The Portrayal of Māori and Te Ao Māori in Broadcasting: the Foreshore and Seabed Issue
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
The Portrayal ofM The Portrayal ā ori and Te Ao M ā ori The Portrayal of Māori and inBroadcasting Te Ao Māori in Broadcasting: the foreshore and seabed issue New Zealand www.bsa.govt.nz BSA Broadcasting Standards Authority The Portrayal of Māori and Te Ao Māori in Broadcasting: the foreshore and seabed issue by the Media Research Team Te Kawa a Māui Victoria University of Wellington Research team members: Peter Adds, Maia Bennett, Meegan Hall, Bernard Kernot, Marie Russell, Tai Walker 1 2 Further copies of this report are available from: The Broadcasting Standards Authority PO Box 9213 Wellington, New Zealand © 2005 Broadcasting Standards Authority Portrayal of Māori and Te Ao Māori in Broadcasting: the foreshore and seabed issue ISBN 0-477-10009-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Translation of Foreword and Executive Summary provided by Tokomapuna Māori Language Service, Wellington. 3 4 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 FOREWORD 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Background to the research 19 1.2 Research Team and Objectives 19 1.3 The foreshore and seabed issue 21 1.4 A Māori Worldview 21 1.5 Methodology 25 2 Literature review 34 2.1 Broadcasting media context and environment 34 2.2 Portrayal of Māori and te ao Māori 45 2.3 Conclusions 58 3 Content analyses 60 4 Television: Mainstream Programmes 61 4.1 Overview of fi ndings 61 4.2 Background 61 4.3 Data-handling 63 4.4 Quantitative analysis 63 4.5 Interviews 64 4.6 Qualitative Analysis: One News 66 4.7 Qualitative Analysis: Holmes 69 4.8 Qualitative Analysis: Breakfast 71 5 4.9 Qualitative Analysis: 3 News 73 4.10 Conclusions 75 5 Television: By Māori for Māori Programmes 77 5.1 Overview of fi ndings 77 5.2 Background 77 5.3 Scope of the stories 78 5.4 Issues covered 79 5.5 Data handling and quantitative analysis 80 5.6 Qualitative analysis: Te Karere and Marae 81 6 Radio: National Radio 95 6.1 Overview of fi ndings 95 6.2 Scope 95 6.3 Quantitative Analysis 95 6.4 Qualitative Analysis: Morning Report 101 6.5 Qualitative Analysis: Checkpoint 112 6.6 Conclusions 121 7 Discussion 127 8 References 131 9 Appendices 143 Appendix 1 Research Team and Advisory Group 143 Appendix 2 Glossary of Māori Terms 145 Appendix 3 BSA Wording in the Codes of Broadcasting Practice 146 Appendix 4 Proposal to BSA 150 Appendix 5 Coding Schedule 161 Appendix 6 Speaking Times – Te Karere 166 6 Appendix 7 Speaking Times – Marae 171 Appendix 8 Speaking Times – One News 173 Appendix 9 Speaking Times – 3 News 177 Appendix 10 Speaking Times – Holmes 180 Appendix 11 Speaking Times – Breakfast 180 Appendix 12 Radio New Zealand Morning Report and Checkpoint 183 Figures and Tables Figure 1-1 Ngā whare e rua: a two-house model 24 Figure 4-1 Mainstream television: Interviewee speaking time 65 Table 3-1 Sources, number and length of items analysed 60 Table 4-1 Mainstream television data 63 Table 4-2 One News: Ethnicity and speaking time of interviewees 64 Table 4-3 3 News: Ethnicity and speaking time of interviewees 64 Table 4-4 Holmes: Ethnicity and speaking time of interviewees 64 Table 4-5 Breakfast: Ethnicity and speaking time of interviewees 65 Table 6-1 Morning Report data 96 Table 6-2 Checkpoint data 96 Table 6-3 Morning Report: Position, ethnicity and airtime of interviewees 97 Table 6-4 Checkpoint: Position, ethnicity and airtime of interviewees 98 Table 6-5 Morning Report: Anchors by item and airtime 98 Table 6-6 Checkpoint: Anchors by item and airtime 99 Table 6-7 Morning Report: Reporters by item and airtime 99 Table 6-8 Checkpoint: Reporters by item and airtime 100 Table 6-9 Morning Report: Stories without reporters (anchor only) 100 Table 6-10 Checkpoint: Stories without reporters (anchor only) 100 7 Table 6-11 Morning Report: Airtime summary 101 Table 6-12 Checkpoint: Airtime summary 101 Table 12-1 Morning Report: Number of people interviewed per item 184 Table 12-2 Checkpoint: Number of people interviewed per item 184 8 Acknowledgements The research team warmly thanks Kate Ward, who oversaw the project for the Broadcasting Standards Authority; and acknowledges Jim Tully, Head of School, Political Science and Communication, University of Canterbury; and Dr Grant Hannis, Head of School of Journalism, Massey University, who both reviewed this report. 9 10 Kupu Whakataki Tēnei te Mana Whanonga Kaipāho te tuku atu nei i tēnei pukapuka whai take, The Portrayal of Māori and te Ao Māori, ki ana kaipānui. Ko tētahi o ngā tino mahi o te Mana Whanonga i raro i te Ture Whakapaoho 1989, he kawe i ana mahi rangahau, he whakaputa kitenga hoki ki te ao e pā ana ki ngā paearu e tika ana i te mahi whakapaoho. I te tau 2003 ka tono atu te Mana Whanonga ki ngā whare wānanga me ngā kuratini kia hora kaupapa rangahau motuhake i ngā whakaaturanga a te hunga pāpāho i te iwi Māori ki te ao. I whakahau te Mana Whanonga me mātua aro te kaupapa rangahau ki: …ngā āhuatanga kei roto i ngā Whakaritenga mō te Whanonga Pāpāho mō te reo irirangi me te pouaka whakaata. Arā, me āta hāngai ngā kaupapa rangahau ki ngā paearu whakapaoho e pā ana ki te tūtika, te tika me te pono o ngā kōrero. E tika ana kia mohio te tangata ko ngā Whakaritenga mō te Whanonga Pāpāho e mana ana i raro i te wairua o te New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 – ko te wātea ki te whakaputa whakaaro tētahi kaupapa nui i reira. (BSA Inoi kia Whakatakoto Kaupapa: 2003) E rima ngā whakatakotoranga i tae mai, ā, i kōwhiria e Te Mana Whanonga Kaipaho te Media Research Team o Te Kawa a Māui, i te Whare Wānanga o te Upoko o Te Ika a Māui. E hāngai ana ēnei whainga mārama tonu o te kura ki ngā hiahia o te Mana Whanonga Kaipaho mō te mahi nei, ā, i whakaae te rōpū kia whakaurua tētahi wāhi ine i te nui ki roto, hei whakawhānui i tā rātou rangahau ine i te kounga anake. Ko te kaupapa i kōwhiria kia arotakea ko ngā mahi kawe kōrero mō te urupare ā-ture a te Kāwanatanga ki te whakatau a te Koti Pīra, i mea ai ia tērā pea he mana whenua tō te iwi Māori ki te takutai moana me te papamoana. Ahakoa nā te Mana Whanonga te rangahau i utu, i motuhake tonu te kawe a Te Kawa a Māui i ngā mahi, ā, nā ngā mema o te rōpū mahi anake ngā whakaaro whakatau. Ehara i te mea me hāngai tonu ō rātou whakaaro mō ngā kaupapa whakapaoho i tirohia ki ō te Mana Whanonga Kaipāho. He tino whāriki whai take, whakamīharo hoki ngā wetekanga me ngā kitenga i puta ake nei i o te rōpū, mā ērā tāngata e hiahia ana ki te whakarite, ki te titiro hoki ki ngā rerekētanga o tēnei rangahau, i tētahi ā mua nei, ki te āta wānanga rānei i te rangahau mō tētahi atu kaupapa. 11 Me kī, ko te rōpū rangahau nei tētahi rōpū whāiti kaupapa motuhake, he rōpū i whakawhāititia hei hopu i ngā kitenga a ōna tāngata i ngā wāhanga e ngākau-nuitia ana e rātou. Ko ngā tirohanga me te mātauranga i ahu mai i ngā urupare o ngā kairangahau ki ngā whakapāohotanga, ka noho hei mōhiotanga mō tētahi kāhui mahi wetewete whānui kē atu mō te whakaaringa o ngā āhuatanga o te iwi Māori e te hunga pāpāho. Kei te mihi ki tā rātou mahi, ki ā rātou wetekanga, me kī, hei tātaritanga whai take tēnei mō ngā pitopito kōrero me ngā whakapaohotanga o te wā, i ara ake ai ngā taukumekume i waenganui i te iwi. Mehemea kāore Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa, te Reo Tātaki o Aotearoa me CanWest TVWorks i whakaae kia noho ko rātou te hunga ka āta tirohia, kia tuku hoki rātou i ngā rīpene ki te rōpū rangahau, kua kore tēnei rangahau e tū. E tika ana kia mihia tō rātou whakaaro nui, i whakawātea rātou i a rātou anō kia arotakea rātou i raro i tētahi tirohanga tūmatanui ki te pai o ngā mahi. Ko te mākohakoha me te ngākau āwhina o tētahi kaipaho ki ngā rangahau pēnei tētahi wāhi nui o te whakapono o te Mana Whanonga Kaipaho ki a rātou, e tika ai te kī, kei te whai rātou i ngā mahi pāpāho tūtika, i ngā mahi pāpāho tika, pono hoki ngā kōrero hei kai mā te iwi. E hiahia ana au ki te mihi ki te heamana o mua o te Mana Whanonga Kaipāho ki a Peter Cartwright, me ana mema, ki a Rodney Bryant rāua ko Judy McGregor, mō rātou i mataara, nā rātou i whakatakoto tikanga, i whakarewa hoki tēnei rangahau whai take. Kei te whakamoemiti hoki au ki ngā mema o tēnei wa ki a Tapu Misa, ki a Diane Musgrave, ki a Paul France, ki tō tātou kaihautu ki a Jane Wrightson, ki te kaitohutohu mō te rangahau me te whakawhiti kōrero ki a Kate Ward, mō ā rātou mahi nui, i tika ai i kakama ai hoki te kawe whakamua i te kaupapa rangahau nei. Joanne Morris Heamana, Te Mana Whanonga Kaipāho Tīhema 2005 12 Foreword The Broadcasting Standards Authority commends The Portrayal of Māori and te Ao Māori to its readers.