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Report on Fuel Cell Development in India

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Report on Fuel Cell Development in India APPENDIX - VI REPORT ON FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Prepared by Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, New Delhi June, 2016 “The global fuel cell market is estimated to reach US$5.20 billion by 2019, with a projected CAGR of 14.7%, signifying a substantial increase in demand, during the next five years”** “Asia Pacific region including China and India will have the major share” ** “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (published in September 2014). (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell) Foreword Fuel Cells are electrochemical devices, which convert chemical energy of gaseous fuels, hydrogen in particular, directly to electrical energy with significantly high conversion efficiency. The principle of fuel cell was demonstrated more than 175 years back. However, its technological importance has been recognized for the last half a century or so. Concern for climate change in recent years has accelerated the development of this technology world over so that the carbon cycle of energy production can be changed to hydrogen cycle within the shortest possible time. Almost all the developed and developing countries have earmarked billions of dollars for development of this technology. Consequently, a significant progress has already taken place. A large number of prototypes are being operated by different countries. All the auto-giants are aggressively developing fuel cell driven automobiles in an attempt to cut down greenhouse gas emission. India being a highly populous country is also concerned about its contribution to climate change and therefore has been giving significant importance to generation of renewable energy e.g. solar and wind. Hydrogen energy has also been a focus of attention for quite some time. Unfortunately, required emphasis could not be given primarily due to resource crunch and therefore the progress is lagging far behind in the global race. Under this premises, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India constituted a high power Steering Committee to prepare a status report and way forward for hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology in this country. One of the five sub-committees was entrusted with the responsibility of preparing this particular document concerning the development of fuel cell technology. I am indebted to all the members of the Sub-Committee, other experts (Dr. Venkat Mohan, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Dr. Irudayam Arul Raj Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Dr. Venkatesan V. Krishnan, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad) for their contribution, Dr. M. R. Nouni, Scientist ‘G’, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and also the officials of the Project Management Unit – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells at the Ministry, Dr. Jugal Kishor and Dr. S. K. Sharma in particular for their active and invaluable contribution preparing this document. This report is expected to be of immense use to all the stakeholders related to the activities in the area of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in the country. June, 2016 Prof. H. S. Maiti Chairman, Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development CONTENTS Subject Page No. Sl. No. Composition of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell I I Development II Terms of Reference Ii III Details of Meetings Iii 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 15 25 3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) (Low Temperature And High Temperature) 3 3.1 International Activity 27 3.2 National Status 35 3.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap 45 4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 53 4.1 International Activity 55 4 4.2 National Status 55 4.3 Gap Analysis and Strategy to bridge the gap 56 5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 59 5.1 International Activity 61 5 5.2 National Status 62 5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to bridge the gap 66 6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell 69 6.1 International Activity 71 6 6.2 National Status 72 6.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap 74 7.0 Different Types of Bio-fuel Cell 77 7.1 Working Principle of Bio-fuel cells 79 7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell 79 7.3 Enzymatic bio-fuel cell 82 7 7.4 Miniature enzymatic bio-fuel cell 83 7.5 International Status 84 7.6 National Status 86 7.7 Applications of bio-fuel cells 87 7.8 Conclusions 88 8.0 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 91 8 8.1 International Activity 93 8.2 National Status 93 9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell 95 9.1 International Activity 97 9 9.2 National Status 97 9.3 Proposed National Plan 97 10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 99 10 10.1 Introduction 101 10.2 Technology Features 103 11.0 Micro Fuel Cell 105 11 11.1 Introduction 107 11.2 Technology Features 107 12 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies / Countries 109 13 Action Plan, Financial Projection and Time 115 Schedule of Activities 14 Conclusions and Recommendations 119 15 Annexure I (Bibliography) 137 16 Annexure II (Portfolio of Publications and Patents on 142 Fuel Cell Related Areas of the Important Research Groups of this Country) I. Composition of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development 1. Dr. H. S. Maiti, Former Director, CGCRI & Prof. NIT Rourkela - Chairman 2. Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary / Shri A. K. Dhussa, Adviser (December, 2013 to March, 2015) / Dr. BibekBandyopadhyay, Adviser (upto December, 2013), MNRE 3. Dr. Deep Prakash, SO/G, Energy Conversion Materials Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 4. Shri M. R. Pawar, AGM (FCR), Corporate BHEL R&D, Hyderabad 5. Dr. R. S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Defence Research Development Organization,Amarnath 6. Dr. Ashish Lele, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Pune 7. Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (ARCI), Chennai 8. Shri Shailendra Sharma, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad 9. Dr. K. Vijaymohanan, Director, Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 10. Prof. S. Basu, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 11. Dr. R. N. Basu, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 12. Dr. Nawal Kishor Mal, Senior Scientist / Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Chief Scientist (Retired on 31.07.2014), Tata Chemicals, Pune 13. Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy Chief General Manager, Alternate Energy, IOCL R&D, Faridabad 14. Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President, Thermax India Ltd., Pune - Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry i II. Terms of Reference 1. To specify different kinds of fuel cell systems with technical parameters relevant for various applications in India. 2. To review R & D status of fuel cell technologies in the country and to identify the gap with reference to the international status. 3. To suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly develop in-house technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies from abroad. 4. To identify applications for demonstration of technologies developed globally under Indian field conditions and suggest policy measures for deployment of such technologies in the country. 5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for development and testing of fuel cells including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided. 6. To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among leading Indian academic institutions, research organizations and industry in the area of fuel cells. 7. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to fuel cell technologies. ii III. Details of the Meetings of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in India The first meeting of the Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development in India was organized on 29.11.2012, in which presentations were made by the expert members of the Sub-Committee in their areas of specialization and discussions were held subsequently. The expert members provided input materials for preparing the draft report. The input materials were presented in the second meeting held on 02.09.2013. Based on the input material, the report on Fuel Cell Development in India was drafted and presented in the 2nd meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 11.06.2014. The Steering Committee recommended constituting an Expert Group to prepare a list of focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals may be invited and supported by the Ministry for the time being. This Group met on 02.09.2014 and identified the focus areas within the areas identified for National Mission Projects, for which R&D proposals were invited to support by the Ministry. The finality of the report was discussed in the 3rd meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells held on 26.03.2015. The Steering Committee gave some suggestions, which were discussed in the meeting of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development held on 22.05.2015 to incorporate in the report. The Steering Committee further requested the Chairpersons of all the five Sub-Committees to meet and discuss uniformity of the reports and alignment of outcome of the reports. Accordingly, the report was again modified based on the suggestions given / decisions taken in the meetings of the Chairpersons of the Sub-Committees held on 11.09.2015, 16.12.2015 and 18.01.2016. iii iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2 1.0 Executive Summary 1.1 The need for developing appropriate technologies for harnessing renewable and/ or alternate sources of energy have gained significant importance globally, including in India, in view of increasing use of fossil fuels both for power generation and transportation with consequent environmental concerns on one hand and depleting reserves on the other.
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