DOCSLIB.ORG

Part 1 the Arctic Sublime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Part 1 the Arctic Sublime DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitled The Anglo-American Press and the Sensationalization of the Arctic 1855-1910 is my own original work and that all other works referred to in this thesis have been acknowledged. This thesis is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification to any other university. I further declare that this thesis does not exceed the prescribed length allowed me by the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Geography. I want you gentlemen to remember that I am the only person you need to please. If I want The Herald to be turned upside down, it must be turned upside down. And whatever I say will be news, will indeed be news. If I want black beetles to be the news of the day, then black beetles will be the news of the day. That is what The Herald will consider important, and it is what our readers will consider important. James Gordon Bennett Jr. SUMMARY By investigating the relationship between the Anglo-American press and Arctic exploration, the study seeks both to re-examine some common theories about newspaper sensationalism and to understand the reasons for the wide-spread interest in the Arctic and its exploration in the United States and England. The study makes a systematic examination of the role of the press in Arctic exploration, and finds that newspapers and their proprietors were much more influential in increasing knowledge about and interest in the far north than has traditionally been acknowledged. Not only did newspapers—most notably The New York Herald of James Gordon Bennett—sponsor numerous expeditions, the press also encouraged exploration by paying large sums for exclusive accounts from the explorers. In addition, the amount and style of the press coverage helped create an underlying interest among the public concerning the Arctic, its exploration, and its explorers. The study also presents information indicating that a new explanation and interpretation of the history of sensationalism in the English and American press is both appropriate and desirable. The conventional view of journalism history suggests that sensation­ alism as a journalistic technique died out in the United States during the Civil War and did not reappear until Joseph Pulitzer took control of The World in New York in the 1.880s. Likewise, the conventional view of the English press holds that sensationalism was introduced in the 1880s by W.T. Stead but not popularized until the successes of Alfred Harmswonh in the 1890s. The evidence presented here shows that sensation­ alism was present in daily and weekly newspapers throughout the late 1860s and 1870s. The press accounts of the exploration of the Arctic fulfill all of the definitions of sensational journalism. The study also indicates that the Arctic coverage by some of the newspapers usually classified as belonging to the "quality" press was as sensational as that of the newspapers traditionally classified as "sensational." ui ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No thesis can be completed without significant contributions by many individuals, and this work has been no exception. My most heartfelt thanks go to my parents, Ralph and Angelyn Riffenburgh, who not only initially encouraged me to pursue academic research, but gave continuing financial support, counseling and advice, and even occasional editorial input. The role of my supervisor, Clive Holland, was of inestimable value. He not only guided my acquisition of knowledge about the Arctic and its exploration, he helped set the direction of my research and this thesis. He has given of his time, expertise, and opinion regularly and frequently throughout a three-year period, and this thesis is in part a tribute to both his scholarship and his skills as an editor. Roland Huntford was both a continuing source of background information, and an inspirational example of a thorough researcher. His interest in and thought-provoking comments about my research and findings helped guide me in new and valuable directions, and he also provided me translations of Swedish and German articles and furnished me with the portrait of Fridtjof Nansen that I have used in this thesis. Rosemary Graham translated articles from Swedish and Russian for me, and also read portions of my thesis, providing improvements in a way that only an outstanding editor can. Dr. Terence Armstrong, Professor Bill Barr, Professor James Savelle, Dr. Charles Swithinbank, and Dr. Bernard Stonehouse all read parts of my thesis and not only gave editorial and historical input but contributed beneficial academic advice about the direction my research was taking. During the course of my research, the facilities of a number of institutions were generously made available to me. I would like to thank the staff of the University Library, Cambridge, for providing a workplace that was both pleasant and exhilarating. In particular, I would like to express my appreciation for the assistance, advice, and friendship given to me at the University Library by Stephen Lees. I am also grateful to the staff of the British Newspaper Library at Colindale, as well as the library staff at the Scott Polar Research Institute, including, at the latter, William Mills, Janice Meadows, and Shirley Sawtelle. Much help was given to me by many other individuals and organizations. The Brian Roberts Fund of the Scott Polar Research Institute, the Smuts Memorial Fund of the University of Cambridge, and the Wolfson College Travel Fund all extended me financial assistance. Dave Crane, Dr. Julian Dowdeswell, Gordon Hamilton, Colin Harris, Dr. Tavi Murray, Dr. Gareth Rees, and Matthias Reisemann all gave valuable consultations on computer issues, as did Dave Port, whose transatlantic assistance kept both my computer and me functional on more than one occasion. Moral support was at times as—or more—valuable than academic aid, and I would like to thank the late Professor Ken Smith, Dr. Curtis Booraem, Chuck Garrity Sr., Glen Iwasaki, Dr. Ken Thomas, Professor John England, Dr. Peter Wadhams, Maria Pia Casarini Wadhams, Brian Chambers, and my brothers Roger and Steve for their much-needed encouragement at various stages of my research. Lastly, I would like to give special mention to the enormous amount of academic guid­ ance, intellectual counsel and direction, practical assistance, personal understanding, and enthusiasm given to me by Dr. Liz Cruwys of Wolfson College, Cambridge. Dr. Cruwys not only frequently gave me penetrating feedback on my ideas and the way I expressed them, she regularly encouraged—and, in fact, insisted upon—my looking far beyond the sometimes limited scope of my initial and evolving academic concep­ tions and strategies. The success of my understanding of Anglo-American relation­ ships—an issue that bears directly upon my thesis—is due in great part to her. VI CONTENTS Title Declaration Frontispiece Summary Dedication Acknowledgements Contents List of Illustrations and Maps PART 1 THE ARCTIC SUBLIME CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions 1.3 The Conventional View of Journalism 1.4 Newspaper Sources CHAPTER 2 A STEREOTYPED IMAGE OF THE ARCTIC 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Beginning of Arctic Awareness 2.3 The Arctic Sublime 2.3.1 The Picturesque and the Sublime 2.3.2 The Arctic in the Late Eighteenth Century 2.3.3 The Search for the Northwest Passage, 1818-1845 2.4 The Roots of the Popular Press 2.5 The Birth of the American Penny Press 2.6 The Beginning of English Sensationalism 2.7 The Franklin Search CHAPTER 3 A DECADE OF CHANGE: 1855-1865 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Death of the Arctic Sublime 3.3 The Conquest of the World 3.4 Changes in Arctic Exploration 3.5 The Growth of Arctic Science 3.6 The Lure of the Arctic 3.7 New Expedition Accounts 3.8 The Birth of the English Penny Press 3.9 The Press and the Arctic in a Decade of Change Vll PART 2 THE ARCTIC SENSATIONAL CHAPTER 4 JAMES GORDON BENNETT DISCOVERS THE ARCTIC 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Press Begins to Change 4.3 Nordenskiöld and Arctic Science 4.4 Bennett Creates the News 4.5 Bennett and the Arctic 4.6 Press Versus Explorers; The Jeannette Expedition 4.7 The Growth of the Sensational Press 4.7.1 The Spread of Sensationalism in America 4.7.2 A New Sensationalism in the English Press 4.8 New National Expeditions CHAPTER 5 THE HERALD LEADS IN SENSATIONALISM 5.1 Introduction 5.2 American Sensationalization of the Arctic 5.2.1 Headlines 5.2.2 Article Content 5.3 English Sensationalism 5.3.1 Headlines and Content 5.3.2 Similarities and Differences 5.4 The War Against Bennett 5.5 Accuracy and Honesty CHAPTER 6 THE NEW JOURNALISM AND THE ARCTIC 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A New Man in Town—Joseph Pulitzer 6.2.1 The Sensationalism of The World 6.2.2 Pulitzer's Use of Illustration 6.2.3 The Worlds Victory 6.3 The Triumph of Sensationalism in the United States 6.4 The New Journalism in England 6.4.1 W.T. Stead and The Pall Mall Gazette 6.4.2 Matthew Arnold Attacks the New Journalism 6.4.3 T.P. O'Connor and r/ie Star 6.4.4 The Spread of the New Journalism 6.5 A.W. Greely and the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 6.5.1 The Expedition 6.5.2 The Sensation 6.5.3 The Controversy 6.6 The Spread of Arctic Sponsorship 6.7 The Crossing of Greenland CHAPTER 7 THE ARCTIC AS A WEAPON OF THE PRESS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Aspects of Sensationalism 7.2.1 Headlines 7.2.2 Content and Illustration 7.3 The Press Against the Press 7.4 Inaccuracy or Dishonesty? vui CHAPTER 8 THE ARCTIC AND COMMERCIAL JOURNALISM 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 The Norwegian Ascendancy: Fridtjof Nansen 159 8.3 The Era of Yellow Journalism 163 8.4 The Triumph of Commercial Journalism in England 170 8.4.1 The Innovations of George Newnes 171 8.4.2 Harmswonh Conquers English Journalism 172 8.4.3 Harmsworth's American Connection 175 8.5 The Goals of the Pole: Circulation and Fame 177 8.6 The Scandinavian Successors to Nansen 184 CHAPTER 9 PEARY, COOK, THE NORTH POLE, AND THE PRESS 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Robert E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of Penguins and Polar Bears Shapero Rare Books 93
    OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS Shapero Rare Books 93 OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS EXPLORATION AT THE ENDS OF THE EARTH 32 Saint George Street London W1S 2EA +44 20 7493 0876 [email protected] shapero.com CONTENTS Antarctica 03 The Arctic 43 2 Shapero Rare Books ANTARCTIca Shapero Rare Books 3 1. AMUNDSEN, ROALD. The South Pole. An account of “Amundsen’s legendary dash to the Pole, which he reached the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the “Fram”, 1910-1912. before Scott’s ill-fated expedition by over a month. His John Murray, London, 1912. success over Scott was due to his highly disciplined dogsled teams, more accomplished skiers, a shorter distance to the A CORNERSTONE OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION; THE ACCOUNT OF THE Pole, better clothing and equipment, well planned supply FIRST EXPEDITION TO REACH THE SOUTH POLE. depots on the way, fortunate weather, and a modicum of luck”(Books on Ice). A handsomely produced book containing ten full-page photographic images not found in the Norwegian original, First English edition. 2 volumes, 8vo., xxxv, [i], 392; x, 449pp., 3 folding maps, folding plan, 138 photographic illustrations on 103 plates, original maroon and all full-page images being reproduced to a higher cloth gilt, vignettes to upper covers, top edges gilt, others uncut, usual fading standard. to spine flags, an excellent fresh example. Taurus 71; Rosove 9.A1; Books on Ice 7.1. £3,750 [ref: 96754] 4 Shapero Rare Books 2. [BELGIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION]. Grande 3. BELLINGSHAUSEN, FABIAN G. VON. The Voyage of Fete Venitienne au Parc de 6 a 11 heurs du soir en faveur de Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819-1821.
    [Show full text]
  • Gerlache's Belgique in the Social Imaginary of Punta Arenas, 1897-1899
    Volumen 4 Nº 3 (Julio-Septiembre, 2013), pp. 200-210. GERLACHE’S BELGIQUE IN THE SOCIAL IMAGINARY OF PUNTA ARENAS, 1897-1899 El BÉLGICA DE GERLACHE EN EL IMAGINARIO SOCIAL DE PUNTA ARENAS, 1897-1899 Mag. Mauricio Jara Fernández Universidad de Playa Ancha – Centre for Hemispheric and Polar Studies Valparaíso – Chile [email protected] FECHA DE RECEPCIÓN: 28 abril 2013 – FECHA DE ACEPTACIÓN: 2 junio 2013 ABSTRACT This article analyzes, based on the information in the newspaper El Magallanes of Punta Arenas and other publications, the perception that was created among the population of this southern Chilean city by the Antarctic expedition of between 1897 and 1899 and the activities carried out by the scientists and crew of the Belgique commanded by Lieutenant Adrien de Gerlache. Due to the fact that this expedition was made up of people from various nations and that it was aimed at reaching the South Pole provoked unusual interest and awoke an attractive interest for scientific topics and southern and antarctic policies. KEY WORDS Chile and Gerlache – Antarctica – Punta Arenas – Chilean Antarctic History RESUMEN El artículo analiza en base a informaciones del periódico El Magallanes de Punta Arenas y otras publicaciones, la percepción que se generó en la población de esta austral ciudad chilena por la expedición a la Antártica entre 1897 y 1899 y las actividades realizadas por los científicos y tripulantes del Bélgica comandado por el teniente Adrien de Gerlache. Por el hecho de ser una expedición integrada por personas de varias naciones y en busca del polo sur, su arribo y permanencia en la rada de Punta Arenas provocó un inusitado interés y despertó una atractiva afición por los temas científicos y políticos australes y antárticos.
    [Show full text]
  • The South Polar Race Medal
    The South Polar Race Medal Created by Danuta Solowiej The way to the South Pole / Sydpolen. Roald Amundsen’s track is in Red and Captain Scott’s track is in Green. The South Polar Race Medal Roald Amundsen and his team reaching the Sydpolen on 14 Desember 1911. (Obverse) Captain R. F. Scott, RN and his team reaching the South Pole on 17 January 1912. (Reverse) Created by Danuta Solowiej Published by Sim Comfort Associates 29 March 2012 Background The 100th anniversary of man’s first attainment of the South Pole recalls a story of two iron-willed explorers committed to their final race for the ultimate prize, which resulted in both triumph and tragedy. In July 1895, the International Geographical Congress met in Lon- don and opened Antarctica’s portal by deciding that the southern- most continent would become the primary focus of new explora- tion. Indeed, Antarctica is the only such land mass in our world where man has ventured and not found man. Up until that time, no one had explored the hinterland of the frozen continent, and even the vast majority of its coastline was still unknown. The meet- ing touched off a flurry of activity, and soon thereafter national expeditions and private ventures started organizing: the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration had begun, and the attainment of the South Pole became the pinnacle of that age. Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (1872-1928) nurtured at an early age a strong desire to be an explorer in his snowy Norwegian surroundings, and later sailed on an Arctic sealing voyage.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Amusement the Vehicle of Instruction’: Key Developments in the Nursery Reading Market 1783-1900
    1 ‘Making amusement the vehicle of instruction’: Key Developments in the Nursery Reading Market 1783-1900 PhD Thesis submitted by Lesley Jane Delaney UCL Department of English Literature and Language 2012 SIGNED DECLARATION 2 I, Lesley Jane Delaney confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ABSTRACT 3 ABSTRACT During the course of the nineteenth century children’s early reading experience was radically transformed; late eighteenth-century children were expected to cut their teeth on morally improving texts, while Victorian children learned to read more playfully through colourful picturebooks. This thesis explores the reasons for this paradigm change through a study of the key developments in children’s publishing from 1783 to 1900. Successively examining an amateur author, a commercial publisher, an innovative editor, and a brilliant illustrator with a strong interest in progressive theories of education, the thesis is alive to the multiplicity of influences on children’s reading over the century. Chapter One outlines the scope of the study. Chapter Two focuses on Ellenor Fenn’s graded dialogues, Cobwebs to catch flies (1783), initially marketed as part of a reading scheme, which remained in print for more than 120 years. Fenn’s highly original method of teaching reading through real stories, with its emphasis on simple words, large type, and high-quality pictures, laid the foundations for modern nursery books. Chapter Three examines John Harris, who issued a ground- breaking series of colour-illustrated rhyming stories and educational books in the 1810s, marketed as ‘Harris’s Cabinet of Amusement and Instruction’.
    [Show full text]
  • Scott's Discovery Expedition
    New Light on the British National Antarctic Expedition (Scott’s Discovery Expedition) 1901-1904. Andrew Atkin Graduate Certificate in Antarctic Studies (GCAS X), 2007/2008 CONTENTS 1 Preamble 1.1 The Canterbury connection……………...………………….…………4 1.2 Primary sources of note………………………………………..………4 1.3 Intent of this paper…………………………………………………...…5 2 Bernacchi’s road to Discovery 2.1 Maria Island to Melbourne………………………………….…….……6 2.2 “.…that unmitigated fraud ‘Borky’ ……………………….……..….….7 2.3 Legacies of the Southern Cross…………………………….…….…..8 2.4 Fellowship and Authorship………………………………...…..………9 2.5 Appointment to NAE………………………………………….……….10 2.6 From Potsdam to Christchurch…………………………….………...11 2.7 Return to Cape Adare……………………………………….….…….12 2.8 Arrival in Winter Quarters-establishing magnetic observatory…...13 2.9 The importance of status………………………….……………….…14 3 Deeds of “Derring Doe” 3.1 Objectives-conflicting agendas…………………….……………..….15 3.2 Chivalrous deeds…………………………………….……………..…16 3.3 Scientists as Heroes……………………………….…….……………19 3.4 Confused roles……………………………….……..………….…...…21 3.5 Fame or obscurity? ……………………………………..…...….……22 2 4 “Scarcely and Exhibition of Control” 4.1 Experiments……………………………………………………………27 4.2 “The Only Intelligent Transport” …………………………………….28 4.3 “… a blasphemous frame of mind”……………………………….…32 4.4 “… far from a picnic” …………………………………………………34 4.5 “Usual retine Work diggin out Boats”………...………………..……37 4.6 Equipment…………………………………………………….……….38 4.8 Reflections on management…………………………………….…..39 5 “Walking to Christchurch” 5.1 Naval routines………………………………………………………….43
    [Show full text]
  • SAY NO to the LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES and CRITICISM of the NEWS MEDIA in the 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the Faculty
    SAY NO TO THE LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES AND CRITICISM OF THE NEWS MEDIA IN THE 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism, Indiana University June 2013 ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee David Paul Nord, Ph.D. Mike Conway, Ph.D. Tony Fargo, Ph.D. Khalil Muhammad, Ph.D. May 10, 2013 iii Copyright © 2013 William Gillis iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank the helpful staff members at the Brigham Young University Harold B. Lee Library, the Detroit Public Library, Indiana University Libraries, the University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the University of Louisville Archives and Records Center, the University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library, the Wayne State University Walter P. Reuther Library, and the West Virginia State Archives and History Library. Since 2010 I have been employed as an editorial assistant at the Journal of American History, and I want to thank everyone at the Journal and the Organization of American Historians. I thank the following friends and colleagues: Jacob Groshek, Andrew J. Huebner, Michael Kapellas, Gerry Lanosga, J. Michael Lyons, Beth Marsh, Kevin Marsh, Eric Petenbrink, Sarah Rowley, and Cynthia Yaudes. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee: Mike Conway, Tony Fargo, and Khalil Muhammad. Simply put, my adviser and dissertation chair David Paul Nord has been great. Thanks, Dave. I would also like to thank my family, especially my parents, who have provided me with so much support in so many ways over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Tree Maker
    Ancestry of Harry Whitney Durand III Table of Contents Vertical Ancestor Tree of Harry Whitney Durand.................................................................................................2 Ahnentafel Report of Harry Whitney Durand......................................................................................................90 Map....................................................................................................................................................................270 Index..................................................................................................................................................................321 1 Ancestry of Harry Whitney Durand III Ancestors of Harry Whitney Durand Cont. p. 12 Cont. p. 11 Cont. p. 10 Cont. p. 9 Cont. p. 8 Cont. p. 7 Cont. p. 6 Cont. p. 5 Meritt Knapp Julianne Margaret Anderson A. Sophia James A. Marian Joshua A. Julia (Kitty) Gholson Louis Matilda Deforrest Durand Mix Vinson Moon Copland Weaver Buster Hayden Parker Lockett 1795 - 1849 1801 - 1885 1804 - 1888 1805 - 1842 - 1836 1793 - 1841 1802 - 1798 - 1863 1803 - 1867 Cont. p. 4 Cont. p. 3 John Jerome Martha Charles Washington Elizabeth Yarnell Milton Pope Louisa Rachel James Stone Lucy Nelson Durand See Vinson Copland Buster Parker Chrisman Bell 1828 - 1901 1832 - 1906 1830 - 1923 1834 - 1910 1825 - 1864 1827 - 1908 1818 - 1881 1831 - 1904 Harry Whitney Jessie Lee John Parker Lucy Dixie Durand Vinson Buster Chrisman 1856 - 1890 1864 - 1954 1861 - 1902 1863 - 1942 Harry Whitney Lucy
    [Show full text]
  • WILKINS, ARCTIC EXPLORER, VISITS NAUGATUCK PLANT Senate Over-Rode Hie Veto of Gov
    WILKINS, ARCTIC EXPLORER, VISITS NAUGATUCK PLANT Senate Over-Rode Hie Veto Of Gov. Cross Patients on Pan-American Orders Roosevelts Do Hartford, Conn, April 14—(UP) L. Cross. Special Bearing Up Bravely—As —The state senate today passed a The .roll call vote was 19 to 13, Danger List Observed Here bill taking away a power held by republicans voting solidly in favoi governors for 14 years of nominat- of the measure, which the governoi Rubber Outfits ing the New Haven city court judges had declared was raised because he No Change In Condition of Appropriate Exercises Held over the veto of Governor Wilbur Is a democrat. For His Crew Mrs Innes and at Wilby High School Carl Fries According to a proclamation is- sued by President Hoover, to-day Market Unsettled As Mrs Elizabeth Innes, 70, of Thom- has been set aside as Pan-American Sir Hubert, Who Will Attempt Underwater Trip to North aston, who was painfully burned day. At the regular weekly assemb- last Saturday noon at her home, ly at Wilby high school the pupils remained on the list of Miss session room Pole in Submarine Nautilus, Pays Trip to U. S. Rub= danger today Magoon's pre- Several *Issues Had at the Waterbury hospital. Owing sented a program In keeping with ber Company’s Borough Plant Yesterday to her age the chances of her re- the day. covering are not considered very The meeting was opened with the promising. singing of “America". The program to the Democrat.) North Pole, was Some Breaks (Special recently christened Carl Fries, 52, of 596 South Main which was presented included.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH Aberdeen’S Circumpolar Collections
    University of Aberdeen Marischal Museum and Special Libraries & Archives NORTH Aberdeen’s Circumpolar Collections Rambles among the fields and fjords, from Thomas Forrester, Norway in 1848 and 1849 (London: Longman, 1850). Lib R 91(481) Fore This view looking up to the Shagtols- Tind, the highest mountain in Norway, reaching the height of 7670 English feet, beneath a bell-shaped snowy valley penetrated into the mountains, and closed by a vast glacier…[the view taken from]… the most splendid fir- forest I have yet met with. An Information Document University of Aberdeen Development Office King’s College Aberdeen Scotland, UK t. +44 (0)1224 272281 f. +44 (0)1224 272271 www.abdn.ac.uk/giving 1 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 3 IDEAS OF THE NORTH Maps 3 Marvels 3 Magicians 4 Monsters 6 An ‘imagined north’ 6 ABERDEEN AND THE ARCTIC Treasures 7 Scientists 7 Explorers 7 Drama in the Arctic 8 Commerce and adventure 8 TRAVEL AND TOPOGRAPHY Orkney and Shetland 10 Russia and Siberia 11 Iceland 12 Scandinavia 13 Northern Japan 14 The American Arctic 15 CONCLUSION 19 HOLDINGS AS INDICATED IN THE TEXT 20 2 A significant number of alumni in the University A cartographic pioneer of the sixteenth century, of Aberdeen’s long history have found that the Gerald Mercator, made a single map of The compass needle drew them to the north. As Lands under the Pole, complete with an explorers, settlers, missionaries, or employees imaginary landmass at the North Pole, while of the Hudson’s Bay Company, graduates of in the seventeenth century, Blaeu’s Regions the two ancient colleges which make up the Beneath the North Pole tries to accommodate modern university have been conspicuous in the latest geographical knowledge with many circumpolar connections.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North : Terrestrial Sovereignty, 1870–1939
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Peary Arctic Club Expedition to the North Pole, 1908-9 Author(S): Robert E
    Peary Arctic Club Expedition to the North Pole, 1908-9 Author(s): Robert E. Peary and R. A. Harris Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Aug., 1910), pp. 129-144 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1777691 Accessed: 08-05-2016 16:09 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 143.89.105.150 on Sun, 08 May 2016 16:09:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal. No. 2. AUGUST, 1910. VOL. XXXVI. PEARY ARCTIC CLUB EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH POLE, 1908-9.* By COMMANDER ROBERT E. PEARY. THE last North Polar Expedition of the Peary Arctic Club t left New York harbour on July 6, 1908, in the steamer Roosevelt, built by the club especially for Arctic work, and commanded by Captain Robert A. Bartlett. The members of the expedition were as follows, a total of 22: Commander R. E. Peary, U.S.N., Commander of the expedition; Captain R.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Antarctic Exploration by Lesser Known Heroic Era Photographers
    Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers. Patricia Margaret Millar B.A. (1972), B.Ed. (Hons) (1999), Ph.D. (Ed.) (2005), B.Ant.Stud. (Hons) (2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science – Social Sciences. University of Tasmania 2013 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date ii Abstract Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics.
    [Show full text]