of proton so thattransportation of cation species dominates. In this case, Nafion used in the MFCs is not anefficient proton specific membrane but actually a cation specific membrane. Subsequent studies have implied that anion-exchange or bipolar membranes hasbetter properties than cation exchange membranes.

81 Two promising applications of MFCs in the future are wastewater treatment and electricitygeneration. Although some noticeabledevelopment has been made in the MFC research, there are still a lot of challenges to beovercome for large-scale applications. The primary challenge is how to improve the cellperformance in terms of power density and energy efficiency. In addition, catalytic effect ofbio-electrodes need to be further enhanced to solve the problems caused by enzyme activityloss and other degradation processes. Moreover, the lifetime of the MFC must besignificantly improved.

7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cells

In enzymatic bio-fuel cells (EBFCs) redox enzymes such as glucose oxidase (GOx), laccase etc. are used as the catalysts that can facilitate the electron transfer between substrates andelectrode surface. The electron transfer mechanism may be of two types: i) Direct electron transfer (DET) and ii) Mediator electron transfer (MET). In the former, the substrate is enzymatically oxidized at the anode, producing protons and electrons which directly transfer from enzyme molecules to anodesurface. At the cathode, the oxygen reacts with electrons and protons, generating water.However, DET between an enzyme and the electrode has only been reported with a fewenzymes such as cytochrome c, laccase, hydrogenase, and several peroxidases. Some enzymes have nonconductive protein shell so that theelectron transfer is inefficient. To overcome this barrier, a mediator is therefore used to enhance thetransportation ofelectrons. The selection and mechanism of MET in EBFCs are quite similarto those of MFCs that are discussed before.

There are still some challenges in usingMET in EBFCs, such as poor diffusion of mediators and non-continuous supply. Therefore, modification of bio-electrodes to realize DET based EBFCs has attracted most attention. Like in any fuel cell, power density and lifetime are two important factors which determine the cellperformance and the application of EBFCs. Significant improvements have been made in recent times. These have been mostly achieved by modification of electrode with betterperformance, improving enzyme immobilization methods as well as optimizing the cellconfiguration.

The performance of electrodes for EBFCs mainly depends on: electron transfer kinetics, mass transport, stability, and reproducibility. The electrode is mostly made of gold, platinum or carbon as in case of conventional bio-fuel cells. Besides these conventional materials, biocompatible conducting polymers have also been used widely.

In order to maximize the cell performance, mesoporous materials have been applied in many studies because of their high surface areasthus high

82 power density could be achieved. Moreover, many attempts using nano- structuressuch as nano-particles, nano-fibers, and nano-composites as the electrode materials. The large surface area by using these nano- structuresleads to high enzyme loading and enables to improve the power density of the cells.Recently, one of the most significant advances in EBFCs is electrode modificationby employing carbon nano-tubes. Several research activities have addressed the application of single wallcarbon nano-tube hybrid system. The oriented assembly of short SWNT normal to electrodesurfaces was accomplished by the covalent attachment of the CNT to the electrode surface.It was reported that surface assembled GOx is in good electric contact with electrode due tothe application of SWNT, which acted as conductive nano-needles that electrically wire theenzyme active sites to the transducer surface. Other studies have been reported on improvingelectrochemical and electro-catalytic behavior and fast electron transfer kinetics of CNTs.It was discussed that the application of SWNTs, whichpossesses a high specific surface area, may effectively adsorb enzyme molecules and retainsthe enzyme within the polymer matrix, whereas other forms of enzyme-composites may suffer from enzyme loss when they were placed in contact with aqueous solutions.Although recent advancement in modification of electrodes appears to be promising due tothe improvement of cell performance obtained, biocompatibility and nano-toxicity need to befurther studied and addressed.

Successful immobilization of the enzymes on the electrode surface is considered as anothercritical factor that affects cell performance. The immobilization of enzyme can be achievedphysically or chemically. There are two major types of physical methods, physicalabsorption and entrapment. The first one is to absorb the enzymes onto conductive particlessuch as carbon black or graphite powders. For example, hydrogenase and laccase wereimmobilized by using physical absorption on carbon black particles to construct compositeelectrodes and the EBFCs could continuously work for 30 days. Another physicalimmobilization method is based on polymeric matrices entrapment, which usually showsmore stabilized enzyme immobilization. For example, redox polymers could be utilized to fabricateenzymatic bio-fuel cells system. For this, the electrodes were built by casting the enzyme- polymermixed solution onto a 7 μm diameters, 2 cm length carbon fibers. It showed that the glucose–oxygen bio-fuel cell was capable of generating a power density up to 0.35mW/cm2 at 0.88V. Compared with the physical immobilization which is unstableduring the operation, the chemical immobilization methods with the efficient covalentbonding of enzymes and mediators are more reliable.

However, there are still challenges for further development oflong term stability of the enzymatic bio-electrodes and efficient electron transfer betweenenzymes and electrode surfaces. Recent efforts have been given to 83 protein engineering, reliable immobilization method and novel cell configuration.

7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cells

The first micro-sized enzymatic bio fuel cell was reported in 2001. Aglucose/O2 bio-fuel cell consisted of two 7 μm diameter, 2 cm long electrocatalyst-coatedcarbon fibers operating at ambient temperature in an aqueous solutionof pH 5. The areas of theanode and the cathode of the cell were about 60 times smaller than those of the smallestreported and 180 times smaller than those of the previously reported smallest cell. The power density of the cell was 64 μW/cm2 at 23 °C and 137 μW/cm2 at 37 °C, and the power output was 280 nW at 23 °C and 600 nW at 37 °C. The results revealed that theminiature enzymatic bio-fuel cells could generate sufficient power for small powerconsumingCMOS circuit. Later, a miniature compartment-less glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell operatingin a living plant was developed. Implantation of the fibers in the grape leads to an operating bio-fuel cellproducing 2.4 μW at 0.52 V, which is adequate for operation of low-voltage CMOS/SIMOXintegrated circuits. The performance of the miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cell was upgradedto 0.78 V operating at 37 °C in a ph 5 buffer. In 2004, a miniaturesingle-compartment glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell made with the novel cathode operatedoptimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a compartmentless miniature fuel cell. The enzyme was formed by “wiring” laccase to carbon through anelectron conducting redox hydro-gel, its redox functions tethered through long and flexiblespacers to its cross-linked and hydrated polymer, which led to the apparently increasedelectron diffusion coefficient. The latest report on miniature glucose/O2 bio-fuel cellsdemonstrated a new kind of carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with single-wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs). The power density of this assembled miniaturecompartment-less glucose/O2 BFC reached 58l Wcm-1 at 0.40 V. When the cell was operatedcontinuously with an external loading of 1 M resistance, it lost 25% of its initial power in thefirst 24 h and the power output dropped by 50% after a 48 h continuous work. Althoughfrom the practical application point of view, the performance and the stability of the recently developedminiature emzymatic bio-fuel cells remain to be improved, the miniature feature and the compartmentlessproperty as well as the tissue- implantable bio-capability of enzymatic bio-fuel cellessentially enable the future studies on in vivo evaluation of the cell performance andstability in real implantable systems.

In an effort to miniaturize the EBFCs, a versatile technique based on CMEMSprocess for the miniaturization of electrodes has been developed. It is centered aroundthefabricationof 3D microelectrodes for miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cells. First, the functionalizationmethods for EBFCs enzyme

84 immobilization were studied. Then we apply finite elementapproach to simulate the miniature EBFCs to attain the design rule such as electrode aspectratio, configuration as well as orientation of the chip. Building an EBFC based on this designrule is still underway.

7.5 International Status

During the last couple of decades extensive basic/ fundamental research work has been carried out in many institutes around the world, glimpses of which are presented here. The accelerated rate of publication particularly during the last one decade is quite evident from Fig.6 presented below: Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

Fig.6: Histograms depicting year-wise word-wide research publications on “Microbial Fuel Cells” and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Reuters®).

The research in Bio-Energy & Environmental Biotechnology (BEEB) at The Energy and Biotechnologydepartment of Ecological and Biological Engineering of Oregon State University includes electricity generation using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Hydrogen production using Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs). At present, the group is focusing on reactor design, membrane/cloth selection, electrode development, isolation of exo- electrogens, and system optimization to improve power generation and hydrogen production from various waste bio-mass. In May 2009, the Department of Earth Sciences at University of Southern California, Los Angeles,has published a paper titled “Electricity production coupled to ammonium in a microbial fuel cell” authored by He Z, Kan J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Mansfeld F, Nealson KH.

Microbial fuel cells offer great promise as a method for simultaneous wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. The Penn State group, led by Dr. Bruce Logan, focuses primarily on MFC architecture and factors that will lead to successful scale up designs. They use both air-

85 cathode and aqueous (dissolved oxygen) cathode systems to better understand factors that limit power generation, and examine how power density can be increased while using low-cost yet effective materials. A list of various international institutes working on microbial fuel cells is given below. 1. Penn State University (USA) - The Logan Group. 2. Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) (USA) – May Lab. 3. Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Korea) - The Energy and Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL). 4. Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) (China) - School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Advanced Water Management Centre 5. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia. 6. Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) IST-CNR Section of Messina, Messina, Italy. 7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 8. Dépt. deGénieChimique, EcolePolytechnique de Montréal, Centre- Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada. 9. School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 10. US Naval Research Laboratory - Washington, D.C. (USA) – The Ringeisen Group

7.6 National Status

R&D on Bio-fuel has started more recently (since the year 2000) in India.The rate of publication has accelerated during the last few years as is evident from Fig. 7. There are only a few Institutes which are involved in bio- fuel cell development as listed below: 1. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Bioengineering and Environmental Centre (BEEC), Hyderabad, India. 2. Biotechnology Department, IIT Madras, Chennai, India. 3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 4. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 5. Vellore University 6. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 7. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India.

86 Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year

NATIONAL NATIONAL

Fig.7: Histograms depicting year-wise research publications on “Microbial Fuel Cells” from India and their citation analysis. (ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Reuters®).

Overall publication record from these Institutes is presented below:

CSIR INST MINERALS MAT TECHNOL

PSG COLL TECHNOL

TERI UNIV

CTR FUEL CELL TECHNOL ARCI

UNIV PUNE

ANAND ENGN COLL

SRM UNIV

MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIV

CENT ELECTROCHEM RES INST

UNIV CALCUTTA INDIAN ORGANIZATIONS INDIAN NATL INST TECHNOL

ANNA UNIV

INDIAN INST TECHNOL

CSIR INDIAN INST CHEM TECHNOL

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 NUMBER OF RECORDS Fig. 8: Total number of research publication on “Microbial Fuel Cells” from different institutes of India (ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Reuters®).

7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells

Presently there are two practically applied systems; a test rig operating on starch plant wastewater (microbial fuel cell system), which has been operating for at least 5 years has been demonstrated as a bioremediation and as a biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, and also a biofuel cell has been employed as the stomach of a mobile robotic platform ‘Gastronome’, designed as the precursor to autonomous robots that can scavenge their fuel from their surroundings (gastrobots). The original Gastronome ‘eats’ sugar cubes fed to it manually, but other groups have refined the concept somewhat to produce predators consuming slugs, or flies, although so far they both still

87 require manual feeding. Many applications have been suggested however, and several of these are in varying stages of development.

The most obvious target for biofuel cells research is still for in vivo applications where the fuel used could be withdrawn virtually without limit from the flow of blood to provide a long-term or even permanent power supply for such devices as pacemakers, glucose sensors for diabetics or small valves for bladder control. The challenge of biocatalysis over a suitably long period is particularly problematic in these areas, where surgical intervention could be required to change over to a new cell and ethical constraints are paramount.Ex vivo proposed applications are diverse. The large scale is represented by proposed power recovery from waste streams with simultaneous remediation by bio electrochemical means, or purely for power generation in remote areas, the medium scale by power generating systems for specialist applications such as the gastrobot above, and perhaps of greatest potential the small scale power generation to replace battery packs for consumer electronic goods such as laptop computers or mobile telephones. The larger scale applications tend to be organism based and the smaller scale ones more likely to be enzymatic. In the case of enzymatic fuel cells, at least, the major barrier to any successful application is component lifetime, particularly in view of the limited enzyme lifetime and problems of electrode fouling/poisoning.

7.8 Conclusions

Extensive R&D activity is in progress throughout the globe including India for laboratory level investigation on the various aspects of bio-fuel cell with partial success. Prototypes have been developed only for a few applications. Research into defining the reaction environment needs to be conducted so that models of system behaviour can be created, validated and employed. Necessary elements in this research include temperature variation, pressure, fluid flow, mass transport (of nutrients, wastes and by-products) and reactant conversion. Once these elements are considered it should become possible to design a bio-fuel cell as a unit operation that can be employed as a part of a larger process.

Significant development on both types of bio-fuel cells has been achievedin the past decade. With the demands for reliable power supplies for medical devices forimplantable applications, great effort has been made to make the miniaturized bio-fuel cells.The past experiment results revealed that the enzymatic miniature bio-fuel cells couldgenerate sufficient power for slower and less power-consuming CMOS circuit. In addition, we have also presented simulation results showing that the theoretical power outputgenerated from C-MEMS enzymatic bio-fuel cells can satisfy the current implantable medicaldevices. 88

However, there are several challenges for further advancements in miniaturizedbio-fuel cells. The most significant issues include long term stability and non-sufficientpower output. Successful commercial bio-fuel cell development requires a ‘chemical engineering’ approach and requires the joint effortsfrom different disciplines: biology to understand bio-molecules, chemistry to gainknowledge on electron transfer mechanisms; material science to develop novel materialswith high biocompatibility and chemical engineering to design and establish the system. Considerable of fundamental and interdisciplinary research is still needed in this country before a prototype can be demonstrated in practice.

Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may be as follows:

Fuel Cell Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Type 2018) 20) 2022)

BFC Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW

MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL

92 8.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

8.1 International Activity

Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal reforming system at the city of Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external reforming by San Diego Gas and Electric, California have been performed and a 280 kW system was started up in Germany. It was followed by 1 MW system in Kawagoe, Japan. MCFC is already in operation Germany and Spain which uses gases from waste water treatment plants. South Korea is leading in the installation of MCFC units using the FCE technology in recent times.

8.2 National Status

In India, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi had done work on molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) in co-operation with TERI, New Delhi during 1992 to 1998 with support from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi. No institution is currently engaged in the developmental activities of MCFC in the country.

The R&D activities include synthesis of cathode materials by different routes (combustion synthesis, solid state), preparation electrolyte matrix structures by different routes, porous Ni electrodes (loose power sintering (LPS), slurry casting (SC), tape casting (TC)). The largest size of electrolyte they could prepare was ~1000 sq.cm. Current density achieved was in the range 80 –100 mA/cm2 at cell voltage of 0.70 V/cell with 100 cm2 area electrodes.

8.3 Recommendation

Even though very large (> 1MW) systems are commercially available from the overseas manufacturers, the expertise currently available in India for its indigenous development is negligible and therefore it is not recommended to be a part of the mission mode programme. However, R&D programmes may be taken up for laboratory scale demonstration to start with.

Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may be as follows:

Fuel Cell Phase-I (2016- Phase II (2019- Phase-III (2021- Type 2018) 20) 2022)

MCFC Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW

ALKALINE FUEL CELL

96 9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell

9.1 International Activity

Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) were initially used in space applications by NASA in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs to provide electric power and drinking water to the shuttle. In 1967, Dr Karl Kordesch of Union Carbide developed and built an AFC motorbike.

Significant advantages of AFC technology led numerous companies, both in North America and Europe such as Allis Chalmers, Union Carbide, Varta, Elenco, Occidental Chemical and Siemens to get interested in development of this technology for terrestrial applications. Industrial effort by research and development work at many government and academic institutions has made the possibility of applying AFC for household energy requirements like inverter. In AFC, inexpensive carbon-and-plastic electrodes are used, moreover inexpensive bipolar plate can also be used. AFC electrodes are stable and not prone to the poisoning caused by carbon monoxide, which poisons the platinum catalyst of the PEMFC. Nickel is the most commonly used catalyst in AFC. The utilization of non-noble metal catalysts and liquid electrolyte makes the AFC a potentially low cost technology. The kinetics of the electrode reactions is superior in an AFC as compared to acidic environment of other acidic Fuel Cells. AFC exhibits much higher current densities and electrochemical efficiencies (up to 60%). it can be o operated at a wide range of temperatures (80 – 250 C). Presence of CO2 either in the fuel or the oxidant is not permitted for its operation. There is a need to develop electro-catalyst, which does not corrode in potential window of hydrogen oxidation potential. AFC has found typical applications in car, boats and domestic heating.

9.2 National status

There is very little work on alkaline fuel cells in recent years although in 1980s’ CSIR- CECRI had a major program, which was discontinued. Recently some work on catalysts for AFC has been reported from CSIR-CECRI and IISc. Performance of AFC was studied and modelled at IIT-G using methanol, ethanol and sodium borohydride as fuel.

9.3 Proposed National Plan

It needs to be established that AFC can operate with hydrogen and air. Most of applications in space use hydrogen and oxygen, which is not practical for terrestrial applications. With the advent of anion exchange membrane, AFC with solid membrane could be advantageous. Developments of corrosion

97 resistant materials, non- noble metal catalysts etc. arestill the challenging tasks. Therefore development of this technology either in mission mode or proto-type development mode is not recommended at this stage. However, basic research work on efficient catalyst development and CO2 management may continue.

DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL

100 10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

10.1 Introduction

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel such as granulated carbon powder (10 to 1000 nm size) to electricity directly instead of burning it to produce steam which can be used to produce electricity through a turbine and generator. It is reported that the electrical efficiency of DCFC could be as high as 70%. It is also reported that this process can reduce CO2 emissions by 50% without sequestration. Molten salts such as lithium, sodium, Yttrium- stabilized zirconium or potassium carbonate are used in these systems, which operate between 600 to 850°C. The overall cell reaction is carbon and oxygen forming carbon dioxide and electricity. Carbon derived from a large number of agri-wastes can also be used in DCFC. DCFC operates at efficiencies more than twice that of conventional combustion technologies and separate the waste gases internally leading to a near pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to zero emission fossil fuel or negative emission bio-fuel electrical power generation.

The overall cell reaction (C + O2 = CO2) is based on the complete electrochemical oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a four-electron process. It is reported that the thermodynamic efficiency slightly exceeds 100% - almost independent of conversion temperature, which is due to a positive near-zero entropy change of the cell reaction (DS_ ¼ 2.9 J K_1 mol_1). Another advantage of a DCFC is that the fuel utilisation can reach up to 100%, since a solid fuel is used. This is due to the fact that the reaction product, CO2, exists in a separate gas phase and thus does not influence activity of the solid carbon.

In the literature, several different concepts of DCFC based on different electrolytes have been discussed. These are molten carbonate, molten hydroxide or solid ceramic material YSZ (yttria-stabilised zirconia) electrolytes, use of fluidized bed etc. EPRI has analysed the results from the following institutions / companies in the USA:

Company Core Technology Contained Energy (CE) MCFC SARA Alkaline Molten salt CellTech Power ( CELLTECH) Liquid metal anode with SOFC Direct Carbon Technologies LLC ( Fluidized bed with SOFC DCT) SRI Circulating molten salt anode with SOFC Univ. of Hawaii Biomass Charcoal with aqueous 101 alkaline cell Univ. of Akron SOFC with modified anodes

DCFC based on molten carbonate electrolyte (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA) is the most investigated type. Power densities in the range of 40 to 100 mW cm-2 (0.8 V cell voltage, 8000C) for different carbon materials have been achieved. LLNL has demonstrated the use of “turbostratic” carbon can overcome several challenges faced by earlier groups, which used coal. The carbon particles and oxygen (ambient air) are introduced as fuel and oxidizer, respectively. The slurry formed by mixing carbon particles with molten carbonate constitutes the anode. At the anode carbon and carbonate ions react to form carbon dioxide and electrons. At the cathode, similar to other high-temperature fuel cells, oxygen, carbon dioxide and electrons react to form carbonate ions. A porous ceramic separator holds the melt in place and allows the carbonate ions to migrate between the two compartments. Peak power densities of 120 to 180 mW cm-2 have been reported using molten hydroxide electrolyte (Scientific Applications and Research Associates, SARA).

The third concept is based on the combination of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) technology. Peak power densities of 10 to 110 mW cm -2 (0.7 V cell voltage) in a temperature range of 700 to 950°C using different carbon containing materials e.g. plastic (SRI International) have been reported.

Direct Carbon Technologies, USA have demonstrated a DCFC which combines SOFC and fluidized-bed technologies. Peak power densities up to 140 mW cm-2 (0.5 V cell voltage, 900°C) have been achieved using this concept. CellTech Power LLC, USA formed in Jan 2006 is promoting DCFC, which uses Liquid Tin SOFC concept. DCFC work has also been reported from laboratories in PR China, KTH Sweden, ZEA Bayern, Germany TU Munich, BNL, USA. Great progress has also been made at the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the University of Queensland in Australia.

CSIRO’s (Australia) strategy has developed a fuel cell module that can operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. The cell design, materials development program and fabrication technologies have specifically focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This has led to the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell designs and materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected electrically and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of time with minimal degradation. This bottom up approach has led to the development of a simple high performance cell design which can be operated in a packed bed reactor without the need for fluidization. Furthermore the

102 system contains no molten components (which has been the strategy used by many overseas groups). This should significantly increase the operating life of the fuel cell system. A number of parallel developmental paths (e.g. development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for scalable cell design, fuel feed system and testing from small button cells to scalable tubular cells) are being pursued to fast track technology development.

10.2 Technology Features

• Low operating cost - the ability to operate on low grade solid fuels will lead to low overall operating costs. • Flexibility - the modular design allows customization to a wide range of power requirements. • Low emissions – electrochemical oxidation in a membrane reactor means that the waste products are separate and pure allowing them to be either stored geologically or sold for commercial use within industry. • Improved life time - novel mixed ionic electronic conducting electrocatalysts eliminate the need for molten media within the fuel cell increasing performance and system life time • Scalable cell / stack design - unique packed bed design that allows for simple robust low cost continuous feeding of fuel to the system. All cell and system components have been designed for fabrication via conventional low cost ceramics processing routs to allow for mass production. • Real world application - System performance evaluated on real world low cost fossil, biomass and waste derived fuels.

10.3 R&D Requirements:

There are several technical gaps which require to be addressed. These include better understanding of Anode Electrochemistry [ Mechanism for the anodic reaction of coal, coke, Reactions and mechanisms of H, N,S (bound and pyrite) under reducing conditions (E = -0.8 V vs Au/CO2,O2)] , effect of impurities found in coal and coal-derived carbon: minerals, water , Transport 2- of CO2, CO3 , particulates and carbon in anode and matrix; gradients of oxide and carbonate; role of water , Surface chemistry: functional groups, wetting and site reactivity, Adaptation of cathode structures and catalysts for specific needs of C/Air cell , Identify life-limiting processes such as corrosion. The most important problems with hydroxide cells are (i) corrosion of materials and (ii) degradation of the electrolyte due to formation of carbonates during carbon electro-oxidation.

103 There is no R&D activity in this area presently in India. Taking into consideration the large coal reserves in the Country,it may be worthwhile to take up this activity in the country on a basic research mode

104

MICRO FUEL CELL

105

106 11.0 MICRO FUEL CELL

11.1 Introduction

The different kinds of fuel cells have been developed in micro form also. These are known as Micro Fuel Cell (MFC). There is an ever increasing demand for more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing. Micro fuel cells have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by time, shorter recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices such as:

• Prototype 50We self-air breathing micro fuel cell module. • Laptop computers, Cellular phones, PDAs, 3G phones • Portable electronic appliances, remote communication power packs • Portable power packs for soldiers • Emergency signs, variable message signs, emergency and back-up power • Small transporters (wheel chairs, auto bikes, etc.)

11.2 Technology Features

In developing these technologies, CSIRO, Australia has given strong consideration to mass production using micro-fabrication processes to deliver low cost products for large volume markets. Low cost lithographic techniques have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features include:

 Very passive device with no moving parts;  Self air-breathing or stack-powered air supply;  Operating power densities >100 mW/cm2;  100% fuel utilization, no air or hydrogen humidification, ambient temperature operation;  Low catalyst loading;  Life time over 20,000 hrs achieved each for a two-cell stack and a 12 cell stack (~10-20 W capacity) under constant and continuous cyclic load. For comparison, batteries typically have life times of around 2,000-3,000 hrs;  Compared with Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC): low precious metal catalyst loading, no toxic fuel, no fuel cross-over, no fuel recycling, no

CO2  5 generation/separation issues, high voltage per cell, high efficiency, high power density;  Recharging time only few seconds as opposed to hours for batteries.

107

108

FUNDING PATTERN BY DIFFERENT AGENCIES/ COUNTRIES

109

110 12.0 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies/ Countries

12.1 Global Scenario

In the advanced countries, R&D on Fuel Cell is being funded for more than half a century initially to combat the rise in oil prices and later to combat the global warming. Billions of dollars have been spent most of these countries. It is difficult to get the exact figures from the earliest years. However, some data are available for the more recent years. For example, in 2009, DOE, USA announced $41.9 million in Recovery Act funding to accelerate fuel cell commercialization and deployment with industry contributing another ~$54 million ( totalling ~$96 million) with the specific objective of immediate deployment of up to 1,000 fuel cell systems in emergency backup power, material handling, and combined heat and power applications. Bulk of the money has been spent on PEMFC deployment. In 2010, International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) members invested over $1 billion for hydrogen and fuel cell R&D and subsidies for the technology deployment. Following table gives an idea of the level of funding made by different participating countries during this year.

Federal Funding during 2010 (Approx.) Sl. Country Local Currency Million U.S. Dollars No. 1 Canada 41 million CAND 39.8

2 China 235 million RMB 34.7 3 European 94.2 million EUR Commission 124.77 4 France 35 million EUR 46.4 5 Germany 89.1 million EUR 118.0 6 India 150 Million INR 3.0 7 Italy 10.03 million EUR 13.3 8 Japan 17.5 billion JPY 199.3 9 Korea 70.2 billion KRW 60.8 10 New Zealand 1.5 million NZD 1.1 11 Norway 57 million NOK 9.4 12 U K 15.8 million GBP 23.5 13 United States 380 million USD 380 111

In March 2012, the Department of Energy (DoE), USA announced up to $6 million available to collect and analyze valuable performance and durability data for light-duty fuel cell electric vehicles, which use PEMFC (FCEVs) and an additional up to $2 million available to collect and analyze performance data for hydrogen fuelling stations and advanced re-fuelling components. In an another announcement nearly $5 million have been sanctioned under two projects both involving PEMFC, which aims at lowering the cost of advanced fuel cell systems by developing and engineering cost-effective, durable, and highly efficient fuel cell components.

In June 2013, DoE, USA announced additional budgetary provision of up to $9 million in new funding to accelerate the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for use in vehicles, backup power systems, and hydrogen re-fueling components. These investments were for strengthening U.S. leadership in cost-effective hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and help industry to bring these technologies into the market at lower cost

Similar trends have also been observed particularly for the development of SOFC technology. In USA, DOE is the major funding agency that caters SOFC research under the SECA program. In one financial year (2013) they have invested $25 million to continue the Department’s research, development, and demonstration of solid oxide fuel cell systems, which they recognized to have the potential to increase the efficiency of clean coal power generation systems, to create new opportunities for the efficient use of natural gas, and to contribute significantly to the development of alternative-fuel vehicles.

In Europe, the European Union had sanctioned a budget of 11 million Euro in 2007 to a Consortium of nine research groups for the development of materials, components and systems.

In China, The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) sets up the development targets and funding levels for the various projects. During the 11th five-year plan (2006-2010), hydrogen and fuel cell technology research was awarded RMB 182.5 million ($28.88 million) out of a total advanced energy technology fund of RMB 634.3 million ($100.39 million). In addition, a total funding of RMB 413 million ($65.37 million) was provided for energy- saving and new energy vehicles, of which fuel cell vehicles were awarded RMB 150 million ($23.74 million).

12.2 Indian Scenario

112 As expected, the level of research funding in India has been abysmally low even though fuel cell research has been continuing in this country for more than 25 years. India’s policy on fuel cells and financial support is driven largely by four agencies, viz. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Under its NMITLI program, CSIR has provided a total budgetary support of about Rs.20 Crore during 2004-2013 for the development different fuel cell technologies.

MNRE is a major supporter for hydrogen and fuel cell research in the country for several decades. It has funded nearly Rs. 5.0 crores during 11th Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) and Rs.1.00 crores during 12th Five Year Plan (2012-13 to December, 2014) for developing these technologies.

MNRE guidelines state that financial assistance for RD&D projects including the technology validation and demonstration projects that involve partnership with industry/civil society organizations should normally be restricted to 50% of the project cost. However, for any proposal from academic institutions, Government/non-profit research organizations and NGOs, Ministry may provide up to 100% funding. Private academic institutions should adhere to certain conditions for availing project grants from the Ministry.

DST has been supporting several basic R&D program in various hydrogen technologies in the country through SERC (presently SERB). Several projects on PEMFC have been covered under this scheme. The project budget details are not easily accessible. Besides this route, DST through TIFAC has supported few hydrogen research programs. On a mission mode through the IRHPA programs DST has sanctioned a project to ARCI to set-up a fuel cell technology Centre with a specific aim of developing and demonstrating PEMFC in decentralized and transportations applications. The total outlay for the 10 year project is about ~Rs.24.00 crore for the period 2004-2014 ( the project includes man power costs of all scientists , infrastructure cost such as rent and maintenance, Utilities costs such as electricity, water etc., besides the development costs). Future plans are not clear at the moment. DST has also funded several faculty/ students exchange programs under International collaboration some of which have been used for work on PEMFC. DST has also signed an agreement with UKRC in 2011for supporting projects specifically on fuel cells and one of the projects is on PEMFC with an outlay of Rs.3.49 crore.

DSIR has sanctioned a project on commercialization PEMFC in 2011- 12 with a project cost of Rs. 9.5762 crores with DSIR contribution being

113 Rs.3.269 crores under their Technology Development and Demonstration Program (TDDP).

BHEL, in addition to the present project on development of High Temperature PEMFC, proposes to set up a Centre of excellence on Fuel Cells at BHEL Corporate R&D, Hyderabad at a tentative project outlay of Rupees 12-15 Crores to carry out several LT-PEMFC and HTPEMFC projects.

Tata Motors for their fuel cell bus program is reported to have invested substantial sum of money.

Mahindra and Mahindra who have invested in several hydrogen, hydrogen + methane vehicle projects are also reported to have earmarked some funds for PEMFC development for transportation applications.

The major oil and gas industries are reported to have formed a consortium, which is also supporting some projects on PEMFC.

DRDO has made substantial investment for their fuel cell programme since 1990, which has given them a significant dividend as follows:

NMRL has developed complete knowhow of PAFC based power plants ranging from a few kW to > 10 kW. The development was done through successive projects and the funds outlay for the same is mentioned below: i) 1990-2000: Material development and low power stacks along with methanol reformer technology development : ~ Rs 1.0 Crore ii) 2000-2010: Development of assorted power systems ranging from 1 – 15 kW based on PAFC complete with all accessories and development of capsule power plants for underwater applications ~ Rs 10.0Crore. iii) 2010- 2015: Development of underwater power generation prototypes for several 100 kWs along with other advanced systems for defence applications ~ Rs 30.0Crore. iv) 2015-2025: Plans to induct systems to underwater platforms and man-portable generators along with onsite silent generators for defence and civilian applications ~ Rs 100 Crore.

In addition DAE and ISRO have also allocated funds for several internal programs on fuel cells; the exact figures are unavailable at this stage.

Besides, agencies like University Grants Commission (UGC) and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), CSIR, DRDO, ISRO

114 (RESPOND) and BRNS have also provided smaller grants primarily to academic institutions.

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ACTION PLAN, FINANCIAL PROJECTION AND TIME SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

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117 MILESTONE AND FINANCIAL OUTLAY FORFUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT MMP: Mission Mode Projects; R&DP: Research & Development Projects; B/FRP: Basic / Fundamental Research Projects. Sl. Time Frame (Year) Financial No. Category of Outlay Projects 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Rs. in Crore)

Developand Deployment of HT -PEMFC

Phase I Phase II Phase III

140 (Up to 5kW) (Up to 25 kW) (Up to 50 kW)

Develop and Deployment of LT-PEMFC

1 Mission Mode Phase I Phase II Phase III Projects 140 (Up to 25kW) (Up to 50 kW) (Up to 120 kW)

Developand Deployment of PAFC

Phase I Phase II Phase III 125 (Up to 50kW) (Up to 100 kW) (Up to 250 kW)

Develop and Deployment of Planar SOFC

Phase I Phase II Phase III

125 (Up to 5kW) (Up to 25 kW) (Up to 100 kW)

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Fuel Cell Testing Facility

Establishment of Testing Activity 70 the Facility

600 Sub-total (80%)

75 Research & Proto -type Development of DMFC, DEFC, BFC etc

Development (10%) 2 Projects Phase I Phase II Phase III

(Up to 100W) (Up to 500W) (Up to 1 kW)

Basic/ Fundamental Research on AFC, DCFC, MBFC etc Basic /

Fundamental 3. Research Phase I Phase II Phase III 75 Projects (10%)

Grand Total 750

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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14.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14.1 With the growing population and its increasing standard of living, the demand for energy is becoming higher continuously. In the long run this demand for energy can’t be met by the depleting fossil fuels throughout the world, including India. It is therefore, pertinent to develop clean and green alternate energy sources, which may protect the environment by not creating any more pollution / with reduced level of pollution in the production of electricity and running the vehicles. One of such alternate energy technology is fuel cell technology and therefore, efforts are being made world over to develop them in a commercially viable manner. It is an energy conversion device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid (in some cases solid) fuel into electrical energy by electro-chemical reaction. Efforts are being made to make this technology commercially viable by enhancing energy conversion efficiency, electrode – electrolyte interface reaction, reducing the cost of the catalyst etc.

14.2 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have also gained significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel cells (MFC) for powering the micro- electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC), which uses micro-organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid carbon can be used as the fuel. In addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several single cells (number depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger, exhaust system etc.

14.3 The fuel cell technology development is presently at an advanced stage in the developed countries like USA, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, etc. At present it is very costly and well-guarded technology through patents due to its extremely high marketpotential. Transfer of technology may require heavy financing and Indian industries may not be in a position to 122

afford the same. So there is a growing need and compulsion to develop the technologies within the country and deploy them for different applications for large scale trial and performance evaluation.

14.4 The Government of India (GOI) has been supporting development of technologies in the area of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for quite some time, which has created a good expertise and infrastructure base. A well-framed national program with participation from various academic institutions, R&D establishments and industries with expertise in different areas need to be launched in the country to develop this technology, manufacture in large numbers and demonstrate their application potentiality for the benefit of the society at large. Application areas of the developed products, it be mobile towers or transportation or any other kind of applicationshould be chosen carefully so that the requirements of the user are fully satisfied. In addition, areas are to be identified for long term / futuristic R&D, which also require adequate financial support.

14.5 Several government laboratories and academic institutions together with a few private organizations are actively pursuing different kinds of R&D programmes in this country for the last couple of decades. Considerable expertise and infrastructure at different locations have already been developed. In certain cases know-how’s have been transferred to industry and limited scale production for particular type of fuel cell (PAFC) has also been initiated particularly for defence use. Regular production even for the purpose of large scale demonstration for other types of fuel cells is still a long way to travel. DRDO, CSIR, MNRE and DST have been the major funding agencies for these activities. Industry participation for the developmental projects, which is an important pre-requisite for technology development and demonstration, is still at its infancy.

14.6 The most successful Research and Developmental effort in the area of fuel cell technology in this country has been registered by DRDO particularly for PAFC. They have transferred the developed technology to an Indian Industry, who has manufactured 24 Nos. of 3kW stack and delivered them back to DRDO under a buy back arrangement. The industry is ready with the manufacturing facility, which can be utilized for additional units in case a civilian utility is identified and necessary funding is made available to them.

14.7 PEMFC is of two types – low and high temperature PEMFC. The LT- PEMFC operates at less than 800C, whereas HT-PEMFC operates in the 123

temperature range of 120-1800C. The LT-PEMFC can tolerate CO level in the hydrogen fuel up to a level of 10-20 ppm whereas HT-PEMFC can tolerate more than this limit (up to 30,000ppm). LT-PEMFC requires humidification of membrane, whereas it is not required for HT-PEMFC. The catalyst and membrane materials for LT-PEMFC are still imported, whereas catalyst and membrane materials for HT-PEMFC are at under advanced stage of development in the country. The bipolar plates for both PEMFC have been developed in the country. Due to rapid start-up and shut down, thermal cycling and load following capability of PEMFC, there is enormous application potentiality like for stationary & distributed power generation and transportation. It is not as cheap as PAFC. It is costing around Rs.10 lakhs per 3 kW unit. The cost cannot come down until there are many players e.g. bipolar plates are made at present by machining but these can be moulded directly, it would become cheaper. If any component is monopolized, its cost cannot come down. Many groups are engaged in the development of membrane, but success has been achieved in making PBI membrane for HT-PEMFC. Alternate to nafion membrane is yet to be found out. CSIR has made 1 kW LT-PEMFC and got tested through a third party in Chennai for 500 hours operation.

14.8 In the country LT-PEMFC has been developed upto 20 kW capacity by different organizations. Thus, the country is in advanced stage of development of LT-PEMFC and has adequate experience in the fabrication of fuel cells and its stack building along with testing and validation protocols. The same experience may be useful in rapid development of HT-PEMFC. A number of institutions and industries are also engaged in the development of materials, components, modules and systems of HT-PEMFC. The development targets for LT-PEMFC can be shorter duration than that for HT-PEMFC. The time target for the development of HT-PEMFC can also be made of shorter by providing more funding. The specific targets for capacity can be set for the development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems like for stationary power generation applications 1-5 kW, small trucks 3-10 kW, medium trucks 10-15 kW, large trucks and submarine application 25 -50 kW and buses 50-100 kW.

14.9 It is proposed that the Development and Demonstration of minimum 5 units each of stand-alone LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC systems of capacities 1, 3 & 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components with electrical efficiency 37-40%, minimum 1000 h operational life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h degradation to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air may be taken up immediately. Sites for demonstration may be chosen suitably are to be identified

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by the project proposers. For the development of PEM fuel cell technology, different plausible issues to be taken up are:

(i) Membrane preparation with longer durability / stability, reduction of platinum loading or use of non-noble metal as catalyst to lower the cost (ii) Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for generating maximum power density with the given weight (iii) Fabrication of complete stack with complete characterization (iv) Integration of stack with balance of system, sealing of stack, analysis and final testing etc.

14.10 During the development of PEM fuel cell the manufacturing techniques should be mastered for the following components / sub-systems / systems:

(i) Mass production of catalysts, carbon paper/wire mesh and bipolar plates (casted) (ii) Automation for uniform coating of catalyst on electrodes (iii) Automatic assembling of Membrane electrode assemblies (till now manually made) and high speed sealing of cell components. (iv) Automated of high speed assembly of stacks (v) Assembling system controllers & invertors (vi) Integration of balance of system development (air moving devices, thermal management devices, motors, pumps) (vii) Integration of sub-systems into complete fuel cell system

14.11 For the development and demonstration of PEM fuel cell, the following are suggested:

(i) The work and the infrastructure created under the above mentioned research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities will form a part of long term technological development programme on PEM Fuel Cell. (ii) Importing of stacks may be allowed only for indigenously developing balance of systems or accelerating development of Ancillary and not for demonstration. Import of Membrane/MEAs may also be considered, if it becomes absolutely necessary for the interest of the project. In such a case, it must be ensured that the assembled stacks would meet the specifications / performance / operation conditions of the imported stacks. 125

(iii) The focus will be on the development of most critical to least critical components and finding their solutions. (iv) One of the organizations involved in the project, preferably an R&D institution with public funding would be identified as the nodal organization responsible for the ultimate delivery. (v) Activities of all the sub-projects would be guided and monitored regularly by the concerned nodal organization as per the requirement to meet ultimate objective of the Project. (vi) There will be appropriate exit provision particularly for the sub-projects in case the progress does not appear to be satisfactory for what may be reason.

14.12 The capital cost of PEMFC stack is high, which needs to be subsidized. Most of the methods developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale / in the scale of semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop the manufacturing methods quickly.

14.13 R&D activity on HT-PEMFC has started late in this country. However, CSIR-NCL has made significant contribution through synthesis of indigenous PBI membrane material, which may go a long way to maintain an advantageous position in the international arena. Considering the enormous advantages of this type of fuel cell particularly in terms of impurity tolerance of the fuel, better water management and possibility of combined heat and power output, it is proposed that this country takes up the development of this variety of PEMFC on highest priority.

14.14 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has the capability of using different fuels i.e. besides hydrogen; it can use other fuels like gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, biogas etc. It operates at 700-8000C. The most attractive feature of SOFC is high power density. Thermal cycle ability is quite poor and high cost is a major issue. Globally it has been demonstrated in the capacity range of 10 to 100 kW systems and in India a 500 W unit (stack of 20 cells) with a current density of 500 mA/cm2 was demonstrated. Planar type technology is preferred over tubular type SOFC due to higher current density, but its fabrication & balance of system in tubular type is much easier. In planar SOFC, reliability depends on the high temperature glass sealant, which has not been successfully developed in the country. Once the technology is developed, vendors may be identified for production and scale- up of system capacity for demonstration. Subsequently mass production may be taken up in Public-Private-Partnership mode. For the development of this

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technology in the country, it is proposed to undertake the following activities on a mission mode approach:

(i) Development of components, stacks and balance of system for planar / tubular (anode / cathode / electrolyte supported) and their demonstration in the laboratory. (ii) Preparedness for mass production of developed components / modules / systems - Involvement / Development of vendors / manufacturers. (iii) Manufacturing of components / modules / systems for field demonstration. (iv) Development of standards for the developed modules / systems and their commercial deployment. (v) Creation of test facility / recognition of existing facilities. (vi) Deployment of these modules / systems for different applications like power supply units in remote areas and back-up power units in urban / rural areas etc. (vii) Cost reduction by mass scale manufacturing and deployment of systems. (viii) Improvement in the system for increasing of durability of the system. (ix) Development of standalone systems up to 100 kW capacities different phases with partly imported components may be taken up on a mission mode.

14.15 Although there have been research and development activities in the country in the area of DMFC and DEFC, commercialization of this technology is far away. A number of improvements are to be done before this technology can be used on a large scale. Development and demonstration of direct alcohol fuel cell systems may be taken up for niche applications like micro-processor controlled devices. The R & D activities may be continued in these areas. The transfer of technology from abroad balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC may be explored to integrate with the indigenously developed stack. There is need to develop compact systems, which can be fitted into the space available in the devices. It could be developed and demonstrated in small capacities (up to 250W) to start with but later it may be enhanced a 5kW stack with power densities of the order of100W/kg.

14.16 AFC technology has been demonstrated with a life of 20,000h of operation with pure hydrogen and oxygen. Use of air instead of oxygen increases the cost of operation due to addition of scrubbers. When air is passed on to the cathode, 127

KOH reacts with CO2 and forms K2CO3. CO2 is recovered in scrubbers. It uses Nickel catalyst, whereas Pt is used in PEM fuel cells. Therefore its cost is expected to be low. AFC was developed at laboratory scale in the country, but could not be scaled up successfully. This technology may be developed indigenously by indigenization of commercially available technology from abroad in case some specific areas of application is identified. The AFCs of capacity in the range of 1-3 kW have good market. Various countries have commercialized AFC of capacities from 100 W to 3 kW as power packs with the established technology. AFC can be operated at the highest efficiency i.e. upto 60% in the temperature range from 70 to 120oC. It can also be operated in the higher temperature range i.e.100–1200C. Nickel catalyst, although cheaper than Platinum, gets corroded with a consequent deterioration of power density. Thussignificant amount of basic research is still necessary in the country before a serious technology developmental effort is initiated.

14.17 MCFC operates at a higher temperature and requires no external reformer. The fuel is reformed internally to hydrogen. Very large capacity (>1MW) units are in operation in some of the advanced countries. In India work on MCFC was carried out during 1992 to 1998, by a couple of organizations only with financial support from MNRE. However, currently there is hardly any expertise to develop the basic fuel cell stack. Considering several advantages of this type of fuel cell particularly as a distributed power plant, it is recommended that the country may take a renewed interest in the R&D mode to develop the technology in near future.

14.18 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use biocatalysts, which offer significant cost advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies of scale. The magnitude of power reported by MFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The applications of MFCs are portable electronics, biomedical instruments, military and space research etc. The major application area emerged since recent past for MFC is sewage treatment and generation of power. Keeping in view of the above, it is recommended that research and development work may be supported for specific applications. There is an ever increasing demand for more powerful, compact and larger power modules for portable electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing, which may be supplied by the MFC. The MFCs can also be deployed in large transport vehicles such as cars and trucks. CSIRO, Australia has given strong emphasis to mass produce and deliver low cost products for large volume markets. The life time is expected to be more than 20,000 hours. Keeping in view

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of the above, it is recommended that research and development work may be supported.

14.19 The Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is the next generation fuel cells at a high operating temperature. These systems may be developed to operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass, which will lead to a near pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to zero emission fossil fuel or effectively a negative emission. CSIRO, Australia is one of the pioneering R&D organizations in this area. Their strategy has been to develop such fuel cells that can operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. A number of parallel developmental paths (e.g. development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for scalable cell design, fuel processing and feed system together with testing from small button cells to scalable tubular/planar cells are being pursued on a fast track technology development. Having a very large deposit low grade coal India can also take the advantage by developing this unique technology. The technology has certain relationship to SOFC and MCFC technologies. It is therefore recommended that DCFC may be developed in conjunction with SOFC technology, which is poised to be taken up in a mission mode.

14.20 The country has the potential to catch up with what is going on elsewhere. However, it requires identification of the important issues and the barriers, which are coming in the way of the development and commercialization of the technologies. A few of them are listed below: i) Inadequate funding: The most important limitation of the country’s Fuel Cell development programme is the meager funding pattern together with the lack of industrial participation and user pull. This is evident from the fact that a consistent and enhanced funding together with identification of specific demand by the defence forces has generated the best possible dividend for DRDO. They have earned the credit of having the very first indigenous fuel cell technology pressed into service. Such a concerted effort is missing in case of other programmes of the country. Most of the methods developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale and at best by semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop manufacturing methods and large scale deployment requiring adequate funding.

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ii) Nature of the funded projects: The methods followed for sanctioning of the projects by various funding agencies need to be critically analyzed. Most of them are short term projects of academic interest. There is hardly any follow-up or continuity of the projects aiming at technology development. Multi-disciplinary groups do not collaborate to deliver a technology or device. Projects normally are not formulated with sufficient micro-detailing and the review mechanisms are also inadequate for a meaningful delivery. iii) Invitation to submit projects (expression of interest): Instead of the current system of uninvited proposals, the funding agencies either individually or collectively may call proposals on specific aspects of technology development rather than on general themes. The milestones and time frames are required to be much better articulated and every effort may be made to adhere to the same throughout the duration of the projects. iv) Nature of human resource employed under the projects: Another major issue is the nature of human resource employed in the projects. Hitherto, the human recourse for the projects is in the form of research scholars and technical assistants following DST/ CSIR guidelines. For technology development projects this model will not work. Research papers need not be the only form of output for these projects and therefore research fellows may not be the only type of human resources employed in these projects. People with hard core engineering skill will be preferred for the projects aiming at technology development v) Grant-in-aid to the participating industries: Participation of industries particularly for the “mission mode” projects needs to be made compulsory. Depending on the nature of their activities and the corresponding investments required to be made by the industry vis-à-vis expected return, grants-in-aid may be sanctioned to the industry varying between 30 and 70% of the project cost. Only soft loan may not be sufficient to ensure participation of the industries. vi) Collaborative projects with foreign institutions: Collaborative projects with foreign institutions have mostly been limited to academic exchanges. While it may be important to encourage such exchange, true technology development does not take place through this route. A mechanism needs to be developed for research institutions involved in applied research to sign exclusive agreement, wherein the IP rights are shared according to the contribution and a joint developmental work is carried out. Sometimes, this 130

may involve funding to the foreign partners for their inclusion in such projects.

The Department of Science &Technology, sometime back signed an exclusive agreement with UKRC, United Kingdom to promote R&D in the area of fuel cell with a committed investment of £ 6 million. One of the projects sanctioned under this scheme was on PEMFC and the other two were on SOFC. Formulation of more such projects may be attempted. vii) Transfer of technology from abroad: The technology of fuel cells all across the globe is closely guarded and well-fortified by patents regime due to its extremely high potential market. Another major challenge in making fuel cell a viable technology in India is to obtain the know-how of the fuel cell technology. Transfer of technology may require heavy financing and Indian industries may not afford to finance unless the policy measures support such a move. viii) Setting-up of Testing Centers for Fuel Cells in the country: As a part oftechnology development programme, the country must have at least one centralized “Fuel Cell Testing Center” for different types of fuel cells, if not more than one center specific to different fuel cells at different locations, for third party evaluation of the units to be developed by the different research groups. Sufficient manpower and budget need to be allocated for such centers. An ARAI kind of set-up will be preferred. ix) Availability of Hydrogen: Another major issue is setting up of a viable hydrogen supply chain. Along with fuel cell development, the funding agencies should also support short and long term projects on hydrogen generation and storage. Projects such as photo-electro-chemical method to produce hydrogen are really long term and the fuel cell development/ deployment cannot wait for such development. x) Estimate of Hydrogen Requirement: Based on the milestones presented in the Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’ and assuming that there will be at least two units of each of the capacities mentioned therein one needs to test at least 1500 kW of fuel cells of different capacities for a period of at least 1000 hours each. This means that there will be a generation of 1.5 million kWH and corresponding amount of hydrogen is required to made available for this developmental activity. Assuming further that the units will be operated on an average of 50% 131

energy efficiency with fuel utilization of 75%, around 1000 liter (at STP) is required for generation of 1 kWH of energy. Thus the total amount of hydrogen requirement for the entire programme will be around 1500 million liters of Hydrogen at STP during the next seven years. This is equivalent to around 85,000 cylinders of hydrogen (50 liter water capacity and at 350 bar pressure). A parallel developmental activity is required for timely supply of this huge amount of hydrogen. xi) Setting up of a H2FC Centre: In order to coordinate and manage the overall developmental programme and to bring all the projects to their logical conclusion, it may be essential to set-up an “autonomous center” under the ministry with full administrative and financial autonomy. In case, it is difficult to set up a physically distinct centre at a specific location, one can conceive of a “virtual centre” having its controlling unit under the ministry different nodes spread across the country particularly at locations (existing Institutes) where major programmes will be pursued. xii) Policy Measures: The programmes supported by different funding agencies in India are not correlated/ coordinated. It has been noticed that some investigators approach different funding agencies with small changes in the objectives and get support from more than one source. It seems that there is no check for such projects and in many cases there is no continuity in work. Even if all the objectives of the projects cannot be met, an analysis of these results would be useful in sanctioning future projects. This applies to all funding agencies. It requires having a common platform to identify and support RD&D programs.  Policies are required to be in place to overcome the present issues related to issuance of clearance for carrying out large scale field trials, optimized manufacturing of specific materials and components on a repetitive basis.  Incentives for Indian industries, who engage in manufacturing. Additional incentives for industries that use at least some components manufactured indigenously.  Incentives to users for using such systems may be extended similar to what is offered to the users of other renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind.  Human resource should be strengthened to retain the knowledge base developed so far.

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Specific Recommendations

14.21 Categorization of the Projects

Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of the type of Fuel Cells, there may be three different categories of projects, which may be funded to the different extents. These are: i) Category I: “Mission Mode Projects (MMP)” having the ultimate objective of limited scale manufacturing of different capacities standalone systems, which may be demonstrated under field condition for the purpose of performance evaluation. Industry participation is compulsory for this category. Fuel Cell systems proposed to be developed under this category are:

a) HT-PEMFC (Some IPRs on the fuel cell components have already been developed in the country) b) LT- PEMFC (Membrane material is still being imported in the country; but stacks up to 25kW capacity have been fabricated and tested in the country) c) Planar SOFC (Success has been obtained in lower capacity (up to 1 kW range in the country) d) PAFC (Taken-up on large scale manufacturing (up to 3 kW) for application in the strategic sector. It is yet to be taken-up for the civilian sector)

Detailed milestone of this activity is presented in Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’.

It is proposed to form consortiums consisting of R&D laboratories, academic institutions and industries for each of the systems; one of them preferably a R&D laboratory may be identified as the lead organization.

Following are the lead institutes identified for the purpose:

a) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIR-NCL, Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi) b) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad. c) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata 133

d) PAFC:Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad ii) Category II: “Research & Development Projects (R&DP)” having the objective of laboratory demonstration of critical systems and sub-systems preferably with innovative approaches. Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category. Following are the fuel cell systems to be considered under this category: a) DMFC/DEFC b) MCFC c) BFC iii) Category III: “Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (B/FRP)” aiming at carrying out basic/ fundamental research (including modeling) on different aspects of any fuel cell system except the ones mentioned above.

14.1 Budgetary Provision

It is recommended that an overall budgetary provision of Rs.750 Crore is allocated for the complete fuel cell development programme over a period of next 7 years (up to the financial year 2022-23); 80% of this may be earmarked for category I projects, 10% each for the other two categories. Complete milestone of the programme together with the approximate financial outlay (sector wise) is given in the Chapter on ‘Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time Schedule of Activities’

14.23 Supply chain for Hydrogen

A parallel developmental activity is to be initiated for supply of around 1,500 million liter of high purity hydrogen for testing of the different capacities and different types of fuel cells proposed to be developed under this programme.

14.24 Expression of Interest

Particularly for the “Mission Mode Projects” the ministry should invite expression of interest from the interested research groups and industry followed by formation of the consortium and identification of lead organization.

14.25 Virtual Fuel Cell Institute 134

For the purpose of efficient formulation and project management including rigorous monitoring a Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created under the aegis of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to bring all the concerned stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians, researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together in a systematic and focused manner. This Institute may undertake following activities:

(i) Development of a mechanism to pool the resources of different Ministries, Departments, International Funding Agencies and other agencies. (ii) Identification of expertise available with various institutions / industries and develop Mission Mode Projects utilizing the available expertise with the aim to develop components, sub-systems and integrate them, which can be mass produced and deployed in the country. (iii) Monitoring the progress of the work done under the projects to achieve the targeted goals in the time bound manner. (iv) Co-ordination among the institutions for demonstration of developed systems in field and comparison of various fuel cell technologies. (v) Development of a mechanism / modality to incentivize the individuals and the institutions involved in the development of a product. (vi) Conducting market survey for business potential of fuel cell in India (vii) Testing & benchmarking the components / prototypes / systems of fuel cell. (viii) Development of safety guidelines and standardization of on-board cost effective storage / transportation

The Institute should have a Directorate with required administrative and financial autonomy. All the members of the project team working at different locations (including the PIs) would be collectively responsible to this directorate, so far as the project activities are concerned. ------

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ANNEXURES

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137

ANNEXURE - I

A. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. “The birth of the Fuel Cell” by U. Bossel, European Fuel Cell Forum, Oberrohrdorf, (2000).

2. “Handbook: Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications”, Eds. Vielstich W, Gasteiger HA, and Lamm A, Wiley (2003).

3. Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition) by EG&G Technical Services, Inc., Under Contract with U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy (2004).

4. “Innovation in Fuel Cells: A Bibliometric Analysis”, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, France (www.oecd.org) (2005).

5. “Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology”, edited by S. Basu, Jointly published by Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi (India) and Springer, New York -USA, (2006).

6. “PEM Fuel Cell Electro-catalysts and Catalyst Layers: Fundamentals and Applications” by J. Zhang published by Springer, London (2008).

7. “Profiting from Clean Energy” by R. W. Asplund, published by John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey (2008).

8. “Fuel Cells: Problems and Solutions” by V. S. Bagotsky published by John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey (2009).

9. “Fuel Cells Development in India: The Way Forward” – A Report by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), (2010).

10. “Fuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs” edited by Noriko Hikosaka Behling, published by Elsevier B.V. (2013).

11. “High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review”, Amrit Chandan, Mariska Hattenberger, Ahmad El-

138

kharouf, Shangfeng Du, Aman Dhir, Valerie Self, Bruno G. Pollet, Andrew Ingram, Waldemar Bujalski, J. Power Sources, 231, 264 (2013).

12. “PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice (Second Edition)” by Frano Barbir, published by Elsevier B.V. (2013).

13. “Hydrogen and fuel cell technology: Progress, challenges, and future directions”, Nancy L. Garland, Dimitrios C. Papageorgopoulos, Joseph M. Stanford, Energy Procedia, 28 2 (2012).

14. “Fuel cells in India: A Survey of Current Developments” by Jonathon Buttler, Fuel Cells Today (2007).

15. “A histographic analysis of fuel cell research in Asia – China racing sheds”, S. Arunachalam and B. Viswanathan, Current Science, 95, 36 (2008).

16. “International overview of hydrogen and fuel cell research”, H.-J. Neef; Energy34 327 (2009).

17. “Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells” by A J Appleby; Elsevier B.V. (2009).

18. “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (September 2014) http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell

19. “Report Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2015-2030: Land, Water, Air Technologies, markets and forecasts for PEM, hydrogen and fuel cell hybrids” by Dr Peter Harrop, IDTechEx (2015) http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2015- 2030-land-water-air-000436.asp

20. “Technology Road Map: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell” by OECD/ International Energy Agency (2015). www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHy drogenandFuelCells.pdf

21. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2013”; Fuel Cell Today (2014); www.fuelcelltoday.com

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22. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2014” by David Hart, Fuel Cell Today; (April, 2015) www.FuelCellIndustryReview.com

23. “Electro-catalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, Eds. H. Liu and J. Zhang, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, (2009).

24. “Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, in Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion”, Volume 1&2, Eds. R.S. Liu, et al, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2011).

25. “Portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems”; S. R. Narayanan, T.I.Valdez in Handbook of Fuel Cells, Vol IV Part 1, Eds. H. Gasteiger et al Wiley Interscience, (2003).

26. “Direct methanol fuel cell fundamentals, problems and perspective”; K. Scott, A.K. Shukla, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Eds. R.E. White, et al, Springer, New York, (2006).

27. “DMFC system design for portable applications”; S.R Narayanan, T. I. Valdez, N. Rohatgi, in Handbook of Fuel Cells, Fundamentals Technology and Applications, Eds. Wolf Vielstich et al, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (2010).

28. “On reviewing the catalyst materials for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs)”; A. M. Sheikh, Khaled Ebn-Alwaled Abd-Alftah, C. F. Malfatti, J. Multidisciplinary Engg. Sci. Tech. ,1 (3), 1 (2014)

29. www.epsrc.ac.uk/.../Calls/.../IndiaUKCollabResInitFuelCellTechCall.pdf‎

30. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news- archive/2013/march/collaboration-to-develop-residential-fuel-cell-for- india#sthash.NYj9V1nd.dpuf 31. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news- archive/2012/february/ballard-fuel-cell-power-systems-deployed-in- india%E2%80%99s-idea-cellular-etwork#sthash.Pnjymxry.dpuf

32. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/july/dantherm- power-to-collaborate-with-india's-delta-power- solutions#sthash.VnJLXcbe.dpuf

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33. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news- archive/2013/february/energyor-conducts-first-fuel-cell-uav-flights-in- india#sthash.INbV0clV.dpuf

34. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2008/october/bharat- petroleum-seeks-collaboration-wtih-nippon-oil-for-fuel-cell- technology#sthash.jmVrHPkI.dpuf

35. “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Global Commercialization & Development Update”, IPHE (2010) (www.iphe.net.).

36. “Fuel Cell Today 2006: worldwide survey”, K.-A. Adamson, G. Crawley, Fuel Cell Today, (Jan. 2006). http://www.fuelcelltoday.com.

37. “European Union fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding” by K.-A. Adamson, Fuel Cell Today, (Mar. 2005)

38. “Fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding: comparative analysis”, presentation by K.-A. Adamson, at the Fuel Cell Seminar, (2006).

39. National Energy Road Map, NHEB, MNRE, Govt. of India, (2006).

40. Policy Paper on India’s Road to Hydrogen Economy, INAE, (April 2006)

41. “Advanced synthesis of materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells”, Progress in Materials Science 57, 804 (2012)

42. “Nanoscale and nano-structured electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells by infiltration: Advances and challenges”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37,449 (2012).

43. “Breakthrough fuel cell technology using ceria-based multifunctional nanocomposites”, Applied Energy; 106 163 (2013).

44. “Fuel cells in India; A Survey of Current Developments”; Jonathon Buttler, Fuel Cells Today, (June 2007).

45. “Biofuel cells and their development – A review”; R.A. Bullen, T.C. Arnot, J.B. Lakeman, F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(11), 2015 (2006).

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46. “Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells” by Yin Song, Varun Penmasta and Chunlei Wang in “Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology” edited by Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes published by In Tech (2011). (http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuel-s-engineering- processtechnology/recent-development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells- 657).

47. “Recent progress and continuing challenges in bio-fuel cells. Part I: Enzymatic cells”; M.H. Osman, A.A. Shah and F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26 3087 (2011).

48. “Biofuel cell for generating power from methanol substrate using alcohol oxidase bioanode and air-breathed laccase biocathode”; Madhuri Das, Lepakshi Barbora, Priyanki Das and, Pranab Goswami; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 59 184(2014).

49. “A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology”, S. Giddey, S.P.S. Badwal, A. Kulkarni, C. Munnings, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 38, 360 (2012).

50. “Recent insights concerning DCFC development: 1998-2012”; K.Hemmes, J.F.Cooper, J.R.Selman; International journal of Hydrogen Energy38, 8503 (2013).

Note: In addition to the above literature (Books and journals) primarily by foreign authors, complete list of publications by the Indian researchers are given in the ANNEXURE III.

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ANNEXURE II

Portfolio of Publications and Patents on Fuel Cell Related Areas of the Important Research Groups of this Country

A. Books/ Book Chapters

1. S. Basu (Ed.), Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Springer, New York (2007) 2. Basu, S., Report on Challenges in Fuel cell Technology: India’s Perspective, Dec 1 & 2, 2006, New Delhi (DST) 3. Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production, B.Viswanathan, Ravi Subramanian andJ.S.Lee (editors) Springer, 2014. 4. Basu, S., Fuel Cell Technology in India’s Roadmap to Hydrogen Economy, Ed. T. K. Roy and P. K. Mukhopadhya, Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2006 5. Basu, S., Chokalingam, R., ‘Ceria based electro-ceramic composite materials for solid oxide fuel cell application’ (Ch 10), In Advanced Organic-Inorganic Composites: Materials, Device and Allied Applications, Ed. Inamuddin Siddiqui, Nova Science Publications Inc., N.Y. 2011 6. Surya Singh, Anil Verma, Suddhasatwa Basu, ‘Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells – Recent Advances’ (Ch 5) in Advanced Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Ed P. K Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S. P. Jiang, and J. Zhang, CRC Press (2014) 7. “Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells” by R.N. Basu, in Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Editor: Prof. S. Basu, Jointly published by Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi (India) and Springer, New York (USA), Chapter-9, pp. 284-389 (2006). 8. "Energy Generation and Storage Device: High Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cell" by R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma in INSA Monograph on Energy, Editors: Boldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali and Indranil Manna – Manuscript submitted in June 2013 (to be published by INSA, New Delhi in 2015). 9. “Nanoindentation behaviour of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, M. Bose, A. Dey and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 30, p. 235-241. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc., USA). 143

10. B.K. Kakati, A. Verma. “Carbon polymer composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell: Development Characterization and Performance Evaluation” Lambert Academic Press, Germany (2011) (ISBN: 9783846503119). 11. A. Ghosh, A. Verma. “Graphene: A potential candidate for PEM fuel cell components: development, characterization and performance evaluation” Scholar’s Press, (2014) (ISBN-978-3639661972). 12. “Nanoindentation behaviour of high-temperature glass-ceramic sealants for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, S. Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, A. Dey, and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 31, p. 243-247. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc., USA). 13. Electroceramics for Fuel Cells, Batteries and Sensors, S.R. Bharadwaj, S. Varma, B.N. Wani, Functional Materials, Book Edited by S. Banerjee and A.K. Tyagi, Elsevier, London, 2012, Pages 639-674 (Chapter 16) 14. A. Verma, S. Basu, 2007. Direct alcohol and borohydride alkaline fuel cell. In: Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Ed., S. Basu, Anamaya Publishers (New Delhi) and Springer, pp.157-187 (ISBN: 978-0-387-35537-5). 15. Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Technology Advances, Debabrata Das, Namita Khanna and Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta, CRC Press, 408 Pages, 2014 (ISBN 9781466517998). 16. R. Chetty and K. Scott "Air•Breathing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Catal ysed Titanium MeshElectrodes" in Electrocatalysts: Research, Technology and Applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2009. 17. Jayati Datta, (2015) “Multi-metallic nano catalysts for anodic reaction in direct alcohol Fuel Cell”, in “Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd., Singapore. 18. Waste Recycling and Resource Management in the developing World, Ecological Engineering Approach, Pub. University of Kalyani, India and International Ecological Engineering Society, Switzerland, © 2000, Article - Eco-sustainable technology in India - its present and future, pp 631-637.

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B. Publications in Journals

1) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PMEFC)

CSIR

1. Ashvini B. Deshmukh, Vinayak S. Kale, Vishal M. Dhavale, K. Sreekumar, K Vijaymohanan, Manjusha V. Shelke, Electrochem. Comm. 12 (2010) 1638– 1641. 2. Ranjith Vellancheri, Sreekuttan M. Unni, Sandeep Nihre, Ulhas K. Kharul, Sreekumar Kurungot, Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 2878. 3. Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Ramaiyan Kannan and Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 2910-2912. 4. Vishal M Dhavale, Sreekuttan M Unni, Husain N Kagalwala, Vijayamohanan K Pillai, Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 3951-3953. 5. Beena K Balan, Sreekumar Kurungot, J. Mater. Chem. Accepted, 2011. 6. Ramaiyan Kannan, Pradnya P Aher, Thangavelu Palaniselvam, Sreekumar Kurungot, Ulhas K. Kharul, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010) 2109–2113. 7. Beena K Balan, Vinayak S Kale, Pradnya P Aher, Manjusha V Shelke, Vijayamohanan K Pillai and Sreekumar Kurungot, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 5590–5592. 8. Sreekuttan M. Unni, Vishal M. Dhavale, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, and Sreekumar Kurungot, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 14654–14661. 9. R.S. Bhavsar, S.B. Nahire, M.S. Kale, S.G. Patil, P.P. Aher, R.A. Bhavsar, U.K. Kharul; Polybenzimidazoles based on 3,3’-diaminobenzidine and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids: Synthesis and evaluation of physico-chemical properties towards their applicability as proton exchange and gas separation membrane material; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.120 (2011) 1090–99. 10. Rupesh S. Bhavsar, Santosh C. Kumbharkar1, Ulhas K. Kharul; Polymeric

ionic liquids (PILs): Effect of anion variation on their CO2 sorption; J. Membr. Sci. 389 (2012) 305– 315. 11. S.C. Kumbharkar, U.K. Kharul; New N-substituted ABPBI: Synthesis and evaluation of gas permeation properties; J. Membr. Sci.360 (2010) 418-425. 12. S.C. Kumbharkar, Md. Nazrul Islam, R.A. Potrekar, U.K. Kharul; Variation in acid moiety of polybenzimidazoles: Investigation of physico-chemical properties towards their applicability as proton exchange and gas separation membrane materials; Polymer50 (2009) 1403–1413.

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13. S.C. Kumbharkar, P.B. Karadkar, U.K. Kharul; Enhancement of gas permeation properties of polybenzimidazoles by systematic structure architecture; J. Membr. Sci.286 (2006) 161-169. 14. S.S. Kothawade, M.P. Kulkarni, U.K. Kharul, A.S. Patil, S.P. Vernekar; Synthesis, characterization, and gas permeability of aromatic polyimides containing pendant phenoxy group; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.108 (2008) 3881– 3889. 15. P.H. Maheshwari, R.Singh and R.B.Mathur, J. Electroanal. Chem. 671 (2012) 32-37. 16. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, N. Chauhan, R.K. Seth and R.B. Mathur, Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 4195-4200. 17. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476 – 7482. 18. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, S. Sharma, M. Borah and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 23 (2009) 934-941. 19. P.H. Maheshwari and R.B.Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476- 7482. 20. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R. B. Mathur and T. L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 7146-7152. 21. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, T. L. Dhami, Electrochimica Acta. 54 (2008) 655 – 659. 22. S. R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R.B. Mathur and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 22 (2008) 3329-3334. 23. R.B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakateand D.K.Gupta, T.L. Dhami, R.K. Aggarwal, J. Mat. Process. Technol. 203 (2008) 184-192. 24. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, B.K. Kakati, and T.L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen Energy. 32 (2007) 4537-4543. 25. R.B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T.L. Dhami, R.P. Tandon, Electrochimica Acta. 52 (2007) 4809 –17. 26. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R.B. Mathur, T.L. Dhami, Journal of Power Sources, 173 (2007) 394 – 403. 27. R. B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T. L. Dhami, R. K. Sharma, C. P. Sharma, J. Power Sources, 161 (2006) 790 – 798. 28. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Eletrochem. Soc., 154 (2007) B123. 29. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Appl. Electrochem. 37 (2007) 913-919. G. Selvarani, A. K. Sahu, N. A. Choudhury, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 4871-4877.

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30. A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pichumani and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl. Electrochem., 38 (2008) 357-362. 31. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, N. Narayanan, A. Banerjee and N.Chandrakumar, J. Membr. Sci., 319 (2008) 298-305. 32. A.K. Sahu, K.G. Nishanth, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, Carbon, 47 (2009) 102-108. 33. S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, A.K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 113 (2009) 2605-2612. 34. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, and A.K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156 (2009) B118-B125. 35. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K.Shukla, Fuel Cells, 9(2) (2009) 139–147. 36. A K Sahu, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 3, June 2009, pp. 1–10. 37. G. Selvarani, Bincy John, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 19 (2009) 49-62. 38. A.K. Sahu,P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J.I.I.Sc., 89(4) (2009) 1-9. 39. K K Tintula, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 33, No. 2, April 2010, pp. 157–163. 40. S. Mohanapriya, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 28 (2010) 43 - 53. 41. S. Mohanapriya, K.K.Tintula, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS trans., 33 (2010) 461-471. 42. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1679-B1685. 43. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, and A. K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1000 - B1007. 44. G. Selvarani, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S.Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J. Fuel Cell Sci. & Tech., 8 (2011) 021003. 45. A. Manokaran, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J. Power & Energy, Proc. IMechE., Part A, 225 (2011) 175-182. 46. G. Selvarani, S. Vinod Selvaganesh, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 337–346. 47. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158 (2011) B622-B631. 48. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Fuel Cells 11 (2011) 372–384. 49. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 12623–12634. 147

50. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J. Power Sources, 196 (2011) 9931-9938. 51. Tintula Kottakkat, Akhila K. Sahu*, Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Pitchumani Sethuraman and Sridhar Parthasarathi, Appl. Catal. B. Environmental 110 (2011) 178– 185. 52. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Chem. Sci. (accepted). 53. S. Mohanapriya, K. K. Tintula, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani and P. Sridhar, Bull. Mater. Sci. (accepted). 54. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159 (5) B463-B470 (2012). 55. Mayavan, S, Mandalam, A, Balasubramanian, M, Sim, JB, Choi, SM,Facile approach to prepare Pt decorated SWNT/graphene hybrid catalytic ink, Mater. Res. Bull.67(2015)215-219 56. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar, Dynamics of anode-cathode interaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell revealed by simultaneous current and potential distribution measurements under local reactant starvation conditions, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 45 (2015) 353 – 363. 57. S. Gouse Peera, A.K. Sahu, A. Arunchander, S.D. Bhat, J. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan, Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high durable oxygen reduction catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Carbon 93 (2015) 130-142. 58. A. Arunchander, K. G. Nishanth, K. K. Tintula, S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, Insights into the effect of structure directing agents on structural properties of mesoporous carbon for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38 (2015) 1-9. 59. Ramendra Pandey, Harshal Agarwal, B. Saravanan, P. Sridhar, Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Internal humidification in PEM fuel cells using wick based water transport, Journal of Electrochemical Society 162 (2015) in press. 60. Gopi, KH, Peera, SG, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,3- Methyltrimethylammonium poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mat. Sci.37(2014)877-881. 61. Selvaganesh, SV, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Pristine and graphitized-MWCNTs as durable cathode-catalyst supports for PEFCs, J. Solid State Electrochem.18(2014)1291-1305

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62. Peera, SG, Sahu, AK, Bhat, SD, Lee, SC,Nitrogen functionalized graphite nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Adv.4(2014)11080-11088 63. S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. C. Lee, Nitrogen functionalized graphite nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Advances 4 (2014) 11080- 11088. 64. K. K. Tintula, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, Durability of Pt/C and Pt/MC-PEDOT Catalysts under Simulated Start-Stop Cycles in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13 (2013) 158-166. 65. S. Gouse Peera, K.K. Tintula, A.K. Sahu, S. Shanmugam, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Catalytic activity of Pt anchored onto graphite nanofiber-poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite towards oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 108 (2013) 95-103. 66. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low relative-humidity, J. Chemical Science, 124 (2012) 529-536. 67. S Mohanapriya, K K Tintula, S D Bhat, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar, A novel multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based nanocomposite for PEFC electrodes, Bulletin of Materials Science 35 (2012) 297-303. 68. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low relative-humidity, Journal of Chemical Science 124 (2012) 529-536. Fuel Cell Center (DST) 69. Prithi Jayaraj, R.Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S.Dhathathreyan, , “ Nitrogen Doped Graphene as Catalyst support for Sulphur tolerance in PEMFC “Graphene 2015 Accepted for publication 70. Jason Millichamp , Thomas J. Mason , Tobias P. Neville , Natarajan Rajalakshmi , Rhodri Jervis , Paul R. Shearing , Daniel J.L. Brett,, “ Mechanisms and effects of mechanical compression and dimensional change in polymer electrolyte fuel cells - A review “ , J Power source, 284 (2015) 305 71. K.Nagamahesh, R.Balaji, K.S.Dhathathreyan, “Studies on Noble metal free carbon based cathodes for Magnesium–Hydrogen peroxide fuelCell”, Ionics DOI: 10.1007/s11581-015-1434-y (accepted for Publication) 2015. 72. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan ,and S. Ramaprabhu “ Nitrogen doped graphene prepared by hydrothermal and thermal solid state 149

methods as catalyst supports for fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4337-4348 73. S.Seetharaman, Raghu, S, Velan, M, Ramya, K & Ansari, K 2014, ‘Comparison of the performance of reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes based Sulfonated polysulfone membranes for electrolysis application’, Polymer Composites, 36(3), 475-481,2015 74. Prithi Jayaraj, P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Mitigation studies of sulfur contaminated electrodes for PEMFC” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 2 0 4 5 - 1 2 0 5 1 75. V. Senthil Velan, G. Velayutham, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Inﬂuence of compressive stress on the pore structure of carbon cloth based gas diffusion layer investigated by capillary ﬂow porometry “ , International journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 1752- 1759 76. N. Sasikala, K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen/air electrodes, “Energy conversion and Management, 77, 2014, 545-549. 77. L.S.Ranjani, K. Ramya, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Compact and flexible hydrocarbon polymer sensor for sensing humidity in confined spacesInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 21343-21350, 2014. 78. V. Senthil Velan, P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ A Novel Graphene Based Cathode for Metal – Air Battery “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No. 2 , 1-7 79. P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Synthesis of Alkali Intercalated Graphene Oxide for Electrochemiacl Supercapacitor Electrodes with High Perfromance and Long Cycling Stability “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No.1 , 1-9 80. K.Ramya, K.S.Dhathathreyan, J.Sreenivas, S.Kumar, S.Narasimhan, “Hydrogen production by alcoholysis of sodium borohydride Accepted for publication in International Journal of Energy Research, 2013, 37, 1889- 1895 81. S.Sabareeswaran, R.Balaji, K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan,” Carbon Assisted water electrolysis for hydrogen generation “AIP conference Proceedings 1538, 43(2013). 82. Seetharaman, S., Ramya, K., Dhathathreyan, K.S., “Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide / sulfonated polyether ether ketone composite membrane for electrochemical applications “ ,AIP Conference Proceedings ,Volume 1538, 2013, Pages 257-261 83. Latha, K., Umamaheswari, B., Rajalakshmi, N., Dhathathreyan, K.S., ” Investigation of various operating modes of fuelcell/ultracapacitor/ multiple converter based hybrid system , Proceedings of the International 150

Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2013, Article number6526990, Pages 65-71” [2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 2013; Kitakyushu; Japan; 22 April 2013 through 25 April 2013; Code 97934 84. K. Latha ,S. Vidhya , B. Umamaheswari , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Tuning of PEM fuel cell model parameters for prediction of steady state and dynamic performance under various operating conditions “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, (2013), pp. 2370-2386 85. P Karthika ,N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , "Flexible polyester cellulose paper supercapacitor using gel electrolyte"; Chem Phys Chem, 2013, 14, 3822-3826 (DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300622 ( 2013) ) 86. S.Seetharaman, M.Velan,R.Balaji, K.Ramya , and K S Dhathathreyan“Graphene oxide modified non noble metal electrode for alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy- 38, (2013 ) ,14934 -14942tion ( 2013) 87. S.Seetharaman & R. Balaji & K. Ramya & K. S. Dhathathreyan & M. Velan, “Electrochemical behaviour of nickel-based electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline water electrolysis”, Ionics, DOI 10.1007/s11581-013- 1032-9. 88. Ranjani Lalitha Sridhar, Ramya Krishnan, PEMFC membrane electrode assembly degradation study based on its mechanical properties, International Journal of Materials Research, Volume 104(9), 2013,892-898. 89. S Nagarajan, P Sudhagar, V Raman, W Cho, KS Dhathathreyan and YS Kang, “A PEDOT-reinforced exfoliated graphite composite as a Pt- and TCO-free flexible counter electrode for polymer electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells”, : Journal of Materials Chemistry A Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Pages: 1048-1054, 2013 90. M Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi and KS Dhathathreyan, “Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of flow field geometry in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 51, p 79-84, 2013. 91. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani,Hongjing Wang, Malar Auxilia Francis, Hideki Abe ,Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Dakshinamoorthy Arivuoli, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt–Ru Alloy Particles with Uniform Sizes by Sophisticated Hard-Templating Method “ , Chemistry - An Asian Journal , Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 902-907 92. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani, Yu-Heng Deng, Kevin C.-W. Wu, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Arivuoli 151

Dakshanamoorthy, Katsuhiko Ariga, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Hard- templating Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt-Based Alloy Particles with Low Ni and Co Contents “ , Chemistry Letters , Volume 42, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 447-449 93. S. Naveen Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Efficient Power Conditioner for a Fuel Cell Stack-Ripple Current Reduction Using Multiphase Converter , Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2013, 4 94. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi∗, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-Doped Exfoliated Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrodes, , Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 1746-1751, March 2013. 95. S. Pandiyan , A. Elayaperumal , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , N. Venkateshwaran, “ Design and analysis of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)” , Renewable Energy . Volume 49, January 2013, Pages 161-165 96. Pattabiraman Krishnamurthy, Ramya Krishnan, and Dhathathreyan Kaveripatnam Samban, Performance of a 1 kW Class Nafion-PTFE Composite Membrane Fuel Cell Stack, International Journal of Chemical EngineeringVolume 2012 (2012), 97. Prasanna Karthika, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan,Functionalized Exfoliated Graphene Oxide as Supercapacitor Electrodes , Soft Nanoscience Letters, 2012, 2, 59-66 98. K. S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian,, Forced Air-Breathing PEMFC Stacks, Int Journal of Electrochemistry, Volume 2012, Article ID 216494, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/216494 99. Viswanath Sasank Bethapudi, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan KS, Design and optimization of a closed two loop thermal management configuration for PEM fuel cell using heat transfer modules , International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3, , pp. 243-248, 2012 100. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, V. Raman, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Synthesis of graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid nanostructure by strengthened electrostatic interaction and its lithium ion battery application “ , J. Mater. Chem., Vol.22(19), 9949-9956, 2012 101. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “ Novel Platinum–Cobalt Alloy Nanoparticles Dispersed on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as a Cathode Electrocatalyst for PEMFC Applications “ ,Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22(16), p3519-3526, 2012 102. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, R. Imran Jaffri, S. Ramaprabhu, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , “Functionalised 2D Graphene Sheets as Catalyst Support 152

for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes” in Advanced Science Letters, Volume 6, 2012, Pages 141-146 103. B.P. Vinayan , R. Imran Jafri, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Sethupathi ,S. Ramaprabhu , “ Catalytic activity of platinum cobalt alloy nanoparticles decorated functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC “ , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 37 ( 2012) 412- 421 104. Bhagavatula YS (Bhagavatula, Yamini Sarada); Bhagavatula MT (Bhagavatula, Maruthi T.); Dhathathreyan KS (Dhathathreyan, K. S.), “Application of Artificial Neural Network in Performance Prediction of PEM Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Energy Research, Vol.36(13), p 1215- 1225, 2012 105. B. Yamini Sarada , “Response to Comment on the article “Meliorated oxygen reduction reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium zirconium oxide” by B. Yamini Sarada, K.S. Dhathathreyan, and M. Rama Krishna” , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36( 2012)5309-5310 106. S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravind, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Solar exfoliated graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid nano composites as efficient catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells “ , J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 18199-18204 107. Adarsh Kaniyoor, Tessy Theres Baby, Thevasahayam Arockiadoss, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, and Sundara Ramaprabhu, “ Wrinkled Graphenes: A Study on the Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Exfoliation – reduction of Graphite Oxide “ , The Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 2011,115,17660-17669 108. C. K. Subramaniam*, C. S. Ramya and K. Ramya , “Performance of EDLCs using nafion and nafion composites as electrolyte' - J of Applied Electrochemistry, Volume 41, Number 2, 197-206, 2011 109. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Study of a porous membrane humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14866-14872 110. G. Velayutham, “ effect of micro-layer PTFE on the performance of PEM fuel cell electrodes “, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14845-14850 111. V. Senthil Velan , G. Velayutham, Neha Hebalkar , K.S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of SiO2 additives on the PEM fuel cell electrode performance , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14815-14822 112. M. Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Electrochemical impedance diagnosis of micro porous layer in polymer electrolyte

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membrane fuel cell electrodes , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 12342- 12360 113. B.Yamini Sarada , K.S. Dhathathreyan , M. Rama Krishna , “ Meliorated oxygen reduction reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium-zirconium oxide , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 11886- 11894 114. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “ Fuel Cell Development in India ‘ – The Journal of Fuel Cell Technology , Japan - Special issue – invited article , 11(1) , 36- 49, 2011. 115. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “The ARCI Fuel Cell Programme “ ISOFT e-Bulletin Vol. 02 No.01, June 1, page 2, 2011. 116. Neetu Jha, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “Graphene- multi walled carbon nanotube hybrid electrocatalyst support material for direct methanol fuel cell “International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 36, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages 7284-7290 117. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , Operation planning of an independent microgrid for cold regions by the distribution of fuel cells and water electrolysers using a genetic algorithm , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, ( 2011) , 14295-14308 118. Shin’ya Obara, Takanobu Yamada, Kazuhiro Matsumura, Shiro Takahashi, Masahito Kawai and Balaji Rengarajan , Operational planning of an engine generator using a high pressure working fluid composed of CO2 hydrate, Applied Energy 2011, 88(12), 4733-4741 119. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , “ Operation method study based on the energy balance of an independent microgrid using solar powered water electrolyser and an electric heat pump , Energy , 2011, 36(8), 5200-5213 120. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Study of a porous membrane humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 36 (2011) 14866-14872 121. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu , ” Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanocoils as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell “ ,Journal of Power Sources, Volume 195, Issue 24, 15 December 2010, Pages 8080-8083 122. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “Nitrogen doped graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell”, J. Mater. Chem., 2010,20, 7114- 7117

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123. K S.Dhathathreyan and N.Rajalakshmi ,Challenges in PEM Fuel Cell Development , in “ Fuel Cells “ INCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII No.3, 2009, 214- 228 - Published in Nov. 2010 124. R. Imran Jafri, T. Arockiados, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu , “ Nanostructured Pt dispersed Graphene-Multi walled Carbon Nanotube hybrid nanomaterials as electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells “ , , The Journal of Electrochemical Society 157(6),B874-B879 (2010) 125. C S Ramya, C K Subramaniam and K S Dhathathreyan, “Perfluorosulfonic acid based electrochemical double layer capacitor “J.Electrochem. Soc., USA, 157(5), A600-A605, 2010. 126. Leela Mohana Reddy, M. M. Shaijumon, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Performance of PEMFC using Pt/MWNT-Pt/C composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC “ J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 7(2010) 1-7 127. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Performance of Platinumm Black and Supported Platinum Catalysts in a Direct Methanol Fuel cell ”, Int. J. Electrochem.Sci., 4(2009), 386-395) 128. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ExperimentaL Analaysis of platinum utilization in a DMFC cathode “ , J. Applied Electrochem. 39 ( 2009), 1003-1009 129. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Effect of PTFE content on the performance of a Direct Methanol fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 446–452 130. B K Kakati, V K Yamsani , K S Dhathathreyan, D. Sathyamurthy and A Verma , “The Electrical conductivity of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cell applications” , CARBON 47 (2009 ) , 2413-2418 131. R. Imran Jafri, N. Sujatha, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Au– MnO2/MWNT and Au–ZnO/MWNT as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2009) 34, 6371-6376 132. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandian, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Vibration tests on a PEM fuel cell stack usable in transportation application “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, Issue 9, pp.3833-3837, 2009 133. G. Velayutham , K S Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi and D.Sampangi Raman , “ Assessment of factors responsible for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode performance by statistical analysis , Journal of Power Sources , 191, ( 2009), 10-15 134. N. Rajalakshmi, G. Velayutham and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Sensitivity Analysiis of a 2.5 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell stack by 155

Statistical Method”, J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 6 (1): 011003-1- 6. 200 135. G Velayutham, K S Dhathathreyan , N Rajalakshmi and D Sampangi Raman , Assessment of factors responsible for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cell electrode performance by Statistical Analysis , J. Power Sources , 191( 2009),10-15 136. N. Rajalakshmi, N. Lakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Nano titanium oxide catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 7521-7526 137. B. Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of Ionomer Content in Anode and Cathode Catalyst Layers on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance , , FUEL CELLS 00, 2008, No. 0, 1–6 ( Science Direct) 138. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC system , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 33, Issue 17, September 2008, Pages 4640-4648 139. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Nanostructured platinum catalyst layer prepared by Pulsed Electro- Deposition for use in PEM fuel cells , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 ( 2008 ) 5672 – 5677 140. K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan, “ Methanol crossover studies on heat- treated Nafion® membranes “J Membrane Science 311, 121-127 ,20008 141. S.Pandian, K.Jayakumar, N.Rajalakshmi and K.S.Dhathathreyan, Thermal and Electrical Energy management in a PEMFC stack – An analytical approach , Int. Journal of Heat and Mass transfer 51 (2008) 469-473 142. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Design and development of modular fuel cell stacks for various applications, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449-454 143. Neetu Jha, A. Leela Mohana Reddy, M.M. Shaijumon, N.Rajalakshmi and S.Ramaprabhu, Pt-Ru Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 427-433 144. A Leela Mohana Reddy, N.Rajalakshmi and S.Ramaprabhu , Co-Ppy – Mwnt catalysts for H2 and alcohol fuel cells , Carbon 46 (2008) 2-11, ( 2008). 145. N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—Fabrication, characterisation and analysis” in Chemical Engineering Journal 129 (2007) 31–40

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146. K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “ Methanol crossover studies on heat- treated Nafion® membranes “ in Journal of Membrane Science 311 (2008) 121–127 147. G. Velayutham, J. Kaushik, N. Rajalakshmi, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , “Effect of PTFE Content in Gas Diffusion Media and Microlayer on the Performance of PEMFC Tested under Ambient Pressure “ in FUEL CELLS 2008, No. 0, 1–5 148. N. Rajalakshmi∗, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Design and development of modular fuel cell stacks for various applications” in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449 – 454 149. M. Krishna Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, and S. Ramaprabhu, Electrochromism

in mischmetal based AB2 alloy hydride thin film , J. Phys Chem 111, issue No. 24, (2007) 8532-37 150. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—Fabrication, characterisation and analysis “ Chemical Engineering Journal, 129(2007)31-40 151. K. Ramya, G. Velayutham, C.K. Subramaniam, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Effect of solvents on the characteristics of Nafion®/PTFE composite membranes for fuel cell applications” , Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 10–17 152. N Lakshmi, N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , Functionalisation of various carbons for use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell electrodes – Analysis and Characterization , J Phys. D Appl. Phys , 39 (2006) 2785– 2790 153. K. Jayakumar, S. Pandiyan, N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Cost-benefit analysis of commercial bipolar plates for PEMFC's “ Journal of Power Sources, Volume 161, Issue 1, 20 October 2006, Pages 454-459, 154. G Velayutham , J Koushik and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Influence of Gas Dissusion Substrates ( GDS) on the performance of PEM Fuel cell “ , Proceedings of DAE-BRNS International Symposium on Materials Chemistry , Dec. 408, 2006 , Mumbai, India 155. M. Shaijumon, S. Ramaprabhu and N. Rajalakshmi“ Multiwalled carbon nanotubes-platinum/carbon composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 253105, 2006 156. N. Rajalakshmi, Hojin Ryu, M.M. Shaijumon and S. Ramaprabhu,, Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 140, Issue 2, 2 February 2005, Pages 250-257.

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157. Platinum Catalysed Membranes for Proton exchange Membrane fuel cells – Higher performance - N.Rajalakshmi1, Hojin Ryu1 and K.S. Dhathathreyan2 , Chemical Engineering Journal 102,241-247, 2004. IITs 158. A. Das, S. Basu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Characterization of Low Cost Ion Conducting Poly(AAc-co-DMAPMA) Membrane for Fuel Cell Application”, Materials Sciences and Applications, Accepted. 159. B. Navaneeth, R. H. Prasad, P. Chiranjeevi, R. Chandra, O. Sarkar, A. Verma, S. Subudhi, B. Lal, and S.V. Mohan, “Implication of Composite Electrode on the Functioning of Photo-bioelectrocatalytic Fuel Cell Operated with Heterotrophic-anoxygenic Condition, Bioresource Technology, doi: j.biortech.2015.02.065. 160. A. Ghosh and A. Verma, “Carbon-polymer Composite Bipolar Plate for HT- PEMFC, Fuel Cells, 2014, 14, 259-265. 161. T.S.K. Raunija, S.K. Manwatkar, S.C. Sharma, and A. Verma, “Morphological Optimization of Process Parameters of Randomly Oriented Carbon/Carbon Composite”, Carbon Letters, 2014, 15, 25-31. 162. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, “Efficient Composite Bipolar Plate Reinforced with Carbon Fibre and Graphene for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9362-9369. 163. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, and A. Verma, “Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC” Fuel Cells, 2013, 13, 355-363. 164. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Semi-empirical Modelling of Electrical Conductivity for Composite Bipolar Plate with Multiple Reinforcements”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14851-14857. 165. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, "Graphene Reinforced Composite Bipolar Plate for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell", ASME Proceedings, Fuel Cell 2011, 301-307. 166. N. Shroti, L. Barbora, and A. Verma, “Neodymium Triflate Modified Nafion Composite Membrane for Reduced Alcohol Permeability in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14907- 14913. 167. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Electrochemical and Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell Application”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010) 4185- 4194.

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168. A. Verma, and K. Scott, "Development of High Temperature PEMFC based on Heteropolyacids and Polybenzimidazole", Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2010, 14, 213-219. 169. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha, and A. Verma, “Fabrication of Composite Bipolar Plate for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell”, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 2009, 4, 202-211. 170. B.K. Kakati, V.K. Yamsani, K.S. Dhathathreyan, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Investigation on Electrical Conductivity of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell Application”, Carbon, 2009, 47, 2413-2418.

171. X. Wu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Sb-doped SnP2O7 Proton Conductor for High Temperature Fuel Cells”, Fuel Cells, 2008, 8, 453-458. 172. A. Difoe, A. Verma, and U.K. Saha, “A Preliminary Design Approach for 1 kW Direct Methanol Fuel Cell System”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 1, 30-46. 173. A. Verma, A. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Study of Methanol and Ethanol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Medium using Cyclic Voltammetry”, Indian Chemical Engineer, 2007, 49, 330-340. 174. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha and A. Verma, “Numerical Optimization of Channel and Rib Width of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate”, International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1590-1602.

175. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, S. Kaalva, A. Difoe and A. Verma, “Nafion/TiO2 Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1579-1589. 176. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels: Anode Electrode Studies”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174, 180-185. 177. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of a Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 168, 200-210. 178. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Evaluation of an Alkaline Fuel Cell in Multi-fuel System”, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2 (2005), 234-237. 179. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct use of Alcohols and Sodium Borohydride as Fuel in an Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 145 (2005) 282- 285. 180. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Power from Hydrogen via Fuel Cell Technology”, Chemical Weekly, July 12, 2005, 177-181. 181. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Manganese Dioxide as a Cathode Catalyst for a Direct Alcohol or Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell with a Flowing Alkaline Eelectrolyte” Journal of Power Sources, 141 (2005), 30-34.

159

182. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Feasibility Study of a Simple Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 135 (2004) 62-65 183. J Deshpande, T Dey, PC Ghosh(2014), “Effect of Vibrations on Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells” Energy Procedia 54, 756-762, 2014 184. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Three Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell” Applied Mechanics and Materials 492, 365-369 185. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2), 987-995 186. P C Ghosh (2013), “Influences of contact pressure on the performances of polymer electrolyte fuel cells “Journal of Energy 187. JM Sonawane, A Gupta, P C Ghosh (2013),Multi-electrode microbial fuel cell (MEMFC): a close analysis towards large scale system architecture International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (12), 5106-5114 188. AS Raj, P C Ghosh (2012),Standalone PV-diesel system vs. PV-H2 system: An economic analysis Energy 42 (1), 270-280 189. D. Singdeo, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, (2011), Modelling of start-up time for high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy, 36 pp. 6081-6089. 190. P. C. Ghosh, U. Vasudeva, (2011) “Analysis of 3000 T class submarines equipped with polymer electrolyte fuel cells”, Energy, Vol. 36 pp. 3138- 3147. 191. P. C. Ghosh, H. Dohle, J. Mergel (2009), “Modelling of heterogeneities inside polymer electrolyte fuel cells due to oxidants” Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34 pp. 8204-8212 192. R. Kannan, Md. N. Islam, D. Rathod, M. Vijay, U. K. Kharul, P. C. Ghosh, K. Vijaymohanan (2008), “A 27-3fractorial optimization of Polybenzimidazole

based membrane electrode assemblies for H2/O2 fuel cells” J. Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 38 pp. 583-590 193. S. Singh, A. Verma, S. Basu. 2015, Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells- Recent advances”, (Ch 5), in: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Eds., P.K. Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S.P. Jiang, and J. Zhang, CRC Press, Accepted. 194. A. Ghosh, A. Verma, 2015, Potential Applications of Graphene in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, Eds. M. Aliofkhazraei, N. Ali, W.I. Milne, C.S. Ozkan, S. Mitura, J.L. Gervasoni, Handbook of Graphene, CRC Press. Accepted. 195. 1. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and S. Dhathathreyan (2008). Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a 160

PEMFC system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33(17), 4640- 4648 196. 2. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Control orientated thermal model for proton- exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Journal of Power Sources, 183, 98-108. 197. 3. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2009). Control of air flow rate with stack voltage measurement for a PEM fuel cell system. Journal of Energy Storage and Conversion. 1(1), 51-59. 198. 4. G. Vasu, D. Deepak, S. Babji and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Detection and diagnosis of faults in PEM fuel cells. SSPCCIN 2008, 3-5 January, Pune, India. 199. 5. V. Gollangi, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan (2006). Effects of residence time and humidifier temperature on relative humidity of H2 in a bubble humidifier - An experimental study. Presented at the CHEMCON 2006, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. 200. 6. A.K. Tangirala and B. Viswanathan (2006). Modelling, Control and Monitoring of PEM Fuel Cells. Presented at the National Seminar on Challenges in Fuel Cell Technology: India’s Perspective, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India. 201. D. Kareemulla & S. Jayanti, “A comprehensive, one-dimensional, semi- analytical mathematical model for liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane direct methanol fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, 188 (2), 367-388, 2009. 202. P. V. Suresh, S. Jayanti, A. P. Deshpande & P. Haridoss, “An improved serpentine flow field with enhanced cross-flow for fuel cell applications”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6067-6072, 2011. 203. N.S. Suresh and S. Jayanti, “Cross-over and performance modeling of liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cells”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14648-14658, 2011. 204. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, S. Jayanti, S. Tischer, O. Deutschmann, “Microkinetic modelling of NH3 decomposition on Ni and its application to solid oxide fuel cells”, Chemical Engineering Science, 66, 5184-5191, 2011 205. Harikishan Reddy E, Jayanti S. Thermal management strategies for a 1 kWe stack of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Therm Eng 2012; 48:465-475. 206. Vikas Jaggi and S. Jayanti “A Conceptual Model of a High-efficiency, Stand- alone Power Unit Based on a Fuel Cell Stack with an Integrated Auto- thermal Ethanol Reformer”, Applied Energy, 110,295-303, 2013

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207. Harikishan Reddy E, Monder, D.S., Jayanti S. “Parametric study of an external coolant system for a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell" Applied Thermal Engineering, 58, 155-164, 2013 208. S. Appari, V.M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri and S. Jayanti,“Deactivation and regeneration of Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An experimental investigation"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(1), 297-304, 2014. 209. Jyothilatha Tamalapakula and S. Jayanti, “Ex-situ Experimental Studies on Serpentine Flow Field Design For Redox Flow Battery Systems” J. Power Sources, 248,140-146 (2014). 210. E. H. Reddy, S. Jayanti and D.S. Monder, “Thermal management of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks in the power range of 1 to 10 kWe”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 39(35), 20127-20138, 2014.

2) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

CSIR

1. H. S. Maiti, A. Chakraborty and M.K. Paria, "Bi2O3 as a sintering aid for La(Sr)MnO3 cathode material for SOFC". Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuell Cells, Honululu, Eds. S. C. Singhal and H. Iwahara, The Electrochemical Society, N.J. pp.190-99 (1993). 2. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, Sukumar Roy and H. S. Maiti, “Low-

temperature synthesis of ultrafine La0.84Sr0.16 MnO3 powder by an autoignition process", J. Mater. Res., 9(4) 986-91 (1994).

3. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, "Preparation of La1-x Srx MnO3 (0

in Sr-substituted lanthanum manganite (La1-xSrxMnO3) cathode material prepared by auto ignition technique”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O. Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA, pp. 612-17 (1995). 6. Amitava Chakraborty, R. N. Basu, M. K. Paria and H. S. Maiti, “Synthesis of

La(Ca)CrO3 powder by autoignition process and study of its sintering behaviour and electrical conductivity”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid

162

Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O. Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA, pp. 915-23 (1995). 7. R. N. Basu, S. K. Pratihar, M. Saha and H. S. Maiti, "Preparation of Sr-

substituted LaMnO3 Thick Films as Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" Materials Letters, 32, 217-22 (1997). 8. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation and characterisation of porous Ni-YSZ cermet anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Trans. Ind. ceram. Soc., 56(3), 85-88 (1997).

9. Amitava Chakraborty and H.S.Maiti, “Bi2O3 as an effective sintering aid for La(Sr)MnO3 powder prepared by autoignition route”, Ceram. Int., 25(2) 115-23 (1999). 10. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu, S. Mazumder and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity and microstructure of Ni-YSZ anode prepared by liquid dispersion method” , Solid Oxide Fuel cells (SOFC VI), Proc. Six Int. Symp., eds. S. C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc.pp.513-21 (1999). 11. Amitava chakraborty, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Low Temperature

Sintering of la(Ca)CrO3 prepard by an Autoignition Process”, Mats. Letts., 45(9), 162-66 (2000). 12. A. Mukherjee, B. Maiti, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Correlation between slurry viscosity, green density and sintered density for tape cast yttria stabilized zirconia, Ceram. International, 27, 731-739 (2001). 13. Amitava Chakraborty, A. Das Sharma, B. Maiti, and H. S. Maiti,

“Preparation of Low temperature Sinterable BaCe0.8Sm0.2O3 Powder by Autoignition Technique”, Mats. Letts. 57, 862-67 (2002). 14. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline ceria powders. J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004). 15. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, “A potential oxide ion conducting ” material La2-xBaxMo2O9 . Appl. Phys. Letts. 85, 3486-3488 (2004). 16. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, “A novel approach to develop dense lanthanum calcium chromite sintered ceramics with very high conductivity”, Chem. Mater. 16, 5562-63 (2004). 17. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation of Nickel coated YSZ powder for application as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells”, J. Power, Sources, 129, 138-42 (2004) 18. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials: A Review”, Trans. Ind. Cer. Soc.; 63(2) 75-98 (2004). 19. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline ceria powders”, J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004). 163

20. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Nb-doped La2Mo2O9: A new material with high ionic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A2143- A2147 (2005). 21. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Electrical

conduction in nano structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88[8], 2110-2113 (2005). 22. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma and H. S. Maiti A novel spray pyrolysis technique to produce nanocrystalline lanthanum strontium manganite powder, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88[4], 971-973 (2005). 23. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P.S. Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Electrical conduction in

nano-structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide”, J Amer Ceram Soc, 88(8) 2110-2113 (2005). 24. S. Basu, P.S. Devi, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Nb-Doped La2Mo2O9 : A New Material with High Ionic Conductivity”, J Electrochem Soc, 152(11), A2143-A2147 (2005). 25. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “A Novel Spray-Pyrolysis Technique to Produce Nanocrystalline Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Powder”, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88, 971 – 973 (2005). 26. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Processing Microstructure Property Correlation of Porous Ni–YSZ Cermets Anode for SOFC Application”, Mater. Res. Bull., 40, 1936 – 1944 (2005). 27. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Effect of Metal Ion

Concentration on the Synthesis and Properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 Cathode Material, J. Power Sources, 161(1), 79-86 (2006). 28. Basu S, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, Lee Y, Hanson J C “Lanthanum molybdenum oxide: low-temperature synthesis and characterization” J Mater Res, 21 (5) 133-1140 (2006)’ 29. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Selective detection of methane and butane by temperature modulation in iron doped tin oxide Sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, B115 (2) 610-613 (2006). 30. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Complex plane impedance plot as a figure of merit for tin dioxide-based methane sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, b119 (2) 431-434 dec (2006). 31. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Synthesis of

La0.7Ca0.3CrO3 SOFC interconnect using a novel chromoum source, Electrochemical and Solid StateLetters, 9 (11), A516 –A519 (2006). 32. Kumar A, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, “Effect of metal ion concentration on synthesis and properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 cathode material”, J Power Sources, 161 (1) 79-86 (2006).

164

33. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, H.S. Maiti, “ Electrical behavior of nickel coated YSZ cermet prepared by electroless coating technique”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 96(2-3), 388-395(2006). 34. Senthil Kumar S., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Basu R. N. And Maiti H. S.,”Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Anode Supported Planar SOFC”, J. Electrochem. Soc. Trans. 7, 533-541(2007). 35. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti,

Tailor-made BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based glass sealant for anode-supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 7, 2443-2452 (2007). 36. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Influence of B- site sbubstituents on lanthanum calcium chromite nanocrystalline materials for solid oxide fuel cell,J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (12), 3741–3747 (2007). 37. Ghosh S, Kundu P, Das Sharma A, Basu R N, Maiti H S, “Microstructure and property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell”, J European Ceram Soc, 28 (1) 69-76 (2008). 38. Saswati Ghosh, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Microstructure and property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, J. European Ceramic Soc., 28, 69-76 (2008). 39. Basu S and Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of Nb+5 -substituted La2 Mo2 O9 by AC impedance spectroscopy”, J Electrochem Soc, 156 (7) 114-116 (2009). 40. Basu S, Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of La2Mo2O9”, Ionics, 16(2), 111- 15 (2010). 41. Basu, S., Maiti, H.S., “Ion dynamics in Ba-, Sr-, and Ca-doped La2Mo2O9 from analysis of ac impedance”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(6), 1021-25 (2010). 42. Santanu Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, H.S. Maiti and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, “Synthesis, thermal and electrical analysis of alkaline earth doped lanthanum molybdate”, Solid State Ionics (2012) 43. J. Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and R. N. Basu,“Synthesis of nanocrystalline lanthanum manganite with tailored particulate size and morphology using a novel spray pyrolysis technique for application as the functional solid oxide fuel cell cathode”, Journal of Power Sources, 232, 55-65, (2013). 44. J Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and Rajendra Nath Basu, “Processing of nano to microparticulates with controlled morphology by a novel spray pyrolysis technique: A mathematical approach to understand the process mechanism”, Powder Technology, 239, 506–517, (2013).

165

45. Arup Mahata, Pradyot Datta and R.N. Basu, Microstructural and Chemical Changes after High Temperature Electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2015) 46. B. Bagchi and RN Basu, A simple sol–gel approach to synthesize nanocrystalline 8 mol percnt yttria stabilized zirconia from metal-chelate precursors: Microstructural evolution and conductivity studies, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2015) 47. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Effect of 'A'-site Non Stoichiometry in Strontium Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes, Materials Research Bulletin (2015) 48. Quazi Arif Islam, M.W. Raja, R.N. Basu, Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline scandia stabilized zirconia by aqueous combustion method and its characterizations, Bulletin of Materials Science (2015). 49. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Zirconia Thin Film on Non-conducting Substrate for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application, J. American Ceram. Soc. 97[11] 3452-3457 (2014). 50. T. Dey, A. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, Manaswita Bose, A.K. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Influence of microstructure on nano-mechanical properties of single planar solid oxide fuel cell in pre- and post-reduced conditions, Materials and Design, Vol. 53, 2014, pp. 182-191. 51. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, “Nanocrystalline Doped Lanthanum Cobalt Ferrite and Lanthanum Iron Cobaltite-based Composite Cathode for Significant Augmentation of Electrochemical Performance in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15754-15759 (2014). 52. Tapobrata Dey, D. Singdeo, R.N. Basu, Manaswita Bose, P.C. Ghosh, “Improvement in solid oxide fuel cell performance through design modifications: An approach based on root cause analysis”, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 17258-17266 (2014). 53. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical characteristics of xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) composite cathodes: Effect of particle and Li2MnO3domain size, Electrochemica Acta, 132, 472-482 (2014). 54. Tapobrata Dey, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and R.N. Basu, Transition metal- doped yttria stabilized zirconia for low temperature processing of planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, J. Alloys and Compounds, 604, 151– 156 (2014). 55. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical performances of 0.9Li2MnO3–0.1Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 cathodes: Role of the

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cycling induced layered to spinel phase transformation, Solid State Ionics, 256,19-28, (2014) 56. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretically Deposited Thin Film Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 113, 8- 13 (2014). 57. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Morphologically architectured spray pyrolyzed lanthanum ferrite-based cathodes - A phenomenal enhancement in solid oxide fuel cell performance, J. of Power Sources, 252, 252 -263 (2014). 58. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Thin Film Zirconia Electrolyte on Non-conducting NiO-YSZ Substrate, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 73, 90-93 (2014). 59. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Suspension chemistry and electrophoretic deposition of zirconia electrolyte on conducting and non-conducting substrates, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3254-3261 (2013). 60. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag, R.N. Basu, Electrical properties of Tb-doped barium cerate, Ceramics International, 39, 6433–6440 (2013) 61. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Effect of Anode Configuration on Electrical Properties and Cell Polarization in Planar Anode Supported SOFC, Solid State Ionics, 233, 20-31 (2013). 62. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Effect of Structural Integration

on Electrochemical Properties of 0.5Li2MnO3-0.5Li (Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25) O2 Composite Cathodes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries, J. Electrochem Soc., 160, A1406-1414 (2013). 63. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag and R.N. Basu, Study of electrical conductivity of Ca-

substituted La2Zr2O7, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3103-3107 (2013). 64. T. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose, R.N. Basu, Study of contact resistance at the electrode-interconnect interfaces in planar type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources, 233, 290-298 (2013). 65. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Functional Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – A Review, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 72, 145-168 (2013). 66. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Performance of Wet Chemical

Synthesized xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Integrated Cathode for Lithium Rechargeable Battery,J Electrochem Soc., 159, A1125-A1134 (2012). 67. S. Nag, S. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Development of Mixed Conducting Dense Nickel/Ca-doped Lanthanum Zirconate Cermet for Gas Separation Application,Materials Research Bulletin, 47, 925-929 (2012).

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68. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Engineered anode structure for enhanced electrochemical performance of anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell,International J. Hydrogen Energy, 37,2524-2534 (2012). 69. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu,High Performance Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabricated with Ni- Yttria Stabilized Zirconia anode Prepared by Electroless Technique,Int. J. Applied Ceramic Technology, 9 999-1010 (2012).

70. Manab Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, LiSb3O8 as a Prospective Anode Material for Lithium-ion Battery, Int. Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 9, 876-880(2012). 71. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, In-situ Patterned Intra-anode Triple Phase Boundary in SOFC Electroless Anode: An Enhancement of Electrochemical Performance, International J. Hydrogen Energy,36, 7677-7682 (2011).

72. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, Li3SbO4 :A New High Rate Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries, Materials Letters, 65 (2011) 1105-1107. 73. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu,Lithium Hexaoxo Antimonate as an Anode Material for Lithium-ion Battery,Nanomaterials & Energy, 1 (2011) 51-56. 74. T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose and R.N. Basu,Diagnosis of Scale up Issues Associated with Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 9967-9976 (2011). 75. Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, A. Dutta, R. N. Basu and A.K. Tyagi, Ionic Conductivity studies on Neodymium doped Ceria in different atmospheres, International J. Nano Technology, 7, 9-12 (2010). 76. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Effect of BaO addition on magnesium lanthanum aluminoborosilicate- based glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 272 – 283 (2010). 77. A. Dutta, A. Kumar and R.N. Basu, Sinterability and ionic conductivity of 1%

cobalt doped in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2- prepared by combustion synthesis, Electrochemistry Communications, 11, 699-701 (2009). 78. A. Dutta, Saheli Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R.N. Basu, Nano- crystalline gadolinium doped ceria: combustion synthesis and electrical characterization, J. Nano Sci. Nanotechnology, 9, 3075–3083 (2009). 79. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Ball mill assisted synthesis of Ni-YSZ cermet anode by electroless technique and their characterization, Materials Science & Engineering B, 163 (2009) 120-127. 168

80. A. Dutta, J. Mukhopadhyay, and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis and characterization of LSCF-based materials as cathode of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells,J. European Ceramic Soc., 29 (10), 2003- 2011 (2009). 81. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and J. Mukhopadhyay, Processing of high performance anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 33 (20), 5748-5754 (2008). 82. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Development

and characterizations of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic sealants for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Non-cryst. Solids, 354, 4081-4088 (2008). 83. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee and R.N. Basu, Influence of sorption kinetics for zirconia sensitization in solid oxide fuel functional anode prepared by electroless technique,J. Power Sources, 175, 749-759 (2008). 84. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Glass-based sealants for application in planar solid oxide fuel cell stack, Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc., 67 (4), 161-182 (2008) – A Review Article. 85. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Novel glass- ceramic sealants for planar IT-SOFC: A Bi-layered approach for joining electrolyte and metallic interconnect, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155 (5), B473- B478 (2008). 86. A. Goel, D.U. Tulyaganov, S. Agathopoulos, M.J. Ribeiro, R.N. Basu, and J.M.F. Ferreira, Diopside–Ca-Tschermak clinopyroxene based glass– ceramics processed via sintering and crystallization of glass powder compacts, J. European Ceramic Soc.,27 (5), 2325-2331 (2007). 87. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke, Simplified Processing of Anode-supported Thin Film Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 25, 463-471 (2005). 88. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and D. Stöver, Interface reactions during co- firing of solid oxide fuel cell components, J. Materials Processing Technology, 147, 85-89 (2004). 89. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver,

Microstructure and electrical conductivity of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 prepared by combustion synthesis routes, Materials Research Bulletin, 39, 1335-1345 (2004). 90. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, O. Teller, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver,

LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 as a cathode contact material for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Solid State Electrochem., 7, 416-420 (2003).

169

91. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Fabrication of dense zirconia electrolyte films for tubular solid oxide fuel cells by electrophoretic deposition, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (1), 33-40 (2001). 92. R.N. Basu, O. Altin, M.J. Mayo, C.A. Randall and S. Eser, Pyrolytic carbon deposition on porous cathode tubes and its use as an interlayer for solid oxide fuel cell zirconia electrolyte fabrication, J. Electrochemical Society, 148, A506-512 (2001). 93. C.A. Randall, J. Van Tassel, A. Hitomi, A. Daga, R.N. Basu and M. Lanagan, Electroceramic device opportunities with electrophoretic deposition, J. Materials Education, 22 (4-6), 131-40 (2000) (An invited Review Article). 94. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Free standing sintered ceramic films from electrophoretic deposition, Japanese J. Applied Physics, (Part 1), 38 (11), 6462-6465 (1999). 95. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Diffusion bonding of rigid zirconia pieces using electrophoretically deposited particulate interlayers, K. Ozturk, Scripta Materialia, 41 (11), 1191-1195 (1999). 96. R. N. Basu, A Das Sharma, J Mukhopadhyay and Atanu Dutta, Fabrication of anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Special Bulletin in Fuel Cell of Indian Association of Nuclear Chemists and Allied Scientists (IANCS), Volume III (No.3), pp 229-238, 2009. 97. R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Fuel Cells: Journey towards a new energy era, Science and Culture, 71 (5-6), 168-77 (2005). 98. Snehashis Biswas, A. Das Sharma, Amlan Buragohain, C.V.Stayanarayana

and R.N. Basu, Ni-Zr0.75Ce0.25O2-δ composite as a steam methane reformable SOFC anode, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1235- 1244 (2013). 99. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Spray Pyrolysis Assisted Synthesis of Doped Barium Ferrite and Lanthanum Barium Ferrite based SOFC Cathodes with Tailored Particulate Size and Morphology, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1945-1955 (2013). 100. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Multilayered SOFC Anode Structure with Electroless Ni-YSZ for Enhancement of Cell Performance, Electrochemical Soc. Transaction, 35, 1293-1302 (2011). 101. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Use of electroless anode active layer in anode supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 25, 2267 – 2275 (2009). 102. A. Dutta, H. Götz, Saswati Ghosh and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis of

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.98Ni0.02O3 cathode and evaluation of its electrical and 170

electrochemical properties for IT-SOFC, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 25, 2657 - 2666(2009). 103. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti Development of functional SOFC anode, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 7, 1563-1572 (2007).

104. R.N. Basu, N. Knott and A. Petric, Development of a CuFe2O4 interconnect coating, Proceedings of the9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 2, 1859-1865, The Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005). 105. R.N. Basu, X. Deng, I. Zhitomirsky and A. Petric, Fabrication of cathode supported SOFC by colloidal processing, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), J. Duquette, Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 1, pp. 482-488, The Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005). 106. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke, Fabrication of simplified anode supported planar SOFCs – A recent attempt, The Proceedings of the7th International Symposium on SOFCs (SOFC-VII), Eds. H. Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., 995-1001 (2001). 107. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Electrophoretic deposition of a high density electrolyte film–A fugitive interlayer approach, Proceedings of the6th Intl. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) in Hawaii, USA, Eds. S.C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc. , 153-62 (1999). 108. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Development of zirconia electrolyte films on porous doped lanthanum manganite cathodes by electrophoretic deposition, 303-308 in New Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells (MRS Proceedings Vol. 575). Edited by D.H. Doughty, H-P. Brack K. Noi and L.F. Nazar. The Materials Research Society, Warrendale, PA (2000). 109. S.C. Paulson, H. Ling, R.N. Basu, A. Petric, V.I. Birss, Use of spinel-coated ferritic stainless steel to prevent chromium transfer to SOFC cathodes, Proceedings of the 26th RisØ International Symposium of Materials Science: Solid State Electrochemistry, Eds., S. Linderoth, A. Smith, N. Bonanos, A. Hagen, L. Mikkelsen, K. Kammer, D. Lybye, P. V. Hendriksen, F. W. Poulsen, M. Mogensen and W. G. Wang, RisØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 305-310 (2005). 110. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and N. R. Bandyopadhyay (2013) Sintering and densification behavior of pure and alkaline earth (Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+)

substituted La2Mo2O9, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 33, 79-85.

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111. S. Banerjee, K. Priolkarand P. Sujatha Devi*(2011) Enhanced ionic

conductivity in an otherwise poorly conducting Ce0.90Ca0.10O2-system, Inorg. Chem. 50, 711-713. 112. A.Kumar and P. Sujatha Devi* (2011) New cathode compositions based on

La0.84Sr0.16Mn1-xMxO3, where M= Al, Ga for solid oxide fuel cell, Mater. Res. Bull. 46, 303-307. 113. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Kumar, D. Bhattacharya, S. Karmakar and B.K. Chaudhuri (2010) Correlation between electroresistance and extrinsic

magnetoresistance in fine-grained La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, Jap. J. Appl. Phys.49, 083001 114. S. Banerjee and P. Sujatha Devi* (2010) Towards achieving nano-

structured sintered ceramics with high stability for SOFC applications: Ce1–

xMxO2–, M = Gd, Sm: interesting examples, Int. J. Nanotechnol. 7, 1150- 1165. 115. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2008) Understanding the effect of calcium on the properties of Ceria prepared by a mixed fuel process, Solid State Ionics 179, 661–669. 116. P. Sujatha Devi* and S. Banerjee (2008) Search for New Oxide Ion Conducting Materials in the Ceria Family of Oxides- Ionics, 14, 73-78. 117. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi*, D. Topwal, S. Mandal, and S. R.

Krishnakumar (2007) Enhanced ionic conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: unique effect of calcium co-doping. Adv. Funct. Mater.17, 2847-2854.

118. S.Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2007) Sinter-active nanocrystalline CeO2 powder prepared by a mixed fuel process: Effect of fuel on particle agglomeration, J. Nanopart. Res. 9, 1097-1107. 119. L. Besra, C. Compson and M. Liu. Electrophoretic deposition of YSZ particles on porous non-conducting NiO-YSZ for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. J. Am Ceram.Soc. 89 (10), 2006, pp. 3003-3009. 120. Besra, L. Zha and M. Liu. Preparation of NiO-YSZ/YSZ Bi-layers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition. J. Power Sources. 160, 2006, 207-214 (2007) 121. Electrophoretic deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011). 122. S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Electrophoretic deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011). 123. S Nayak, BP Singh, L Besra, TK Chongdar, NM Gokhale, S Bhattacharjee, Aqueous tape casting using organic binder: A case study with YSZ, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94 (11), 3742-3747 (2011). 172

BARC

124. Ultrafine ceria powder via glycine-nitrate combustion, R. D. Purohit, B. P. Sharma, K. T. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull., 36 (2001) 2711-2721

125. Dilatometric and High Temperature X-ray Diffractometric studies of La1- 2+ 3+ xMxCrO3 (M=Sr , Nd , x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) compounds, M. D. Mathews, B. R. Ambekar and A. K. Tyagi, Thermochimica Acta 390 (2002) 61 126. Fuel Cells – the environmental friendly energy option for the future, S.R. Bharadwaj, ISEST News Letter, 8 (2002) 9 127. SOFC : Research & Development Activities in MPD, BARC, A. Ghosh, A. K. Sahu, A. K. Gulnar, S. Sahoo, M. R. Gonal, D. D. Upadhyaya, Ram Prasad and A. K. Suri, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Fuel Cell: Materials, Systems & Accessories, held at Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath on 25-26 September 2003, pp. 176-185

128. Thermochemistry of La2O2CO3 decomposition, A.N. Shirsat, M.Ali(Basu), K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj and D. Das, Thermochim. Acta, 399 (2003) 167 129. Studies on Chemical Compatibility of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, P. Sengupta and K. Bhanumurthy, Mater. Letts., 58 (2004) 3332

130. Phase relations, lattice thermal expansion in CeO2-Gd2O3 system, and stabilization of cubic gadolini, V. Grover and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull. 39 (2004) 859-866

131. Thermodynamic Stability of SrCeO3, A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Solid State Chemistry, 177 (2004) 2007-2013 132. Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite, A. Ghosh, A. K. Sahu, A. K. Gulnar and A. K. Suri, Scripta Materialia, 52 (2005) 1305 133. Effect of Ni substitution on the crystal structure and thermal expansion

behavior of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3, R.V.Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Materials Letters, 59 (2005) 2799-2803

134. Thermochemical studies on RE2O2CO3 (RE = Gd, Nd) decomposition, A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 66 (2005) 1122-1127

135. “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline La(Ca)CrO3 through a Novel Gel Combustion Process and its Characterization”, Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, Deep Prakash, P.K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 756-761, (2006) 173

136. Synthesis, characterization and redox nehavior of nano-size

La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.8Fe0.2O3- , M.R. Pai, B.N Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj., J. Indian Chemical Society 83 (2006) 336-341 137. Physicochemical studies on NiO-GDC composites, R.V. Wandekar, M. Ali (Basu), B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Mater.Chem.Phys. 99 (2006) 289-294 138. Nano Structured Ni based Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFC, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 36 (2006) 121-125 139. Combustion Synthesis, Powder Characteristics, and Shrinkage Behavior of a Gadolinia–Ceria System, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, and B.P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89 [12] (2006) 3871–3873 140. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Development of novel perovskite based ion conductor”, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1184-1193.

141. “Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y. Piffard, Journal of Power Sources, 167, (2007), 111-117

142. “Design and evaluation of SOFC based on BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte and Ni/ BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 cermet anode”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.- T. Caldes, Y. Piffard, P. Stevens, ECS Transactions, 7 (1), 2343-2340, (2007) 143. Low-Temperature Sintering and Mechanical Property Evaluation of Nanocrystalline 8 mol% Yttria Fully Stabilized Zirconia, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, B. T. rao and T.R. Ramamohan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [7] 2015–23 (2007)

144. Phase Transition in Sm0.95MnO3, B. N. Wani, R.V. Wandekar and S. R. Bharadwaj, J Alloys and Comp. 437 (2007) 53-57 145. High temperature Thermal Expansion and Electrical Conductivity of

Ln0.95MnO3(Ln = La, Nd and Gd), R.V. Wandekar, B. N. Wani and S. R. Bharadwaj, J. Alloys and Compounds, 433 (2007) 84-90

146. Low Temperature sintering of La(Ca)CrO3 powder prepared through combustion process, Sathi Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi, P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 88-91

147. Combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Zr0.80Ce0.20O2: Detailed investigations of the powder properties V. Grover, S. V. Chavan, P. U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 457 (2008) 498-505

148. Ionic Conductivity Enhancement in Gd2Zr2O7 Pyrochlore by Nd Doping, B.P.Mandal, S.K.Deshpande and A.K.Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 23 (2008) 911- 916

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149. Role of glycine-to-nitrate ratio in influencing the powder characteristics of

La(Ca)CrO3 Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi,P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, Mater Res. Bull. 43 (2008) 1573-1582 150. Combustion synthesis of gadolinia doped ceria using glycine and urea fuels, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, A.K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 466 (2008) 326-329 151. Correlation of Electrical Conductivity with Microstructure in 3Y-TZP System: From Nano to Submicrometer Grain Size Range, A. Ghosh, G. K. Dey, and A. K. Suri, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 [11] 3768–3770 (2008)

152. Thermochemistry of decomposition of RE2O2CO3 (RE = Sm, Eu), A.N. Shirsat, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, Thermochimica Acta, 477 (2008) 38-41

153. High temperature studies on Nd0.95MnO3 ± δ, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Materials Letters, Volume 62, Issue 19, 15 July 2008, Pages 3422-3424 154. Development of high temperature PC based four probe electrical conductivity measurement set up, N. Manoj, S.R. Bharadwaj, K.C. Thomas and C.G.S. Pillai, J. Instrum. Soc. India 38 (2008) 103-108, 155. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Study on ionic and

electronic transport properties of calcium doped GdAlO3", J. Electrochemical Soc. 155 (3) (2008) B309-B314. 156. “Fabrication of Cathode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Deep Prakash and P. K. Sinha, IANCAS Bulletin, vol.VIII (3), 239-244, (2009)

157. Sr-doped LaCoO3 through acetate-nitrate combustion: effect of extra oxidant NH4NO3Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, P. K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 477 (2009) 644-647 158. Nano-crystalline Gadolinium Doped Ceria: Combustion Synthesis and Electrical Characterization, A. Dutta, S. Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R. N. Basu, J. Nanosci & Nanotech. 9 (2009) 3075-3083

159. Structural Investigations of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 by X-ray and Neutron Scattering, A. K. Patra, Sathi Nair, P.U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp. 475 (2009) 614-618

160. Nano crystalline Nd2-yGdyZr2O7 pyrochlore: Facile synthesis and electrical characterization, B. P. Mandal, A. Dutta, S. K. Deshpande, R. N. Basu and A. K. Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 24 (2009) 2855-2862 161. Characterization of porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and development of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh and A. K. Suri, Ceram. Int., 35 (2009) 2493 162. Research on Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operated at Intermediate Temperatures, S.R. Bharadwaj, IANCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII (2009) 201-213

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163. Preparation, Characterization and the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of

La0.95MnO3+δ and Sm0.95MnO3+δ , R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, D. Das and S.R. Bharadwaj, Thermochim. Acta, 493 (2009) 14-18 164. Phase transition in LAMOX type compounds, M. Ali (Basu), B.N. Wani and S.R. Bharadwaj, J of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 96 (2009) 463-468 165. Crystal structure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and compatibility studies of Co-substituted lanthanum strontium manganite system, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences, 11 (2009) 240 – 250 166. Amit Sinha, B.P. Sharma and P. K. Sinha, ”Preparation of high purity sub- micron spheroidal zirconia powder from impure zirconium salt through polyol route”, Transaction of Powder Metallurgy Association of India (TRANS-PMAI), 35 (2009) 13-16.

167. “Development of Ca-doped LaCrO3 feed material and its plasma coating for SOFC applications” R. D. Purohit, Sathi R. Nair, Deep Prakash, P. V. Padmanabhan, P. K. Sinha, B. P. Sharma, K.P.Sreekumar, P.V.Ananthapadmanabhan, A.K.Das and L.M.Gantayet, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 208 012125 (2010) 168. “Effect of cathode functional layer on the electrical performance of tubular solid oxide fuel cell”, Deep Prakash, R K Lenka, A K Sahu, P K patro, P K Sinha, and A K Suri, ASME 2010 International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: vol. 2, pp. 433-438, (2010). 169. Ionic Conductivity studies on Neodymia doped Ceria in different atmospheres, Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, Atanu Dutta, R. N. Basu, A. K. Tyagi, Int. J. Nanotech. 7 (2010) 1178-1186 170. Synthesis and Sintering of Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate, Ashok K. Sahu, Abhijit Ghosh, Soumyajit Koley and Ashok K. Suri, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 31(2010)99-105 171. Nano-Crystalline Yttria Samaria Codoped Zirconia : Comparison of Electrical Conductivity of Microwave & Conventionally Sintered Samples, Soumyajit Koley, Abhijit Ghosh, Ashok Kumar Sahu and Ashok Kumar Suri, Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials IV: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings 31(2010)113-126 172. Synthesis and characterization of electrolyte-grade 10%Gd-doped ceria thin film/ceramic substrate structures for solid oxide fuel cells, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj, L.D. Jadhav, Thin Solid Films, 519 (2010) 650-657

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173. Fabrication of 10% Gd doped ceria (GDC) NiO – GDC half cell for low or intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells using spray pyrolysis, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj and L.D. Jadhav, J. Solid State Electrochemistry 14 (2010) 1869-1875 174. Thermophysical properties of solid oxide fuel cell materials, S.R. Bharadwaj, Proceedings of 5th National Conference on Thermophysical Properties, AIP Conference Proceedings, Springer, Volume 1249 (2010) pages 3-10 175. Disparity in properties of 20 mol % Eu doped ceria synthesized by different routes, R.V.K. Wandekar, B.N. Wani and S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences 12 (2010) 8-14 176. Influence of grain size on the bulk and grain boundary ion conduction behavior in gadolinia-doped ceria, Solid State Ionics 181 (2010) 262–267. R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, A.K. Tyagi, and P.K. Sinha

177. Development of Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-–GDC composite cathode for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Solid State Ionics 181 (29-30), 1378-1386 (2010). 178. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, H. Näfe, “Study on phase evolution

of Gd(Al1-xGax)O3 system” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (2010) 325–330. 179. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor” Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 8766–8770. 180. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Synthesis of Gadolinium Aluminate Powder through Citrate Gel Route”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 502 (2010) 396–400. 181. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor” Electrochimica Acta 55 (2010) 8766–8770.

182. Sm2-xDyxZr2O7 pyrochlores: Probing order-disorder dynamics and multifunctionality, Farheen N. Sayed, V. Grover, K. Bhattacharyya, D. Jain, A. Arya, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Inorganic Chemistry 50 (2011) 2354-2365 183. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nanocrystalline cobalt doped lanthanum strontium ferrite, Chaubey Nityanand, Wani Bina Nalin, Bharadwaj Shyamala Rajkumar, Chattopadhyaya Mahesh Chandra ,Solid State Sciences, 13 (2011) 1022-1030 184. Crystal structure, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and chemical

compatibility studies of nanocrystalline Ln0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (Ln=Nd,Sm,Gd), Nityanand Chaubey, Dheeraj Jain, B.N.Wani, C.G.S.Pillai, 177

S.R.Bharadwaj ,M.C.Chattopadhyaya , J. Indian Chemical Society, 88 (2011) 127-139.

185. Some studies on the phase formation and kinetics in TiO2 containing lithium aluminum silicate glasses nucleated by P2O5, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 106[3] (2011) 839. A. Ananthanarayanan, A.Dixit, R.K. Lenka, R.D.Purohit, V.K. Shrikhande, G.P. Kothiyal.

186. Amit Sinha, S. R. Nair and P. K. Sinha, “Single step synthesis of GdAlO3 powder”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 4774-4780. 187. M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Fabrication and characterization of large anode supported half cells for SOFC application, Proceedings of Fundamentals and Developments of Fuel Cells Conference 2011, Grenoble, France. (ISBN-978-2-7466-2970-7) 3+ 188. Improved ionic conductivity in NdGdZr2O7: Influence of Sc substitution, Farheen N. Sayed, B. P. Mandal, D. Jain, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Eur. J. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012) 3221-3228 189. Tunability of structure from ordered to disordered and its impact on ionic

conductivity behavior in Nd2-yHoyZr2O7 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 2.0) system, Farheen N. Sayed, Dheeraj Jain, B.P. Mandal, C.G.S. Pillai, A.K. Tyagi, RSC Advances 2 (2012) 8341-8351

190. Synthesis and characterization of GdCoO3 as a potential SOFC cathode material, R.K. Lenka,T. Mahata, P. K. Patro, A.K. Tyagi, P.K. Sinha, J. Alloys Comp. 537 (2012) 100-105 191. Perovskite based electrolyte materials for proton conducting SOFCs, Pooja Sawant, S Varma, B N Wani, S R Bharadwaj, SMC Bulletin, Vol. 3 (2012) 24-28, 192. Synthesis and Characterization of YSZ by Spray Pyrolysis Technique , L.D. Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.R. Bharadwaj, Salil Varma, C.H. Bhosale, Applied Surface Science, 258 (2012) 9501-9504,

193. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of doped ZrO2 system, S. Basu, Salil Varma, A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A. Chakrabarti, S. N. Jha, D. Bhattacharyya, J of Appl Phys 111 (2012) 053532 194. Effect of variation of NiO on properties of NiO/GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) nano composites Original Research Article, A.U. Chavan, L.D. Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.P. Patil, C.H. Bhosale, S.R. Bharadwaj, P.S. Patil, Ceramics International, 38 (2012) 3191-3196 195. Influence of synthesis route on morphology and conduction behavior of

BaCe0.8Y0.2O3−δ, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj , J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry, 107 (2012) 185-195

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196. Synthesis, stability and conductivity of BaCe0.8−xZrxY0.2O3−δ as electrolyte for proton conducting SOFC, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, International J of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3848-3856 197. Fabrication of Ni-YSZ anode supported tubular SOFC through iso-pressing and co-firing route, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3874-3882, T Mahata, Sathi R Nair, R K Lenka and P K Sinha. 198. Formation of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes on carbon black in a fluidized bed, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14[3] (2012) art. no. 728. K. Dasgupta, D.Sen, T.Mazumdar, R.K.Lenka, R.Tewari, SMazumder, J.B. Joshi, S. Banerjee.

199. Fabrication and Characterization of Anode supported BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 Thin Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, (2012) 200. Novel materials for air/oxygen electrode applications in Solid Oxide Cells, P.K. Patro, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha. Society of Materials Chemistry Bulletin, 3(3), 18-22 (2012). 201. Microstructural Development of Ni- Ce10ScSZ cermet electrode for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, P. K. Sinha, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (4) , 3865-3873 (2012). 202. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Studies on phase evolution and electrical conductivity of barium doped gadolinium aluminate”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 536 (2012) 204–209.

203. Probing the local structure and phase transitions of Bi4V2O11 based fast ionic conductors by combined Raman and XRD studies, S. J. Patwe, A. Patra, A. Roy, R. M. Kadam, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013) 3448-3456 204. High temperature structure, dielectric and ion conduction properties of

orthorhombic InVO4, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013) 166-173

205. Phase evolution and oxide ion conduction behavior of Dy1-xBixO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) composite system, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, RSC Advances 3(2013) 236-244

206. Nano-crystalline La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 and NiO-YSZ bycombustion of metal nitrate-Citric acid/glycine gel – Phase evolution and Powder characteristics,

M. B. Kakade, K. Bhattacharyya, R. Tewari, R. J. Kshirsagar, A. K. Tyagi, S. Ramanathan, G. P. Kothiyal and D. Das, Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, 72 (2013)182

207. Synergic effect of V2O5 and P2O5 on the sealing properties of barium- strontium-alumino-silicate glass/glass-ceramics, K. Sharma, G. P. Kothiyal, 179

L. Montagne, F. Mayer, B. Revel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 15542

208. Effect of ZrO2 on solubility and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Al2O3- SiO2 glasses, M. Goswami, Aparna Patil, and G P Kothiyal, AIP Conf. Proc. 1512 (2013) 548

209. Physicochemical properties of rare earth doped ceria Ce0.9Ln0.1O1.95 (Ln+ Nd,Sm,Gd) as an electrolyte material for IT-SOFC/SOEC, Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, Solid State Sciences, 20 (2013) 135-141 210. Inﬂuence of synthesis route on physicochemical properties of nanostructured electrolyte material La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O32d for IT- SOFCs , Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, J Therm Anal Calorim., 112 (2013) 155-164 211. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure study of Gd doped ZrO2 systems, S. Basu, Salil Varma, A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A.Chakrabarti, S.N.Jha and D. Bhattacharyya, J Appl Phys 113 (2013) 043508 212. “Effect of Ni concentration on phase stability, microstructure and electrical

properties of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3 cermet SOFC anode and its application in proton conducting ITSOFC”, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M. R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj, Electrochimia Acta, vol.120, 80-85 (2014)

213. Grain boundary assisted enhancement of ionic conductivities in Yb2O3- Bi2O3 composites, K. Vasudhara, S. N. Achary, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, N. Manoj and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp. 596 (2014) 151-157 214. A comparative study of proton transport properties of cerium (IV) and thorium (IV) Phosphate, T. Parangi, B N Wani and U V Chudasama, Electrochimica Acta 148 (2014) 79-84, 215. Thermodynamic stability and impedance measurements of perovskite

LuRhO3(s) in the Lu–Rh–O system, Aparna Banerjee,* Pooja Sawant, R. Mishra, S. R. Bharadwaj and A. R. Joshi, RSC Advances, 4 (2014) 19953– 19959 216. Effect of Ni Concentration on Phase Stability, Microstructure and Electrical

properties of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ - Ni Cermet SOFC Anode and its application in proton conducting ITSOFC , Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M.R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj, Electrochimica Acta, 120, 20 (2014)80-85

217. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T.

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218. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T. Mahata, P.K Sinha Ceramics International. 40(8) 11869-11875 (2014). 219. Thermodynamic Investigations on Barium Indate, A.N. Shirsat, S. Phapale, R. Mishra, S.R. Bharadwaj, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 89 (2015) 228-232 220. Saradha, T, Subramania, A, Balakrishnan, K, Muzhumathi, S,Microwave- assisted combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Sm-doped La2Mo2O9 oxide-ion conductors for SOFC application, Mater. Res. Bull.68(2015)320- 325 221. Ma, QL, Iwanschitz, B, Dashjav, E, Baumann, S, Sebold, D, Raj, IA, Mai, A, Tietz, F,Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells based on yttrium-substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, J. Power Sources279(2015)678-685 222. Nesaraj, AS, Dheenadayalan, S, Raj, IA, Pattabiraman, R,Wet chemical synthesis and characterization of strontium-doped LaFeO3 cathodes for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Ceram. Process. Res. 13(2012)601-606. 223. Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells based on yttrium substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, Qianli Ma, Boris Iwanschitz, Enkhtsetseg Dashjav, Stefan Baumann, Doris Sebold, Irudayam Arul Raj, Andreas Mai, Frank Tietz, J.Power Sources, 279 (2015)678-685.

224. Wet chemical synthesis and characterization of strontium doped LaFeO3 cathodes for Intermediate Temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, A.Samson Nesaraj, S.Dheenadayalan, I. Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman, Journal of Ceramic Processing research, 13,5(2012)601-606. 225. Preparation and Characterization of Ceria based Electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj, R. Pattabiraman, Journal of Iranian Chemical Society, 7, 3 (2010)564-584.

226. Investigations of the quasi-ternary system LaMnO3 - LaCoO3 –“LaCuO3”. II: The series LaMn0.25-xCo0.75-xCu2xO3 and LaMn0.75-xCo0.25-xCu2xO3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, Q.X.Fu and M.Zahid, Journal of Materials Science, (2009)44:4883-4891.

227. Y2Zr2O7 (YZ)-pyrochlore based oxide as an electrolyte material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)— Influence of

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Mn addition on YZ, M. Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 108, Issue 1, 15 (2008) 102-108. 228. Chemical and Physical Properties of complex perovskites in the

La0.8Sr0.2MnO3- La0.8Sr0.2 CuO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 system, Zahid, Mohsine, Arul Raj, Irudayam, Tietz, Frank and Stoever, Detlev, Solid State Sciences, 9-8 (2007)706 -712. 229. Influence of air electrode electrocatalysts on performance of air-MH cells, M.V. Ananth, K. Manimaran, I. Arul Raj and N. Sureka,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32- 17( 2007)4267- 4271.

230. Survey of the quasi-ternary system La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 - La0.8Sr0.2 CoO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid, A.Mai and D.Stoever, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Volume 35, Issues 2-4( 2007) 539- 543.Investigations on chemical interactions between alternate cathodes and lanthanum gallate electrolyte for ITSOFC, A.Samson Nesaraj, M.Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, J.Iranian Chemical Society, 4( 2007)89-106.

231. Synthesis and investigations on the stability of La0.8Sr0.2CuO2.4+δ at high temperature, M.Zahid, I. Arul Raj, W.Fischer, F.Tietz and J.M.Serra Alfaro, Solid State Ionics, 177(2006) 3205-3210. Impact Factor: 2.646.

232. Electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of La0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Fe,Co)O3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid and D.Stoever, Solid State Ionics, 177(2006)1753- 1756. 233. Tape casting of Alternate electrolyte components for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Science, 13,4(2006)347-356.

234. Electrical and sintering behaviour of Y2Zr2O7 (YZ) pyrochlore based material – the influence of bismuth, M. Kumar, M.Anbu Kulandainathan, I.Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92(2005)303-309.

235. On the suitability of La0.60Sr0.40Co0.20Fe0.80O3 cathode for the Intermediate Temperature solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC), I. Arul Raj, A.S.N.Nesaraj, M.Kumar, R.Pattabiraman, F.Tietz, H.Buchkremer and D.Stoever, J. New Materials in Electrochemical Systems, 7(2) (2004)145-151. 236. Statistical design of experiments for evaluation of Y-Zr-Ti oxides as anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj and D.Stoever, British Ceramic Transactions, 103 (2004)202-207.

237. Synthesis and characterization of La0.9Sr0.40Ga0.6Mg0.2O3 electrolyte for Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC), M.Kumar, A.Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman, Ionics,19(2004)93-98.

238. Oxides of AMO3 and A2MO4 type – structural stability, electrical conductivity and thermal expansion, M.AL.Daroukh, V.V.Vashook, H.Ullmann, F.Tietz and I.Arul Raj, Solid State Ionics, 158 (2003)141-150. 182

239. Preparation of zirconia thin films by tape casting technique as electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Science, 9 ( 2002) 58-64. 240. “Induced oxygen vacancies and their effect on the structural and electrical

properties of a fluorite-type CaZrO3- Gd2Zr2O7 system”Vaisakhan Thampi D. S, Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N., 2015, New J. Chem., 39, 1469-1476. 241. “Influence of Ce substitution on the order-to-disorder structural transition,

thermal expansion and electrical properties in Sm2Zr2-xCexO7 system”,Vaisakhan Thampi D. S., Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N., RSC Adv., 4(24).,12321-12329. 242. “Role of Bond Strength on the Lattice Thermal Expansion and Oxide Ion Conductivity in Quaternary Pyrochlore Solid Solutions” A. N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, S. K. Mahesh, D. S. Vaisakhan Thampi, Peter Koshy, 2012, Inorg. Chem., 51, 2409−2419. 243. “Influence of disorder-to-order transition on lattice thermal expansion and

oxide ion conductivity in (CaxGd1-x)2(Zr1-xMx)2O7 pyrochlore solid solutions “, A. N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao,* K. S. Mary Linsa, M. Deepa and PeterKoshy, 2011, Dalton Trans., 40, 3839-3848 244. ”Order - disorder Phase Transformations in Quaternary Pyrochlore Oxide system: Investigated by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopic techniques”, A.N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, M. Deepa and Peter Koshy, 2009, J. Solid State Chem.,182, 2312–2318.

245. ”Oxide ion conductivity and relaxation in CaREZrNbO7 (RE= La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Y) system”, K S Sibi, A.N. Radhakrishnan, M. Deepa, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter Koshy, 2009, Solid State Ionics., 180, 1164–1172.

246. “New Perovskite type Oxides: NaATiMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or Ta) and their electrical properties”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Lett,. 62, 623–628.

247. “Ionic Conductivity in New Perovskite type Oxides: NaAZrMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or Ta)”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, Peter Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Chem. Phys., 109/2-3, 189-193.

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248. Novel Co-Sintering Techniques for Fabricating Intermediate Temperature, Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-ms-SOFCs); SH Rahul, PKP Rupa, Nirmal Panda, K Balasubramanian & VV Krishnan (NFTDC, India), RV Kumar (Univ of Cambridge, UK); ECS Transactions, 57 (1) 857-866 (2013) 10.1149/05701.0857ecst (C), The Electrochemical Society.

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249. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2- (LiNa)2CO3 Nano Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells’ Integrated Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010).

250. Chokalingam, R., Jain, S, S. Basu, ‘Conductivity of Gd-CeO2- (LiNa)2CO3 Nano Composite Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells’ Integrated Ferroelectrics, 116, 23-34 (2010) 251. 29. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Development of GDC-

(LiNa)CO3 Nano-Composite Electrolytes For Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, Ed Michael Halbig and Sanjay Mathur, The American Ceramic Soc., 34-46, 2012 252. 30. Rajalakshmi C., A. K. Ganguli, S. Basu, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII Mixed Conducting Praseodymium Cerium Gadolinium Oxide (PCGO) Nano-Composite Cathode for ITSOFC Applications in Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, Ed Michael Halbig and Sanjay Mathur, The American Ceramic Soc., 47-62, 2012 253. 31. Kaur, G., and S. Basu Performance studies of coppereiron/ceriaeyttria stabilized zirconia anode for electro-oxidation of butane in solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources241 783-790 (2013) 254. 32. Tiwari, P., and S. Basu, Ni inﬁltrated YSZ anode stabilization by inducing strong metal support interaction between nickel and titania in solid oxide fuel cell under accelerated testing, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 9494- 9499 (2013) 255. 33. M. Nath, A. S. Hameed, Rajalaskmi C., S. Basu, A. K. Ganguli, ‘Low Temperature Electrode Materials Synthesized by Citrate Precursor Method for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells 13 (2), 270-278 (2013)

256. 40. R. Chokalingam and Suddhasatwa Basu, TbxCe0.95-XGd0.05O2-δ (0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.40) Cathode Materials Prepared through Solid State Route for Low Temperature SOFC. ECS Trans. 57(1): 1811-1820 (2013) 257. 41. Gurpreet Kaur and Suddhasatwa Basu, Copper-Iron-Ceria Anode for Direct Utilization of Hydrocarbons in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ECS Trans. 57(1): 2961-2968 (2013)

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258. 42. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance of Ni-CeO2- YSZ andNi-Nb2O5-YSZ Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 57(1): 1545-1552 (2013) 259. 43. Rajalekshmi Chockalingam, Ashok K Ganguli, Suddhasatwa Basu Praseodymium gadolinium doped ceria as a cathode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J Power Sources 250, 80-89 (2014) 260. 44. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance studies of electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-YSZ and Ni-TiO2-YSZ as anode, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 18(3) 805-812 (2014) 261. 50. Gurpreet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance Studies of Copper- Iron/Ceria-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Anode for Electro-oxidation of Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int J Energy Res, accepted (2015) DOI: 10.1002/er.3332. accepted (2015) 262. 52. Kapil Sood, K. Singh, Suddhasatwa Basu and O. P. Pandey,

Preferential occupancy of Ca2+ dopant in La1-x Cax InO3-δ (x = 0-0.20) perovskite: structural and electrical properties, Ionics, in press (2015) DOI 10.1007/s11581-015-1461-8 263. J.K. Verma, A. Verma, and A.K. Ghoshal, “Performance Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using Reformed Fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9511-9518. 264. L.M. Aeshala, S.U. Rahman, and A. Verma, “Development of a Reactor for

Continuous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 using Solid Electrolyte”, ASME Proceedings, ES 2011, 1193-1199. 265. M. Ali Haider, Steven McIntosh, “The Influence of Grain Size onLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ Thin Film Electrode Impedance” Journal of TheElectrochemical Society, 158 (9) B1128-B1136, 2011 266. M. Ali Haider, Aaron J. Capizzi, Mitsuhiro Murayama and StevenMcIntosh, “Reverse micelle synthesis of perovskite oxidenanoparticles” Solid State Ionics 196, 65–72, 2011 267. M. Ali Haider and Steven McIntosh, “Evidence for Two ActivationMechanisms in LSM SOFC Cathodes” Journal of The ElectrochemicalSociety, 156(12), B1369-B1375, 2009 268. M. Ali Haider, Andrew A. Vance, and Steven McIntosh, “Activation ofLSM- based SOFC Cathodes – Dependence of Mechanism on Polarization Time” ECS Transactions, 25 (2) 2293-2299 (2009) 269. T Dey, D Singdeo, A Pophale, M Bose, P C Ghosh (2014), “SOFC Power Generation System by Bio-gasification” Energy Procedia 54, 748-755 270. Dey, D Singdeo, J Deshpande, P C Ghosh(2014), “Structural Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell under Externally Applied Compressive Pressure” Energy Procedia54, 789-795 185

271. N. Mahato, A. Banerjee, A. Gupta, S. Omar, and Kantesh Balani,“Progress in Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: AReview”. Progress in Materials Science, January, 2015,doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.01.001 272. Kantesh Balani, “Solid Electrolytes: Emerging Global Competitors forSatisfying Energy Needs” (Editorial). Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1 (5)(2012) pp 243-246. 273. A. Gupta, S. Sharma, N. Mahato, A. Simpson, S. Omar, Kantesh Balani,“Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8 mol%Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte”. Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1(5) (2012) pp 306-315. 274. N. Mahato, A. Gupta, and Kantesh Balani, “Doped zirconia and ceriabased electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells: A review”. Nanomaterialsand Energy, Vol. 1 (1), 2011, pp 27-45. 275. N. Mahato, Amitava Banerjee, Alka Gupta, Shobit Omar and Kantesh Balani, "Progress in Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: A Review", Progress in Materials Science, 72 141-337 (2015) 276. Abhinav Rai, Prashant Mehta and Shobit Omar, "Ionic Conduction Behavior in SmxNd0.15-xCe0.85O2-", Solid State Ionics, 263, 190 196 (2014) 277. Shobit Omar, and Juan C. Nino, "Consistency in the Chemical Expansion of Fluorites - A Thermal Revision of the Doped Ceria Case", Acta Materialia, 61 [13] 5406-5413 (2013). 278. Shobit Omar, Waqas bin Najib, Weiwu Chen, and Nikolaos Bonanos "Ionic conductivity of co- doped Sc2O3-ZrO2 ceramics", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 1461, 289- 293 (2012). 279. Alka Gupta, Samir Sharma, Neelima Mahato, Amanda Simpson, Shobit Omar and Kantesh Balani, "Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8 mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte", Nanomaterials and Energy, 1 [5] 306-315 (2012). 280. Shobit Omar, Waqas Bin Najib, Weiwu Chen and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Electrical Conductivity of 10 mol. % Sc2O3 - 1 mol.% M2O3 - ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of the American Ceramics Society 95 1965-72 (2012). 281. Shobit Omar, 4+ Waqas Bin Najib and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Conductivity Ageing Studies on 1M10ScSZ (M = Ce, Hf)", Solid State Ionics, 189 100- 106 (2011). 282. Ageing Investigation of 1Ce10ScSZ in Different Partial Pressures of Oxygen", Solid State Ionics, 184 2-5 (2011). Shobit Omar, Adriana Belda, Agustín Escardino and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity 283. Shobit Omar, and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity Ageing Behavior of

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10 mol% Sc2O3-1 mol% CeO2-ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of Materials Science, 45 [23] 6406-6410 (2010). 284. Jin Soo Ahn, Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Performance of Anode- Supported SOFC using Novel Ceria Electrolyte", Journal of Power Sources, 191 2131-2135 (2010). 285. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, Jacob L. Jones, and Juan C. Nino, "Crystal Structure-Ionic Conductivity Relationships in Doped Ceria Systems", Journal of the American Ceramics Society, 92 [11] 2674-2681 (2009). 286. Y. Chen, Shobit Omar, A. K. Keshri, K. Balani, K. Babu, Juan C. Nino, Sudipta Seal, and Arvind Agarwal, "Ionic Conductivity of Plasma Sprayed Nanocrystalline YSZ Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell", Scripta Materialia, 60 [11] 1023-1026 (2009). 287. Abhijit Pramanick, Shobit Omar, Juan C. Nino, and Jacob L. Jones, "Lattice Parameter Determination Using Extrapolation Method for a Curved Position-Sensitive Detector in Reflection Geometry and Application to Smx/2Ndx/2Ce1-xO2- Ceramics", Journal of Applied Crystallography, 42 490-495 (2009). 288. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Conductivity Sm3+ and Nd3+ Co- Doped Ceria Based Electrolyte Materials", Solid State Ionic, 178 [37-38] 1890-1897 (2008). 289. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Ionic Conductive Ceria Based Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", Applied Physics Letters, 91 [14] Art. No. 144106 (2007). 290. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "A Co-Doping Approach Towards Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Fluorite-Based Electrolytes", Solid State Ionics, 177 [35-36] 3199-3202 (2006). 291. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Development of Higher Ionic Conductivity Ceria Based Electrolyte", Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, Los Angeles, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1 [7] 73-82 (2005). 292. J. Jacob, R. Bauri, One step synthesis and conductivity of alkaline and rare

earth co-doped nanocrystalline CeO2 electrolytes, Ceramics International, 41, 6299 (2015) 293. 2. A.S. Babu, R. Bauri, Synthesis, phase stability and conduction behavior of rare earth and transition elements doped barium cerates, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 14487 (2014) 294. C.N. Shyam Kumar, R. Bauri, Enhancing the phase stability and ionic conductivity of scandia stabilized zirconia by rare earth co-doping, J. Phys.

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Chem. Solids, 74, 642, (2014) 295. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Deactivation and regeneration of Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An experimental investigation, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39,118, (2014 296. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri, S. Jayanti, Olaf Deutschmann, A detailed kinetic model for biogas steam reforming on Ni and catalyst deactivation due to sulfur poisoning, Applied Catalysis A: General, 471, 118 (2014) 297. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Effect of sintering atmosphere on densification, redox chemistry and conduction behavior of nanocrystalline Gd-doped

CeO2electrolytes, Ceramics International, 39, 297 (2013) 298. S.A. Babu, R. Bauri, Rare earth co-doped nanocrystalline Ceria electrolytes for Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC), ECS Transactions, 57, 1115 (2013) 299. R. Bauri, Development of Ni−YSZ cermet anode for solid oxide fuel cells by electroless Ni coating J. Coatings Technology & Research, 9, 229 (2012) 300. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, Phase formation and ionic conductivity studies

on ytterbia co-doped scandia stabilized zirconia (0.9ZrO2-0.09Sc2O3-0. 01Yb2O3) electrolyte for SOFCs, Solid State Sciences, 13, 1520 (2011) 301. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, S. Paul, Effect of fuel type on microstructure and electrical property of combustion synthesized nanocrystalline scandia stabilized zirconia, Materials Chemistry & Physics, 126, 741 (2011) 302. V. Vijaya Lakshmi, R. Bauri, A.S. Gandhi, S. PaulSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline ScSZ electrolyte for SOFCs, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14936 (2011) 303. 12. R. Bauri, Processing Ni-YSZ anode by electroless Ni deposition with

AgNO3 as activator Surface Engineering, 27, 705 (2011) 304. T. Priyatham, R. Bauri, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Ni-YSZ cermet anode for SOFC Materials Characterization, 61, 54 (2010) 305. Vinod M. Janardhanan, Dayadeep S Monder, Sulfur Poisoning of SOFCs: A Model Based Explanation of Polarization Dependent Extent of Poisoning. J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F1427-F1436 (2014) 306. BVRSN Prasad, Vinod M. Janardhanan*, Modeling Sulfur Poisoning of Ni- Based Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F208- F213 (2014) 307. VikramMenon, Vinod M. Janardhanan, Steffen Tischer, and Olaf Deutschmann, A novel approach to model solid-oxide fuel cell stacks. J Power Sources, 214, 227-238 (2012) 308. Vinod M. Janardhanan and Olaf Deutschmann, Modeling diffusion limitation in solid-oxide fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta, 56, 9775-9782 (2011) 188

309. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, SreenivasJayanti, Steffen Tischer

and Olaf Deutschmann, Micro-kinetic modeling of NH3 decomposition on Ni and its application to solid-oxide fuel cells. Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 5184-5191 (2011) 310. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan, RanjitBauri, SreenivasJayanti and Olaf Deutschmann, A Detailed Kinetic Model for Biogas Steam Reforming on Ni and Catalyst Deactivation due to Sulfur Poisoning. Appl. Catal. A., 471, 118-125 (2014) 311. SrinivasAppari, Vinod M. Janardhanan*, Ranjit Bauri, and SreenivasJayanti, Deactivation and Regeneration of Ni Catalyst During Steam Reforming of Model Biogas: An experimental investigation. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy, 39, 297-304 (2014) 312. Vinod M. Janardhanan*, SrinivasAppari, SreenivasJayanti and Olaf Deutschmann, Numerical study of on-board fuel reforming in a catalytic plate reactor for solid-oxide fuel cells. Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 490-498 (2011)

3) Other Fuel Cells CSIR

1. Neelakandan, S, Kanagaraj, P, Sabarathinam, RM, Muthumeenal, A, Nagendran, A,SPEES/PEI-based highly selective polymer electrolyte membranes for DMFC application, J. Solid State Electrochem.19(2015)1755-1764 2. Shinde, DB, Dhavale, VM, Kurungot, S, Pillai, VK, Electrochemical preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and their size- dependent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction, Bull. Mat. Sci.38(2015)435-442 3. Selvakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Ganesan, K, Murugan, P, Rajput, P, Jha, SN, Bhattacharyya, D,Physiochemical Investigation of Shape-Designed MnO2 Nanostructures and Their Influence on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity in Alkaline Solution, J. Phys. Chem. C119(2015)6604-6618 4. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,The three-compartment microbial fuel cell: a new sustainable approach to bioelectricity generation from lignocellulosic biomass, Cellulose22(2015)655-662 5. Anantharaj, S, Nithiyanantham, U, Ede, SR, Ayyappan, E, Kundu, S,pi- stacking intercalation and reductant assisted stabilization of osmium organosol for catalysis and SERS applications, RSC Adv.5(2015)11850- 11860 189

6. Sehlakumar, K, Kumar, SMS, Thangamuthu, R, Kruthika, G, Murugan, P, Development of shape-engineered alpha-MnO2 materials as bi-functional catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy39(2014)21024-21036 7. Ghatak, K, Sengupta, T, Krishnamurty, S, Pal, S, Computational investigation on the catalytic activity of Rh-6 and Rh4Ru2 clusters towards methanol activation, Theor. Chem. Acc.134(2014) 8. Kumar, MK, Jha, NS, Mohan, S, Jha, SK,Reduced graphene oxide- supported nickel oxide catalyst with improved CO tolerance for formic acid electrooxidation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy39(2014)12572-12577 9. Krishnaraj, RN, Berchmans, S, Pal, P,Symbiosis of photosynthetic microorganisms with nonphotosynthetic ones for the conversion of cellulosic mass into electrical energy and pigments, Cellulose21(2014)2349-2355 10. Balaji, SS, Usha, A, Giridhar, VV,Borohydride electro-oxidation by Ag- doped lanthanum chromites, J. Chem. Sci.126(2014)617-626 11. Kumar, AVN, Harish, S, Joseph, J,New route for synthesis of electrocatalytic Ni(OH)(2) modified electrodes-electrooxidation of borohydride as probe reaction, Bull. Mat. Sci.37(2014)635-641 12. Ganesh, PA, Jeyakumar, D,One pot aqueous synthesis of nanoporous Au85Pt15 material with surface bound Pt islands: an efficient methanol tolerant ORR catalyst, Nanoscale6(2014)13012-13021 13. Krishnaraj, RN, Chandran, S, Pal, P, Berchmans, S,Molecular Modeling and Assessing the Catalytic Activity of Glucose Dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans with a New Approach for Power Generation in a Microbial Fuel Cell, Curr. Bioinform.9(2014)327-330 14. K. Hari Gopi,S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, 3- methyltrimethylammonium poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bulletin of Materials Science 37 (2014) 877-881. 15. K. Hari Gopi, S. Gouse Peera, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Preparation and characterization of quaternary ammonium functionalized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) as anion exchange membrane for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 2659-2668. 16. Gutru Rambabu, S.D. Bhat, Simultaneous tuning of methanol crossover and ionic conductivity of sPEEK membrane electrolyte by incorporation of PSSA functionalized MWCNTs: A comparative study in DMFCs, Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 517-525.

190

17. S. Sasikala, S. Meenakshi, S.D. Bhat, A.K. Sahu, Functionalized Bentonite clay-sPEEK based composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta 135 (2014) 232-241. 18. S. Meenakshi, A. Manokaran, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Impact of mesoporous and microporous materials on performance of Nafion and SPEEK polymer electrolytes: A comparative study of DEFCs, Fuel Cells 14 (2014) 842 – 852. 19. S. Meenakshi, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani Carbon supported Pt–

Sn/SnO2 anode catalyst for direct ethanol fuel cells, RSC Advances 4 (2014) 44386-44393. 20. Krishnaraj, RN, Karthikeyan, R, Berchmans, S, Chandran, S, Pal, P,Functionalization of electrochemically deposited chitosan films with alginate and Prussian blue for enhanced performance of microbial fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta 112(2013)465-472 21. Bhuvaneswari, A, Navanietha Krishnaraj, R, Berchmans, S, Metamorphosis of pathogen to electrigen at the electrode/electrolyte interface: Direct electron transfer of Staphylococcus aureus leading to superior electrocatalytic activity, Electrochem. Commun. 34(2013)25-28 22. Jeyabharathi, C, Hodnik, N, Baldizzone, C, Meier, JC, Heggen, M, Phani, KLN, Bele, M, Zorko, M, Hocevar, S, Mayrhofer, KJJ,Time Evolution of the Stability and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of PtCu/C Nanoparticles, ChemCatChem 5(2013)2627-2635 23. Vijayakumar, R, Ramkumar, T, Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Current and clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues in direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta90 (2013)274-282 24. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction electro-catalyst, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38(2013)612-619 25. Peera, SG, Meenakshi, S, Gopi, KH, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Impact on the ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) due to the incorporation of polyphosphazene: a case study in direct methanol fuel cells, RSC Adv.3(2013)14048-14056 26. Unni, SM, Pillai, VK, Kurungot, S,3-Dimensionally self-assembled single crystalline platinum nanostructures on few-layer graphene as an efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalyst, RSC Adv.3(2013)6913-6921 27. Ilayaraja, N, Prabu, N, Lakshminarasimhan, N, Murugan, P, Jeyakumar, D,Au-Pt graded nano-alloy formation and its manifestation in small organics oxidation reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A1(2013)4048-4056

191

28. S. Meenakshi, A.K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A.K. Shukla, Mesostructured-aluminosilicate-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta 89 (2013) 35-44. 29. Nishanth, K.G. and Sridhar, P. and Pitchumani, S. Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction electro-catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (2013) 612- 619. 30. R. Vijayakumar, T. Ramkumar, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Current and clamping pressure distribution studies on the scale up issues in direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 90, 274–282. 31. S. Gouse Peera, S. Meenakshi, K. Hari Gopi, S. D. Bhat, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Impact on the ionic channels of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) due to the incorporation of polyphosphazene: a case study in direct methanol fuel cells, RSC Advances 3 (2013) 14048-14056. 32. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Modified sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) based mixed matrix membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Fuel Cells 13 (2013) 851-861. 33. Harish, S, Baranton, S, Coutanceau, C, Joseph, J,Microwave assisted polyol method for the preparation of Pt/C, Ru/C and PtRu/C nanoparticles and its application in electrooxidation of methanol, J. Power Sources214(2012)33-39 34. Jeyabharathi, C, Venkateshkumar, P, Rao, MS, Mathiyarasu, J, Phani, KLN,Nitrogen-doped carbon black as methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta74(2012)171-175 35. Rao, CRK, Polyelectrolyte-aided synthesis of gold and platinum nanoparticles: Implications in electrocatalysis and sensing, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.124(2012)4765-4771 36. Vijayakumar, R, Rajkumar, M, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Effect of anode and cathode flow field depths on the performance of liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), J. Appl. Electrochem.42(2012)319-324 37. Maheswari, S, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,Carbon-Supported Silver as Cathode Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, Electrocatalysis3(2012)13-21 38. Nishanth, KG, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Durable Transition- Metal-Carbide-Supported Pt-Ru Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells 12(2012)146-152 39. Karthikeyan, R, Uskaikar, HP, Berchmans, S, Electrochemically Prepared Manganese Oxide as A Cathode Material For A Microbial Fuel Cell, anal. Lett. 45(2012)1645-1657 192

40. Priya, S, Berchmans, S, CuO Microspheres Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes as Sensor Materials and Fuel Cell Catalysts, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159(2012)F73-F80 41. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A. K. Shukla, Chitosan Polyvinyl Alcohol-Sulfonated Polyethersulfone Mixed- Matrix Membranes as Methanol-Barrier Electrolytes for DMFCs, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 124 (2012) E73-E82. 42. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, S. Alwin, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Natural and Synthetic solid polymer hybrid dual network membranes as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 16 (2012) 1709-1721. 43. S. Maheswari, S. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, Carbon-supported Pd–Co as cathode catalyst for APEMFCs and validation by DFT, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012,14, 9683-9695. 44. A. K. Sahu, S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. Shahid, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, A.K. Shukla, Meso-structured Silica-Nafion hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159 (2012) F702-10. 45. S. Maheswari, P Sridhar and S Pitchumani, Carbon supported Silver as cathode electrocatalyst for alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Electrocatalysis, 3 (2012) 13-21. 46. K G Nishanth, P Sridhar, S Pitchumani and A K Shukla, Durable transition- metal-carbide-supported-Pt-Ru anodes for DMFCs, Fuel Cells, 12 (2012) 146-152. 47. Rajavel Vijayakumar, Murugesan Rajkumar, Parthasarathi Sridhar, Sethuraman Pitchumani, Effect of anode and cathode flow field depths on the performance of liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2012, 42, 319-324.

IITs / Universities 48. Verma, A. and S. Basu “Feasibility study of a simple unitized regenerative fuel cell” J. Power Sources 135 62-65 (2004) 49. A. Verma, A. K. Jha and S. Basu “Evaluation of an alkaline fuel cell for multi- fuel system” ASME J Fuel Cell Science & Technology, 2, 234-237 (2005) 50. Verma, A., A. K. Jha, S. Basu “Manganese oxide as a cathode catalyst in flowing alkaline electrolyte direct alcohol or sodium borohydride fuel cell” J. Power Sources 141 30-34 (2005 51. Verma, A., and Basu, S., ‘Direct use of alcohols and sodium boro hydride as fuel in an alkaline fuel cell' J. Power Sources 145, 282-285 (2005) 193

52. A. Verma and S. Basu, ‘Power from hydrogen via fuel cell technology’ Chemical Weekly, July, 177-181 (2005) 53. Verma, A., Sharma, A., and S. Basu, ‘Electro-oxidation study of methanol and ethanol in alkaline medium in a fuel cell’ Ind. Chem Engr. 49(4) 330- 340 (2007) 54. Verma, A, and S. Basu, ‘Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of A Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell’, J. Power Sources, 168(1), 200-210, (2007) 55. Verma A., and Basu, S., Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels: Anode Electrode Studies, J. Power Sources, 174, 180-185 (2007) 56. Pramanik, H., and Basu, S., A Study on Process Parameters of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Can J. Chem Eng., 85(5), 781-785 (2007) 57. Phirani, J., and S. Basu, ‘Analyses of fuel utilization in micro-fluidic fuel cell’ J Power Sources, 175, 261-265 (2008) 58. Pramanik, H., Basu, S., Wragg, A.A., Studies on operating parameters and cyclic voltammetry of a direct ethanol fuel cell, J Appl. Electrochem., 38(9) 1321-1328 (2008) 59. Basu, S., A. Agarwal, H Pramanik, ‘Improvement in performance of a direct ethanol fuel cell: effect of sulfuric acid and Ni-mesh’ Electrochem. Comm. 10, 1254 - 1257 (2008) 60. Biswas, S, P Sambu, S. Basu, Influence of pore former and PTFE in performance of direct ethanol fuel cell'. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. 4, 3-7 (2008) 61. Gaurav, D., A. Verma, D. Sharma and S. Basu, Development direct alcohol alkaline fuel cell stack, Fuel Cell, 10(4) 591-596 (2010) 62. Pramanik, H., S. Basu, ‘Modeling and experimental validation of overpotentials of a direct ethanol fuel cell’ Chem. Eng Process, 49(7) 635- 642 (2010) 63. D. Basu, S. Basu,’ A Study on Direct Glucose and Fructose Alkaline Fuel Cell, Electrochim Acta, 55, 5575-5579 (2010 64. Awasthi, A., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Dynamic modeling and simulation of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production’ Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 36(22) 14779-14786 (2011) 65. Basu, D., S. Basu, ‘Synthesis and Characterization of PtAu/C catalyst for Glucose Electro-oxidation for the application in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J Hydrogen Energy,36 (22) 14923-14929 (2011)

66. Xu W., Tayal, J., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Nano-crystalline RuxSn1-xO2powder catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser (PEMWE)’ Intl J Hydrogen Energy 36 (22) 14796-14804 (2011)

194

67. Tayal, J., B. Rawat, S. Basu, Bi-metallic and tri-metallic Pt-Sn/C, Pt-Ir/C, Pt- Ir-Sn/C catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct ethanol fuel cell’ Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 36 (22) 14884-14897 (2011) 68. D. Basu, S. Basu, Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Platinum Based Bi-metallic Catalysts in Direct Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell’, Electrochim Acta, 56 6106-6113 (2011); Erratum in Electrochimica Acta 56 (2011) 7758 69. Chokalingam, R., S. Basu, ‘Impedance Spectroscopy studies of Gd-CeO2- (LiNa)CO3 nano-composites electrolyte for low temperature SOFC applications Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 36 (22) 14977-14983 (2011) 70. H. Pramanik, S. Basu, Cyclic Voltammetry of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Pt-based Electrocatalysts on a Nafion-bonded Carbon Electrode for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Indian Chemical Engineer, 53(3), 124-135, (2011) 71. Wu X, Scott K, Basu S. Performance of a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser. J Power Sources 196: 8918– 8924 (2011) 72. Tayal, J., Rawat, B., S. Basu, Effect of Addition of Rhenium to Pt-based Anode Catalysts in Electro-oxidation of Ethanol in Direct Ethanol PEM Fuel Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 37(5), 4597-4605 (2012) 73. Basu, D., S. Basu,‘Performance studies of Pd-Pt and Pt-Pd-Au catalyst for electro-oxidation of glucose in direct glucose fuel cell’, Intl J Hydrogen Energy, 37(5) 4678-4684 (2012) 74. J. Goel, S. Basu, ‘Pt-Re-Sn as metal catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct ethanol fuel cell’, Fuel Cells Science & Technology 2012 – A Grove Fuel Cell Event, Energy Procedia 28, 66-77, (2012) 75. D. Basu, S. Sood, S. Basu, ‘Comparison of Performance of Direct Glucose Alkaline and Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Pt-Au/C and Pt-Bi/C Anode Catalysts’, Chem Eng J. 228 867–870 (2013) 76. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, A. Verma Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC, Fuel Cell 13 (3) 355–363 (2013) 77. R. Pathak, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Direct Glucose Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Electrochim Acta 113 (15) 42-53 (2013) 78. Vinod Kumar Puthiyapura, Sivakumar Pasupathi, Suddhasatwa Basu, Xu Wu, Huaneng Su, N. Varagunapandiyan, Bruno Pollet, Keith Scott, RuxNb1-xO2catalyst for the oxygen evolution reactionin proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 38 8605-8616 (2013)

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79. Varagunapandiyan Natarajan, Suddhasatwa Basu and Keith Scott, Effect of

treatment temperature on the performance of RuO2 anode electrocatalyst for high temperature proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 38(36) 16623–16630 (2013) 80. D. Basu, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling of Overpotentials of Direct Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell and Experimental Validation, J Solid State Electrochemisrty, 17(11) 2927-2938 (2013) 81. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Effect of support materials on the performance of direct ethanol fuel cell anode catalyst, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 15956-15966 (2014) 82. Gurpraeet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Carbon Deposition Behavior on Cu-Co/CeO2-YSZ Anodes for Direct Butane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 14(6), 1006–1013 (2014) 83. Aseem Sharma and Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Transient Behaviour of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Degradation Using Percolation Theory, Ind Eng Chem Res 53 (51), 19690–19694 (2014) 84. B. B. Patil and S. Basu, Synthesis and Characterization of PdO-NiO-SDC Nano-Powder by Glycine-Nitrate Combustion Synthesis for Anode of IT- SOFC, Energy Procedia, 54, 669-679 (2014) 85. S. Badwal, S. Giddey, A. Kulkarni, J. Goel, S. Basu, Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells for Transport and Stationary Applications – A Comprehensive Review, Applied Energy, 45, 80-103 (2015) 86. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy in press, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.082 87. D. Gaurava, A. Verma, D.K. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Preliminary Studies on Development of Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell Stack”, Fuel Cells, 10 (2010) 591-596). 88. L. Barbora, R. Singh, N. Shroti, and A. Verma, “Synthesis and Characterization of Neodymium Oxide Modified Nafion Membrane for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 122, 211-216. 89. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, R. Singh, K. Scott, and A. Verma, “A Novel Composite Nafion Membrane for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 326, 721-726. 90. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, and A. Verma, "Synthesis and Ex-situ

Characterization of Nafion/TiO2 Composite Membranes for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell", Macromolecular Symposia, 2009, 277, 177-189. 91. J. Pandey, M. M. Seepana, A. Shukla, Zirconium phosphate based proton conducting membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press 196

92. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Performance of PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid membrane (Si-PWA/PVDF) in direct methanol fuel cell with, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014)17306-17313. 93. J. Pandey, F. Q. Mir, A. Shukla, Synthesis of silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid (Si-PWA)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite ion- exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014) 9437-9481. 94. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid membrane for DMFC application, Solid State Ionics, 262 (2014) 811- 814. 95. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, Synthesis and characterization of PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid (Si-PWA) ion exchange membrane, Matl. Lett, 100 (2013) 292-295. 96. N. Kumari, Nishant Sinha, M. Ali Haider, S. Basu, “CO2 Reduction toMethanol on CeO2 (110) Surface: a Density Functional Theory Study,ElectrochimicaActa http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.153,2015 97. Manthiram, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Sarkar, A.; Muraliganth, T. Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2008, 1 (6), 621–638. 98. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Low Cost Pd–W Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. J. Mater. Chem.2008, 19 (1), 159–165. 99. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Pd−Mo Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112 (31), 12037–12043. 100. Sarkar, A.; Murugan, A. V.; Manthiram, A. Pt-Encapsulated Pd−Co Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. Langmuir 2009, 26 (4), 2894–2903. 101. Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis of Pt@Cu Core−Shell Nanoparticles by Galvanic Displacement of Cu by Pt4+ Ions and Their Application as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C2010, 114 (10), 4725–4732. 102. Sarkar, A.; Vadivel Murugan, A.; Manthiram, A. Rapid Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Methanol Tolerant Pt–Pd–Co Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts. Fuel Cells 2010, 10 (3), 375–383. 103. Zhao, J.; Sarkar, A.; Manthiram, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd-Ni Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells.Electrochimica Acta 2010, 55 (5), 1756–1765.

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104. Sarkar, A.; Zhu, X.; Nakanishi, H.; Kerr, J. B.; Cairns, E. J. Investigation into Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction on Platinum in Tetraethylammonium Hydroxide and Effect of Addition of Imidazole and 1,2,4-Triazole. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159 (10), F628–F634. 105. Sarkar, A.; Kerr, J. B.; Cairns, E. J. Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Behavior of Selectively Deposited Platinum Atoms on Gold Nanoparticles. ChemPhysChem 2013, 14 (10), 2132–2142. 106. JM Sonawane, E Marsili, P C Ghosh(2014), “Treatment of domestic and distillery wastewater in high surface microbial fuel cells” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, 21819-21827 107. H. Dohle, J. Mergel, P.C. Ghosh, (2007) “DMFC at low airflow operation: study of parasitic hydrogen generation” Electrochimica Acta Vol. 52 Issue 19 pp. 6060–6067 108. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, (2006) „Analysis of single PEM fuel cell performances based on current density distribution measurement” J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 3 pp. 351-357 109. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, (2006) „In-situ approach for current distribution measurement in fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, Vol. 154 No. 1 pp. 184-191 110. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh, B. Bera, R. Devivaraprasad and M. Neergat, Role of surface oxygenated-species and adsorbed hydrogen in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism and product selectivity on Pd-based catalysts, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00692a. 111. R. K. Singh, R. Devivaraprasad,T. Kar, A. Chakraborty and M. Neergat, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a rotating disk electrode configuration: effect of ionomer content and carbon support, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162, F489– F498, 2015. 112. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Effect of heat-treatment on Pd-based alloy catalysts in enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 712, 223–229, 2014. 113. R. Devivaraprasad,R. Rahul, N. Naresh, T. Kar, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Oxygen reduction reaction and peroxide generation on shape- controlled and polycrystalline platinum nanoparticles in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, Langmuir, 30, 8995–9006, 2014. 114. R. K. Singh, R. Rahul and M. Neergat, Stability issues in Pd-based catalysts: the role of surface Pt in improving the stability and oxygen

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reduction reaction (ORR) activity, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 13044–13051, 2013. 115. M. Neergat and R. Rahul, Unsupported Cu-Pt core-shell nanoparticles: oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst with better activity and reduced precious metal content.Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159, F234– F241, 2012. 116. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. K. Singh, Oxygen reduction reaction and peroxide generation on Ir, Rh, and their selenides – a comparison with Pt and RuSe, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 158, B1060–B1066, 2011. 117. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. Rahul, Carbon-supported Pd–Fe electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their methanol tolerance, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 658, 25–32, 2011. 118. Effect of Co+2/BH4- ratio in the synthesis of Co-B catalysts on sodium borohydride hydrolysis.Joydev Manna, Binayak Roy, Manvendra Vashistha, and Pratibha SharmaInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 406-413. 119. Zeolite supported cobalt catalysts for sodium borohydride hydrolysis. Joydev Manna, Binayak Roy, Pratibha Sharma, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 490-491(2014) 213-217 120. Kinetic Analysis and Modelling of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane, Aneesh C. Gangal and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 45 (2013) 452-461 121. Effect of Zeolites on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane. Aneesh C. Gangal, Raju Edla, Kartik Iyer, Rajesh Biniwale, Manavendra Vashistha, and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37(2012)3712-3718. 122. Graphene/Nickel Nanofiber Hybrids for Catalytic and Microbial Fuel Cell Applications by B. Kartick, S. K. Srivastava, and Amreesh Chandra Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (in press) (2015) 123. Need for optimizing catalyst loading for achieving affordable microbial fuel cells by Inderjeet Singh and Amreesh Chandra Bioresource Technology, 142, 77-81 (2013) 124. MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efﬁcient Catalyst in Fuel Cells by Jatin Khera, Arvinder Singh, Satish K. Mandal, and Amreesh Chandra Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine, 5, 1-6 (2013) 125. Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Trends by J. Khera and Amreesh ChandraProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 82, 31-41 (2012)

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126. Varanasi J L, Roy S, Pandit S, Das D, Improvement of energy recovery from cellobiose by thermophillic dark fermentative hydrogen production followed by microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40: 8311-8321, 2015. 127. Veerubhotla Ramya, Bandopadhyay Aditya, Das Debabrata and Chakraborty Suman, Instant power generation from an air-breathing paper and pencil based bacterial bio-fuel cell, Lab on a Chip, 15; 2580-2583, 2015. 128. Sinha Pallavi, Roy Shantonu, Das Debabrata, Role of formate hydrogen lyase complex in hydrogen production in facultative anaerobes,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.076) 129. Roy Shantonu, Banerjee Debopam, Dutta Mainak, Das Debabrata, Metabolically redirected biohydrogen pathway integrated with biomethanation for improved gaseous energy recovery, Fuel, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.060) 130. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Bera K, Pradhan D, and Das D, Application of PVA- PDDA polymer electrolyte composite anion exchange membrane separator for improved bioelectricity production in a single chambered microbial fuel cell, Chemical Engineering Journal, 257: 138-147, 2014. 131. Basak N, Jana AK and Das D, Optimization of molecular hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the annular photobioreactor using response surface methodology, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39: 11889-11901, 2014. 132. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Pradhan D, and Das D, Improvement of power generation using Shewanella putrefaciens mediated bioanode in a single chambered Microbial Fuel Cell: Effect of different anodic operating conditions, Bioresource Technology 166: 451-457, 2014. 133. Das D* and Laksmi Narasu M. Forward of International Conference on Advances in Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39: 7467, 2014. 134. Ghadge A, Pandit A, Das D and Ghangrkar M M, Performance of Air Cathode Earthen Pot Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment with Bioelectricity Generation, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 17: 143-153, 2014. 135. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Improvement of hydrogen production by thermophilic isolate Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT BT-ST1, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7541-7552, 2014. 136. Mishra P and Das D, Biohydrogen production from Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 using distillery effluent, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7496-7507, 2014. 200

137. Pandit A, Patel V, Ghangrkar M M and Das D, Wastewater as anolyte for bioelectricity generation in graphite granule anode single chambered microbial fuel cell: effect of current collector, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 17: 252-267, 2014. 138. Pandit S, Balachandar G and Das D. Improvement of energy recovery from cane molasses by dark fermentation followed by microbial fuel cells, Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 8: 43-54, 2014. 139. Khilaro S, Pandit S, Das D and Pradhan D. Manganese cobaltite/polypyrrole nanocomposite-based air-cathode for sustainable power generation in the single-chambered microbial fuel cells , Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 54:534-540, 2014. 140. Roy S, Kumar K, Ghosh S and Das D. Thermophilic biohydrogen production using pretreated algal biomass as substrate, Biomass and Bioenergy, 61:157-166, 2014. 141. Nayak BK, Roy S and Das D, Biohydrogen production from algal biomass (Anabaena sp. PCC 7120) cultivated in airlift photobioreactor, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7553-7560, 2014. 142. Basak N, Jana AK, Das D and Saikia D. Photofermentative molecular biohydrogen production by purple-non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria in various modes: the present progress and future perspective, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 6853-6871, 2014. 143. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Continuous thermophilic biohydrogen production in packed bed reactor, Applied Energy, 136: 51-58, 2014. 144. Khanna N and Das D, Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation, WIREs Energy Environ 2013, 2: 401–421 145. Kumar K, Roy S and Das D. Continuous mode of carbon dioxide sequestration by C. sorokiniana and subsequent use of its biomass for hydrogen production by E. cloacae IIT-BT, Bioresource Technology, 145: 116-122, 2013. 146. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D and Pradhan D. Graphene supported α-MnO2 nanotubes as cathode catalyst for improved power generation and wastewater treatment in single-chambered microbial fuel cells, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 3, 7902-7911, 2013. 147. Das D*. International Conference on Algal Biorefinery: A potential source of food, feed, biochemicals, biofuels and biofertilizers (ICAB 2013), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 5410-7, 2013. 148. Laksmi Narasu M, Himabindu V, Das D*. International Conference on Advances in Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, 6010-2, 2013.

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149. Borse P and Das D, Advance Workshop Report on Evaluation of Hydrogen Producing Technologies for Industry Relevant Application, ARCI, Hyderabad, India, 8-9 February 2013, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, 11470-11471, 2013. 150. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Pradhan D and Das D. Graphene Oxide-Impregnated PVA−STA Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Separator for Power Generation in a Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52 (33): 11597–606 , 2013. 151. Khanna N. Ghosh AK, Huntemann M, Deshpande S, Han J, Chen A, Kyrpides N, Mavrommatis K, Szeto E, Markowitz V, Ivanova N, Pagani I, Pati A, Pitluck S, Nolan M, Woyke T, Teshima H, Chertkov O, Daligault H, Davenport K, Gu W, Munk C, Zhang X, Bruce D, Detter C, Xu Y, Quintana B, Reitenga K, Kunde Y, Green L, Erkkila T, Han C, Brambilla E-M, Lang E, Klenk H-P, Goodwin L, Chain P, Das D. Complete genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. IIT-BT 08: A potential microbial strain for high rate hydrogen production, Stand. Genomic Sci. 9: 359-369, 2013. 152. Pandit S, Ghosh, S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D. Performance of an anion exchange membrane in association with cathodic parameters in a dual chamber microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37:7383-7392, 2012. 153. Khanna N, Kumar K, Todi S, Das D, Characteristics of cured and wild trains of Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 for the improvement of biohydrogenproduction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,37:11666-11676, 2012. Pandit S, Nayak B, Das D, Microbial Carbon capture cell using cynobacteria for simultaneous power generation,carbon dioxide sequestration and waste water treatment, Bioresource Technology, 107:97-102, 2012. 154. Roy S and Das D, Improvement of hydrogen production with thermophilic mixed culture from rice spent wash of distillery industry, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37:15867-15874, 2012. 155. Ghosh S, Joy S, Das D. Multiple parameters optimization for maximization of hydrogen production using defined microbial consortia, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 10:196-201, 2011. 156. Khanna N, Kotay SM, Gilbert JJ, Das D. Improvement of biohydrogen production by Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 under regulated pH, Journal of Biotechnology, 152:9-15, 2011. 157. Pandit S, Sengupta A, Kale S, Das D. Performance of electron acceptor in catholyte of a two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange membrane, Bioresource Technology, 102;2736-2744, 2011. 202

158. Gilbert JJ, Ray S, Das D. Hydrogen Production Using Rhodobacter sphaeroides (O.U.001)In A Flat Panel Rocking Photobioreactor,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36;3434-3441, 2011. 159. Nath K, Das D. Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen production, Bioresource Technology, 102;8569-8581, 2011. 160. Khanna N,Nag Dasgupta C,Mishra P, Das D, Homologous over expression of [FeFe] hydrogenase in Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 to enhance hydrogen gas production from cheese whey, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36;15573-15582, 2011. 161. Kotay SM, Das D. Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge bioaugmented with a constructed microbial consortium, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10653-10659, 2010 162. Dasgupta CN, Gilbert JJ, Lindblad P, Heidorn T, Borgvang SA, Skjanes K, Das D, Recent trends on the development of photobiological processes and photobioreactors for the improvement of hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10218-38, 2010 163. D Das, Biohydrogen Production Technology, the present Senario, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-5, April 2010 164. D Das, Microbial Fuel Cell- A Promising Green Energy Production Technology from WasteWater, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-6, June 2010 165. Das Debabrata*. Advances in biohydrogen production processes: An approach towards commercialization, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7349-57, 2009. 166. Basak Nitai*, Das Debabrata, Photofermentative hydrogen production using purple-non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001in an annular photobioreactor: A case study, Biomass and Bioenergy, 33:911-919, 2009. 167. Blackburn JM, Liang Y, Das D. Biohydrogen from Complex Carbohydrate Wastes as Feedstocks-Cellulose degraders from a unique series enrichment, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7428-34, 2009.

168. Pandey A, Sinha P, Kotay SM, Das D. Isolation and evaluation of a high H2- producing lab isolate from cow dung, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7483-8, 2009. 169. Mohan Y, Das D. Effect of ionic strength, cation exchanger and inoculum age on the performance of Microbial Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7542-6, 2009. 170. Dutta T, Das AK, Das D. Purification and characterization of [Fe]- hydrogenase from high yielding hydrogen-producing strain, Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT08 (MTCC 5373), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7530-7, 2009. 203

171. Kotay SM, Das D. Novel dark fermentation involving bioaugmentation with constructed bacterial consortium for enhanced biohydrogen production from pretreated sewage sludge, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7489-96, 2009. 172. Nath K, Das D*. Effect of light intensity and initial pH during hydrogen production by an integrated dark and photofermentation process, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7497-501, 2009. 173. Das D*, Veziroglu TN. Advances in biological hydrogen production processes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:6046-57, 2008. 174. Nath K, Muthukumar M, Kumar A, Das D*. Kinetics of two-stage fermentation process for the production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:1195-1203, 2008. 175. Das D*, Khanna N, Veziroglu TN. Recent developments in biological hydrogen production processes, Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly (CI &CEQ), 14 (2): 57-67, 2008. 176. Mohan Y, S. Manoj Muthu Kumar, Das D*. Electricity generation using microbial fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:423-426, 2008. 177. Kotay SM, Das D*. Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource - prospects and potentials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:258- 263, 2008. 178. Das D, International workshop on biohydrogen production technology (IWBT 2008), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 2627-2628, 2008. 179. Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure and photocatalytic activity

of nitrogen doped TiO2 catalyst, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan, R.P.Viswanath and C S Gopinath, Chemistry of Materials, 17 (25) 6349-6353 (2005). 180. Magnesium and magnesium alloy hydrides, P.Selvam, B.Viswanathan, C.S.Swamy and V.Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy, 11(3), 169-192 (1986). 181. Alternate synthetic strategy for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles and its exploitation for water splitting, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan and R.P.Viswanath, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (7), 891-898 (2006). 182. Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for Pt–Alternate anodes for fuel cell applications, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, UV Varadaraju, Electrochemistry Communications 7 (9), 905-912 (2005). 183. Carbon nanotubes generated from template carbonization of polyphenyl acetylene as the support for electrooxidation of methanol, B Rajesh, K

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RavindranathanThampi, JM Bonard, N Xanthopoulos, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 (12), 2701-2708 (2003). 184. Pt–WO 3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct methanol fuel cells, B Rajesh, V Karthik, S Karthikeyan, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, Fuel 81 (17), 2177-2190 (2003). 185. Synthesis and characterization of composite membranes based on α- zirconium phosphate and silicotungstic acid, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of membrane Science 292 (1), 98-105(2007). 186. Tungsten trioxide nanorods as supports for platinum in methanol oxidation, J Rajeswari, B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Materials Chemistry and Physics 106 (2), 168-174(2007). 187. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of Ti-incorporated tungsten trioxides as platinum support for methanol oxidation, V Raghuveer, B Viswanathan, Journal of power sources 144 (1), 1-10(2005). 188. Catalytic activity of platinum/tungsten oxide nanorod electrodes towards electro-oxidation of methanol, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, Journal of Power Sources 175 (2), 789-793(2008) 189. ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon- Supported Pt− M (M= Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction Method, C Venkateswara Rao, B Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (43), 18907-18913(2009). 190. Hydrogen storage in boron substituted carbon nanotubes, M Sankaran, B Viswanathan, Carbon 45 (8), 1628-1635 (2007) 191. Dehydriding behaviour of LiAlH4—the catalytic role of carbon nanofibres, LH Kumar, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (1), 366-373(2008). 192. Monodispersed platinum nanoparticle supported carbon electrodes for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (18), 8661-8667(2010). 193. Fabrication and properties of hybrid membranes based on salts of heteropolyacid, zirconium phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of power sources 163 (1), 433-439(2006) 194. Studies on the thermal characteristics of hydrides of Mg, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2 Cu and Mg 2 Ni 1− x M x (M= Fe, Co, Cu or Zn; 0<×< 1) alloys,PSelvam, B Viswanathan, CS Swamy, V Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy 13 (2), 87-94 (1988). 195. Pt particles supported on conducting polymeric nanocones as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, AJ McEvoy, N Xanthopoulos,Journal of power sources 133 (2), 155-161(2004). 205

196. Can La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 be used as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells?V Raghuveer, B Viswanathan, Fuel 81 (17), 2191-2197(2002). 197. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation catalyst support, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N Xanthopoulos, Chemical Communications, 2022-2023 (2003). 198. Nanostructured conducting polyaniline tubules as catalyst support for Pt particles for possible fuel cell applications, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N Xanthopoulos, Electrochemical and solid-state letters 7 (11), A404-A407(2004). 199. Hydrogen absorption by Mg 2 Ni prepared by polyol reduction, LH Kumar, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 461 (1), 72- 76(2008). 200. Boron substituted carbon nanotubes — How appropriate are they for hydrogen storage?M Sankaran, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (1), 393-403(2008). 201. Facile hydrogen evolution reaction on WO3 nanorods, J Rajeswari, PS Kishore, B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Nanoscale Research Letters 2 (10), 496-503(2007). 202. Carbon supported Pd–Co–Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen reduction in direct ethanol fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan, ElectrochimicaActa 55 (8), 3002-3007(2010) 203. Pt supported on polyaniline-V 2 O 5 nanocomposite as the electrode material for methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, N Xanthapolous, HJ Mathieu, Electrochemical and solid-state letters 5 (12), E71-E74(2002) 204. Is Nafion the only choice?, B Viswanathan, M Helen, Bulletin of the catalysis Society of India 6, 50-66(2007). 205. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited Ni–Pd alloy electrodes for methanol oxidation, K. Suresh Kumar, PrathapHaridoss, S.K. Seshadri, Surface & Coatings Technology 202 (2008) 1764–1770. 206. Effect of cyclic compression on structure and property of Gas diffusion layer used in PEM Fuel cells. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35(2010) 11107-11118. 207. Differences in structure and property of carbon paper and carbon cloth diffusion media and their impact on Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell flow field design. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, Materials and Design 32(2011) 861-868. 208. Effect of Electrochemical aging on the interaction between Gas Diffusion Layers and the Flow Field in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell, John

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Felix Kumar R, Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(2011) 7207 – 7211 209. Effect of GDL compression on pressure drop and pressure distribution in PEM flow field. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 36(2011) 14823 – 14828 210. Enhanced mechanical and electrochemical durability of multistage PTFE treated gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, John Felix Kumar R, Vijay Radhakrishnan, and PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 10830 – 10835. 211. A. Datta, A. Mondal, J. Datta, Tuning of Platinum nano-particles by Au coverage in their binary alloy for direct ethanol fuel cell: Controlled synthesis, electrode kinetics and mechanistic interpretation, J. Power Source-2015 (283) 104 212. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Energy efficient role of Ni/NiO in PdNi nano catalyst used in alkaline DEFC, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 3237 213. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Significant role of surface activation on Pd enriched Pt nano catalysts in promoting the electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation: Temperature effect, product analysis & theoretical computations, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 7789. 214. Dutta, J. Datta, Outstanding catalyst performance of PdAuNi nano particles for the anodic reaction in an alkaline Direct Ethanol (with anion exchange membrane) Fuel Cell, J. Physical Chemistry C – 116(49) (2012) 25677- 25688 215. J. Datta, A. Dutta, M. Biswas, Enhancement of functional properties of PtPd nano catalyst in metal-polymer composite matrix: Application in direct ethanol fuel cell, Electrochemistry Communications 20 (2012) 56 216. J. Datta,A. Dutta, and S. Mukherjee; The Beneficial Role of The Co-metals Pd and Au in the Carbon Supported PtPdAu Catalyst Towards Promoting Ethanol Oxidation Kinetics in Alkaline Fuel Cells: Temperature Effect and Reaction Mechanism- J. Physical Chemistry C –115 (2011)15324 217. J. Datta, S. Singh,Kinetic investigations and Product analysis for optimizing platinum loading in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) electrodes – Ionics-17 (2011) 785 – 798. 218. A. Dutta, S. Sinha Mahapatra and J. Datta, High performance PtPdAu nanocatalyst for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media for fuel cell applications- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy –36 (2011) 14898. 219. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, S. Mukherjee and M. Mukherjee , Search for the optimum Ru content in PtRu catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation, Materials and Manufacturing Processes – 26 (2011) 261-271

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220. S. Sinha Mahapatra, A. Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature dependence on methanol oxidation and formate production on Pd modified Pt electrode: A direct alcohol fuel cell application in alkaline medium- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy -36(2011)14873 – 14883 221. S.S. Mahapatra, A Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature effect on the kinetics of ethanol electro-oxidation and product formation on Pd modified Pt in alkaline medium, Electrochimica Acta – 55 (2010) 9097-9104. 222. S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, J. Datta, Temperature effect on the electrode kinetics of ethanol electro-oxidation on Sn modified Pt catalyst through voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy; Materials Chemistry and Physics, 120 (2010) 682- 690. 223. S. Singh, J. Datta, Size control of Pt nanoparticles with stabilizing agent for better utilization of the catalyst in Fuel Cell reaction; Journal of Material Science, 45 (2010) 3030-3040. 224. S. Sen Gupta , S. Singh, J. Datta, Promoting role of unalloyed Sn in PtSn binary catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation, Material chemistry and physics, 116 (2009) 223-228. 225. J. Datta*, S. Singh, S. Das, N.R. Bandyopadhyay,A comprehensive study on the effect of Ru addition to carbon supported Pt electrodes at different compositions for direct ethanol fuel cell, Bulletin of Material Science – 32 (2009) 1-10 226. J. Datta and S. Sengupta, A comparative study on ethanol oxidation behavior at Pt and Pt-Rh electrodeposits, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 594 (2006) 65 – 72. 227. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell Anode, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 21 (2006) 703 – 709. 228. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, Electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on novel CuNi alloy supported catalysts synthesized from PTFE suspension, Journal of Power Sources, 145 (2005) 124 - 127. 229. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, An invesigation in to the electro-oxidation of ethanol and 2-proanol for application in direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs), Journal of Chemical Sciences, 117 (2005) 337-344. 230. S. Sengupta, S.S. Mahapatra and J. Datta*, A potential anode material for direct alcohol fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 131 (2004) 169-174.

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International Patents

1. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Fabrication of Zirconia Electrolyte Films by Electrophoretic Deposition, US Patent No. 6,270,642; dated August 7, 2001. 2. F. Tietz, W. Jungen, F. Meschke and R. N. Basu, Ceramic Material and the Production Thereof [Keramischer Werkstoff sowie dessen Herstellung]. 3. PCT Application Filed (WO 02/44103Al; Dated: 06.06.2002; International Registration no.: PCT/DE2001/004497). WO Patent : 2,002,004,103 (Granted) 4. US Patent (Granted) : No. 6,835,684 B2; dated December 28, 2004 5. European Patent (Granted): No. EP 1,337,496 B1; dated August 8, 2007 [The license of this patent was solid to Saint-Gobain, France and Ceramtec, Germany and these two companies are using this process for manufacturing their SOFC stacks] 6. U. Flesch, H.P. Buchkremer, N.H. Menzler and R.N. Basu, Herstellung Einer Elektrolytschicht (Production of an Electrolyte Layer). PCT Application Filed (WO 02/50936A2; Dated: 27.06.2002). 7. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, F. Tietz and D Stöver, Herstellung Eines Schichtsystems, Umfassend Wenigstens Ein Poroeses Substrate, Eine Anodenfunktions- und Eine Elecktrolytschicht (Co-firing of Anode Supported Thin Film SOFC Structures). German Patent (File No.: DEI0061375Al; dated 21.11.2002) 8. P. C. Ghosh et al.,“Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Stromdichteverteilung in Brennstoffzellen” (Patent File No: PT 1.2129) 9. P. C. Ghosh et al.,Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Stromdichteverteilung in Brennstoffzellen (Patent File No: PT 1.2130) 10. P. C. Ghosh et al., Flow Field Design in Fuel Cells (WO Patent WO 2,012,046,248) 11. P. C. Ghosh et al., Fuel Cell Stack Design (Application No.: 3110/MUM/2011) 12. P. C. Ghosh et al.,A multilayer PCB and a method for current density measurement in a fuel cell” (Application Number: 698/MUM/2015) 13. US Patent # 6,821,661: Hydrophilic Anode Gas Diffusion Layer: P. Haridoss, C. Karuppaiah, and J. McElroy; Plug Power; Granted: November 2004

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14. US Patent # 6,774,637: Method of Qualifying At Least a Portion of a Fuel Cell System and an Apparatus Employing the Same; R. Hallum, C. Comi, Y. Wu, P. Haridoss, and C. Karuppaiah; Plug Power; Granted: August 2004 15. US Patent # 6,696,190: Fuel Cell System & Method: P. Haridoss; Plug Power; Granted: February 2004 16. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites o n Carbon Based Substrates',International Application No. PCT/IN2013/000522, Pub. No. WO/2014/033756. 17. A Method and Apparatus for Manufacturing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, International Patent Application published under the Patent Cooperation Treaty of World Intellectual Property Organization vide International Publication # WO 2014/203066 A2; filed by NFTDC on 19th June 2014. 18. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Procédé de préparation d’une électrode à air, ladite électrode ainsi obtenue et ses applications. WO 2012/120033A1, EP 2684238A0 (2012) (EU patent) [Patent applied by CEA, France] 19. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Method for producing an air electrode, The electrode thus obtained and their uses. US 2014/0017592A1. (2014) (US patent) [Patent applied by CEA, France] 20. Amit Sinha and J. T. S. Irvine, “A low temperature process for synthesis titanium oxycarbide powder”, UK Patent Application [Patent applied by Univ. of St. Andrews, UK – in process] 21. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Procédé de préparation d’une électrode à air, ladite électrode ainsi obtenue et ses applications. WO 2012/120033A1, EP 2684238A0 (2012) (EU patent) [Patent applied by CEA, France] 22. Thibaud Delahaye, Pankaj Kumar Patro. Method for producing an air electrode, The electrode thus obtained and their uses. US 2014/0017592A1. (2014) (US patent) [Patent applied by CEA, France] 23. Amit Sinha and J. T. S. Irvine, “A low temperature process for synthesis titanium oxycarbide powder”, UK Patent Application [Patent applied by Univ. of St. Andrews, UK – in process]

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Indian Patents

1. S. Suresh, Y. Munnaiah, P. Raghupathy, Vijayamohanan K Pillai, S. Deenadayalan, A Zinc Bromine redox flow battery with improved performance; CECRI Filing 0110NF2013; Date of Filing 30/06/2014 2. Jayashree Swaminathan, Subbiah Ravichandran, Donald Jonsdavidson, Ganapathy Sobhav, Subraminian Vaudevan, Singaram Vengatesan, Srinivasan Murlaidharan, Development of Calcium Hydrate anion exchange membrane for water electrolysis and fuel cells; CECRI Filing No: 0083NF2014; Date of Filing : 03/04/2014 3. A Polymeric Hybrid Membrane, JP, 5528357, 2014 (Granted) 4. In Situ Humidification Technique in LT-PEMFC, 1797DEL2014 Prov.Date:03/07/2014 5. A. K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani and S.K. Prashant, Proton conducting polymer electrolyte membrane useful in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, International publication number: WO2009027993 (2009), International Application no.: PCT/IN2008/000512, Euporean patent: EP 2201636B1 (2013). 6. Parthasarathy, R. Kannan, K. Sreekumar and K. Vijayamohanan, An improved process for enhancing the performance of PEM-FC using plant harmones, India Patent No-NCL Discl. INV 2008/24, Patent Seal Date- 2008. 7. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Process for the preparation of sol-gel modified alternative Nafion-Silica composite membrane useful for polymer electrolyte fuel cell, US Patent Pub. No.: US 2012/0141915A1, June 7, 2012, US Patent App. 11/940,203, 2007. 8. K. Vijayamohanan, R.Kannan and B.A. Kakade, An improved composite membrane based on Nafion for PEM-FC applications, Patent No-NCL Discl. INV 2007/07, Patent Seal Date-2007 9. G. Arabale, M. Kulkarni, S.P. Vernekar and Vijayamohanan, An improved process for the preparation of high surface area carbon useful for fuel cells and ultracapacitors, US Patent No-2005/0221981, Patent Seal Date-2005. 10. Ulhas Kharul, Sreekumar Kurungot, Harshal Choudhari, Vinaya Ghodke; ABPBI copolymer membranes for HT-PEMFC application; Disclosure No. 2013-INV-0036. 11. U.K. Kharul, B.P. Mule, D. Bhagat; ABPBI based hollow fiber membranes; Indian Patent No.INV-2012-58.

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12. U.K. Kharul, H.R. Lohokare; Solvent resistant ultrafiltration (UF) membranes based on ABPBI; Indian Patent No. 434/DEL/2010; PCT Application No. WO 2011/104602 A1. 13. Indian patent on “ A process for making conducting carbon composite electrode suitable for fuel cell applications” Dr. R. B. Mathur, Dr. T. L. Dhami, Ms. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, Dr. A. K. Gupta, Dr. J. Rangarajan, Dr. R. K. Sharma, Dr. C. P. Sharma. Patent No. IN200700395-I1 (Filed on 14.02.2007). 14. Indian patent on “A process for the preparation of low-density multi- component graphite composite bipolar plates”, R. B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma & T.L. Dhami. Patent No. 766/DEL/2010. 15. A novel strategy to enhance the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using plant hormones and their derivatives. Meera Parthasarathy, Ramaiyyan Kannan, Sreekumar Kurungot, Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, Applied, NCL Ref. No. INV 2008/24. 16. Carbon nanotubes based nafion composite membranes for fuel cell electrolyte applications, Kunjukrishna P. Vijayamohanan, Ramaiyan Kannan, Bhalchandra A. Kakade, NCL/INV/2007-07. 17. A Polymeric hybrid membrane, A.K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, and A.K. Sahu, WO 2009/110001 A1. 18. Proton conducting polymer electrolyte membrane useful in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, A.K. Shukla, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A.K. Sahu and G. Selvarani, WO 2009/027993 A1. 19. Process for the preparation of sol-•gel modified alternative Nafion-•Silica composite membrane useful for polymer electrolyte fuel cell, A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K Shukla, US 2012/0141915 A1, June 7, 2012. 20. An improved process for the fabrication of ultracapacitor electrodes using activated lamp black carbon, M. Dandekar, G. Arbale, S. P. Vernekar and K. Vijaymohanan, US Pat Appl. 0251 NF (2004). 21. An improved process for the preparation of high surface area carbon useful for fuel cells and ultracapacitor applications, US/0221981 A 1D (2005). 22. Resuable transition metal complex catalyst useful for the preparation of high pure quality 3,3’-diaminobenzidine and its analogues and process thereof, R. K. Shukla, L. Emmanuvel, C. Rameshkumar, S. Gurunath, A. Sudalai, S. Kulkarni and S. Sivaram, US Patent 7,999,112 B2 (2011). 23. Catalytic process for the production of 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, S. Bavikar, A. Maner, Chidambaram, Ramesh Kumar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, US Pat. 6,979,749 (2005).

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24. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner, S. Bavikar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, US Pat. 6,835,854 (2004). 25. Process for the preparation of high quality 3,3’-tetraminobiphenyl, A. Maner, S. Bavikar, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, EP 1 727 781 B1 (2009) 26. A novel catalytic process for the production of 3,3’, 4, 4’-tetraminobiphenyl, S. Bavikar, A. Maner, R. K. Chidambaram, A. Sudalai and S. Sivaram, EP 1 730 102 B1 (2010). 27. An improved catalyst for steam reforming of olefin containing hydrocarbons and bio-ethanol, NCL Disclosure INV 2003/72. 28. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi,Ramya Krishnan, “ High temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with exfoliated graphite based bipolar plates “Patent application no. 494 /DEL/2014 dated 20.02.2014 29. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya Krishnan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, L.Babu, R.Vasudevan, T.P.Sarangan and R.Parthasarathy “Exfoliated graphite separator based electrolyzer for hydrogen generation “Patent application no. 3073/DEL/2013 dated 17.10.2013 30. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Krishnadass Jayakumar , Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control system useful for fuel cell stack monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln. No. 269/DEL/2013 dated 31.03.2013, complete specification filed on 12.1.2007 31. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, and Kayarkatte Narayan Manoj Krishna , “A method of preparation of supported platinum nano particle catalyst in tubular flow reactor via polyol process “Patent application no. 1512 /DEL/2013 dated 12.5.2013 32. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Balaji Rengarajan, Ramya Krishnan and Natarajan Rajalakshmi, “ A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) cell and a method of producing hydrogen from aqueous organic solutions in pulse current mode “Patent application no. 3313/DEL/2012 Dated 29/10/2012 33. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath Sasank , “ Fuel cell system with oxygen enrichment system using magnet , Patent application no. 2985/DEL/2012Dated 25/09/2012 34. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Ranganathan Vasudevan, Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, “Electronically and ionically conducting multilayer fuel cell electrode and a method for making the same” Indian Patent Application No. 2198/DEL/2012 dated 17.7.2012 215

35. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath Sasank , Sundara Ramaprabhu, Tessy Theres Baby , “Enhanced Thermal Management System for Fuel Cell Applications using Nanofluid Coolant “ Indian Patent Application No. 1745/DEL/2012 dated 07.06.2012 36. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Bethapudi Viswanath Sasank, “A Device for, and a Method of, Cooling fuel cells “- Patent Appln. No. 1409/DEL/2012 Date : 8.5.2012 37. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah Velayutham, Lakshmanan Babu, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An Improved gas and coolant flow filed plate for use in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells “( PEMFC) - Patent Appln. No. 1449/DEL/2010 Date : 22.6.2010 38. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Subramaniam Pandiyan , Ranganathan Vasudevan , Lakshmanan Babu, Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, Radhakrishnana Parthasarathy , An improved gas flow field plate for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)" , Patent Application No .: 2339/DEL/2008, dated 13/10/2008. 39. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Guruviah Velayutham,Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, An Improved catalyst ink useful for preparing gas diffusion electrode and an improved PEM fuel cell ; Patent application No. 680/DEL/2008 filed on 18.3.2008 40. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah Velayutham, Ranganathan Vasudevan , Thandalam Parthasarathy Sarangan, “Improved Electrode membrane assembly and a method of making the assembly “ ; Patent application No. 631/DEL/2008 filed on 13.3.2008 41. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Ramya Krishnan , Jindam Sreenivas , Srinivasan Narasimhan , Shanmugam Kumar , “An Improved Method for the Generation of Hydrogen from Metal-Hydrogen Compound “ - Patent Appln. No. 1106/DEL/2007 Date : 23.5.2007 42. Natarajan Rajalakshmi and Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, An improved fuel cell having enhanced performance”, Patent Appln. No. 606/DEL/2007 dt. 21.3.2007 43. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, Jindam Sreenivas, A hydrophilic membrane based humidifier useful for fuel cells””, Patent Appln. No. 95/DEL/2007 dated

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44. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Tata Narasinga Rao, “An improved process for preparing nano tungsten carbide powder useful for fuel cells “, Patent Appln. No. 81/DEL/2007 dated 12.1.2007 45. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Krishnadass Jayakumar , Kalyanarangan Balaji , “An improved test control system useful for fuel cell stack monitoring and controlling “ , Patent Appln. No. 1989/DEL/2006 , complete specification filed on 12.1.2007 46. Arun Tangirala, Vasu Gollangi , B Viswanathan and K S Dhathathreyan , “ A method of and an apparatus for the continuous humidification of hydrogen delivered to fuel cells”, Indian Patent No. 247547 dated 22.4.11 ( Appln.No. 670/CHE/2007) 47. Electrochromic material based on Misch metal substituted alloy hydrides Appl No. No:668/CHE/2007 dated 30.7.2007( with IIT-M) 48. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan, Ramya Krishnan, “An improved hydrophilic membrane useful for humidification of gases in fuel cell and a process for its preparation “, Patent appln. No. 1207/DEL/2006 49. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Subramaniam Pandiyan , “An improved process for the preparation of exfoliated graphite separator plates useful in fuel cells, the plates prepared by the process and a fuel cell incorporating the said plates,” Patent No. 1206/DEL/2006 50. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non- conducting exfoliated graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Under examination. 51. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778 Under examination. 52. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application) 229718 granted. 53. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717 granted. 54. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719 Under examination. 55. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non- conducting exfoliated graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Under examination 217

56. Shailendra Sharma, E. Haribabu, Amrish Gupta and Deepak Kumar Kanungo, A fuel cell bipolar plates for improved water management and to achieve more 9uniform current density in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Granted 57. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778. Granted. 58. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229718, Granted. 59. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717, Granted. 60. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719, Under examination. 61. Vasu Gollangi, Eradala Hari Babu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Method of preheating of reactants in Low/High temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack using an integrated plate, 204/Kol/2012, Under examination. 62. Eradala Hari Babu, Vasu Gollangi & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Test set-up for performance evaluation of a single cell PEMFC & PAFC, 202/KOL/2012, Under examination. 63. Vasu Gollangi, E Haribabu, Dnyndev Arjun & M Ramesh Pawar, An improved fuel cell stack system operably connected to an internal gas preheating device to improve performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, 909/Kol/2013, Under examination. 64. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Pre-heating plate for PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells (Design Appl.), 255776, Granted 65. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun, Eradala Haribabu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Humidification of gases in PEM fuel cell stacks with integrated modular membrane humidifier, 140/Kol/2015, Under process 66. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi & Dnyndev Arjun, Cutting die for low and high temperature PEM Fuel Cells (Design Appl.), 267771, under examination 67. B. Karmakar, R.N. Basu, A. Tarafder, N. Sasmal and M. Garai, Thermally cyclable glass sealant composition for intermediate temperature solid oxide

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fuel cell and process thereof (CSIR Ref. No. 0278NF2014, dated 28-10- 2014) 68. R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay, S. Das, P.K. Das, T. Dey and A. Das Sharma, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack and Process Thereof (CSIR Ref. No. 0017NF2015, dated 27-01-2015) 69. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A high temperature operable inorganic sealants composition sealable at lower temperature and a process thereof, (Patent Application No. 454/DEL/09; Date of Filing: 09.03.2009) 70. A Das Sharma, Saswati Ghosh, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Process for the production of lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose source (Patent Application No. 773/DEL/2006 filing date : 22/03/2006). 71. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, S. Senthil Kumar and H.S. Maiti, A Process of Making Anode-supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (Patent Application No.: 2583/DEL/06 dated 04/12/2006). 72. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A Process for making glass-based sealants for high temperature operating electrochemical devices (CSIR No.: NF-149/07 dated of communication: August 7, 2007). 73. S.K. Pratihar, R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, A Process for Preparing Nickel Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) Cermet (Patent Application No. 306/DEL/01, filing date: 19/03/2001, Patent No.: 219634 (sealed on 12/05/2008) 74. A. Chakraborty, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, A process for the Preparation of Ultrafine Powders of a Single Phase Multielement Oxide (Patent Application No. 263/DEL/97 dated January 30, 1997. Patent No.: 197238 (sealed on 4th August 2006). 75. R.N. Basu, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma, Planar Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Using Functional Anode and A Process Thereof, Indian patent, File No.: 1954/DEL/2010, Date: 17- 08-2010 76. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, J. Mukhopadhyay & H.S. Maiti, “A process for the continuous production of sinteractive lanthanum chromite based oxides”, 1214/DEL/04, 30.06.2004 77. A. Mumar, P. Sujatha Devi & H.S. Maiti, “A process for making lanthanum chromite dense products in air at low temperature particularly suitable for application in solid oxide fuel cells”, 1222/DEL/04 30.06.2004 78. A. Das Sharma, S. Ghosh, R.N. Basu & H.S. Maiti, “A process for the production of lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose chromium source”, 773/DEL/06, 22.03.2006 219

79. “A Continuous process for the production of ethanol from starchy materials” (Indian Patent No. 188562) 80. “A process for biological production of hydrogen”. (India Patent No. 212605) 81. Earthen material based cathode separator assembly for scalable bioelectrochemical system. : submitted (Ref: Patent Application No.805/KOL/2013). 82. Development of cost effective membrane cathode assembly for a single chambered microbial fuel cell. (Ref: Patent Application No.1302/KOL/2013). 83. A system for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and wastegas using a microbial carbon capture cell reactor (Ref: Patent Application No. 0471/KOL/2015) 84. Continuous humidification of H2 gas in a bubble humidifier using external / stack cooling water recirculation (IP No. 670CHE2007). 85. Sreenivas Jayanti, Abhijit P Deshpande, Prathap Haridoss and V Suresh Patnaikuni “Fuel cell with enhanced cross-flow serpentine flow fields” (IP No: 2479/ CHE/2010) application filed on 27th Aug 2010. 86. Sreenivas Jayanti, G. Purnima, Autothermal, dual reformer concept for efficient generation of hydrogen generation for high temperature PEM fuel cells, Provisional Patent application no 6331/CHE/2014 filed on 16 Dec 2014. 87. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites on Carbon Paper' Indian Patent Application: 5188/CHE/2012. 88. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites o n Carbon Nanotubes' Indian Patent Application: 4807/CHE/2012. 89. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrite' Indian Patent Application: 3632/CHE/2012.

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