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Fuel Cells Initial Position

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Fuel Cells Initial Position Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets SOFC1) in Jülich Fuel Cells Initial Position Materials and systems for combined heat and power generation in 1. industry and households SOFC in Jülich ► Improved overall efficiency X Initial Position ► Environmentally friendly: no pollution ► Scalability for utilization in several applications Research Results Challenges on the way to implementation ► Multi-disciplinary R&D tasks: - Optimization of thermo-mechanical behaviour w.r.t. stable sealing and operation of stacks - Understanding and resolving degradation effects w.r.t. 1) SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell longevity of 20,000 – 50,000 h - Reduction of operation temperatures to 600 – 700 °C - Accelerated testing methods - Process, stack, system integration and upscaling to > 50 kW 20 kW system with integrated modules Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets SOFC in Jülich Fuel Cells Research 1. Cells with reduced operating temperatures and increased lifetime ► Cost-effective production of cells with novel materials and processes SOFC in Jülich ► Cell operation on reformate @ 400 – 600 °C for > 10,000 h Initial Position High performance and robust kW-class stack technology X Research ► Advanced steel, protective coatings and sealing Results ► Resolution of thermo-mechanical and degradation effects ► Accelerated testing and computational design System technology with thermal integrated stack modules ► Advanced modelling and simulation of BoP2) components and systems ► Design & testing of BoP2) components, integrated modules and systems 2) BoP: Balance of Plant Milestones ► 2011: 3rd generation 2 kW stack @ 5,000 h @ u 3) > 60 % 3) μF: Fuel Utilization F ► 2012: Thin film cells with 16 cm² delivering 0.5 W/cm² @ 600 °C ► 2014: Concept of integrated sub-module for systems of 20 – 250 kW Cell components (top right), 60-cell stack Cooperations (bottom right) and computer-simulated ► Universities: Aachen, Imp. College, Karlsruhe, Lausanne, Patras temperature distribution in operation (left) ► Research institutes: CEA, ECN, KIER, KIST, Risø DTU, VTT Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets SOFC in Jülich Fuel Cells Results 1.0 Cells 800 °C @ H @ u = 40 % @ 0.5 A/cm² 1. 2 F ► Max. power density 1.38 W/cm² @ 700 °C SOFC in Jülich ► Operating temperatures 600 – 800 °C 0.4 %/1,000 h Initial Position Stacks 0.6 Research ► Interconnector coating APS4) perovskite coating X Results ► Degradation rate 0.4 %/1,000 h @ > 10,000 h CellCell voltage voltage / V / V System 0.2 F1004-08 0 SK352 / 080702 ► Integrated module stack/afterburner/pre-heater/pre-reformer 0 5,000 10,000 4 modules of 5 kW each (projected) Operating time / h ► Nominal load 20 kW (projected) 4) APS: Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Extrapolated operating time Industry cooperations ► 25,000 h @ 10 % power loss Voltage loss behaviour of a stack with coated interconnector Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets DMFC for light traction Fuel Cells Initial Position New energy supply system for light traction with electric drive 2. ► Extended operation time and range DMFC for light traction ► Enhanced functionality X Initial Position ► Easy handling and quick refuelling Research ► Evironmentally friendly ► Improved economy: reduced cost for personnel, space & investments Results Challenges on the way to implementation ► Competition with hydrogen PEFC1) systems ► Use of methanol as fuel ► Multi-disciplinary R&D tasks: 1) PEFC: Polymer Electrolyte - Longevity of 5,000 h Fuel Cell DMFC2) forklift truck - Cost reduction 2) DMFC: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell - Hybridization w.r.t. peak load and break energy recovery - Water autonomy (≤ 35 °C) and improved total systems efficiency (30 %) - Prototype development Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets DMFC for light traction Fuel Cells Research Analytics of operating mechanisms DMFC V4 2. ► Degradation mechanisms ► MEA3) structure-activity relationship DMFC for light traction ► Characteristic field of operation Initial Position ► 2-phase flow modelling 2007-2009 X Research Reliable systems Real forklift Results ► 2 – 5 kW stacks and systems systems ► Automated manufacture 2005 3) ► MEA components and stacks: 100 mW/cm² @ 500 mV Integrated system Milestones 2) DMFC: Direct Methanol ► 2010: Automated fabrication of stack components 2003 Fuel Cell ► 2014: DMFC2) system for light traction 1st system (lifetime ≥ 5,000 h; overall efficiency ≥ 30 %) 3) MEA: Membrane Electrode Cooperations DMFC2) systems development in Jülich Assembly ► Universities: Aachen, Bochum ► Research institutes: GKSS, HZB, KIER, NRC Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets DMFC for light traction Fuel Cells Results MEA 10 2. 8 ► Power density 75 mW/cm² @ 450 mV 6 gasoline DMFC for light traction ► Catalyst loading 4.5 mg Pt/PtRu4)/cm²/cell 4 Initial Position 700 bar Stack PbPb battery battery 2 propane lithium In relationIn relation toto 300 bar Research ► Nominal power 1.3 kW 0 Pb battery ICE DMFC PEFC Battery X Results ► Pressure loss 2 mbar (cathode) ► Air ratio 3 30 ► Lifetime target dyn. 3,000 h 25 Drive module 20 ► Peak power 7 kW (fuel cell battery hybrid system) 15 4) Pt: Platinum ► Water autonomy 35 °C 10 PtRu: Platinum- 5 Ruthenium Research consortium OperatingOperating time time //hh 0 Alloy 12 *SFC65 Oorja incl. “Ameise“ PlugPower 10 l tank V_3.3 “Hydrogen“ Operating range (top) and systems characteristics (bottom) Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets Reformer Fuel Cell System For Bioethanol Fuel Cells Initial Position Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems 3. ISE in Freiburg developed an automated ethanol reformer fuel cell Reformer Fuel Cell system in cooperation with eight partners from industry and one System For Bioethanol institute. The system is fueled by denatured bioethanol. This fuel is inexpensive, non-toxic and commercially available to users X Initial Position throughout the world. One of the various applications envisioned is Research the off-grid power supply for medical equipment in emerging and developing countries. Results Contact: Ulf Groos Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Freiburg, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 7 61/ 45 88-52 02 [email protected] Complete system with the four modules www.ise.fraunhofer.de (ethanol tank, reformer, fuel cell, and electronics). Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets Reformer Fuel Cell System For Bioethanol Fuel Cells Research 3. The core pieces of the system are a PEM fuel cell with 300 Watt electric power output and an ethanol reformer, which constitute two Reformer Fuel Cell of the four modules. The fuel tank and the electronics are integrated System For Bioethanol in the remaining two modules. The modular design allows modules to be removed separately, for instance to refill the tanks or to Initial Position transport the system more easily. The system can be operated at X Research temperatures ranging form -10 to +40 degrees Celsius. The electric Results power is available upon system start-up. Reformer module for processing ethanol to hydrogen. Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets Reformer Fuel Cell System For Bioethanol Fuel Cells Results 3. The project partners are in the position to offer the developed technology to interested manufacturers for Reformer Fuel Cell commercialisation in series production. The system System For Bioethanol can be scaled up to ca. 2 kW electric power. Initial Position Research We gratefully acknowledge our partners E.G.O., HSG- X Results IMIT, INTRATEC, ELBAU, DMT, LIFEBRIDGE, MAGNUM, and UMICORE. The development of the reformer fuel cell system was funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. From left to right: Fuel cell module, reformer module and ethanol tank. Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets HT-PEFC with fuel processing for on-board power supply Fuel Cells Initial Position Auxiliary power units (APUs) using middle distillates with fuel cells 4. ► Bridging technology: fuel cell use with conventional liquid fuels HT-PEFC for APU ► Environmentally friendly w.r.t. pollution release and biofuel use ► Enhanced functionality X Initial Position ► Improved overall efficiency Research Challenges on the way to implementation Results ► Multi-disciplinary R&D tasks – fuel processing: - Fuel flexibility - Longevity during dynamic operation - Power density ► Multi-disciplinary R&D tasks – HT-PEFC1): 1) HT-PEFC: High-temperature - Cathodic overpotential Polymer Electrolyte - Sealing (≥ 160 °C) Fuel Cell - Longevity ► Multi-disciplinary R&D tasks – APU: - Cost reduction Efficient and environmentally friendly on-board - System integration power supply for the mobile sector - Prototype development Renewable Energy Research for Global Markets HT-PEFC with fuel processing for on-board power supply Fuel Cells Research Flow velocity [m s-1] 100 4. Analysis and enhancement of the process performance ► CFD modelling on supercomputers and computational design HT-PEFC for APU ► Process optimization: reforming and desulfurization Initial Position ► Electrode and MEA research: cathodic overpotential 0 X Research Reliable systems Results ► Reformer development: 5 – 50 kW @ 5,000 h @ 99,99 % ► Stack development for APUs: 1 – 10 kW @ < 1 % CO ► 5 – 50 kW HT-PEFC1) systems Milestone 1) HT-PEFC: High-temperature 1) Polymer Electrolyte ► 2012: Integrated system with fuel processing and 5-kW HT-PEFC Fuel Cell Cooperations Advanced reformer design (top) and ► Universities: Bayreuth, Düsseldorf, Karlsruhe, Ulm 0.5-kW HT-PEFC1) stack (bottom) ► Research institutes: NRC Renewable Energy Research for Global
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