DOCSLIB.ORG

Stabilizing Feedback Amplifiers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stabilizing Feedback Amplifiers Web: http://www.pearl-hifi.com 86008, 2106 33 Ave. SW, Calgary, AB; CAN T2T 1Z6 E-mail: [email protected] Ph: +.1.403.244.4434 Fx: +.1.403.245.4456 Inc. Perkins Electro-Acoustic Research Lab, Inc. ❦ Engineering and Intuition Serving the Soul of Music Please note that the links in the PEARL logotype above are “live” and can be used to direct your web browser to our site or to open an e-mail message window addressed to ourselves. To view our item listings on eBay, click here. To see the feedback we have left for our customers, click here. This document has been prepared as a public service . Any and all trademarks and logotypes used herein are the property of their owners. It is our intent to provide this document in accordance with the stipulations with respect to “fair use” as delineated in Copyrights - Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright; Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use. Public access to copy of this document is provided on the website of Cornell Law School at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html and is here reproduced below: Sec. 107. - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, includ- ing such use by reproduction in copies or phono records or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for class- room use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: 1 - the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2 - the nature of the copyrighted work; 3 - the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copy- righted work as a whole; and 4 - the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copy- righted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors ♦ PDF Cover Page ♦ ♦ Verso Filler Page ♦ AUDIO-HIGH FIDELITY Type.r Of o,rcil/atioll, ronditiOIl.r p rodll cillg tilell1, tile .ftahilitv criterioll By NOI\Mi\N II. CHOWHURST o ' A VOID confusion between kinds be evident because the blocking capac­ the results Can be slightly dilferent­ of instability let's start by defining itor may stop the low-frequency compo­ although thel'e may be eases where Tthe different things that can con­ nent from registering on the scope this difi'el'enee is so marginal that it stitute instabilitv, The one most displacement. It may just be noted tha,t cannot be used to discover whi('h kind ' evident is cOlltinuous oscillation, In the clipping point on the top and bottom of instability is o('cul'I'ing, feedbac k amplifiers, particularly, this of the wave seems to fluctuate in some One way is to run into overload, usually oecu 1'5 outside the audio spec­ erratic manner, This means that the amplifier behaves b'um, either at a ve ry hig'h 01' very low A way in which this forl11 of irt­ normally all the while the pl'ogram frequency, stability can be spotted, sometimes, is level stays inside the clipping point. If the high-frequency oscillation is by taking' de reading's at various points But as soon as the progTam runs into of sufficient amplitude to load fully ill the amplifier: plate, cathode, etc, clipping, the amplifier bursts into os­ some 01' all amplifier stag'es, it results The dc J'eading's will go up and down cillation and nothing will stop it ex­ in hi,ljli-fl'eqllenC1! hlocf..-i1liJ' This is with a slow fluctuation at the Slime I'ate cept turning the unit otf and starting chara('tel'ized by the output of the as the low-frequency instability, And over again, a The second way usuallv ditl'el's in the amplifiel' seeming exeeptionally quiet instead of moving' with ticking 01' ' � until one tries to pass an audio signal sawtooth ,waveform, whieh is respon­' means by which it is initiated not thro�lg'h it. Then the audio signal break!:; sible for 1110torboating, the instrument by going up to the ('lipping level, but through in varying- degrees, according pointer will wave up and down sinu­ by a somewhat smaller signal (but to the strength of the high-fl'equency soidally. not a very low one), This means that blocking', in an extt'emely distorted form, So much for the continuous types the amplitier may be all right while The sound resembles what one would of instability, They are more definite playing very quietly, But as soon as a imagine it to be like if the audio volt­ than the others, The remaining kinds slightly louder program is passed ages had to break down a spark gap are parasitic and conditional oscillation, through it, oscillation begins, before they got through, Low-intensity Supel'tically there is not mllch differ­ sounds don't get throug'h at all, but Parasitic oscillation enee between these forms and in prac­ larg'e ones break the gap down and This occurs at some point on a wave­ ti('al cases also the margin may be manage to carry some other small ones forlll and may be ha I'd to detect as an nnrl'o,v,', Bllf in cause there are tWII di/fel'ent cases To explain these through with them, Then, when the level entity audibly because the parasitic ' here! drops, everything becomes quiet ag'ain, frequency is inaudible-it does not fo;'ms of instability in feedback ampli­ The waveform, as seen on a scope, is show up audibly on a sinusoidal wave, fiers and find ways and means of CUI'­ shown in Fig, 1. However, it Illay well interfere with ing them, w� need to understalld why Low-frequency oscillation results some of the highel' frequencies on the they OCClil'. either in audible motorboating (since same wave and produce a form of in­ the oscillation is not sinusoidal), the terlllodulation distortion that sounds Stability criterion variety most easily recognized, 01' in muddy, The waveform for sine-wave A feedback amplifier is stable pro­ an approximately sinuso'idal low-fre­ input looks on the scope like Fig, 3, vided that the feedback does not get quelH'y waveforll1 which is inaudible The amplifier generally breaks into to being positive and of sufficient am­ because it is subsonic, oscillation at one point on a larg:e­ plitude to cause oscillation at any fre­ However, the latter may result in amplitude wavefonll and then dies out. quency within the rang'e of the ampli­ intermodulation distortion because it fier, Considerin),!: the overall gain carries peaks of the true audio signal Conditional oscillation around the feedback loop, rolloffs are beyond the output limit of the amplifier, The third variety of instability t:all bound to occur at the end of the re­ as shown at Fig: , 2, If you use an ac be called conditional oscillation, There sponse-in direet-('ollpled amplifiers at input to a scope, the real cause may not are two ways this can be caused and the hig'h-f requency end only; in the Fig. I, left-High-frt'quency hlocking. Fig'. 2, ct'ntt'r-Scolle display when an amillilier oscillates inaudihly at a very low fre­ quency. Circled numhers show start of trace and corresllonding uncircled nU'Alhers show the trace ends. Fig, :1. right-sine­ wav(' inlHlt Ilroduced hy Ilarasitic oscillation. 34 RADIOJELECTRONICS AUDIO-HIGH FIDELITY more u:;ual R-C-e:oupled amplifiers at both ends of the response. Associated with the progressive attenuation that --- -....... these ro)loffs introduce is a phase delay -........ at the high�frequeney end and a phase ....... advance at the low-fl'equency end. I'.. The problem in achieving stability ..... is one of insuring' that the attenuation around tile loop-that is, through the ; � amplifier and back through the feed­ I "- .. back to the input point again-becomes -l " sufficient so that the fed-back signal ---j-- I--- is less than the input signal before the 0 THIS LINE REP�rNTS UNITY GAIN I ,t phase shift reaches 180°. '\. " GAIN When the phase shift reaches 180°, HARGIll the feedback has chang'ed from nega­ i I'\.. --_. tive completely over to positive so that, I� I I' if the fed-back sig'nal is equal to the 10 "- I input signal, we have the condition I necessary to maintain oscillation. To jl '-I I determine whether this happens at any -�� -r- frequency we can draw the gain and 6f1 � l-r-+ phase characteristics of the amplifier - K loops (Fig. 4) and spot the point whel'e the gain has dropped to unity, i"o",,� IJIJ. --- --- --� then check on the lower' diagram to . j � I� .Ii see that the phase is less th�n 180�. H PIIASE f-- -r HAIIGIN , Or el�e, we can spot the point where I- "- f the phase reaches 180° and check to see 1', that the overall gain has dropped to 21 less than unity, (A mal'g'in of about ;{OO, 24 at unity gain, as shown, is desirable for i-j 270 I excellent stability,) This entl!\ls looking lie 2 3 4 5 6 � 10 l 50 40 SO 6 � at two curves, so the Nyquist diagram FREQ Fig g<lin <Ind ph<l!'t" rel!pllnse of 3n amlllifier.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • P020190719536109927550.Pdf
    Integrated Circuits and Systems Series Editor Anantha Chandrakasan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/7236 Eric Vittoz Low-Power Crystal and MEMS Oscillators The Experience of Watch Developments Eric Vittoz Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected] ISSN 1558-9412 ISBN 978-90-481-9394-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9395-0 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9395-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930852 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: Spi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my wife Monique Contents Preface ...................................................... xi Symbols ..................................................... xiii 1 Introduction ............................................. 1 1.1 Applications of Quartz Crystal Oscillators. ................ 1 1.2 HistoricalNotes ...................................... 2 1.3 TheBookStructure...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Oscillation (Power MOSFET Paralleling)
    MOSFET Parallening (Parasitic Oscillation between Parallel Power MOSFETs) Description This document explains structures and characteristics of power MOSFETs. © 2017 - 2018 1 2018-07-26 Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation Table of Contents Description ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Parallel operation of MOSFETs ........................................................................................................... 3 2. Current imbalance caused by a mismatch in device characteristics (parallel operation) ..................... 3 2.1. Current imbalance in steady-state operation ......................................................................................... 3 2.2. Current imbalance during switching transitions ............................................................................. 3 3. Parasitic oscillation (parallel operation) ............................................................................................... 4 3.1. Gate voltage oscillation caused by drain-source voltage oscillation ........................................... 4 3.2. Parasitic oscillation of parallel MOSFETs .......................................................................................... 5 3.2.1. Preventing parasitic oscillation of parallel MOSFETs ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Oscillation and Ringing of Power Mosfets Application Note
    Parasitic Oscillation and Ringing of Power MOSFETs Application Note Parasitic Oscillation and Ringing of Power MOSFETs Description This document describes the causes of and solutions for parasitic oscillation and ringing of power MOSFETs. © 2017 - 2018 1 2018-07-26 Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation Parasitic Oscillation and Ringing of Power MOSFETs Application Note Table of Contents Description ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Parasitic oscillation and ringing of a standalone MOSFET .......................................................... 3 2. Forming of an oscillation network ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Oscillation phenomenon ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Feedback circuit (positive and negative feedback) ......................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Conditions for oscillation ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. MOSFET oscillation .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Oscillation
    Self-oscillation Alejandro Jenkins∗ High Energy Physics, 505 Keen Building, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA Physicists are very familiar with forced and parametric resonance, but usually not with self- oscillation, a property of certain dynamical systems that gives rise to a great variety of vibrations, both useful and destructive. In a self-oscillator, the driving force is controlled by the oscillation itself so that it acts in phase with the velocity, causing a negative damping that feeds energy into the vi- bration: no external rate needs to be adjusted to the resonant frequency. The famous collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge in 1940, often attributed by introductory physics texts to forced resonance, was actually a self-oscillation, as was the swaying of the London Millennium Footbridge in 2000. Clocks are self-oscillators, as are bowed and wind musical instruments. The heart is a \relaxation oscillator," i.e., a non-sinusoidal self-oscillator whose period is determined by sudden, nonlinear switching at thresholds. We review the general criterion that determines whether a linear system can self-oscillate. We then describe the limiting cycles of the simplest nonlinear self-oscillators, as well as the ability of two or more coupled self-oscillators to become spontaneously synchronized (\entrained"). We characterize the operation of motors as self-oscillation and prove a theorem about their limit efficiency, of which Carnot's theorem for heat engines appears as a special case. We briefly discuss how self-oscillation applies to servomechanisms, Cepheid variable stars, lasers, and the macroeconomic business cycle, among other applications. Our emphasis throughout is on the energetics of self-oscillation, often neglected by the literature on nonlinear dynamical systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Gan Device VHF Oscillation APEC 2017
    Preventing GaN Device VHF Oscillation APEC 2017 Zan Huang, Jason Cuadra APEC 2017 | 1 Parasitic oscillation • Parasitic oscillation can occur in any switching circuit with fast- changing voltage and current that stimulate a parasitic LC network • The oscillation becomes sustained when positive feedback with gain is present • The feedback could be through parasitic capacitance, parasitic inductance, shared or coupling inductance, etc. • Together with the device gain in the linear region, creates an oscillator • Preventing oscillation in fast-switching GaN devices is more challenging than in silicon due to • Faster dv/dt and di/dt • Higher transconductance • Violent sustained VHF oscillation (50-200MHz) will cause destruction APEC 2017 | 2 Sustained oscillation • In a half-bridge circuit with high speed devices on both the high and low side, there are three steps that yield sustained oscillation on the high-side device during low-side device turn-on, and vice versa Note: Sustained oscillation can occur even in a single-ended circuit, with very fast switching, e.g. a boost converter using a FET+diode; the analysis is similar to a half-bridge APEC 2017 | 3 Step 1: VGS change due to high dv/dt • During low-side turn-on, the high-side FET is subjected to a large positive dv/dt, which couples through CGD to increase VGS, (“Miller effect”) reducing its off-voltage margin against gate threshold VTH • To counter this, Transphorm devices are designed with a low ratio of CGD to CGS to minimize the Miller effect APEC 2017 | 4 Step 2: VGS change due
    [Show full text]
  • Circuit Design for RF Transceivers Text.Pdf
    Circuit Design for RF Transceivers Domine Leenaerts, Johan van der Tang and Cicero Vaucher Kluwer Academic Publishers CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR RF TRANSCEIVERS CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR RF TRANSCEIVERS By Domine Leenaerts Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven Johan van derTang Eindhoven University of Technology and Cicero S. Vaucher Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS BOSTON / DORDRECHT / LONDON EELCl|tTj A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-7923-7551-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 1 7, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Nonwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Printed in the Netherlands. To Lisanne, Nienke, and Viviane Contents Preface xiii 1 1 . RF DESIGN: CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY 1 1 . 1 RF Specifications 1.1.1 Gain 2 1.1.2 Noise 6 1.1.3 Non-linearity 10 1.1.4 Sensitivity 14 1.2 RF Device Technology 14 1.2.1 Characterization and Modeling 15 Modeling 15 Cut-off Frequency 17 Maximum Oscillation Frequency 20 Input Limited Frequency 21 Output Limited Frequency 22 Maximum Available Bandwidth 23 1.2.2 Technology Choice 23 Double Poly Devices 24 Silicon-on-Anything 26 Comparison 28 SiGe Bipolar Technology 30 RF CMOS 30 1.3 Passives 33 1.3.1 Resistors 34 1.3.2 Capacitors 35 1.3.3 Planar Monolithic Inductors 37 References 42 2.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Issue Editors’ Notes
    Volume 41, Number 3, 2007 A forum for the exchange of circuits, systems, and software for real-world signal processing In This Issue Editors’ Notes . 2 If All Else Fails, Read This Article—Avoid Common Problems When Designing Amplifier Circuits. 3 Product Introductions and Authors . 7 40 Years of Analog Dialogue, Featuring the Authors . 8 8-Channel, 12-Bit, 10-MSPS to 50-MSPS Front End: The AD9271—A Revolutionary Solution for Portable Ultrasound. 10 Toward More-Compact Digital Microphones . 13 www.analog.com/analogdialogue Editors’ Notes Some possible areas for research include underground and IN THIS ISSUE underwater radio antennas, RFID-radar, black hole antennas, and Modern op amps and in-amps provide great NIST WWVB radio broadcasts. More information can be found benefits to the designer, and a great many at the Location Challenge (http://www.wearablesmartsensors. clever, useful, and tempting circuit applications com/location_challenge.html). have been published. But all too often, in one’s Do any of your readers have an idea that no one has yet thought of? haste to assemble a circuit, some very basic issues are overlooked, leading to the circuit not Bob Paddock [[email protected]] functioning as expected—or perhaps at all. The Dan Chimes In article on page 3, destined to be a classic, will A productive place to start may be with locating tunnels used discuss a few of the most common application problems and suggest by escaping convicts, terrorists, and smugglers of dope, other practical solutions. contraband, and people. As a medium for R&D, there are many Medical ultrasound systems, among the more complex signal processing more of them to be found, and if we can solve that problem, it devices in use today, are used for real-time detection of health problems may be a big step toward locating the (less frequently) lost miners.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributed Power Amplifiers for Software Defined Radio Applications
    Distributed Power Amplifiers for Software Defined Radio Applications Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Narendra Kumar, M.Sc B.E(Hons) aus Penang, Malaysia Berichter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf H. Jansen Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Heberling Univ.-Prof. Ernesto Limiti Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23. Mai 2011 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar i Acknowledgements I would not be able to complete this thesis without the support of numerous individuals and institutions e.g. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf H. Jansen (RWTH Aachen University, Germany), Bob Stengel (Motorola Labs, Florida, US), Chacko Prakash (Motorola Research Center, Malaysia), Prof. Ernesto Limiti (University Roma Tor Vergata, Italy), Prof. Claudio Paoloni (University Roma Tor Vergata, Italy), Prof. Juan-Mari Collantes (University of Basque Country, Spain), Prof. Yarman Siddik (Istanbul University, Turkey), Thomas Chong ((Motorola Research Center, Malaysia), Dr. Vitaliy Zhurbenkho (Technical University Denmark, Denmark). I would like to express my special gratitude to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf H. Jansen, the head of the Chair of Electromagnetic Theory (ITHE), RWTH Aachen University, for giving me the opportunity and the freedom to complete my Ph.D research under his supervision. Also, I would like to thank him for supporting me with the insight in academic aspects and the fruitful discussions. I am grateful to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Heberling to be co-referee and Prof. Ernesto Limiti as an external examiner for my thesis examination. In addition, I am grateful to Motorola Education Assistance Board (Lee SiewYin, Fam FookTeng, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Audio Power Amplifiers, 2Nd Edition Table of Contents
    Designing Audio Power Amplifiers, 2nd Edition Table of Contents Part 1: Audio Power Amplifier Basics 1. Introduction 1.1 Organization of the Book 1.2 The Role of the Power Amplifier 1.3 Basic Performance Specifications 1.4 Additional Performance Specifications 1.5 Output Voltage and Current 1.6 Basic Amplifier Topology 1.7 Summary 2. Power Amplifier Basics 2.1 BJT Transistors 2.2 JFETs 2.3 Power MOSFETs 2.4 Basic Amplifier Stages 2.5 Current Mirrors 2.6 Current Sources and Voltage References 2.7 Complementary Feedback Pair (CFP) 2.8 Vbe Multiplier 2.9 Operational Amplifiers 2.10 Amplifier Design Analysis 1 3. Power Amplifier Design Evolution 3.1 About Simulation 3.2 The Basic Power Amplifier 3.3 Adding Input Stage Degeneration 3.4 Adding a Darlington VAS 3.5 Input Stage Current Mirror Load 3.6 The Output Triple 3.7 Cascoded VAS 3.8 Paralleling Output Transistors 3.9 Higher Power Amplifiers 3.10 Crossover Distortion 3.11 Performance Summary 3.12 Completing an Amplifier 3.13 Summary 4. Building an Amplifier 4.1 The Basic Design 4.2 The Front-End: IPS, VAS and Pre-Drivers 4.3 Output Stage: Drivers and Outputs 4.4 Heat Sink and Thermal Management 4.5 Protection Circuits 4.6 Power Supply 4.7 Grounding 4.8 Building the Amplifier 4.9 Testing the Amplifier 2 4.10 Troubleshooting 4.11 Performance 4.12 Scaling 4.13 Upgrades 5. Noise 5.1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio 5.2. A-weighted Noise Specifications 5.3 Noise Power and Noise Voltage 5.4 Noise Bandwidth 5.5 Noise Voltage Density and Spectrum 5.6 Relating Input Noise Density to Signal-to-Noise Ratio 5.7 Amplifier Noise Sources 5.8 Thermal Noise 5.9 Shot Noise 5.10 Bipolar Transistor Noise 5.11 JFET Noise 5.12.
    [Show full text]
  • AC/RF Sources (Oscillators and Synthesizers) 14
    AC/RF Sources (Oscillators and Synthesizers) 14 ust say in public that oscillators are one of the most important, fundamental building blocks in radio technology and you will immediately be interrupted by someone pointing out that tuned-RF (TRF) J receivers can be built without any form of oscillator at all. This is certainly true, but it shows how some things can be taken for granted. What use is any receiver without signals to receive? All intention- ally transmitted signals trace back to some sort of signal generator — an oscillator or frequency synthe- sizer. In contrast with the TRF receivers just mentioned, a modern, all-mode, feature-laden, MF/HF transceiver may contain in excess of a dozen RF oscillators and synthesizers, while a simple QRP CW transmitter may consist of nothing more than a single oscillator. (This chapter was written by David Stockton, GM4ZNX.) In the 1980s, the main area of progress in the performance of radio equipment was the recognition of receiver intermodulation as a major limit to our ability to communicate, with the consequent develop- ment of receiver front ends with improved ability to handle large signals. So successful was this cam- paign that other areas of transceiver performance now require similar attention. One indication of this is any equipment review receiver dynamic range measurement qualified by a phrase like “limited by oscillator phase noise.” A plot of a receiver’s effective selectivity can provide another indication of work to be done: An IF filter’s high-attenuation region may appear to be wider than the filter’s published specifications would suggest — almost as if the filter characteristic has grown sidebands! In fact, in a way, it has: This is the result of local-oscillator (LO) or synthesizer phase noise spoiling the receiver’s overall performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Theory of the Pierce Oscillator
    Integrated Circuits and Systems Series Editor Anantha Chandrakasan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/7236 Eric Vittoz Low-Power Crystal and MEMS Oscillators The Experience of Watch Developments Eric Vittoz Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected] ISSN 1558-9412 ISBN 978-90-481-9394-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9395-0 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9395-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930852 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: Spi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my wife Monique Contents Preface ...................................................... xi Symbols ..................................................... xiii 1 Introduction ............................................. 1 1.1 Applications of Quartz Crystal Oscillators. ................ 1 1.2 HistoricalNotes ...................................... 2 1.3 TheBookStructure...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Institutionen För Systemteknik Department of Electrical Engineering
    Institutionen för systemteknik Department of Electrical Engineering Examensarbete High Performance Reference Crystal Oscillator for 5G mmW Communications Examensarbete utfört i Elektroniska Komponenter vid Tekniska högskolan i Linköping av Tahmineh Torabian Esfahani & Stefanos Stefanidis LiTH-ISY-EX--14/4810--SE Linköping 2014 Department of Electrical Engineering Linköpings tekniska högskola Linköpings universitet Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 581 83 Linköping High Performance Reference Crystal Oscillator for 5G mmW Communications Examensarbete utfört i Elektroniska Komponenter vid Tekniska högskolan i Linköping av Tahmineh Torabian Esfahani & Stefanos Stefanidis LiTH-ISY-EX--14/4810--SE Handledare: Dr. Lars Sundström Ericsson AB Lic. Anna-Karin Stenman Ericsson AB Prof. Behzad Mesgarzadeh isy, Linköpings universitet Examinator: Prof. Atila Alvandpour isy, Linköpings universitet Linköping, 14 November, 2014 ” I am not young enough to know everything. ” Oscar Wilde Avdelning, Institution Datum Division, Department Date Division of Electronic Devices Department of Electrical Engineering 2014-11-14 Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Språk Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category — Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling ISRN Engelska/English Examensarbete LiTH-ISY-EX--14/4810--SE C-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN D-uppsats Title of series, numbering — Övrig rapport URL för elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se Titel Title High Performance Reference Crystal Oscillator for 5G mmW Communications Författare Tahmineh Torabian Esfahani & Stefanos Stefanidis Author Sammanfattning Abstract Future wireless communications (often referred to as 5G) are expected to operate at much higher frequencies compared to today’s wireless systems. During this thesis, we have investigated the option to use high frequency crystal oscillators, which along with a PLL, will generate the RF LO signal in the mmW range.
    [Show full text]