PLANT INVADERS in the District of Columbia SECOND EDITION

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT UDC 2

THE INVASIVE SPECIES PROBLEM 2

INVASIVE NEWS 4

EDRR-INCOMING INVASIVES 5

GRASSES BAMBOO (EXOTIC) 8

HERBACEOUS FORBS BEEFSTEAK PLANT 10

CHINESE LESPEDEZA 12

SHRUBS BUSH HONEYSUCKLE (EXOTIC) 14

MULTIFLORA ROSE 16

PRIVETS 18

WINEBERRY 20

WINGED BURNING BUSH 22

TREES MULBERRY (EXOTIC) 24

PRINCESS TREE 26

SILK TREE 28

VINES CHOCOLATE VINE 30

COMMON PERIWINKLE 32

SWEET AUTUMN VIRGINSBOWER 34

WISTERIA (EXOTIC) 36

CONTROL OPTIONS 38 INVASIVE PLANTS INVASIVE 2 BEFORE INVASIVE PLANTS possible. With thehelp of concerned citizens that take anactive role, invasive plants take measures to halt their spread. Controlling invasive species inanarea orregion is There is hope. With increased awareness about theinvasive plant problem people can ecosystem, but a struggling oneovercome with these non-native invasive plants. It’s alarming to realize that somuch of thelush green that surrounds us is not a thriving next time you are inoneof ourNational Parks orstrolling through your neighborhood. plant species that are problematic inthe Washington area. See if you can spot them This publication is intended to familiarize thepublic with 15specific non-native, invasive new ecosystem, particularly inareas that are already stressed. tive species. Unfortunately, many non-native species do have adverse effects within their wheat, have become societal mainstays andaren’t even thought of as an exotic, non-na- tentionally brought otherspecies with us. Many of these species are benign. Some, like For as long as people have migrated around theworld, we have intentionally andunin- THE INVASIVE SPECIESPROBLEM learn more please visit us online: http://www.udc.edu/causes workshops, demonstrations, andto provide technical assistance to District residents. To of life for District residents by providing fee based andfree, non-credit educational programs, ucation; andtheCenter for Sustainable Development. Ourmission is to improve thequality 4-H andtheCenter for Youth Development; theCenter for Urban Agriculture &Gardening Ed- four program areas that address key urban topics: theCenter for Nutrition,Diet andHealth; Gerontology fulfill theoutreach mission. The Cooperative Extension Service is comprised of research components, while theCooperative Extension Service (CES) andtheInstitute of Architecture Research Institute (ARI),and Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI)are the Nursing; andNutrition,Dietetics andFood Science. The Agricultural Experiment Station (AES), reach. Academic programs include Architecture andCommunity Planning; Health Education; ES) fulfills the university’s land-grant function by integrating education, research, andout At UDC,theCollege of Agriculture, Urban Sustainability, andEnvironmental Sciences (CAUS- education. Today these colleges are collectively known as theLand-Grant University Sys- the proceeds of which were to beused to openthefirst public institutions of higher rill Act.UndertheMorrill Act, each state was given land from theFederal Government, could afford. In1862, President Abraham Lincoln changed that whenhesigned theMor Early inUnited States history, highereducation was aprivilege that only aselect few ABOUT UDC AFTER

MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA programs intheLand-Grant University System. mission by supportingresearch, education, andextension man health andwell-being, andcommunities. It fulfills this advance knowledge for agriculture, theenvironment, hu- Institute of Food andAgriculture (NIFA). NIFA’s mission is to United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National All of theland-grant universities receive funding from the completely urban land-grant university inthesystem. District of Columbia’s land-grant university; we are theonly States. The University of theDistrict of Columbia (UDC)is the tem andthere is oneineverystate andterritory intheUnited - - THE INVASIVE SPECIES PROBLEM

(and other species) have, and continue to be, managed or eradicated in particular areas. 3 So whether you’re removing invasive invasive plants on your own property, participating in larger abatement events, replacing invasive plants with native or non-invasive plants in your own landscape, spotting and informing the correct authorities about new invasive plants, or simply spreading the word about this problem, you are making a difference in the effort to stop the spread of invasive species.

WHAT IS AN INVASIVE SPECIES? The USDA defines invasive species as, “plants, animals, and other organisms that are alien to the ecosystem under consideration, and whose introduction can cause harm”. The National Invasive Species Council de- termined that for a species to be qualified as invasive it must overcome five barriers. The species in question has to first overcome a geographical barrier, such as an ocean or mountain range, which previously confined the species to its native range. In the new environment DAMIEN OSSI, DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT THE OF DEPARTMENT DISTRICT OSSI, DAMIEN

the exotic species then has to be able to survive in COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY the existing conditions. Is there sufficient heat, water, Left: City Year volunteers re- light, nutrients? Is the soil pH within a parameter in which the species can live? If the move invasive plants. Right: species prevails it has overcome the survival barrier, but it also must be able to suc- The DC Cooperative Weed cessfully reproduce and establish a self-sustaining population in order to overcome the Management Area’s summer establishment barrier. Additionally, the species in question has to escape containment work crew clear invasives and spread to other sites, and at an accelerated rate, to breach the dispersal and spread along Suitland Parkway. barrier. Even then the species still isn’t considered invasive unless it causes economic harm, environmental harm, or harm to human health.

Species that are considered invasive have competitive advantages over native and non-invasive species that allow them to monopolize limited natural resources like habitat, light, nutrients, and water. For example, an invasive species that is out of its native range won’t have the natural controls, such as pathogens, predators, or soil microbes, that once helped keep its population in check. Invasive species can typically withstand a wide range of environmental conditions and are often extremely adaptable and competitive for limited natural resources. Frequently, the species reach maturation and begin to reproduce earlier, or are able to reproduce faster and in quick succession, making them highly prolific. When invasive plants displace native plants, the entire food web is affected as native species that rely on those species for food, habitat and breeding grounds are no longer able to survive in that locale.

Invasive species are able to spread with the aid of humans. We do this through importa- tions, recreation, and transportation. The species, once here, can also spread naturally through flooding, by wind, and by animals. Roads and edges of natural areas can serve as conduits for invasive species to move into sites previously not infested. Areas that have been disturbed, such as construction sites or old agricultural sites, are particularly susceptible to infestations if they are not restored by re-planting with native plants. Our goal is to increase the publics’ awareness and knowledge about invasive species so that rather than accepting them as a part of our ecosystem, we can change our behavior and implement measures that will ensure the well being of the District of Columbia’s natural areas. 4

INVASIVE PLANTS New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and theDistrict of Columbia. Free apps ment and better coordination. The region includes Delaware, Maryland, NewJersey, es inthemid-Atlantic region for thepurposes of early detection, improved manage naturalists, gardeners andothers interested indocumenting invasive plant occurrenc Locally, MAEDNis a vast network of land managers, field citizenexperts, scientists, for thegeneral public since 2005. providing a visual of thedistribution of invasive species across theU.S.andCanada identification and management information, this user-friendly internet tool has been addition to tracking occurrences of invasive species, tools, EDRRreporting and mapping system for tracking anddocumenting invasive species distribution. In The Early Detection andDistribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) is aweb-based (MAEDN) EDDMAPS ANDTHEMID-ATLANTIC EARLY DETECTIONNETWORK Washington, DC area please visit: www.nps.gov/cue/epmt/index.htm section. For more information about these andmany otherEDRRplant species inthe Mid-Atlantic region are highlighted intheEDRRIncoming Invasive Plant Profiles Six EDRRspecies that have beenidentified as apotential oremerging threat inthe » » » » » » populations. How can you help? damage andthelong term cost associated with managing established invasive plant tions of incoming invasive plants are eradicated early, thereby minimizing ecological Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR)is management strategy in which popula- WHAT ISEARLY DETECTIONRAPIDRESPONSE? members, please visit us at:http://ddoe.dc.gov/DC-CWMA To findout about ourupcoming events or to learn more about theDC-CWMA andits ment will focus onnatural areas anddeveloped areas surrounding parks. while freely sharing data, methods, research, andinvasive control plans. Manage- as aresult of stakeholders working together, using common goals andstrategies, conservation organizations, andlocal universities. The DC CWMA has beeneffective aries. Current partners intheDC- CWMA include local andfederal land owners, local by facilitating cooperation, management and outreach across administrative bound- nates invasive plant management andwildlife habitat restoration within theDistrict US cities andmost of its 10,500 acres of parkland is forested. The DC-CWMA coordi- invasive plants. The District is unique inthat it has more wildlife habitat than most bia by working cooperatively to minimize ecological damage wrought by non-native (DC-CWMA) has beendedicated to restoring thebiodiversity of theDistrict of Colum- Since its establishment in2007, theDC Cooperative Weed Management Area MEET YOUR LOCAL COOPERATIVE WEEDMANAGEMENT AREA INVASIVE NEWS » » » » » » Raise awareness by telling others about EDRRandinvasive plants Volunteer to remove invasive plants from parks andotherpublic land Monitor for EDRRspecies innatural areas Eradicate EDRRandinvasive plants onland that you own ormanage Prevent theproblem by using native ornon-invasive exotic plants for landscaping Become familiar with EDRRspecies - - EDRR: INCOMING INVASIVE PLANT PROFILES are available for iPhones and Androids. 5

To learn more visit: www.eddmaps.org or www.eddmaps.org/midatlantic/ to get the app and access more regional information.

Butterfly Bush Buddleja davidii Originally from China, the butterfly bush is a popular landscaping plant that has been naturalizing in the Pacific Northwest, the North East, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. This plant spreads by seed and invades natural areas, thereby displacing native plants. The butterfly bush thrives in disturbed sites, right of ways, and riparian areas bordering waterways. Locally, it has been sighted naturalizing at Monocacy National Battlefield in the floodplain of Bush Creek, and also at the headwaters of Fenwick

Branch in Rock Creek Park. COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY

Identification: The butterfly bush is a deciduous shrub that grows 4 to 16 feet tall and has long arching stems. The gray-green, lance shaped leaves grow opposite along the stem, are between 6 to 10 inches long, and their undersides have a velvety texture. Fragrant, conical clusters of small purple, white, or pinkish flowers (depending on the cultivar) start blooming in late spring and can last until the first frost.

Five Leaf Aralia Eleutherococcus sieboldianus Five leaf aralia, a native of Japan, is valued as an ornamental shrub for is ability to endure a wide range of site conditions. It can grow in full sun or shade, in moist or dry sites, in a variety of soil conditions, and can withstand environmental pollution. Five leaf aralia exhibits extensive suckering. This plant will naturalize in woodland settings and can displace desirable native plant species. This plant has been sited naturalizing at two locations in the District: Rock Creek Park at the headwaters of

Broad Branch along 36th Street and Spring Valley Park. ENVIRONMENT THE OF DEPARTMENT DISTRICT OSSI, DAMIEN

Identification: Five leaf aralia is a deciduous, multi-stemmed, upright shrub with arching branches that can grow up to 10 feet tall and wide. Leaves are compound and are comprised of 5 to 7 smaller leaflets (each 1 to 2 inches) that originate from a central point. The leaves grow alternately along the stem and thorns are found at the stem nodes below each leaf. The bark has a warty appearance. From late spring to early summer small greenish-white flowers appear, and if pollinated black berries can develop on female plants.

Holly Osmanthus Osmanthus heterophyllus Holly Osmanthus, or false holly, was introduced from Japan and Taiwan as a landscaping plant. This evergreen shrub resembles true hollies, including our native American holly. It does best in acidic, moist, well drained soil, though it tolerates a range of pH, soil types, and exposures from full sun to partial shade. It has been found naturalizing in Rock Creek Park. MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY 6

INVASIVE PLANTS

MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BARRY RICE, SARRACENIA.COM, BUGWOOD.ORG lowed by berries that ripenfrom green to blue. ly-like leaflets each with 5 to 7 spines. Fragrant yellow flowers emerge in winter fol leaves are 1to 2feet long, alternate, andhave 9to 13 stiff, paired, dark green, hol upright shrubthat typically grows 4to 6feet tall and3to 4feet wide. The compound Identification: Leatherleaf mahonia is anevergreen, broadleaf, multi-stemmed, Rock Creek Park. mahonia has beennaturalizing inlow densities inawide distribution throughout uralizing intheforests of the Southeast andMid-Atlantic region. Locally, leatherleaf Spread primarily by birds whoeat its berries anddisperse its seeds, it has beennat a shade tolerant plant that can withstand droughts anda variety of soil conditions. honia prefers slightly moist, acidic soils with good drainage, but is prized for being used inornamental landscape installations. Originally from China, leatherleaf ma- Leatherleaf mahonia, also called Beales barberry, is anevergreen shrubfrequently Mahonia bealei Leatherleaf Mahonia color. Virginica, donot have white veins inleaves, andthemature berries are blackish in green berries that turn bright orange from summer to fall. The native arum,Peltandra loosely resembling acalla lily orjack-in-the-pulpit, emerges inspring followed by row-shaped, glossy green leaves with distinctive white veins. Ashowy white flower, Identification: This herbaceous perennial grows 12to 18inches tall andhas large, ar Arboretum, andinAlexandria, Virginia. Creek Park along thePinehurst tributary andin Soapstone Valley, at theNational riparian areas andreproduces by seed.It has as beenreported invasive inRock humus-rich soil infull to partial shade conditions. Italian aruminvades forests and the midAtlantic region. Installed inwoodland settings, this plant prefers moist, Italian arum,anative of Europe, is anherbaceous perennial that is evergreen in Arum italicum Italian Arum present theseedproduced is viable. in early to midfall, followed by blue-black If fruit. bothmale andfemale plants are opposite, andare 1to 2.5 inches long. Clusters of small, white, fragrant flowers appear 10 feet wide. Its dark green, leathery, holly-like leaves bear exaggerated spines, are Identification: This dense, upright,evergreen shrubcan grow upto 15feet tall and - - - - Wavyleaf Basketgrass 7 Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius Wavyleaf basketgrass is a perennial grass originating from Southeast Asia. It was discovered in Maryland in 1996. This highly shade-tolerant grass is believed to po- tentially be more invasive than Japanese stiltgrass, and they are often found growing together in forested areas. Once established, it spreads rapidly and forms a dense carpet layer in the forest understory, crowding out native plants and preventing regeneration of native hardwood tree species. It is most active in moist areas but actively spreads in upland areas and persists during dry periods. Maryland, Virgin- ia, and one location in Georgia are the only states where it is known to exist in the contiguous U.S.

Identification: Wavyleaf basketgrass is a low-growing, shallow-rooted perennial

grass. The leaves are flat, roughly ½ inch across and 1½ - 4 inches long, have RESOURCES NATURAL OF MARYLAND DEPARTMENT L. KYDE, KERRIE ripples across their width, and taper to an elongated sharp point. The leaves stay green well into fall, and both leaf sheath and stem are covered with short hairs. Alternate spikes of flowers appear in fall, resulting in sticky seed that adheres to fur, skin, clothing, shoes, and tires—aiding in seed dispersal. This plant also spreads by underground rhizomes.

REFERENCES Carolina Nature: www.carolinanature.com

Floridata: www.floridata.com/index.cfm

Invasive.org, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health: www.invasive.org

Maryland Department of Natural Resources: www.dnr.state.md.us/

Missouri Botanical Garden, Plant Finder: www.missouribotanicalgarden.org

National Park Service, National Capital Region, Center for Urban Ecology: www.nps. gov/cue/epmt/index.htm

North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Urban Horticulture: www.ces.ncsu. edu/depts/hort/consumer/index.html

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: www.dcnr.state. pa.us

University of Connecticut, Plant Database: www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/index.html 8 Asia ORIGIN (POACEAE) GRASS FAMILY Makino ex Nakai (Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.) Pseudosasa japonica ARROW BAMBOO Carr. ex C.Rivière A.& aurea Phyllostachys GOLDEN BAMBOO Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. Bambusa vulgaris COMMON BAMBOO GRASSES

INVASIVE PLANTS » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY established they are very difficult to eradicate. create dense shade, making it difficult for seedlings of native species to Oncesurvive. Bamboos form very dense single-species thickets that displace native plant species and ECOLOGICAL THREAT commonly associated with newandold residences from which they’ve escaped. Southeast as well as somesites inthe Western and Southwestern U.S.Infestations are These species of bamboo have to beenreported beinvasive intheMid-Atlantic and DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Pseudosasa. is found throughout the Southeast just into southernMarylandandis about thesize of or switch cane (Arundinaria gigantea) is the only species of bamboo native to theUS.It cies have by beenreported numerous sources as being invasive innatural areas. Giant widely but otherspecies andcultivars are also available inthenurserytrade. These spe - three species featured here are popular ornamentals that were introduced andplanted Bamboos are perennial, woody, reed-like grasses that have ashrubby growth habit. The BACKGROUND Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/bamboos.htm alternative to consider. Within its native range intheeastern U.S.,giant reed (Arundinaria gigantea) is agood NATIVE ALTERNATIVES See Control Options. to ensure eradication. Control with herbicides is more practical andcan be very effective. of rhizomes is extremely labor intensive andwill need to becontinued over along time Do not plant exotic bamboos. Manual control of bamboo through cutting anddigging out PREVENTION » » » » » Look-alikes: grasslike andnot especially showy. Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowering is infrequent and unpredictable; flowers are leathery, upto 10in.long and1-2 in.across. Leaves: (commonft. andgolden). golden) with hollow centers andsolid joints; grow to heights of 7-8 (arrow) ft. to 16-40 Plant: woody stems varying from about ¼in.(arrow) to 3-4 in.diameter (common and Spreads: some tall grasses. BAMBOO EXOTIC strap-shaped andtapering with pointed tips, tough, somewhat paperyor by vegetative means through vigorous rhizomatous growth. otherbamboos, including native giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and 9

COMMON BAMBOO FOREST & KIM STARR, STARR ENVIRONMENTAL, BUGWOOD.ORG ENVIRONMENTAL, STARR STARR, & KIM FOREST COMMON BAMBOO JOHN RUTER, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, BUGWOOD.ORG GEORGIA, OF JOHN RUTER, UNIVERSITY

ARROW BAMBOO MARGARET CHATHAM, FAIRFAX COUNTY PARK AUTHORITY, WWW.EDDMAPS.ORG AUTHORITY, PARK COUNTY FAIRFAX MARGARET CHATHAM,

GOLDEN BAMBOO JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES 10 other countries) Korea, Thailand,and Asia (China, India, Japan, ORIGIN (LAMIACEAE) MINT FAMILY (L.) Britt. Perilla frutescens FORBS HERBACEOUS

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/pefr.htm invasive plant. fistulosa), andmountain mint (Pycnanthemummuticum)are good alternatives to this Members of themint family, such as beebalm NATIVE ALTERNATIVES See Control Options. Do not purchase orplant beefsteak plant. Control is possible with long-term monitoring. PREVENTION » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY plants are most toxic during seedproduction. It is ordinarily avoided by cattle andhas beenimplicated incattle poisoning. Beefsteak plants. It has toxic characteristics which may explain why very few herbivores feed onit. of disturbance. Once established, it disrupts native ecosystems by pushing out native Beefsteak plant has spread to natural areas, especially those experiencing someform ECOLOGICAL THREAT of-ways, pastures, fields andotherdisturbed areas insoils that are rich, alluvial, ordry. riparian areas of streams andrivers, gravel bars, forest edges, roadsides, railroad right- souri, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is well established along Beefsteak plant is to reported beinvasive in Washington, DC,Illinois, Maryland,Mis- DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT the Mid-Atlantic region andelsewhere. Contrary to popular belief, this plant is not edible. escapes cultivation andhas become aproblematic invasive plant innatural areas across Also called perilla mint,beefsteak plant is anannual Asian ornamental plant. It readily BACKGROUND » » » » » confused with othermembers of themint family. Look-alikes: beefsteak plant superficially resembles basil and coleus and can be wind orwater. Spreads: by seedthat eitherdrops close to parent plant ormay betransported by axils; July andOctober. distinctive ring of fine hairs along thebottom in terminal spikes oremerging from leaf Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are small, bell-shaped, white and purple with a mint-like odor. Leaves: four-sided andcovered with hairs. short Plant: small, freely-branching annual herbthat grows to 18-30 in.high;stems BEEFSTEAK PLANT opposite, ovate, green to purple with toothed margins; distinctive musky (Monarda didyma),bergamont (Monarda

BEEFSTEAK PLANT MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY

BEEFSTEAK PLANT BEEFSTEAK PLANT MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY PHOTO-DALGIAL 12 Eastern Asia Eastern ORGIN (FABACEAE) PEA FAMILY (Dum.-Cours.) G.Don. FORBS HERBACEOUS Lespedeza cuneata

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/lecu.htm scoparium), wild senna (Senna hebecarpa or marilandica) . (Cassia fasciculata), Virginia wild (Elymus rye virginicus), little bluestem (Schizachyrium Blue indigo (Baptisia australis) or yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria),partridgepea NATIVE ALTERNATIVES herbicides can beeffective whenapplied inearly to midsummer. See Control Options. consecutive years may helpcontrol Plants it. should becut as low as possible. Systemic extensive perennial root system. Mowing plants intheflowering stage for two orthree Do not plant Chinese lespedeza. Handpulling is impractical because of lespedeza’s PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY unpalatable to livestock andmost native wildlife. bank inthesoil, ensuring its long residence at asite. Its hightannin content makes it displaces native plants, forms extensive monocultures anddevelops anextensive seed open woodlands, wetland borders, andfields. Once established, it out-competes and Chinese lespedeza poses thegreatest threat to openareas such as meadows, prairies, ECOLOGICAL THREAT sides andotherdisturbed grounds, prefers full sun andis not tolerant of much shade. floodplains, pondborders, stream banks, swamps, meadows, open woodlands, road- east to New York andFlorida. It is found ina variety of habitats including fields, prairies, Chinese lespedeza occurs throughout much of theeastern U.S.from Minnesota to Texas DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT is awell established invasive plant. forage, hay andotherpurposes. It has been escaping from plantings for many years and cies for use inbank stabilization, erosion control, soil improvement, minereclamation, Chinese or Sericea lespedeza was introduced inthelate 1800s by federal andstate agen BACKGROUND » » » » » Look-alikes: otherspecies of Lespedeza including native andnon-native species. through digestive tract anddeposited innewlocations. Spreads: leaves, summer; fruits form infall; seeds tiny, bean-shaped, yellow to light brown. with central purple spots, single orinclusters of 2-4 inaxils of upper andmedian Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers small (about ¼ in.) creamy white to pale yellow densely flattened hairs, giving agrayish-green or silvery appearance. pointed, with awl-shaped spines andwedge-shaped bases; leaflets are covered with Leaves: bristles. in height;mature stems are somewhat woody andfibrous with sharp, stiff, flattened Plant: warm season, perennial herbaceous plant with anerect growth form, 3-5½feet LESPEDEZA CHINESE each leaf is divided into three smaller leaflets which are narrowly oblong and by seedthat is consumed by animals such as bobwhite quail andpassed - CHINESE LESPEDEZA CHINESE LESPEDEZA

LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CHINESE LESPEDEZA CHINESE LESPEDEZA

CHRIS EVANS, ILLINOIS WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN, BUGWOOD.ORG 13 14 (Morrow’s) Japan and South Korea Russian Far East (Amur); China, Japan, Korea, and ORIGIN (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Lonicera morrowii Gray A. HONEYSUCKLE MORROW’S Herder Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) AMUR HONEYSUCKLE SHRUBS

INVASIVE PLANTS » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY greater energy to sustain migrating birds. dents inwinter, they donot compare to thelipid-rich fruits of native species that provide carbohydrate-rich fruits of exotic honeysuckles provide somenutrition for birds andro- as snakes, resulting inincreased nest predation of robins that nested inthem. While the the growth structure of exotic bush honeysuckles is easily accessible to predators such from birds andmammals whodisperse theirseeds. Research from theMidwest found invade openwoodlands, old fields andotherdisturbed sites, spreading rapidly with help out inthespring. AmurandMorrow’s dense growth impedes reforestation efforts. They ing native shrubs, trees, andherbaceous plants. Amuris oneof thefirst plants to leaf Both species of exotic bush honeysuckle form dense thickets, outcompeting anddisplac ECOLOGICAL THREAT and otherdisturbed areas. Distrubance increases likelihood of invasion. itats including forest edges, forest interiors, floodplains, old fields, pastures, roadsides, range of conditions from sun to deepshade andwet to dry. They occur indisturbed hab from Wisconsin to Maine andMissouri Carolina. to North Bothspecies are adaptable to a and Florida). Morrow’s honeysuckle is fairly common intheMid-Atlantic region. It is found the Mid-Atlantic region, occurring throughout theeastern US (except for Minnesota, Maine Amur honeysuckle is oneof themost common andinvasive bush honeysuckles found in DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT Tartarian exotic shrubhoneysuckles include fragrant (L.fragrantissima), Standish’s have spread into natural areas, managed parks, andgardens. Otherless common invasive ognized as highly invasive. They have long since escaped from intended planting sites and ornamentals, for wildlife food andcover, andfor soil erosion control. Bothspecies are rec Both AmurandMorrow’s honeysuckles wereinthe1800s imported andwere used as BACKGROUND » » » » » le (Diervillale lonicera) which has leaves with toothed margins. (L. oblongifolia), andmountain fly honeysuckle (L.villosa) bush-honeysuck; northern suckle (L.hirsuta), American fly honeysuckle(L. canadensis) , swamp fly-honeysuckle Standish’s honeysuckle (L.standishii); native species of Lonicera like hairy honey Look-alikes: otherexotic bush honeysuckles including Tartarian (L. tatarica) and and defecate theseeds innewlocations; vegetative sprouting aids inlocal spread. Spreads: to orange-red berries produced inmidto late summer and persist through thewinter. (Amur); white, 5separate unfused petals (Morrow’s); thefruit of bothspecies are red white to pinkish fading to yellow, less than 1in.long, five petals, upper 4 fused Flowers, fruits andseeds: bothhave paired, tubular flowers bornefrom leaf axils; nently hairy underneath, 1-2 in.long (Morrow’s). hair, andupto 3½in.long (Amur);elliptic to oblong, sparsely hairy above, perma - Leaves: bothhave opposite leaves; ovate with atapered tip, lightly covered indowny suckle species). pith of mature stems is hollow (incontrast to solid white pithof native shrubhoney high andMorrow’s grows tall; 7ft. mature shrubs have tan and vertically striated bark; Plant: bothare multi-stemmed, upright,deciduous shrubs; Amurgrows upto 15-20 ft. HONEYSUCKLE HONEYSUCKLE EXOTIC BUSH (L. tatarica), andBell’s (L.xbella) , ahybrid between Tartarian andMorrow’s. by fruits which are abundant andhighly attractive to birds that consume them (L. standishii), ------Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/lomo.htm www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/loma.htm bush-honeysucklenorthern (Diervilla lonicera)can bealternatives for Morrow’s honeysuckle. fly-honeysuckle Other native honeysuckles including American fly honeysuckle (L.canadensis), swamp NATIVE ALTERNATIVES applied to foliage, bark orcut stems. See Control Options. type tool or cut repeatedly. Systemic herbicides containing glyphosate ortriclopyr can be Young plants can bepulled by hand, larger plants eitherpulled using Weed Wrench® PREVENTION ANDCONTROL MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (L. oblongifolia) andmountain fly honeysuckle (L.villosa)

LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE AMUR HONEYSUCKLE JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG and therelated

MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 15 16 Eastern China Japan, Korea and ORIGIN (ROSACEAE) ROSE FAMILY Thunb. ex Murr. Rosa multiflora SHRUBS

INVASIVE PLANTS age is very effective, especially if donelate inthegrowing season. Two naturally-occurring treatments are necessary. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems, regrowth, orfoli imize habitat disturbance. Because of thelong-lived stores of seedinthesoil, follow-up high-quality natural communities, cutting of individual plants may bepreferable to min six times pergrowing season, for two to four years, has beenshown to be very effective. In manual, ormechanical means. Frequent, repeated cutting ormowing at therate of three to Do not plant multiflora rose. Effective control of multiflora is possible using chemical, PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY birds. native shrubs andherbs from establishing andmay bedetrimental to nesting of native eaten anddispersed by a variety of birds. Dense thickets of multiflora rose exclude most Multiflora rose grows aggressively andproduces large numbers of fruits (hips) that are ECOLOGICAL THREAT fields, forests, prairies, some wetlands and many other habitats. gon. It tolerates awide range of soil, moisture, andlight conditions andis able to invade Multiflora rose occurs throughout the eastern half of theUS andin Washington and Ore- DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT tems. It is designated anoxious weed inseveral states. lands, where it disrupted cattle grazing, and,more recently, as apest of natural ecosys - nacious growth habit was eventually recognized as aproblem onpastures andunplowed highway median strips as crash barriers and to reduce automobile headlight glare. Its te- departments recommended multiflora rose as cover for wildlife. It has been planted in control andas “living fences” to confine livestock inthe 1930s. State conservation ornamental roses. The US Soil Conservation Service began promoting it for use inerosion Multiflora rose was introduced to the eastern United States in1866 as rootstock for BACKGROUND » » » » » ra rose has thecombination of upright arching stems andfringed stipules. blackberry Look-alikes: (Rosa pasturerose carolina); swamp rose(Rosa palustris); Allegheny 20 years.to an estimated onemillion seeds per year, which remain viable inthesoil for up canes that can root where they contact theground. Anaverage plant produces Spreads: summer andremain ontheplant through thewinter. flowers appear during May; small bright red fruits,or rose hips, develop during the Flowers, fruits andseeds: clusters of showy, fragrant, white to pinkish, 1in.wide stipules (paired wing-like structures). Leaves: thorns.curved Plant: multi-stemmed shrub,sometimes climbing vine, with arching stems andre- MULTIFLORA ROSE divided into five to eleven sharply toothed leaflets; leaf stalks withfringed reproduces by seedand by forming newplants from thetips of arching (Rubus allegheniensis); flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus). Only multiflo- - - 17

MULTIFLORA ROSE LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE

MULTIFLORA ROSE MULTIFLORA ROSE ROB ROUTLEDGE, SAULT COLLEGE, BUGWOOD.ORG COLLEGE, SAULT ROB ROUTLEDGE, BUGWOOD SERVICE, PARK USDI NATIONAL FRALEY, NANCY controls affect multiflora rose: a native virus (rose-rosette disease) impedes stem growth, and a non-native seed-infesting wasp, the European rose chalcid, causes damage to the seeds. www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/romu.htm

Jil Swearingen. National Park Service Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S. Fish and Wildlife service.

MULTIFLORA ROSE CHRIS EVANS, RIVER TO RIVER CWMA, BUGWOOD.ORG TO RIVER EVANS, CHRIS 18 Caucasus (European) Morocco, Western Asia and China (Chinese); Europe, South Korea (California); Japan (Border); Japan and ORIGIN (OLEACEAE) OLIVE FAMILY L. vulgare EUROPEAN PRIVET L. sinense Lour. CHINESE PRIVET L. ovalifolium Hassk. CALIFORNIA PRIVET Zucc.& Sieb. Ligustrum obtusifolium BORDER PRIVET SHRUBS L. INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/privets.htm a common root crown bacteria (Agrobacterium tume-faciens). See Control Options. (Pseudocercospora rope spot (Macrophya leaf fungal punctumalbum) a , ligustri) and species. Known pests that affect privets include afoliage-feeding insect native to Eu- to bark orcut stems andstumps. Nobiological controls are available for any of these or treated with asystemic herbicide. Herbicide can besprayed onfoliage orapplied of amattock orheavy Weed Wrench® typetool. Larger plants can becut repeatedly Do not plant privets. Small plants can bedugout pulled out by hand orwith thehelp PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY insects, including native herbivorous species. lings. Chemical compounds (Phenolic) intheleaves protect plants from leaf-feeding herbaceous plants. The shady thickets make conditions unsuitable for native seed- Privets form dense thickets that shade out andtake theplace of native shrubs and ECOLOGICAL THREAT nationwide. They thrive infloodplains, fields, disturbed forests and forest edges. Atlantic region; someare recognized as invasive elsewhere intheEastern U.S.and All four privet species featured here have to beenreported beinvasive intheMid- DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT landscapes from which they have escaped and are now well established inthewild. the 1800s andearlier. They are commonly used as hedges in yards, gardens andother There are nospecies of Ligustrum native to theUS.Privets have beenintroduced since BACKGROUND PRIVETS » » » » tions; can spread locally through root sprouting. Spreads: seeds inside), mature late summer to fall. black to blue-black oval to spherical drupe(i.e., afleshy fruit with 1-several stony (border); anthers exceed thecorolla lobes (Chinese andCalifornia); fruit is small to July); lengthof corolla tube lengthranges from 1/10in.(Chinese) to ¼in. and occur inclusters at branch tips; fragrant; late spring to early summer (May Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers small, white and tubular with four petals varying inshape from oval, elliptic, to oblong. Leaves: and typeof hairs onstems is helpful indistinguishing species. with multiple stems with long leafy branches; thepresence orabsence of hairs Plant: deciduous orsemi-evergreen shrubs that grow from 8-20 tall; ft. trunks opposite, simple, entire, short-stalked, ranging inlengthfrom 1-3 in.and by birds that consume fruits andexcrete seeds undamaged innewloca- 19

BORDER PRIVET LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT,

EUROPEAN PRIVET ROBERT VIDÉKI, DORONICUM KFT., BUGWOOD.ORG KFT., VIDÉKI, DORONICUM ROBERT LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE

CALIFORNIA PRIVET

EUROPEAN PRIVET ROBERT VIDÉKI, DORONICUM KFT., BUGWOOD.ORG KFT., VIDÉKI, DORONICUM ROBERT CHRIS EVANS, ILLINOIS WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN, BUGWOOD.ORG ACTION WILDLIFE ILLINOIS EVANS, CHRIS CHINESE PRIVET

CHINESE PRIVET CHUCK BARGERON, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, BUGWOOD.ORG GEORGIA, OF UNIVERSITY BARGERON, CHUCK 20 Japan, Korea andChina ORIGIN (ROSACEAE) ROSE FAMILY Maxim. Rubus phoenicolasius SHRUBS

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/ruph.htm Native blackberries andnon-invading cultivated raspberries are good alternatives. NATIVE ALTERNATIVES canes with asystemic herbicide like glyphosate ortriclopyr. See Control Options. Do not plant wineberry. It can becontrolled through mechanical means orby treating the PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY habitat structure. Wineberry forms dense shady thickets that displace native plants andsignificantly alter ECOLOGICAL THREAT open woods, preferring moist habitats. Michigan and Tennessee. It occurs along forest, field, stream and wetland edges andin Wineberry is found from NewEngland andeastern Canada Carolina to North andwest to DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT duced inabundance insummer. by breeders. berry It is prized for its delicious edible raspberry-like berries that are pro- in 1890 as breeding stock for newRubus (raspberry genus) cultivars andstill used today Wineberry, orwine raspberry, is aspiny shrubthat was introduced into theUnited States BACKGROUND » » » » where they contact theground. humans), andby forming newplants from thetips of arching canes that can root Spreads: red edible berries produced inearly summer. Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers with five white petals occur inbright springtime; largest; undersides are noticeably white. Leaves: also onflowering stems and buds. Plant: multi-stemmed shrubwith spiny stems densely covered with reddish hairs, WINEBERRY WINEBERRY alternate, divided into three leaflets with toothed margins, terminal leaflet by seedthat is consumed anddispersed by birds andmammals (including 21

WINEBERRY WINEBERRY LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE WINEBERRY

WINEBERRY MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/eual.htm cides like glyphosate andtriclopyr. See Control Options. repeatedly cut to theground to control re-sprouts, orcut andtreated with systemic herbi- able to control established plantings. Seedlings can be pulled by hand. Shrubs can be Do not plant winged burning bush. Manual, mechanical andchemical means are avail- PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY a “seedshadow.” species. Hundreds of seedlings are oftenfound below theparent plant inwhat is termed where it forms dense thickets anddisplaces many native woody andherbaceous plant A variety of habitats are threatened, including forests, coastal scrublands, andprairies ECOLOGICAL THREAT and also inIllinois. Winged burning bush is found from NewEngland Florida andtheGulf to northern Coast, DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT trial sites, andinpark andresidential landscapes. red foliage inthefall. It can befound planted along roadways, at commercial andindus- invasive nature, it remains very popular andis widely sold for its hardiness andintense duced to theU.S.around 1860as anornamental plant for use inlandscaping. Despite its Winged burning bush, also known as winged wahoo andwinged euonymus, was intro - BACKGROUND » » » » » winged stems may bemistaken for winged burning bush. green non-winged stems. Saplings of native sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) with strawberry bush (Euonymus americana), also called ‘hearts-a-bustin,’ which has Look-alikes: may beconfused with otherspecies of euonymus including ournative bird dispersal of seeds. Spreads: red-purple fruits mature during summer. Flowers, fruits andseeds: inconspicuous, greenish flowers occur in late spring and tumn. Leaves: deciduous, dark green, inpairs along stem, turn brilliant red-purple inau - normally highbut 5-10ft. mature plants can grow to 20ft. Plant: multiple stemmed, angular branching shrubwith conspicuously winged stems, BURNING BUSH BURNING BUSH WINGED expands locally through vegetative reproduction andto newareas through 23

WINGED BURNING BUSH JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES

WINGED BURNING BUSH LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE WINGED BURNING BUSH

WINGED BURNING BUSH DAMIEN OSSI, DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT THE OF DEPARTMENT DISTRICT OSSI, DAMIEN 24 China (White) Japan and Taiwan (Paper); ORIGIN (MORACEAE) MULBERRY FAMILY Morus alba L. WHITE MULBERRY (L.) L’Her. ex Vent. Broussonetia papyrifera PAPER MULBERRY TREES

INVASIVE PLANTS » » » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY transmission of aharmful root disease. replacing native red mulberry (Morus rubra) through hybridization andpossibly through species inforest edges, disturbed forests, andopenareas. It is slowly outcompeting and causing slope erosion degradation andfurther of anarea. White mulberry displaces native tem makes it susceptible to blowing over during highwinds, posing ahazard to people, competition andshading. It can dominate asite if left unmanaged. Its shallow root sys- Once established, paper mulberry grows vigorously anddisplaces native plants through ECOLOGICAL THREAT disturbed areas. 48 except for Nevada. It invades old fields, urban lots, roadsides, forest edges, andother invasive weed inover adozen countries. White mulberry occurs ineverystate of thelower invading openhabitats such as forest andfield edges. Internationally, it is identified as an Paper mulberry is found from Illinois to Massachusetts, south to Florida and west to Texas, DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT the purpose of establishing asilkworm industry. tures use it to make bark cloth. White mulberry was introduced during colonial times for Paper mulberry was introduced for use as afast-growing shade tree. Native Pacific cul - BACKGROUND » » » » » » » new locations; paper mulberry is also spread by vegetative growth through sprouting. Spreads: abundant seed–a single tree is estimated to produce twenty million seeds! multiple-seeded berries ranging incolor from black to pink to white whenripe;contain are inconspicuous andcrowded spikes; inshort fruits form from female flowers andare green andoccur in 1-2 in.long catkins (slim, cylindrical flower clusters); female flowers White mulberry has male andfemale flowers onseparate plants; male flowers are small, ter; fruits are reddish purple to orange, ¾-1in.across, andmature insummer. posed of many individual flowers; female flowers are globular andabout 1in.in diame female flowers; male flower clusters are elongate, pendulous, 2½-3 in.long, and com- Flowers, fruits andseeds: bothspecies flower in spring. Paper mulberry has male and can range from hairless to slightly downy. The leaf surface is hairless andsometimes slightly rough, but theleaf veins and vein axils lobed to lobed (with oneormore sometimes deeplobes), andhave atoothed leaf margin. White mulberry leaves are alternate, theupper surface is glossy, they range from being un- somewhat rough feeling. shaped to rounded leaf base, andsharply toothed leaf margins. The upper leaf surface is dense gray downy hairs, have 3-15lobes (thelobes are sometimes deep)with aheart- Leaves: range from being covered indowny hair to being hairless. bright orange, older bark is gray with narrow irregular fissures and splits easily; stems White mulberry grows tall, 30-50ft. young bark, innerbark, andthebark of roots is is soft andbrittle, stems andleaves are covered with stiff hairs, andbuds are conical. twigs are hairy reddish brown, thebark is tan andsmoothto moderately furrowed, thewood Plant: bothare deciduous trees. Paper mulberry has milky sap andgrows to about 45 ft., MULBERRY MULBERRY EXOTIC paper mulberry leaves can bealternate, opposite, andwhorled; are covered in bothspecies are spread by seed,which is consumed by wildlife anddeposited in - Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/moal.htm www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/brpa.htm fras, red maple (Acer rubrum), hackberry(Celtis occidentalis) , andblack gum(Nyssa sylvatica). and grow insimilar places as paper mulberry. White mulberry alternatives also include sassa- Basswood NATIVE ALTERNATIVES See Control Options. stump orpaint thecut surface with asystemic herbicide like glyphosate orgirdle thetree. White mulberry seedlings can bepulled by hand. Otherwise, cut thetree andgrindthe PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » WHITE MULBERRY PAPER MULBERRY albidum), dueto ashared leaf form. mulberry (Morus rubra), American basswood(Sassafras sassafras (Tiliaamericana) and Look-alikes: exotic invasive white mulberry (Morus alba) andnative trees including red (Tilia heterophylla) (Sassafras sassafras and albidum) have similar foliage andform

JOHN CARDINA, THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, BUGWOOD.ORG WHITE MULBERRY

VLADIMER SHIOSHVILI WHITE MULBERRY

KARAN A. RAWLINS, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, BUGWOOD.ORG AMY RICHARD, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, BUGWOOD.ORG PAPER MULBERRY 25

ROBERT VIDÉKI, DORONICUM KFT., BUGWOOD.ORG 26 Central and Western China ORIGIN (SCROPHULARIACEAE) FIGWORT FAMILY ex Steud. (Thunb.)Zucc.& Sieb. Paulownia tomentosa TREES

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/pato.htm applied to cut stumps orto bark. See Control Options. spread. Systemic herbicides containing glyphosate or triclopyr are effective andcan be level with power ormanual saw, preferably priorto seedformation to prevent further Do not plant princess tree. Young plants can bepulled by hand; cut larger trees at ground PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY plant species. Princess tree invades forests, stream banks andsomerocky habitats, displacing native ECOLOGICAL THREAT habitats. It tolerates infertileandacidic soils, drought conditions, andadapts to awide variety of England where it can befound growing along roadsides, stream banks andforest edges. Princess tree occurs throughout much of theeastern United States from Texas to New DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT highly prized for carving. and roots allows it to survivefire, cutting andeven bulldozing in construction areas. It is as the3rd century B.C. Its ability to sprout prolifically from adventitious buds on stems describe important medicinal, ornamental, andtimberuses of Princess tree as early East India Company inthe1830s America andto North soonafter. Historical records Also known as empress tree orroyal paulownia, it was to Europe imported by theDutch BACKGROUND » » » » million seeds! ly, producing flowers within 8-10 years; a single tree is estimated to produce twenty and water; seeds germinate easily insuitable soil; seedlings grow andmature quick Spreads: ing brown as anddry they mature andpersist through thewinter. oval capsule containing thousands of small winged seeds; capsules are green, becom spicuous upright clusters inspring before theleaves appear; fruit is afour-compartmented Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are showy, pale violet andfragrant andproduced in con sometimes shallowly three-lobed. Leaves: low features. green to brown, andhave many lenticels (pores); bark is thin,gray-brown with shal- Plant: medium-sized deciduous tree that grows inheight;twigs to 30-60ft. are stout, PRINCESS TREE PRINCESS TREE paired, large, hairy on upper surfaces, broadly oval to heart-shaped and by seedwhich is abundant andeasily transported long distances by wind - - - 27

PRINCESS TREE LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE

PRINCESS TREE MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY PRINCESS TREE ROBERT VIDÉKI, DORONICUM KFT., BUGWOOD.ORG KFT., VIDÉKI, DORONICUM ROBERT

PRINCESS TREE PRINCESS TREE JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES 28 Asia ORIGIN (FABACEAE) PEA FAMILY Durazz. Albizia julibrissin TREES

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/alju.htm fringetree Serviceberry NATIVE ALTERNATIVES like glyphosate andtriclopyr are effective. See Control Options. cuttings incombination with herbicide treatments dueto re-sprouts. Systemic herbicides is aninitial control measure, best donepriorto seedset,andusually requires follow-up Do not plant silk tree. Trees can becut at ground level with power ormanual saws. Cutting PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY seeds andits ability to re-sprout vigorously. vegetative means. Once established, silk tree is difficult to remove due to its long-lived Silk tree grows vigorously anddisplaces native trees andshrubs, spreading by seedand ECOLOGICAL THREAT roots to produce nitrogen. plant that tolerates a variety of soil andmoisture conditions, enhanced by theability of its disturbed areas such as roadsides, forest edges and various openhabitats. It is ahardy Silk tree occurs from California across thesouthernUnited States to New York. It grows in DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT 1745 for use as anornamental plant. Silk tree, also called silky acacia ormimosa tree, was introduced to theUnited States in BACKGROUND » » » » » cacia) with leaves that are once-pinnately compound. Look-alikes: honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) andblack locust (Robiniapseudoa- Spreads: summer. ing occurs inearly summer; fruits are flat 6in.long seedpods that develop inthe late Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are pink,fragrant andlook like pom-poms;flower Leaves: alternate, twice-pinnately compound, fern-like. the stem. trunks; thebark is light brown, nearly smooth,thinandhas lens-shaped spots along Plant: small deciduous tree that grows inheight 10-50ft. andoftenhas multiple SILK TREE SILK TREE (Chionanthus virginicus) , andflowering (Cornus dogwood florida). by seedand vegetative growth. (Amelanchier arborea), river birch (Betula nigra), redbud (Cercis canadensis), - 29 MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY SILK TREE SILK TREE FRANKLIN BONNER, USFS (RET.), BUGWOOD.ORG (RET.), FRANKLIN BONNER, USFS

SILK TREE JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES

SILK TREE JAMES H. MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST H. MILLER, USDA JAMES 30 and Korea Central China, Japan ORIGIN (LARDIZABALACEAE) LARDIZABALA FAMILY Decne.(Houtt.) Akebia quinata VINES

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/akqu.htm (Campsis radicans) andtrumpet honeysuckle(Lonicera sempervirens). Pipevine NATIVE ALTERNATIVES effective. See Control Options. possible. For large infestations, asystemic herbicide containing glyphosate ortriclopyr is should becut to theground. Vines may bedugup, removing as much of theroots as Young plants can bepulled by hand. Cutting can bedoneany timeof year and vines PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY a dense tangle that creates deepshade for the vegetation it covers. Akebia can form animpenetrable groundcover, andwhenclimbing shrubs andtrees forms ECOLOGICAL THREAT occurrences elsewhere. It has to beenreported beinvasive throughout theMid-Atlantic to Kentucky with scattered DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT aroundported 1845 for ornamental purposes. Also known as five-leaf akebia, this is an unusual andattractive exotic vine that was im BACKGROUND » » » » » U.S., has palmate leaves with five leaflets that are toothed. Look-alikes: Virginiacreeper Spreads: summer to fall. are large, edible soft, sausage-shaped pods 2¼-4 in.inlength,that ripeninlate ple, male flowers are lighter rosy purple; spring flowering; fruits, if produced at all, and have asweet fragrance likened to chocolate; female flowers are chocolate-pur Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are reddish to purple-brown, about 1in.across, and notched at thetip. meet at acentral juncture; leaflets are 1½-3 in.long, entire (non-toothed), oval shaped Leaves: groundcover; slender stems are green when young becoming brown whenmature. Plant: woody deciduous, perennial plant that grows eitheras atwining vine ora CHOCOLATE VINE (Aristolochia macrophylla), cross-vine (Bignoniacapreolata), trumpet creeper alternate, dull blue-green, palmately compound with five stalked leaflets that primarily by vegetative means; infrequently by seed. (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), native to theeastern - - 31

CHOCOLATE VINE CHOCOLATE VINE LESLIE J. MEHRHOFF, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, BUGWOOD.ORG CONNECTICUT, OF UNIVERSITY J. MEHRHOFF, LESLIE 32 Europe ORIGIN (APOCYNACEAE) DOGBANE FAMILY Vinca minorL. VINES

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/vimi.htm would improve control greatly. See Control Options. be repeated regularly. Mowing followed soonafterby application of asystemic herbicide portions. Where appropriate, mowing can beused to cut plants back but will likely have to Periwinkle can bepulled by hand, duguporraked up, being sure to remove underground PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY displacing native herbaceous andwoody plant species. Periwinkle grows vigorously andforms dense andextensive mats along theforest floor, ECOLOGICAL THREAT sites. US. It inhabits opento shady sites including forests andoftenescapes from old home Periwinkle has escaped cultivation andis invading natural areas throughout theEastern DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT It is still commonly sold andused as anornamental ground cover. Common periwinkle was first introduced America into North inthe 1700s as anornamental. BACKGROUND » » » » » mus fortunei). in theMid-Atlantic andotherpartsof theUnited States; andwinter creeper (Euony (Catharanthus roseus) , native only to Madagascar, bothalso invasive innatural areas bigleaf periwinkle (Vinca from Europe, major),imported andMadagascar periwinkle Look-alikes: may beconfused with several close relatives of this plant, including Spreads: five petals, arranged in spirals; nofruitsspringtime; orseeds typically. Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are blue, lavender, orwhite, about 1in.across, with variegated. Leaves: Plant: vine-like erect ortrailing groundcover; mostly evergreen; stems slender. PERIWINKLE PERIWINKLE COMMON opposite, dark green, glossy, oval to lance-shaped, thick-textured; may be vegetatively through rhizomes. - - 33

COMMON PERIWINKLE COMMON PERIWINKLE ROBERT VIDÉKI, DORONICUM KFT., BUGWOOD.ORG KFT., VIDÉKI, DORONICUM ROBERT BUGWOOD.ORG KFT., VIDÉKI, DORONICUM ROBERT DEENA CHADI, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAVEN, BUGWOOD.ORG HAVEN, NEW OF DEENA CHADI, UNIVERSITY

COMMON PERIWINKLE COMMON PERIWINKLE DAMIEN OSSI, DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT THE OF DEPARTMENT DISTRICT OSSI, DAMIEN 34 Japan andChina ORIGIN (RANUNCULACEAE) BUTTERCUP FAMILY Clematis terniflora DC VINES

INVASIVE PLANTS Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S.Fish and Wildlife service. Jil Swearingen.NationalPark Service www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/clte.htm See Control Options. PREVENTION ANDCONTROL » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY of its abundant showy white flowers. sunlight to theplants underneath. Inlate summer infestations are conspicuous as aresult and roads. It grows vigorously over other vegetation, forming dense blankets that block This species is found invading forest edges, right-of-ways andurban areas along streams ECOLOGICAL THREAT where it occurs. It prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade. Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia, althoughit is probably invasive inadditional states Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland,NewJersey, Carolina, North South Minnesota to Vermont, southto Texas andFlorida. It has to beenreported beinvasive in Sweet autumn virginsbower is documented to occur inmuch of theEastern US from DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT and is still widely sold inthenurserytrade. Sweet autumn virginsbower was introduced into theUnited States as anornamental vine BACKGROUND » » » » » not to beenreported beinvasive. variety of colors from white to rose to purple, typically with eight ormore petals, have and highly popular ornamental Clematis vines with large, showy flowers ina wide white flowers, andit has leaves that are compound and toothed. The much cultivated most likely to beconfused with sweet autumn virginsbower due to its similar looking several that are quite rare. Devil’s darning needles (Clematis virginiana) , thespecies Look-alikes: There are dozens of native species of Clematis intheU.S.including Spreads: silvery-gray, feather-like hairs attached. white with four petals; seeds are produced inprofusion andare showy dueto long, Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowers are produced late summer through fall; flowers are entire (non-toothed) margins. Leaves: opposite, compound 3leaflets; leaflets are 2-3 in.long and usually have Plant: climbing, deciduous to semi-evergreen, perennial vine. VIRGINSBOWER VIRGINSBOWER SWEET AUTUMN by wind-dispersed seed. 35

SWEET AUTUMN VIRGINSBOWER MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY

SWEET AUTUMN VIRGINSBOWER SWEET AUTUMN VIRGINSBOWER COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY KARAN A. RAWLINS, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, BUGWOOD.ORG GEORGIA, OF KARAN A.UNIVERSITY RAWLINS, 36 China; Japan ORIGIN (FABACEAE) PEA FAMILY DC. Pea family (Fabaceae) Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) JAPANESE WISTERIA A.P. deCand. Wisteria sinensis (Sims) CHINESE WISTERIA VINES

INVASIVE PLANTS » » » » » DESCRIPTION ANDBIOLOGY rarily favor somenative species, it also stimulates vigorous growth andspread of wisteria. ed which increase theamount of sunlight reaching theforest floor. While this may tempo impede natural plant community development.As girdled trees die,canopy gaps are creat ing from rootstocks form dense thickets that smotherandshade out native vegetation and bark, causing death by girdling. Ontheground, new vines germinating from seedorsprout The hard woody vines twine tightly around host tree trunks andbranches andcut through ECOLOGICAL THREAT are commonly found along forest edges, roadsides, ditches, andrights-of-way. variety of soil andmoisture regimes but prefers deep, loamy, well drained soils. Infestations in partial shade. Vines climb trees, shrubs andmanmade structures. They are tolerant of a Texas. Bothwisteria species prefers full sun, but established vines will persist andreproduce found invasive intheMid-Atlantic and Southeastern US,from New York to Florida andwest to vasive inat least 19 states from Massachusetts to Illinois southto Texas. Japanese wisteria is Found extensively throughout theEastern US, Chinese wisteria has to beenreported bein- DISTRIBUTION ANDHABITAT very popular inthenurserytrade despite theirweedy anddestructive habits. introduced to theU.S.in1830. Bothhave beenwidely planted andcultivated andare still Chinese wisteria was introduced in1916 as anornamental plant. Japanese wisteria was BACKGROUND » » » » » brous (not andseeds hairy) are swollen bean to kidney-shaped. Anotherlook-alike is and occur inclusters 4-6in.long inMay afterleaf expansion; fruit is green and gla- form-sized leaflets; pale lilac-purple flowers with a yellow spot are about ¾in.long compound leaves with slightly milky undersides that are 7-12 in.long with 9-15uni- another. The native American wisteria (Wisteria frutescens) has smooth,bright green Look-alikes: Chinese wisteria andJapanese wisteria are frequently confused for one producing stolons (above-ground stems) that produce shoots androots at intervals. short Spreads: they begin to appear midsummer andpersist for along timeonthe vine. anese) containing flattened, round seeds (1-3 seeds for Chinese; 3-6seeds for Japanese); species are green to brown velvety seedpods (4-6in.long for Chinese; 4½-7½ in.for Jap- open sequentially from thebase to thetip;flowers are 0.6-0.7 in.long. Fruits for both wisteria flowers are violet to violet blue, occur inpendulous racemes 1-3 inand ft. length, 6-12 in.long, andopenmostly all at once; individual flowers are 0.8-0.9 in.long. Japanese Chinese wisteria flowers are lavender to purple, occur inpendulous racemes or clusters Flowers, fruits andseeds: flowering occurs inApril before leaf expansion for both species. (7-13) leaflets; Japanese wisteria grows 8-12in.long, with 13-17 (11-19) leaflets. tapering tips for bothspecies; Chinese wisteria leaves grow 6-10in.long with 9-11 Leaves: der, brown anddensely hairy when young, becoming hairless with age. white hairs; Japanese wisteria twines inacounter-clockwise direction, stems are slen- in aclockwise direction, stems are stout, smoothgray-brown andcovered with fine trunks, older plants can grow to 15in.ormore indiameter. Chinese wisteria twines Plant: bothspecies are perennial deciduous, woody twining vines that climb uptree WISTERIA WISTERIA EXOTIC alternate, compound, leaflets egg-shaped with wavy-margins and strongly by seedwhich, inriparian areas, can betransported by water; vegetatively by - - - 37

CHINESE WISTERIA MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY MARY FARRAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OF DISTRICT THE OF UNIVERSITY FARRAH, MARY CHINESE WISTERIA

JAPANESE WISTERIA JOHN D. BYRD, MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY, STATE MISSISSIPPI BYRD, JOHN D. trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans) with opposite, compound leaves, leaflet margins are toothed, flowers are red-orange, tubular, and bloom late spring through summer.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL For small infestations, cut vines to relieve trees of the weight and girdling. Treat lower cut stem portions with a systemic herbicide CHINESE WISTERIA containing glyphosate or triclopyr. New plants may grow from seed. BUGWOOD.ORG EVANS, VANDYK WENDY Long term management is needed. See Control Options. www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/wisi.htm www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/wifl.htm

Jil Swearingen. National Park Service Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan Zwicker, U.S. Fish and Wildlife service. 38

INVASIVE PLANTS tion. Always read theentire label before using any pesticide. addition to long-sleeve long pants, shoes shirt, andsocks, during mixing andapplica- tation. It is imperative that protective eyewear andchemical resistant gloves beworn in perature is above 85°F.Drift can result inkill of non-target trees andotherwoody vege- potential for volatilization andoffsite triclopyr drift, should not beused when the tem- Garlon® 4can beused for foliar, cut stem andbasal bark applications. Due to thehigh Because it is toxic to aquatic invertebrates, it cannot beused near water orinwet soils. tial to cause skin andeye irritation but is not known to cause irreparable eye damage. The ester form of triclopyr (e.g.,carries Garlon® 4) a Warning signal word for thepoten- hazard andknow theprecautions that needto betaken whenusing it. son, it should only beused by trained andcertified applicators whoare familiar with this properties which, inconcentrated form, can cause irreversible eye damage. For this rea- However, theamineform of triclopyr carries aDanger signal word dueto its corrosive 50% rate, oras afoliar treatment at 5%rate. It is not effective for basal bark treatments. without posing athreat to aquatic organisms. It can beused as acut stem treatment at a hazards andprecautions. Triclopyr aminemixes with water andcan beused near water er®, and Vinex®). They are very different products with very different specific uses, Brush-B-Gone®, Brushlon® 3A, Killer®) andtriclopyr ester (e.g., Garlon® 4,Pathfind- groundwater contamination. Triclopyr comes intwo forms –triclopyr amine(e.g., Gar where soils are permeable, particularly where thewater table is shallow, can result in under oraround targeted woody orbroad-leaved invasives. Use of triclopyr inareas and trees) andcan beused ingrasslands orareas where desirable grasses are growing Triclopyr is aselective herbicide that affects only broadleaf plants (e.g., forbs, shrubs sold at homeimprovement stores may betoo dilute to obtain effective control. three concentrations (41.0, 50.2 and53.8% active ingredient). Other glyphosate products publication are sold under a variety of brand names (Accord®, Rodeo ®,etc.) andin long pants, shoes andsocks during application. Glyphosate products referred to inthis contact with thespray. It carries aCaution signal word andrequires long-sleeved shirt, Glyphosate is anon-selective herbicide that can kill orharm any plants that come in plant to diewithin about oneweek. herbicides andare absorbed by plant tissues andcarried to theroots causing theentire Two of themore widely used herbicides are glyphosate andtriclopyr. Bothare systemic authors, agencies ororganizations involved intheproduction of this publication. Notice: mentionof atrade name does not constitute theendorsement of theproduct by application instructions andwear all recommended personal protective gear andclothing. Use pesticides wisely: always read theentire pesticide label carefully, follow all mixing and manual, mechanical, biological, andchemical control methods. Non-native, invasive plants can becontrolled through anumberof techniques, including CONTROL OPTIONS CONTROL OPTIONS - GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS 39 A variety of methods are available for control of grasses, depending on the extent of the infestation, the type of habitat, and the availability of labor and other resources. Pre- venting the introduction of invasive grasses from infested to non-infested areas should always be a priority. Early control of new infestations will also reduce the likelihood of establishment and expansion. When deciding between physical and chemical methods, keep in mind that manual removal of plants can result in disturbance to the soil, which can further encourage invasive species and open the site up to new introductions. Using an herbicide leaves the plants and soil in place, thus minimizing that likelihood. The use of grass-specific herbicides will reduce impacts to non-target broadleaf plants.

BAMBOOS Chemical The following method is effective for control of most exotic invasive bamboos such as common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea), arrow bamboo (Pseudosasa japonica) and others. It was developed by Dr. Francis Gouin, formerly a University of Maryland Agronomist, and is presented here with slight modification.

Cut the bamboo down to the ground in spring. Depending on the type of bamboo you are working with, you will need a chain saw, weed whacker, Swedish brush axe, pruners or other tool that will cut through the bamboo stems. Leave the bamboo alone for the summer, allowing it to regrow. In October or early November, on a sunny, non-breezy day, spray the leaves of regrown plants with a 2% rate of glyphosate (e.g., Accord®) mixed with water, according to the label directions. Apply thoroughly just to the point of drip. Wait 10-14 days and reapply the glyphosate at the same rate. After the second treatment, leave the bamboo alone. Do not cut, mow, or remove plant material. The following spring, the bamboo will be browned out and should not grow back. At this point, you can cut and remove the dead vegetation. If any bamboo remains or does reappear, repeat the procedure. GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR HERBACEOUS FORBS Chemical Foliar. This method is effective on infestations where mechanical control is not practical or desired. It is important to avoid contact of spray with desirable plants. Treatments should be done either in early spring when most other non-target vegetation is dormant or mid to late summer and fall when plant growth slows and resources are being sent to the roots. In general, a 1-2% solution of glyphosate mixed with water and a non-ionic surfactant (seek manufacturer’s recommendations) is used. Spray should be applied such that it thoroughly covers most of the leaves but not to the point that it is dripping off the leaves. Refer to manufacturer’s label for specific information and restrictions regarding use.

Manual Generally speaking, most herbaceous plants can be pulled by hand as long as the entire plant, including the roots, is removed to prevent regrowth. This is almost always recommended for individual plants 40

INVASIVE PLANTS 12 hours afterapplication andleaves should priorto bedry treatment. Apply a2%solution mix. To allow ample dryingtimeapplications should bemade whenrain is unlikely for about anytime but airtemperature should beabove 65°F to ensure absorption of theherbicide toward theroots andmany native species are dormant. Foliar application can bedonealmost The best timeto treat is late fall orearly spring whentargeted plants are shiftingresources be considered mostly for large infestations where therisk to non-target species is minimal. Foliar. Because this methodinvolves applying herbicide mix to foliage (leaves), it should As with basal bark, adye added to themix will helpkeep track of treated plants. triclopyr mixed inwater to thecut stump surface, making sure to cover theentire surface. Cut stems at ornear ground level andimmediately apply a25% solution of glyphosate or but requires use of amuch more concentrated mix than that used for foliar applications. bark treatment, it reduces thetotal amount of herbicide mixture applied to theenvironment foliar treatment. It is usually effective as long as theground is not frozen. As with basal ual plants orwhentarget plants are mixed inwith desirable species which would preclude Cut Stem Method. This methodandbasal bark should beconsidered whentreating individ track of treated plants. spray until run-off is noticeable at theground line.Adye added to themixture will helpkeep to aheight of about afoot from theground. Thorough wetting is necessary for good control; mixture of 25% triclopyr plus 75% horticultural oil andapply to thebasal partsof theshrub it requires amuch more concentrated mix than that used for foliar applications. Prepare a frozen. While reducing thetotal amount of herbicide mixture applied to theenvironment, Basal Bark Method. This methodis effective throughout the year as long as theground is not Chemical GENERAL GUIDANCE FORMOST SHRUBS runoff but should not bedripping off theleaves. flowering. Treatments should cover the leaves and stems of plants just to thepoint of mixed with water is effective during the vegetative stage priorto branching orduring solution of glyphosate (Accord® for upland andwet areas orRodeo® for wet sites only) tant at aconcentration of 0.5% will improve theeffectiveness of foliar treatments. A2% ments should becompleted inearly to midsummer. The addition of anon-ionic surfac treatments. Since root reserves increase upto theflower bud stage, all herbicide treat Impacts to adjacent native plants should beminimized as much as possible during any stands andcontrol spread. further Plants should becut as low to theground as possible. flower bud stage for two orthree consecutive years may reduce the vigor of lespedeza sive perennial root system that will resprout from theroot crown. Mowing plants inthe for Chinese lespedeza. Handpulling is not recommended dueto lespedeza’s exten- Mechanical andchemical methods are themost effective options currently available CHINESE LESPEDEZA use chemical methods oracombination of mowing andherbicides for difficult species. to eradicate plants with significant root systems. It may bemore practical andeffective to be practical for others. Mowing oftenneeds to beconducted repeatedly andfor many years While repeated mowing can beeffective for control of someherbaceous forbs, it may not Mechanical - - - of glyphosate or triclopyr and water plus a 0.5% non-ionic surfactant to thoroughly wet 41 all leaves. Mix should not be dripping off leaves. Use a low pressure and coarse spray pattern to reduce spray-drift damage to non-target species. To avoid drift, triclopyr and glyphosate should be applied when winds are below about 8 mph. If desirable trees are nearby, a no-spray buffer area should be established to protect non-target plants.

Manual Hand pulling is an effective method for many shrubs when in the young seedling stage, after which a tool or other method is often needed to remove strong roots. Plants should be pulled as soon as they are large enough to grasp but before they produce seeds. Seedlings are best pulled after a rain when the soil is loose. Larger stems, up to 6 cm (2½ in), can be removed using a Weed Wrench® or similar uprooting tool. For most species, the entire root should be removed to avoid resprouting.

Mechanical Cutting or mowing is appropriate for small infestations or environmentally sensitive areas where herbicides cannot be used. It is not generally recommended for plants that resprout heavily unless cutting can be repeated and plants monitored until the targeted invasive has been eliminated. Ideally, cutting is most effective when com- bined with an application of herbicide to cut surfaces. Stems should be cut at least once and preferably multiple times per growing season and as close to ground level as possible.

MULTIFLORA ROSE Biological control is not yet available for management of multiflora rose. However, researchers are investigating several options, including a native viral pathogen (rose-rosette disease), which is spread by a tiny native mite, and a seed-infesting wasp, the European rose chalcid. Rose-rosette disease, native to the Western U.S., has been spreading easterwardly at a slow pace. It may hold some potential for elim- inating multiflora rose in areas where it grows in dense patches. GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR TREES Chemical Basal Bark Method. This is one of the easier methods available, does not require any cutting, uses a small amount of herbicide mix and is effective throughout the year as long as the ground is not frozen. It works best during late winter/early spring and in summer. The base of the tree must be free of snow, ice, or water on the bark from recent rainfall, though precipitation following application is inconsequential. Late winter/early spring (February 15 -April 15, Mid-Atlantic) is generally the most produc- tive time, since vegetation near the base of the trees is usually absent or leafless. Late spring and early summer applications (April 15-June 1 in the Mid-Atlantic), when plant fluids are moving upwards to support new growth, are usually not as effective. Application during the summer (June 1-September 15) works very well as long as vegetation is not a hindrance, and allows lower concentrations of herbicide to be used. Fall to mid-winter applications (October-January) may be less effective and tempera- tures below 45ºF will restrict the use of triclopyr. 42

INVASIVE PLANTS should beapplied to leaves andgreen stems, including sprouts andsuckers, until 1.5% rate (4lb./gal.) triclopyr can (Garlon® 4) also beused inthis way. The mixture contains asurfactant) to helpthespray spread over andpenetrate the leaves. A (0.5%, oras perlabel) of anon-ionic surfactant (except for Roundup®, which For most plants, use a2%rate of glyphosate mixed with water andasmall amount summer andlate season whenplants are shiftingresources downward to roots. the needto transport alarger, more dilute mixture. It is typically more effective in non-target impacts. Limitations of themethodare theseasonal timeframe and but requires use of larger volumes of herbicide mixture andincreases the risk of the risk to non-target species is minimal. Foliar treatment can be very effective should beconsidered for small dense infestations orfor large infestations where Foliar. Because this methodinvolves applying herbicide mix to foliage (leaves), it uptake of thechemical before theplant seals thecut area off. utes of thecut with water soluble formulations, longer with oil mixtures, to ensure cide to thecut stumps must beconducted immediately aftercutting, within 5-15min brush orsprayed onusing aspray bottle orbackpack sprayer. Application of herbi- will helpkeep track of treated plants. The mixture may bepainted on with apaint surface andthesides to theground line.As with basal bark, adye added to themix mixed with water or20%Garlon® 4plus 80%oil dilutant, to thewhole cut stump Cut trees near ground level andimmediately apply a25% solution of glyphosate stump than not. suckering. However, at any timeof year, if thetree must becut it is better to treat the tions may prevent resprouting from thestump itself, but will do little to inhibit root season, with diminishing success through theearly fall. Dormant season applica- than othermethods. This methodis likely to bemost successful during thegrowing ing theroot system, slower, more labor intensive, andmore hazardous to personnel this methodover theothers given above, felling trees is usually less effective inkill- from thesite andwill becut as partof theprocess. While situations exist that dictate Cut Stem Method. This methodis useful in areas where thetrees needto beremoved necessary, depending onthespecies. Follow-up foliar application (seeabove) to basal sprouts androot suckers may be may also betreated effectively by thoroughly treating bark upto 24 inches inheight. used for trees that are less than 6inches indiameter, thoughslightly larger stems circumference of thetree base with no“skips.” The basal bark methodis generally or backpack sprayer, apply themixture in a 12-inch wide band around theentire for basal bark (andcut stump) application (e.g., Pathfinder® II). Using a handheld areas. Anotheroptionis to use apre-mixed, ready-to-use triclopyr product designed designed for basal bark application, which should beconsidered for use insensitive Some companies market diluents based on mineral or vegetable oils specifically at therate of 10%,which helps penetrate thebark andeliminate unpleasant odor. treated plants. Some applicators add apineoil-based additive (e.g., Cide-Kick® II) oil, orspecial vegetable oils). Adye added to themixture will helpkeep track of concentration of oil-soluble triclopyr product (e.g.,in80%oil Garlon® 4) (mineral Mix upasolution of 20%(as low as 10%insummer depending onobjectives) - thoroughly wet but not to the point of runoff. Use a low pressure and coarse spray 43 pattern to reduce spray-drift damage to non-target species. To avoid drift, applications should be made when winds are below about 8 mph. If desirable trees are nearby, a no-spray buffer area should be established to protect non-target plants.

Foliar application can be done almost anytime as long as air temperature is above about 65°F (and no higher than 85°F for triclopyr) to ensure absorption of the herbicide. To allow ample drying, applications should be made when rain is unlikely for about 12 hours after application and leaves should be dry prior to treatment. Wind speed should be below 8-10 mph to avoid off-site drift.

Hack-and-squirt or injection. This method can be very effective and is useful when target trees are mixed in with desirable trees. it requires using a hand axe to make downward-angled cuts into the sapwood around the tree trunk and squirting about a teaspoon of concentrated herbicide into the cut.

Manual Young seedlings may be pulled or dug up, preferably when soil is moist. Care should be taken to remove the entire plant including the roots whenever possible to avoid the possibility of regrowth through sprouting.

Mechanical Cutting can work for many trees unless they are likely to resprout. It will need to be done continuously until the plants are no longer found. 44

INVASIVE PLANTS 45 PLANT INVADERS in the District of Columbia SECOND EDITION

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