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Garcia Cantus Fernando Poo.Pdf DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA CONTEMPORÁNEA FERNANDO POO: UNA AVENTURA COLONIAL ESPAÑOLA EN EL ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL (1778-1900) DOLORES GARCÍA CANTÚS UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA Servei de Publicacions 2004 Aquesta Tesi Doctoral va ser presentada a Valencia el día 15 de Setembre de 2003 davant un tribunal format per: - D. Josep María Fradera Barceló - Dª. Mari Cruz Romeo Mateo - Dª. Elena Hernández Sandoica - D. Eloy Martín Corrales - D. Marc Baldó Lacomba Va ser dirigida per: Dª. Carmen García Monerris ©Copyright: Servei de Publicacions Dolores García Cantús Depòsit legal: I.S.B.N.:84-370-5473-7 Edita: Universitat de València Servei de Publicacions C/ Artes Gráficas, 13 bajo 46010 València Spain Telèfon: 963864115 UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA DEPARTAMENT D’HISTÒRIA CONTEMPORÀNIA FERNANDO POO: UNA AVENTURA COLONIAL ESPAÑOLA EN EL AFRICA OCCIDENTAL 1778-1900. TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Mª DOLORES GARCÍA CANTÚS. Dirigida por la DRA. CARMEN GARCÍA MONERRIS. VALÈNCIA, 2002-2003 - 1 - Para Pepe - 3 - “Una colonización es un continuo atraco a mano armada, pero cuando lo perpetra un país con un excedente de vitalidad el despojo se consolida y el atracador se enriquece. España era un país enfermo, enquistado en sí mismo, y fue un amo tiránico y un explotador tan cruel como incompetente que se ganó a pulso la pérdida de sus colonias”. Jaime Gil de Biedma Retrato del artista en 1956. - 5 - ÍNDICE ÍNDICE 7 INTRODUCCIÓN 11 PRIMERA PARTE: LAS ISLAS EN LITIGIO. ENTRE LA ESCLAVITUD Y EL ABOLICIONISMO 25 CAPÍTULO 1: EN BUSCA DE UN PUERTO NEGRERO. LA EXPEDICIÓN ARGELEJO. 27 1. El Tratado del Pardo. La liberalización del comercio colonial y el asiento negrero. 27 2. Las expectativas y la dura realidad. El engaño de Portugal. 39 3. La expedición Argelejo. 47 CAPÍTULO 2 EL “HAMBRE DE NEGROS” Y LA PARADOJA DE LAS ISLAS OLVIDADAS (1785-1820). 73 1. Cuba a fines del XVIII. Los orígenes de la sustitución. 74 2. El derrumbe del comercio colonial. 88 3. Guinea: la memoria olvidada de una dudosa soberanía. 94 CAPÍTULO 3 EL ABOLICIONISMO COMO NUEVO REFERENTE DE LAS POLÍTICAS COLONIALES (1807-1837). 101 1. La imposición del abolicionismo y el interés inglés. 101 2. El movimiento social abolicionista. 117 3. La Libertad no tiene color. La rebelión del esclavo. 125 4. La cuestión abolicionista en España. Cuba, española o negra (1811-1837). 129 CAPÍTULO 4 LA OCUPACIÓN INGLESA DE FERNANDO POO: ENTRE LA FILANTROPÍA Y EL BENEFICIO. 153 1. Fernando Poo: “El Edén” británico. 153 2. Clarence: Al Norte del Edén 161 3. Edén versus Erebo. Comerciantes independientes y fuerza de trabajo. 173 CAPÍTULO 5 LOS AÑOS DECISIVOS DE LA TRATA ILEGAL EN EL ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL (1820-1843). 179 1. Del deseo de la abolición a la intensificación del tráfico de esclavos. 179 2. Las condiciones del tráfico de esclavos en África Occidental. Mongos y colonialismo. 188 3. Gallinas. En el corazón de las tinieblas. 196 4. ¿Vendemos u ocupamos? 206 CAPÍTULO 6 LA REPRESIÓN DE LA TRATA EN TIERRAS DEL CONTINENTE. 217 1. Entre el cálculo y la filantropía. El caso “Amistad”. 217 2. Las factorías en llamas. El ataque inglés a Gallinas. 229 - 7 - 3. El ataque a Corisco. El conflicto jurídico-político con Inglaterra. 241 4. La proyección del pasado. Un Blanco recurrente. 247 CAPÍTULO 7 SEGUNDA OCUPACIÓN ESPAÑOLA INSULAR. FRACASO DE LOS INTENTOS COLONIZADORES (1843-1856). 261 1. Tibios intentos y un nuevo obstáculo: los baptistas. 261 2. La expedición Lerena (1843). 267 3. El cerco a los baptistas. 276 4. La expedición Manterola-Guillemard de Aragón, 1845-1846. 284 4.1. Recortes presupuestarios y, de nuevo, Cuba. 284 4.2. La preparación de la expedición y las Instrucciones Reservadas de Guillemard de Aragón. 292 4.3. Algo más que una Memoria. La descripción de un viaje. 297 4.4. La Memoria Colonizadora. 321 4.5. La posición de Usera. La colonización misionera. 329 5. El intento misionero del padre Martínez Sanz. 337 SEGUNDA PARTE FERNANDO POO: EL GRAN DEPÓSITO COMERCIAL EN AFRICA OCCIDENTAL. UNA FANTASÍA COLONIZADORA. 343 CAPÍTULO 8 AMBICIONAMOS LAS ALMAS, PERO TAMBIÉN EL ORO. EL INICIO DE LA COLONIZACION ESPAÑOLA (1858-1862). 345 1. El marco internacional. 345 2. El impulso colonizador del Bienio Progresista. 354 3. Los intereses del capital comercial. Catalanes y valencianos en las costas de Guinea. 357 4. La expedición Chacón. Una avanzada del progreso. 364 5. Primeras disposiciones legislativas coloniales. El Estatuto de O’Donnell. 385 CAPÍTULO 9 LA AVENTURA COLONIAL CON PENINSULARES. LA BELLA ISLA ENVENENADA. 397 1. Introducción. 397 2. Ensayo con peninsulares. Expedición “La Gándara”. 401 3. Las causas del fracaso y los ensayos esclavistas. 406 CAPÍTULO 10 REGLAMENTACIÓN DEL TRABAJO Y COLONIZACIÓN CON EMANCIPADOS CUBANOS. 433 1. La reglamentación del trabajo forzado. Tres reglamentos ejemplificadores. 433 2. El ensayo “emancipador”. Nueva versión de ilotismo. 448 3. Esfuerzos españoles y beneficios ingleses 465 CAPÍTULO 11 EL DESCONCIERTO COLONIAL DEL SEXENIO REVOLUCIONARIO. 473 1. Introducción. 473 2. La Deportación. Fernando Poo como presidio. 479 - 8 - 3. Política colonial a principios del Sexenio. El Real Decreto Orgánico de 1868 y la segunda expedición peninsular. 490 4. La indefinición colonial de los años 1870-1872. 499 5. Tentaciones de abandono. El Estatuto Orgánico de 1872 y el Informe de García Tudela de 1873. 506 CAPÍTULO 12 LAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS DEL SIGLO. A REMOLQUE DE LOS ACONTECIMIENTOS. 531 1. Imperialismo y reparto de África. La impotencia de España. 531 2. Inercia legislativa y recortes presupuestarios. El R. Decreto de 1878 y el Estatuto Orgánico de 1880. 537 3. Las penurias de una deportación incesante. 542 4. En manos de militares y misioneros. 550 5. Desarrollo agrícola y retórica legislativa. La persistencia en la colonia de poblamiento. 564 6. Los proyectos de la sociedad civil y el último informe del siglo. 579 EPÍLOGO 589 FUENTES Y ARCHIVOS 603 1. ARCHIVOS. 605 2. INFORMES MÁS IMPORTANTES NO PUBLICADOS. 605 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 607 1. BIBLIOGRAFÍA DE ÉPOCA 609 2. BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL 613 3. WEBS DE ESCLAVISMO Y ABOLICIÓN 625 APÉNDICE DOCUMENTAL 627 Apéndice 1: Extracto de la Descripción de la Isla de Fernando Poo hecha por el Capitán de Fragata y de la Marina Real Española Dn. José Varela, Año de 1780. A.G.S., Estado 7411-26. 629 Apéndice 2: Traducción del Informe del Comandante Denman al Gobernador de Sierra Leona, 12 de diciembre de 1840, en “Testimonio de las diligencias formadas por Dn. Pablo Antonio Foñasely para acreditar el atentado cometido en 19 de Noviembre último por los Capitanes y tripulación de algunos buques de S. M. B. en el pueblo de Gallinas contra los intereses de Dn. Tomás y Dn. Vicente Rodríguez Burón”. La Habana, 20 de agosto de 1841, folios 51-54, en A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 782. 633 Apéndice 3: Memoria de Guillemard de Aragón, Letra A “De los habitantes de Fernando Po; Sus usos y costumbres”, Madrid, 1 de Junio de 1846, A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 683. 637 - 9 - Apéndice 4: Memoria de Guillemard de Aragón, Letra C “Memorandum para el Colonizador de Fernando Poo”, Madrid, 2 de Junio de 1846, A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 683. 645 Apéndice 5: A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 672, "Relación nominal y circunstanciada de los doscientos negros emancipados que por Real Orden de 21 de Marzo de 1862 se han trasladado desde esta Isla de Cuba a la de Fernando Poo en el vapor tranporte "Ferrol"". 651 Apéndice 6: Extracto del Informe del Gobernador de Fernando Poo, D. Ignacio Ga. Tudela, demostrando y encareciendo la necesidad y la conveniencia de abandonar dicha colonia y sus dependencias, Santa Isabel de Fernando Poo, 14 de Diciembre de 1873, A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 670. 653 Apéndice 7: D. José Montes de Oca presenta una Memoria sobre la Colonizacion y desarrollo de la riqueza de las posesiones españolas en el Golfo de Guinea, Madrid 28 de Abril de 1883, A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 700. 671 Apéndice 8: Espedicion al interior de la Isla de Fernando Poó, Luis Sorela, Madrid 2 de Junio 1894, A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 799. 679 Apéndice 9: “Noticias sobre Fernando Póo y territorios contiguos que contiene una carta del Sr. Ossorio, individuo de la Sociedad Española de Africanistas y Colonistas, dirijida al Presidente de la misma Don Francisco Coello y transcritas por este Sr., en carta particular de 6 de Febrero de 1885, al Sr. Ministro Plenipotenciario de S.M. en Berlín”. A.G.A., África-Guinea, Caja 854. 689 APÉNDICE GRÁFICO 691 - 10 - INTRODUCCIÓN Cualquier libro -y una Tesis Doctoral lo es, en parte- se explica no sólo por su contenido, sino por su proceso de gestación y elaboración. Cuando, además, el período transcurrido desde su comienzo hasta su finalización se prolonga, como en este caso, más de lo debido o, en cualquier caso, aconsejable, es casi una obligación adoptar esta perspectiva. No se trata, como podrá comprobarse, de proporcionar elementos justificativos o, si fuera el caso, de disculpa, sino de procurar aquellos elementos de reflexión y aquellos referentes que ayuden a su mejor comprensión. Todos sabemos que la concreción de nuestras preferencias docentes o investigadoras no son sólo producto, ni mucho menos, de las circunstancias científicas o académicas, sino de un cúmulo de factores personales, culturales e institucionales que le son consustanciales. Hace ya mucho tiempo que el pensamiento pragmático norteamericano -una referencias que, seguramente sorprenderá en mi caso- apuntó en esta dirección con frutos y aciertos más que notables. A fin de cuentas, siempre hay alguna motivación profunda, personal, por la que en medio de una serie de posibilidades, acabamos decantándonos por una o por otra. Y lo hacemos hasta tal punto que con el transcurrir de los años parecemos unir nuestro destino a nuestra elección o a la obra de ella resultante.
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