ISSUE 1 | 1st January 2019 PIVOT Quarterly Magazine of China-Pakistan Study Centre Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad Celebrating Decades of Pakistan-China Friendship

Scan QR To Download Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad China-Pakistan Study Centre Copy of PIVOT ‘’Pakistan is the PIVOT of the world, placed on the frontier on which the future position of the world revolves.’’ Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, January 1948

Patron in Chief Chief Editor’s Note Amb Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry n the wake of shifts and realignments in global Chief Editor political, strategic and Dr. Talat Shabbir economic landscape I– much of what manifests Editor itself in the region around us - Pakistan finds itself Uroosa Khan in a peculiarly important situation. Arising challenges Associate Editor and ensuing opportunities, Eeman Malik therefore, add new dynamic to Pakistan’s foreign Contributing Editors relations. In this context, Pakistan’s bilateral relations with China have assumed Neelum Nigar added significance. Bilateral relations have attained new Mohammad Faisal heights in recent years, with expansion of cooperation Ali Haider in a host of areas, notably, energy, infrastructure and defense fields. With the advent of China-Pakistan Managing Editor Economic Corridor, the foundations of relationship built Dost Mohammad on mutual trust, equality and shared destiny have been further cemented, predicated on mutuality of benefit and Graphics & Layout Design reciprocity. Bushra Mushtaq Khan With a view to elucidate exemplary nature of Pakistan- China’s relationship, its various regional and global Network Administrator dimensions, and to enhance mutual understanding at Syed Mohammad Farhan the peoples level, the China-Pakistan Study Centre at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad has decided to publish this magazine ‘PIVOT’. The aim of the magazine Contact Us is to project the all-weather, time-tested strategic Email: [email protected] partnership, which has been supported by successive Website: www.issi.org.pk Adress: China-Pakistan Study Centre governments in both countries, and which also manifests Institute of Strategic Studies aspirations of the people of both countries. The magazine F-5/2, Islamabad shall cover the entire gamut of the relationship, including Phone: +92-51-9204423-24 politics, economy, culture and areas that could be of significance for Pakistan and China.

Printer In the world of media and scholastics, it is imperative to Farhan’s International Printers seek a deeper understanding of issues impacting politics, 5-A Abbas Centre, Fazal-e-Haq Road Blue Area, Islamabad diplomacy, economy and people to people contacts. The Phone: 051-2150285 - 051-2278837 magazine would aim to fill the knowledge vacuum in a rapidly transforming world. We present to the readers, Disclaimer with a great sense of pride and excitement, the first edition ​The views and opinions expressed herein of the PIVOT. We sincerely hope that the readers would and references if any, are those of the writers find value in its contents. Any suggestions to improve the and contributors, and do not necessarily content would be most welcome. Happy reading! reflect the outlook of Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, China-Pakistan Study Centre or the Editorial Board of PIVOT. Source: www.pc.gov.pk Dr. Talat Shabbir Price: Rs. 250 TABLE OF CON ENTS 8 10 20 How I See the Rise of China 14 Amb Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry 17 News Brief Prime Minister Imran Khan in China 18 Bao Jing Jing China’s Vision of Interview: President Belt and Road Initiative: Chinese Dumplings Recipe Pakistan Azad Jammu & Kashmir, China’s Inclusive Arhama Siddiqa H.E. Yao Jing Sardar Masood Khan Growth Model 23 PIVOT Team Ume Farwa & Arhama Siddiqa Evolving Pakistan-China Relationship: An Assessment 24 Dr. Muhammad Khan Book Review 30 29 Ali Haider Saleem 26 40 CPEC: A Dream Come True 32 Najam Rafique This Issue Significance of Reading Books 35 Abid Hussain China and Global Order 36 Tooba Khurshid Gardezi Sports and Culture in Pakistan-China Relations Pakistan-China Long Term Effects of China’s Progress in 38 Hassam Ahmed Siddiqi Optical Fibre Cable CPEC: Nazish Weds Technology: Project : Opportunities Zakir Opportunity for Photo Gallery and Challenges Interview: Sam Dada Collaboration 42 Dr. Abdul Rauf Eeman Malik Shahi Tukray Recipe 46 Arhama Siddiqa Note from the Message by Foreign Minister of Pakistan H.E. Director General

Makhdoom Shah Mahmood Qureshi elationship with China has been an integral component of Pakistan’s we take great pride in time-tested foreign policy ever since the two all-weather strategic cooperative established diplomatic relations in partnership with China. The recent R1951. Bilateral political relations have remained visit of Prime Minister Imran Khan ever strong, and are now yielding in-depth and the talks he held with Chinese practical cooperation in multiple domains. The leaders has enthused a new spirit two countries share mutual understandings, of tangible cooperation between the and have always supported each other’s core two countries. interests. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has opened up this relationship to yet new vistas. From politics and diplomacy to economy and defence, the two China and Pakistan’s growing multi-faceted countries are finding newer, cooperation calls for continuous dialogue, impactful and progressive ways evidence-based research, and advocacy of to ensuring prosperity of their the significance of this vital relationship. The people, meeting the present and Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad takes future challenges, and grasping the great pride in making its own contribution to the mutually beneficial opportunities for strengthening of bilateral ties between Pakistan economic development. The CPEC and China. A re-vitalized China-Pakistan Study under President Xi’s signature Belt Centre at Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad and Road Initiative reflects the has embarked on a comprehensive program of he world is undergoing collective desire of both countries activities to reflect our strong commitment to an extraordinary politico- to usher the region into an era of facilitate diplomatic and academic exchanges economic transformation. shared prosperity. between the two countries. Multiple centres of power I am delighted at the launch of Tand new alignments are emerging. The dynamic nature of this relationship warrants a new magazine ‘PIVOT’ by the South Asia too is witnessing a publication that showcases the progress made China-Pakistan Study Centre of continuing instability. In this climate in multiple areas from politics and diplomacy the Institute of Strategic Studies of global and regional flux, the to business and people-to-people exchanges. Islamabad. This and other steady and close relationship To this end, I am delighted that China-Pakistan such works would help build between Pakistan and China is a Study Centre has launched a dedicated quarterly comprehensive understanding of positive factor for political stability magazine ‘PIVOT’, for shining light on the this important bilateral relationship of the region and its economic positive facets of Pakistan-China relationship. and its potential to serve the people integration. Showcasing this relationship in correct of China, Pakistan, and the region. perspective and countering disinformation The sterling success that China has I am confident that this magazine is imperative in today’s complex strategic achieved in economic development would be a valuable resource environment. I commend the efforts made by serves as an inspiration for for learning about the richness China-Pakistan Study Centre team under the developing states. Under the and promise of China-Pakistan leadership of the Centre’s Director, Dr. Talat leadership of President Xi Jinping, relations, which is based on the Shabbir, for publishing an impressive inaugural China is pursuing a vision of unshakeable foundation of mutual edition of the magazine and serving the cause of shared prosperity. In Pakistan, trust. this valued relationship for China and Pakistan. View Point View Point

The world has come to a crossroad. has worked for “Naya Pakistan”. strengthen coordination and The international situation is China believes a stable and communication on multilateral undergoing drastic changes. strong Pakistan is in the interest platforms such as the UN and SCO, Globalization is marching ahead of China. China would like to align work for a new form of international with more and more reservation the development strategies of both relations featuring mutual respect, from certain countries. countries and support the national fairness, justice, and win-win development of Pakistan. It would cooperation, and an open and CPEC will be like to have more cooperation in inclusive global trading system. expanded policy coordination, experience We should also carry out in-depth to industrial sharing on governance, poverty coordination on issues such as alleviation and so on, and work Afghanistan, promoting regional cooperation and together to achieve the great connectivity, combating terrorism, attention will be dreams of the two countries. and jointly work for a favorable given to agriculture, neighboring environment. China and Pakistan should take education and the lead in building a community China-Pakistan other sectors for the advancement of the Belt relationship will closely related to and Road Initiative (BRI). As keep a good people’s livelihood, an important pioneering project of the BRI, the China-Pakistan momentum of bringing more Economic Corridor has pressed growth, and make China’s Vision tangible benefits ahead with remarkable results. a new exemplary to the two peoples Up to date, 22 projects are under contribution in the and promote the construction or completed with a total investment of over US$19 practice of building of development of Pakistan billion under the framework of a community with By H.E. Yao Jing CPEC in a more CPEC, creating 70,000 direct job a shared future for sustainable way opportunities for local people. In n behalf of the withstood the test of time, the lens of evolving international situation the next step, the CPEC will be mankind Embassy of People’s changes in international and and the overall foreign diplomacy of The majority of international expanded to industrial cooperation In a nutshell, the vision of China Republic of China domestic situation and grown China. community is eager for win-win and attention will be given to on Pakistan is the vision of our in Pakistan, I from strength to strength. The cooperation while the mindset of agriculture, education and other Owould like to express my warm two countries have understood China would like to common development and interest. cold war is resurging. China has sectors closely related to people’s Earlier in November, Prime congratulations to the launching each other, respected each other, align the development proposed to foster a new type of livelihood, bringing more tangible Minister Imran Khan of Pakistan of the quarterly magazine supported each other, despite strategies of both international relations and build a benefits to the two peoples and successfully paid his first official ‘PIVOT’ by China-Pakistan of the differences in our culture, community with a shared future countries and promote the development of CPEC visit to China. The two leaders Study Centre of the Institute of political and social system, etc. It for mankind, as the two main support the national in a more sustainable way. have good discussions about our Strategic Studies. I believe that is our pride to see that our bilateral goals of China’s diplomacy in the development of bilateral relations. It was agreed to this is a new effort by ISSI in relations have been the example future, because China believes the China and Pakistan should take further strengthen China-Pakistan promoting mutual understanding of the state-to-state relations for Pakistan. It would future of mankind lies in peace, the lead in building a community of all-weather strategic partnership and strengthening its intellectual decades. In April 2015, President like to have more development and cooperation. closer cooperation for fulfilling its to forge a closer community of support to our bilateral relations. Xi Jinping paid a historic state visit cooperation in In this context, China-Pakistan global and regional responsibilities. shared future. I am firmly convinced to Pakistan and promoted bilateral relations can contribute a lot to the China welcomes Pakistan’s For common Chinese people, policy coordination, that under our joint efforts, China- relations to an all-weather strategic practice of these goals. participation in the Shanghai Pakistan is a dear brother that experience sharing on Pakistan relationship will keep a partnership, which opened a Cooperation Organization (SCO) is so close to their hearts. Our governance, poverty China and Pakistan should take good momentum of growth, and brand-new chapter in China- as a full member. In order to friendship is dated back to the lead in building a community make a new exemplary contribution Pakistan relations. alleviation and so on, better safeguard the interests as early as 2,000 years ago, for common growth. The Chinese in the practice of building a and work together of sovereignty, security and when we were connected by Now, to better understand China’s people are working hard to realize community with a shared future for to achieve the great development of China and the ancient Silk Road. Since vision on Pakistan, it is needed the “Chinese dream” of the great mankind dreams of the two Pakistan, the two countries the establishment of diplomatic not only to look at it through the . rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. shall continue to uphold the five relations, our relations have historical lens but also through the countries Similarly, the Pakistani government principles of peaceful existence, The writer is Ambassador of People’s Republic of China to Pakistan

8 9 Perspective Perspective

skyscraper in 19 days. In a matter movement of trains in the Shanghai President Xi has not only continued of 15 years, China had built the station under his watch, he was to steer China on the path of HOW I SEE THE equivalent of Europe’s entire anything but ordinary. I continued modernization, but perhaps his housing stock. to wonder throughout the briefing deepest contribution to Chinese he gave to us as to what filled these growth is in the foreign policy realm. What made such a dramatic people with such a deep sense of China is now pursuing a proactive OF change possible in the life of a responsibility and missionary zeal diplomacy to create what it calls nation? Was it the leadership and to accomplish the tasks assigned to an open-door world economy and governance? Was it a culture them. a global partnership network. It is of resilience in its people? Or seeking a new concept of Asian perhaps a result of a Confucian China’s march to modernization security and is moving from being emphasis on hard work and is at the heart of new China. The a developing country to being a dedication? Perhaps all of these. I Chinese learnt well from the secret regional power and a global power. remained curious to find out. of the economic rise of the West RISE and Japan, and seized the moment Now that China has become a major In 2013, I got the first opportunity and shifted gears to what made it power and is asserting its role as a to visit China, when as the largest manufacturing industry leader of globalization, what does the Spokesman of the Foreign in human history. This approach future hold for it? How is the world CHINA Ministry, I was invited to Beijing for created jobs, generated wealth, adjusting to the steep rise of China talks with my Chinese counterpart. and empowered ordinary Chinese on the world stage? These and many It took us only five hours by a By Amb Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry people. Hundreds of millions of the other questions are being asked and direct PIA flight from Islamabad Chinese people have now been lifted answered in thousands of academic to Beijing. Compare to the 36 out of poverty. programs in world universities to hours it took Sultan Muhammad better understand China of today and Khan when he travelled to Beijing tomorrow. for his diplomatic assignment in 1953. On arrival to Beijing, I went China’s march to The United States has recently straight for the bilateral talks, and Modernization is adopted a National Security y first brush with the both on walls and roof tiles, and of China. This was a book by immediately found the Chinese at the heart of Strategy, which regards China and world of China came the Chinese went about dressed Graham Allison titled “Destined diplomats exhibiting a high Russia as its competitors. Even through the reading of in blue cotton padded jackets and for War”, in which he talks about quality of intellect and discipline new china. China the word rival is sometimes used a fascinating account trousers. In fact, the entire city the capitalist pivot, which propelled that was expected of a rising learnt well from for China. It is now clear that major Mof China of the fifties and sixties of Beijing was connected only by China’s GDP from $300 billion in power. I was shown the newly power competition is intensifying. the secret of the by a senior Pakistani diplomat, “hutungs” – narrow unpaved streets. 1980 to a whopping $11 trillion in opened Spokesperson room, with economic rise Will this lead to a new balance of Sultan Muhammad Khan. In The city streets mostly consisted 2015, making it the world’s second modern fittings and language power to ensure stability of Asia November 1953, when Mr. Khan of bamboo houses and Soviet style largest economy. Citing World Bank interpretation, which would match of the West and and the world? Or will this end up first travelled to China to join the apartment blocks, with parking lots and other sources, Allison writes any first-rate facility of such kind. Japan, and seized in another Cold War that would Embassy of Pakistan in Beijing, and alleys peppered with bicycles. that in 1980, China’s trade with the We stayed in a fairly modern the moment and increase the risks of conflict? The it took him 36 hours; a journey Even on the diplomatic front, there international community amounted hotel, with restaurants offering a shifted gears book Destined for War invokes that required flying to Hong Kong were about a dozen embassies to less than $40 billion and only large variety of Chinese cuisine. Thucydides trap to postulate that the and then taking a train to Beijing. from Communist countries that 35 years later in 2015, it had risen We also travelled to Shanghai to what made rise of China could instill concerns Halfway, he had to disembark lived a quarantined life of their own. to $4 trillion. Perhaps a look at by bullet train, crisscrossing the it the largest in the prevailing power - the United at Wuhan, take a ferry across Diplomats were officially allowed the statistics in construction and Chinese countryside at speeds of manufacturing States - and both could end up at the Yangtse river and board freedom of movement only within the development best demonstrate this 300 kilometers per hour. I noted industry in human war, just like the Greek city states another train. During his voyage municipal limits of Beijing. This was unprecedented transformation: By that of the four small water bottles of Athens and Sparta did nearly two through the Chinese countryside, the China of 1953, only five years 2005, China was building the square placed on the deck before me history and a half millennia ago. It is also felt he observed that the land was after Mao Zedong had successfully foot equivalent of today’s Rome and my wife, only one of them that if the major power competition cultivated by hardworking led the Chinese Communist Party’s every two weeks. Between 2011 moved an inch during this nearly is not handled prudently, the Chinese peasants, with a struggle. and 2013, China both produced and a 1000-kilometer journey. At the The direction is clear. China wants consequences could be disastrous. glaring absence of any signs of used more cement than the United railway station, we were greeted to be a modern society and for The saner voices are already mechanization. Everything was Decades later in 2017, when the States did in the entire twentieth by the station master, who from this to happen, it has made the advising that the advent of China being done manually. There was China of yesteryears had completely century. In 2011, a Chinese firm his get-up and mannerism, necessary changes. Ideology was requires a new balance, especially in a striking uniformity in other areas transformed and I was serving as built a 30-storey skyscraper in just appeared to be unextraordinary, de-emphasized. Economy became Asia. Dr. Henry Kissinger, speaking of society also. Grey was the the Ambassador of Pakistan to the 15 days. Three years later, another but once he began explaining to the top priority. And it embraced before the US Senate Armed predominant colour of houses, United States, I came across and construction firm built a 57-storey me the enormous scale of the globalization whole heartedly. Services Committee in January read an entirely different account

10 11 Perspective News Brief

2018, advised that the concept of principles of respect for each supported it in its core causes. major power relations must include other’s sovereignty, territorial The two are now engaged in China Observes 69th National Day both a military and diplomacy integrity, non-intervention, and a major connectivity project, element. I would go a step further. non-interference in the internal called China Pakistan Economic China observed 69th National Day on Monday 1 October, We need more diplomacy today affairs of other states. The focus is Corridor that would bring the 2018. The National day holiday gave an immense boost to than ever. Limited diplomacy or on development as the shared high peoples of the two countries tourism in China and about 122 million tourists travelled constrained engagement could priority and equal partnership. In closer for common good. I have around the country on the first day of the National result in making the world a far practical terms, it is important that seen this camaraderie throughout Holiday. more dangerous place than what China adheres to these principles my career in the foreign service we have ever seen in history. and maintains this approach. of Pakistan. I remember that President Trump has spoken when I was serving as the Third of building US’s ‘unmatched With the United States increasingly Secretary in our embassy in power’ as a means of defense pivoting its policies towards Qatar in the early eighties, the Asia, and to what it now likes Prime Minister Imran Khan meets President and deterrence. There is a risk in Chinese diplomats felt most Xi Jinping this approach. If the major power to call Indo-Pacific region, the comfortable in Pakistani homes. competition culminates in any growing US-India partnership Ever since, wherever I have PM Imran Khan met with President Xi Jinping on his first conflict, that could be disastrous is largely being perceived as served, it has always been a visit to China since assuming office. The Prime Minister for not only the parties concerned China containment policy. After pleasure to interact closely with arrived in Beijing on a four-day official visit at the invitation but the entire world given the the announcement of the present my Chinese counterparts. of the Chinese leadership. technological developments in US Administration’s security and defense strategies, there is a armament and weaponry. Pakistan growing discussion on how the believes that China is now US and China would balance power in Asia. It would be in the the rise of China pursuing a and its close larger interest of the US and China observes 2018 National Mass proactive China, and indeed the world, that partnership with Innovation and Entrepreneurship Week diplomacy to the leadership of both countries Pakistan poses create what exhibit prudence and wisdom. The no threat to 2018 National Mass Innovation and Entrepreneurship Week it calls an world cannot afford major power anyone. In fact, was observed. In the opening ceremony, Premier Li Keqiang open-door conflict, which would not only it is a source of called on the audience for commitment to entrepreneurship obstruct China’s path to progress and innovation. world economy and prosperity but also severely strength for the and a global undermine the world peace. entire region partnership network. It is China must also continue on the Pakistan believes that the rise of path of inclusive development, China and its close partnership seeking a new Foreign Minister represents Pakistan at SCO which is good for the people with Pakistan poses no threat concept of Asian of China and for the people of to anyone. In fact, it is a source Heads of government Council Meeting security and is the world. The Belt and Road of strength for the entire region. Foreign Minister, Shah Mehmood Qureshi represented Pakistan moving from Initiative is clearly an attempt to After all, the connectivity would at the 17th Heads of Government Council Meeting in Dushanbe, being a developing connect the Eurasian landmass benefit all stakeholders. It is Tajikistan on 11-12 October, 2018. In his keynote address, the for mutually beneficial trade and heartening to see that the people Foreign Minister appreciated the forward-looking outcomes of country to being of China and Pakistan continue a regional power investment opportunities. The Qingdao Summit for moving the SCO in meeting the challenges Asian Infrastructure Investment to accord special place to each that confront the region. and a global Bank and several other institutions other. From the time when Sultan power are appropriate initiatives to make Muhammad Khan noted in his book the affectionate bonding It is heartening to see that globalization work for everyone. between the Chinese and Chinese approach towards 8th meeting of Joint Cooperation Committee For Pakistan, China has always Pakistani leadership of the fifties global governance tends to seek held in Beijing been a steady friend. A friend that and sixties, to the recent times, understanding and harmony over has consistently shown respect the friendship and understanding Pakistan and China finalized a memorandum of confrontation. What I understand for our sovereignty and territorial continues to be evergreen understanding on industrial cooperation and established a from the policy pronouncements integrity. Pakistan too has treated . cooperative framework for socio-economic development. The of the Chinese leaders and their China as its true friend and meeting was co-chaired by the Federal Minister for Planning, diplomatic practice is that China Development and Reforms and Vice Chairman of National would like to follow an approach The writer, former Foreign Secretary Development and Reforms Commisions of China. centered around UN Charter and Pakistan’s Ambassador to the US, is Director General of Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad 12 13 Interview Interview

China is a great country which PIVOT: How do you see community of common destiny. healthy blend that serves the best future of Pakistan-China This kind of interface would also interests of its people. This counsel relations given your long directly contribute to Pakistan’s is as relevant today as it was at that will rise further and make its diplomatic experience in economic prowess and prosperity. time. No doubt China, already the China? second largest global economy, mark in world history PIVOT: How can Pakistan is emerging as a strategic power. Sardar Masood Khan: The future capitalize its relation with China Pakistan’s close ties with China President Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Sardar Masood Khan of Pakistan-China relations is as China positions itself to be a give Islamabad a special privilege very bright. There are many major power in the world? and leverage. This opens up many reasons for that. First, the opportunities for Pakistan in the areas PIVOT: Your first posting as a By PIVOT Team Sardar Masood Khan: I remember foundation of Pakistan-China of economic development, commerce, career diplomat was to Beijing, a conversation years ago with a relations is very strong. Today education, science and technology. how was your experience? senior Chinese Communist Party at the grassroots level, Pakistan leader at its International Liaison Sardar Masood Khan: It was a and China are perceived and One such big avenue is the China- Department. He said that to attain thrilling experience. I was able to called “iron brothers”. But in Pakistan Economic Corridor. But to progress, Pakistan can learn from see a foreign country for the first addition to the warm sentiment get more benefits from our proximity the Chinese experience but it need time. Beijing, even at that time at the popular level, Pakistan- and affinity with China, Pakistan must not imitate Chinese model which is (in 1982), was majestic, as its China relations have developed try to fully understand the dynamics based on the principle of ‘socialism urban landscape was dominated strong strategic, economic and trajectories of China’s economic with Chinese characteristics’. by traditional buildings dating and cultural roots. The China- development and it geo-strategic role back to the monarchical period Pakistan Economic Corridor in the global order. Pakistan is ideally Pakistan can develop placed, but it has to attain social or modern apartment buildings (CPEC) has given a fresh impetus its own indigenous influenced by the modern to Pakistan-China cooperation and political stability to fully tap the Communist architecture. and made it a force multiplier for model, emulate good potential of its relations with China. regional connectivity. Second, practices abroad and Do you think the bilateral Being a permanent Pakistan and China are both PIVOT: develop a healthy relations will strengthen under the working for peace, security and member of the leadership of Prime Minister Imran stability in the region and beyond. blend that serves the UN Security Khan? And for that purpose they are best interests of its Council, China fighting terrorism and violent people Sardar Masood Khan: Pakistan- has consistently extremism and using regional China relations are all weather Pakistan can develop its own highlighted forums, such as the Shanghai and time tested. Since the early indigenous model, emulate good Pakistan’s Cooperation Organization, to 1960s, Pakistan-China relations foster harmony and shape a practices abroad and develop a outstanding in interpretation. Professionally, independence. Being a permanent contribution to my posting in Beijing gave me rich member of the UN Security Council, counter terrorism diplomatic experience. I learned it has consistently highlighted the ropes of the diplomatic craft Pakistan’s outstanding contribution and promote at the Embassy by working with to counter terrorism and promote regional security, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign regional security, as well as upheld as well as upheld Affairs, other ministries of the Pakistan’s legitimate positions on Pakistan’s legitimate Chinese government, the Chinese counter-terrorism. It is a two way Communist Party, and the media. It street. Pakistan too has also strongly positions on counter- also gave me early exposure to the supported China in the United Nations terrorism diplomatic community in Beijing, and other international forums on which was closely knit at that time. a range of issues that are vital for The city was simple, neat and China’s national interest. These clean. Before the posting in the PIVOT: H o w i m p o r t a n t h a s include South China Sea, Taiwan, Embassy, I learnt Chinese at the been China’s support to Tibet, Xinjiang, and human rights - all Beijing Language Institute (BLI), Pakistan at the United Nations? related to China’s sovereignty, directly in Wu Dao Kao, which has now or indirectly. On the reform of the become the Beijing Language Sardar Masood Khan: China’s UN Security Council, both countries and Culture University. After support to Pakistan has always support each other’s principled completing my studies at the been important. China has positions to make this body more BLI, I graduated with a diploma always supported Pakistan’s representative and forward looking. sovereignty, territorial integrity and

14 15 Interview Interview

have moved from strength to Other continents are also taking sustainability and diversification of PIVOT: How do you think stay the course. Second, strength. With every passing keen interest in the BRI. The BRI the projects started. Gwadar port can play a key- enhance transparency without decade, Pakistan-China ties is thus fast becoming a global role in enhancing regional compromising the core goals of the What challenges do you have moved to new heights. In wave, a new normal, a global PIVOT: integration? CPEC. Third, at the official level, the fresh cycle also, the relations common and soon it may have a think Pakistan is likely to face in communicate more effectively to will grow stronger and deeper universal footprint. But for that it realizing CPEC dream? Sardar Masood Khan: The first the national and global audiences in all dimensions. The recent is necessary to take detractors purpose of the Gwadar Port is to about the benign objectives of the Sardar Masood Khan: Pakistan meetings of the Prime Minister on board who have misgivings, stimulate Pakistan’s economic CPEC. has to continue to maintain national of Pakistan with President Xi mostly misplaced, about this development. We must not consensus on the CPEC, ensure Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang transcontinental initiative. forget that. Once the port is fully Fourth, keep the project’s security for the projects being have given a new roadmap for operational, it will serve and orientation geo-economic instead completed within the framework of the long-term cooperation, which PIVOT: How significant is service multiple neighbourhoods of geo-strategic. Fifth, involve CPEC and brush off criticism aimed will make the bilateral ties of the CPEC for Pakistan? and thus synergize regional the traditional media and social at undermining this initiative. In the two countries stronger and more economic and commercial media portals for enhancing Masood Khan: : The CPEC initial phase, the control of the CPEC comprehensive. activity. Our region is expecting understanding of the CPEC. Sixth, is a game changer and a projects should remain with Pakistan an unprecedented economic encourage the universities and catalyst for transforming and China. boom and it will need not only think tanks to take the lead in Pakistan’s economy. It gives Gwadar but many new ports creating greater awareness and Pakistan a regional platform The BRI is a new model along Pakistan’s coastline. In understanding about the CPEC. trickle down more substantively for economic networking and for transnational that context, Gwadar will act as a Seventh, prepare your schools, at the level of the people. For linkages amongst countries of connectivity. It fulcrum. colleges and universities, including that it is necessary to invest in East Asia, South Asia, Central business schools, to produce cultural diplomacy. Pakistan-China Asia, West Asia, and South- advocates cooperation PIVOT: How far CPEC graduates and professionals for relationship is already under fire. West Asia. For the first time instead of mutually projects have potential to serving in the market that would be While we inform others about it provides an opportunity for destructive promote economic prosperity shaped by CPEC. the essence of their relationship, optimally leveraging Pakistan’s competition in Azad Jammu & Kashmir? without being defensive or strategic location and economic People-to-people offensive, it is prudent not to geography. That said, Pakistani Once the basic infrastructure is built, Sardar Masood Khan: Azad contacts have confront other nations or alienate planners ought not to use doors could be opened for third Kashmir has already been always been part allies or those who have been the CPEC as a substitute for country participation, especially integrated into the China- allies in the past. As Pakistan Pakistan’s overall economic in the industrial zones (or special Pakistan Economic Corridor. of Pakistan-China grows stronger, it will have to agenda which is much, much economic zones). Four projects - comprising two relations, but now transact with all these nations. bigger and which should hydropower projects at Karot they have been There is no need to adopt a continue to incorporate human PIVOT: How people-to-people (720 MW) and Kohala (1124 embedded in the reclusive or exclusivist agenda. development in all undertakings. contact can be expanded to MW), a special economic zone CPEC’s extended deepen the relationship between at Mirpur and an expressway In this regard, Pakistan could Do you think Pakistan and China? plans up to 2030 PIVOT: connecting Mansehra with Mirpur take a leaf out of China’s PIVOT: How do you see Belt CPEC has potential to bring - have been approved. Eighth, reorientate your industry diplomacy which, while having and Road Initiative (BRI) as economic prosperity as we Sardar Masood Khan: People- and trading enterprises to the deep differences with the a new development model expect from it? to-people contacts are very The first two projects are being new, emerging market trends Western countries on a range initiated by China? Do you important to promote Pakistan- completed and the last two are being brought forth by the of issues, maintains channels of think it has potential to turn Sardar Masood Khan: The CPEC China friendship. Exchanges of in the planning stage. These implementation of CPEC projects. communication and structured into a global model? will usher in a period of prosperity parliamentarians, politicians, civil and other projects, which will dialogue open and in fact has in Pakistan. No doubt about society activists, scholars, scientists, be added in the future, will play Sardar Masood Khan: The BRI PIVOT: What do you think are created mutual dependencies that. The CPEC will upgrade media-persons, artistes, and literary a decisive role in pushing Azad is a new model for transnational opportunities and challenges that ultimately lead to win-win Pakistan’s infrastructure. This figures enhance understanding Kashmir towards faster economic connectivity. It advocates with regards to Pakistan-China cooperation. in turn will accelerate Pakistan’s between the two nations. People-to- development and higher levels of cooperation instead of mutually relations? economic growth. But the onus people contacts have always been prosperity. destructive competition. It has PIVOT: What should be is on Pakistan to realize the full part of Pakistan-China relations, but Sardar Masood Khan: There already become a success Pakistan’s vision of China? potential of the CPEC. That task now they have been embedded in PIVOT: What do you think are more opportunities than story as it invests massively starts with the completion of the CPEC’s extended plans up to which areas needs to be challenges. The first task is to Sardar Masood Khan: China is a in infrastructure development, the early harvest projects of the 2030. Such exchanges will make the improved and what concerns continue to consolidate and great country which will rise further energy projects, industry, CPEC on time, with precision and relationship organic and wholesome; should be addressed expand the ideal ties that exist and make its mark in world history. telecommunications, IT and high quality guaranteed. In order and not keep the bilateral ties only at particularly in CPEC? between the two countries. At the For Pakistan, it is a trusted friend, agriculture, among others, in to gain full dividends of CPEC, the transactional level. same time, the bonhomie at the a supportive neighbour and a more than 70 countries of Asia, Sardar Masood Khan: Pakistan will also have to ensure official level should be made to strategic partner Africa and Europe. First, despite objections, . 16 17 Report Report Prime Minister Imran Khan in China By Bao Jing Jing

akistani Prime Minister Imran Khan had poverty alleviation and anti-corruption. Prime Minister a four days official visit to China from Imran Khan reiterated, that Pakistan-China friendship November 2, 2018 at the invitation of is deeply rooted in the mind of Pakistani people and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang. Imran Khan Pakistan is devoted to furthering the relations with Pmet with the President of China Xi Jinping and also China and the construction of CPEC, so as to benefit held talk with the Premier Li Keqiang. Xi welcomed the economic and social development of Pakistan. PM Imran Khan for paying an official visit to China and attending the first China International Import Pakistan admires Expo (CIIE) and said that China-Pakistan all-weather strategic partnership has always been continuing China‘s development regardless of the changes in international situation or domestic affairs of the two coutries. President Xi achievements and reiterated that ‘China-Pakistan cooperation not only hopes to learn from benefits both peoples but also contributes to regional and world peace, stability and development’. China‘s experience in

President Xi appreciated Prime Minister Imran Khan development, poverty for stressing that he would view the relations with alleviation and anti- China as a political cornerstone in Pakistan’s foreign policy and would steadfastly promote the China- corruption Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). He also stressed that China always views relations with Pakistan as Prime Minister Imran Khan a priority of diplomacy and supports Pakistan in During the four days visit Imran Khan attended the safeguarding national independence, sovereignty first CIIE in Shanghai. The CIIE is the first import expo and territorial integrity. He also expressed support held at the national level in China. This is indeed an for Pakistan’s new government in implementing its innovation in the history of global trade. The CIIE is policies and promoting national development and hosted by China with the support of the WTO and expressed a hope to work with Pakistan to strengthen other international organizations, as well as a large the all-weather strategic cooperative partnership number of participating countries. A total of 172 and build a closer community with a shared future countries, regions and International Organizations between the two countries. from five continents showcased their development Proposing closer pragmatic cooperation and achievements at the CIIE. More than 3,600 companies promotion in trade and investment, Xi called from different countries held discussions and sought for consolidating the early results of CPEC and common development with over 400,000 purchasers expanding CPEC to areas such as industrial parks from China and overseas. Pakistan was one of the and people’s livelihood. He also said the two sides 12 ‘Guest of Honor’ countries at this import expo. should boost people-to-people exchanges, strengthen The event was attended by Imran Khan along with 75 anti-terrorism cooperation and increase coordination other entrepreneurs. Prime Minister Khan addressed and communication on multilateral platforms such as the opening ceremony as the keynote speaker. Apart the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation from this, Embassy of Pakistan in Beijing coordinated Organization. and organized the Pakistan Trade and Investment Conference 2018 which attracted hundreds of Chinese Prime Minister Imran Khan said that Pakistan admired enterprises from different sectors. During the CIIE, 15 The writer has worked in the commercial China’s development achievements and hoped section of Embassy of Pakistan in Beijing. MOUs (Memorandum of Understanding) were signed Currently she is working for a Chinese to learn from China’s experience in development, between China and Pakistan. company in Islamabad, Pakistan

18 19 Opinion Opinion

International Monetary Fund and the Silk Road the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Fund are also financing the BRI initiative. Maritime Silk Road’. The publication bears far- reaching implications on the conceptual framework BRI has six corridors: New Eurasian Land Bridge; and a platform for the South. It is an affirmation of China-Mongolia-Russia; Bangladesh-China-India- staying away from any act similar to the traditional Myanmar Corridor; China-Pakistan Economic intrusiveness of the North. Corridor (CPEC); China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor; and China-Central Asia BRI encourages developing countries to follow West-Asia Economic Corridor. It stretches over their own models of development vis-à-vis three continents – Asia, Africa and Europe – and is pattern of economic engagement that reduces now extending to Latin American and Caribbean dependence of developing countries altogether. Countries. BRI’s flagship project, CPEC is It also advocates the use of dialogue to shelve developing fast and has become a case study to differences and further cooperation instead of assess the prospects of BRI as a project of SSC. aggressive measures.

Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Inclusive Growth Model By Ume Farwa & Arhama Siddiqa As per the document, BRI will be implemented hina has emerged as a catalyst of brought SSC on the world stage again but it has UN backed this trans-national according to the principles and purposes of the UN South-South Cooperation (SSC) due to also brightened the possibilities and potentialities corridor project in the UNSC Charter. The document accepts the decisive role of its positive economic engagement with of the rise of the South. These developments have Resolution 2344 which the market in resource allocation and the primary Asia and Africa. SSC as a concept was sparked a debate whether developing countries calls on all the countries ‘to role of enterprises while letting the governments Cfirst coined by Argentine economist Raul Prebisch, would be able to attain self-reliance or suffer perform their due functions. It states that BRI will in his report to the first United Nations Conference another setback. President Xi Jinping’s Belt and strengthen the process of follow the market operation and pledges to abide on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). He argued Road Intiative (BRI) provided a platform for the regional economic cooperation by rules of the market and the international norms, in support of increased South-South trade, developing countries to shared progress and through regional development which imply no drastic implications for the post- including through preferential regional and intra- development. initiatives such as the Silk World War II world order. regional trading arrangements among groupings Road Economic Belt and the BRI has the support of international, regional of developing countries as part of a new trade When it comes to infrastructure and development, and sub-regional institutions which removes the 21st Century Maritime Silk policy for development. Later, the United Nations Asia appears to be an under-developed region. long standing barrier of financing the projects of Road initiative’ established the Unit for South–South Cooperation According to the Asia Development Bank report, advancing SSC. For instance, the UN backed to promote South–South trade and collaboration Such an ambitious project needs a well thought- Asia has US$8 trillion funding gap in infrastructure this trans-national corridor project in the UNSC within its agencies thereby consolidating the term out policy roadmap to connect with other development. Another report maintains that the Resolution 2344 which calls on all the countries SSC. It is now commonly used by policymakers developing countries. Therefore, China’s National region is in dire need of US$1.4 trillion investment ‘to strengthen the process of regional economic and academics to describe the exchange of Development and Reforms Commission and in infrastructure per annum, between 2017 and cooperation through regional development resources, technology, and knowledge between Ministry of Foreign Affairs engineered the blueprint 2030, in order to maintain its growth momentum. initiatives such as the Silk Road Economic Belt developing countries, also known as countries of of BRI, ‘Visions and Actions on Jointly Building China, in such critical time, decided to use its the Global South. The resurgence has not only and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative’.

20 21 Opinion Cuisine

signature economic success and infrastructure and institutional support at multiple, regional China but also to the rest of the world. They have also construction, not only to help other Asian and sub-regional level. Chinese Dumplings adopted a celebratory significance in contemporary countries but to deal excess capacity problems Chinese society. These dumplings are a New Year’s As a policy initiative, BRI has the potential to and to speed up development in its western By Arhama Siddiqa tradition and it is believed that you cannot welcome the rekindle national commitments of developing provinces also. new year without this traditional item. countries and spark increased economic umplings are among some of the tastiest and heartiest of foods. From Italian ravioli, to Polish The factors which impeded integration. Although the cooperation among Ideally they are shaped like half moons, but can be piroshki, to the Sub-continental parathas, the the progress of SSC can be developing countries has been a recurring made in any shape. The small, precise shape of humble dumpling too is loved by eaters around theme in the global discourse but it neither Chinese dumpling is intended to imitate the look of gold broadly classified into two Dthe world. Truly a universal food, one would be hard resulted in self-reliance of the South nor it or silver ingots (good-luck coins). These pouches often categories, the one which pressed to find a cultural cuisine that does not include could yield the political and economic liberation contain meat, seafood, and veggies, but again there is dumplings in some form, be it stuffed or boiled. In Russia stemmed from the lack of of the South. The major obstacles in its way no one-way to make these dumplings. They can be both they are called Pelmeni and in Turkey they are known as interest of and shortcomings have been the North’s overarching control sweet and savory in nature. of the South, and the other over the international system and the South’s Manti. Meanwhile the Italians boast of a sweet version which resulted from not incapacities to address its own shortcomings. known as Canederli. Sometimes it is said that the fillings signify what a The renewed economic cooperation among person hopes to gain from eating them, such as: Beef/ serving the rich countries of Dumplings have a history of more than 1,800 years. developing countries seems to be undoing chicken dumplings are thought to encourage economic the North Originally, they were used for cure by Zhang Zhongjing, the strictures imposed on them before, be it growth and fish dumplings could mean a surplus of one of the most famous practitioners of traditional by default or by design. In this milieu, China’s wealth for the diner. The recipe below uses chicken as The factors which impeded the progress of SSC medicine in Ancient China. a filling. They can easily be made at home and are an can be broadly classified into two categories, ascendency as an economic power to and its ideal appetizer for any occasion be it a simple family get the one which stemmed from the lack of interest massive investment in Asia and Africa has Initially, dumplings were only a local snack food in north together or a grandiose celebration such as Eid. of and shortcomings of the South, and the set the stage to analyze Beijing’s policies and China. But gradually, they spread not only in the rest of other which resulted from not serving the rich projects inculcating SSC. countries of the North. Although these two factors are intertwined, it is generally believed Four broad measures that if the South works for addressing its own need to be taken to make shortcomings and challenges, a great deal of substantive advances in progress can be achieved towards advancing BRI i.e. establishment SSC. On the part of the South, the lack of of a conceptual model; effective actions which could yield to tangible cooperation of participating outcomes has been a major stumbling block. countries; commitment to Being an investment-grant-loan model, BRI the progress of developing promises economic equality, suitability to each countries and institutional country’s investment needs and economic cooperation and ample environment, inclusive applicability and, above financing and institutional all, the consensus of all the stakeholders. Indeed, it is opening new vistas of cooperation support at multiple, regional among developing countries. Assistant and sub-regional level Director of the United Nations Office of SSC, In the implementation of CPEC, Beijing adhered Adam Roger, acknowledging China’s efforts in to the five principles of peace and shunned advancing cooperation among the developing the traditional intrusiveness of the North. It countries of the world stated that ‘China had generated hope and avenues for altering the Recipe: been an important partner of South for many economic landscape in Pakistan and brightened Ingredients: years and its BRI initiative was very well the prospects of BRI to a great extent. If the D o u g h W r a p p e r s * : 2 c u p fl o u r , 1 / 4 t s p s a l t , 1 / 2 c u p o i l Take a dough wrapper, add a teaspoon of filling and received at the headquarters in New York. spirit of “win-win cooperation” thrives, BRI would Knead with water as required. Cut into either round pinch it shut in any shape you prefer. Brush the sides China provided support to SSC and the initiative circles or squares. of the dough wrapper with egg beforehand. continue to brighten the prospects of SSC of BRI is but one example’. . Filling: 500 gm Chicken, Salt (as needed), 1 TSP Black In a deep frying pan, add a dash of oil and place Pepper Powder, 2 TBSP Soy Sauce, 1 Green Chili, 50 the dumplings, after 10 minutes (be careful that the Four broad measures need to be taken to make gm Green Onions, 50 gm Green Coriander, Olive Oil bottom of the dumplings don’t burn) add in a bit of substantive advances in BRI i.e. establishment (as needed) water in the pan and place the lid. Keep checking of a conceptual model; cooperation of Ume Farwa is Research Fellow at occasionally until the dumplings are fully steamed. the Institute of Strategic Studies participating countries; commitment to Method: Islamabad *Wonton wrappers are also available in Asian stores the progress of developing countries and First of all, take a bowl, add boiled chicken, salt, black pepper powder, Soy Sauce, BBQ Sauce, Green Chili, but dough at home can easily be made as well institutional cooperation and ample financing . Green Onion, Green Coriander & mix them well. Arhama Siddiqa is Research The writer tweets @arhama_siddiqa Fellow at the Institute of Strategic and maintains a food website Studies Islamabad www.chakhoous.com

22 23 Analysis Analysis

relations may be defined either widespread belief in India holds that can be shipped over land to Gwadar by periods of mutual benefit, or Pakistan-China defence cooperation from the Gulf and beyond directly stretches of cold cooperation is deliberately aimed at preventing to Xinjiang through CPEC. This marked by tension. Particularly in India from asserting itself regionally would not only reduce freight costs recent years, the indifference of and from competing with China at the but would also significantly lessen the relationship has only served to international level by keeping it mired supply time. push Pakistan closer to China and in concerns along its western border. further away from the U.S. due to Some Indian analysts hold that The enduring strength of relations growing Pakistani disillusionment China’s increasing naval presence in between Pakistan and China with the latter. The Pakistani public the Indian Ocean will put at risk the has had the effect of creating an sentiment is a prime example of geographic advantages India has entirely new paradigm according changing tides: while American traditionally held in region. to which concerned states must presence on Pakistani soil is now calibrate their perceptions, seen as an intrusive, the Chinese Development and operationalization responses and policy decisions. Evolving presence is largely welcomed and of Gwadar Port has long been viewed Previously held assumptions about seen as constructive and beneficial as a key location with tremendous the region and the dynamics that for Pakistan. potential to become a major regional defined it have undergone a change commercial and transhipment hub. and now incorporate Pakistan- The strategic The current trade route for Chinese China ties into the regional Pakistan nature of Pakistan- exports is from Shanghai to Dubai, calculus. Indeed, over the years, China relationship, via the Indian Ocean. If this trade the traditional friendship of China can be re-routed to travel from and Pakistan has reached to new which essentially Urumqi to Gwadar via Khunjerab, it heights and the friendship gets Relationship: emanates from the would reduce 5000 miles in distance deeper and stronger. China national interests of and several days in transit time for both countries are Chinese consumer goods being The enduring An Assessment By Dr. Muhammad Khan generally attributed exported to the world market. strength of relations as, ‘community of between Pakistan akistan was the first Corridor (CPEC) has further significance of Pakistan for all Pakistan’s geographical location common destiny’. makes it well fitted to serve as an and China has Islamic country, the cemented the bilateral relationship regional countries. had the effect of second Commonwealth between both the countries. This is not merely a energy passageway to transport oil and the third non- Pakistan is ideally suited to cater for symbolic phrase, and gas from the energy rich states creating an entirely Pcommunist country that By virtue of its geographical the energy needs of the surrounding in Central Asia and the Middle East new paradigm but, truly unites the recognized the newly established location, Pakistan is considered states, particularly the emerging destinies of both to the fast-developing economies of according to which as the pivot of history. Traditionally economic giants, China and India. Asia. Of most direct and pressing People’s Republic of China on nations in terms of concerned states January 4, 1950. Diplomatic this piece of land has been used It lies in close proximity to the relevance to China is the route via as a linkage between Central, hydrocarbon rich Central Asian strategic orientation, Gwadar. Gwadar’s geographical must now calibrate relations were established in 1951, their perceptions, with the first Chinese Ambassador West, South, and East Asia and Republics (CARs) and the oil rich political positioning location is of significant military, to Pakistan arriving in September, ties the surrounding regions into Middle Eastern countries. The CARs and economic economic, as well as strategic value. responses and policy and Pakistan’s first Ambassador a web while acting as the hub. It possess over 403.9 trillion cubic feet ambitions It is 72 km away from Iran, and lies decision to China reaching Peking in provides a natural link between of proven natural gas reserves. The at about 400 km from the Strait of Islamabad and Beijing have The strategic nature of Pakistan- November of the same year. the Shanghai Cooperation Middle East region (excluding North Hormuz, the crucial chokepoint traditionally been in close China relationship, which Pakistan’s firm support for the Organization (SCO) states to African countries) is home to 101.3 point through which the countries of cooperation in the fields of defense essentially emanates from restoration of China’s seat in the connect the Eurasian heartland thousand million tons of proven oil the Gulf region transport 17 million and defense production. The the national interests of both UNSC as a permanent member in with the Arabian Sea and South reserves. Not only does it act as barrels of crude oil to the world every spectrum of defense cooperation countries are generally attributed 1961, the signing of the Boundary Asia and offers the shortest the quickest overland route for the day. covers supply of conventional as, ‘community of common Agreement in 1963, and Pakistan’s overland route to facilitate intra- transfer of hydrocarbon resources to military arms and equipment, Gwadar also facilitates China in destiny’. This is not merely a role as facilitator in bringing about and inter-regional trade and energy China’s Xinjiang province, but also the establishment of defense diversifying the existing routes of oil symbolic phrase, but, truly unites a rapprochement between China exchanges. With the increase provides China the shortest natural factories, joint manufacturing of imports and is part of the steps it is the destinies of both nations in and the U.S. in the early 1970s, is in means of communication and pathway to the warm waters of the fighter aircraft, joint exercises of undertaking to protect existing and terms of strategic orientation, milestone that marked the history diversification of transportation Arabian Sea and to the strategic armed forces, training of personnel, newly emerging energy routes. Most political positioning and economic of bilateral ties. Cooperation routes, it is impossible for the shipping lanes, through which Gulf oil defense and security talks, and of its crucial oil imports that fuel its ambitions between the two countries surrounding countries and is shipped all over the world. burgeoning economy travel from the . counter-terrorism operations. India became multi-faceted, involving interested actors to ignore Pakistan. Gwadar and CPEC have Compared to the Pakistan-China absorbs this cooperation with Middle East, Sudan and Angola, and The writer is professor of politics the political, economic, defense and international relations at relationship, the Pakistan-U.S a measure of apprehension. A across the Indian Ocean. Crude oil arenas. China Pakistan Economic further boosted the geopolitical Islamic International University, Islamabad 24 25 Perspective Perspective

Pakistan-China Optical Fibre Cable Project provide backup communication extension of this OFC from other associated services. All this support in case of OFC failure. Rawalpindi to Gwadar and needs high capacity and reliable On the Pakistani side, the establishment of a new submarine communication link along the CPEC Opportunities and Challenges cable will be connected from cable landing station at Gwadar route, which will be provided by this Rawalpindi to major national and will enhance security of Pakistan’s fibre. Thus Pakistan-China OFC will By Dr. Abdul Rauf international destinations through international connectivity. play a pivotal role in the security PTCL network. Whereas on the of CPEC route, development of Chinese side, the cable will be An alternate route for international ICT infrastructure as well as safety connected to the Chinse OFC connectivity through China will of other CPEC projects along the network from the city Tashkurgan bring resilience and reliability route. Tajik, which is at a distance of to Pakistan’s international 135 km from Pakistan-China connectivity as we have seen The extension border. serious disruptions in the past due to faults in the submarine cables. of this OFC from Although Pakistan is currently The OFC will improve overall Rawalpindi to connected to the rest of the world communication infrastructure, through six submarine cables, Internet penetration and speed, Gwadar and these cables are connected to especially in the far-flung areas of establishment Pakistan through spurs and from Gilgit-Baltistan and Balochistan of a new just one landing site, Karachi. where the current communication Consequently, any fault on this infrastructure is not in good submarine cable site can completely disrupt shape. As the OFC will be laid landing station international connectivity to all along the CPEC route, this at Gwadar will Pakistan. A single landing site will be in-loop with our existing also raises security concerns. OFC connectivity. The cost of enhance security communication services including of Pakistan’s The existing international Internet will also decrease. As the connectivity for Pakistan through CPEC projects progress, there international submarine cables has been will be an increase in the voice connectivity developed by a consortium that and data traffic between the two has Indian companies either as countries as economic activities The fibre link will also connect partners of shareholders, thus rely on effective and reliable Pakistan with central Asian states becoming a threat for possible communication. This increased enhancing our commercial, surveillance of communication. demand can be addressed by this business and trade linkages in the e are living in become a necessity in every field, services, a Memorandum of This threat poses a security risk OFC link. This link has another process due to availability of cheap, an age where including our social and private Understanding was signed between for Pakistan as some incoming advantage for the two countries reliable and efficient communication Information and lives. ICT is based on connectivity Pakistan and China in April 2007 for and outbound traffic lands in in terms of security as this link linkage. Additionally, the OFC Communications and connectivity needs some the laying of an OFC link between India before being routed to its will allow direct routing of traffic link will encourage tourism in the WTechnology (ICT) has become medium to transfer information. Pakistan and China. The project destinations. without involving the US, Europe region and the enhanced bandwidth an integral part of our lives. Although a large number of work was inaugurated by then or India. Security of CPEC route available through OFC will allow People constantly stay communication channels or media Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on Pakistan-China OFC provides demands surveillance of the route, terrestrial broadcast of digital connected and can access like coaxial cables, satellite links, 19 May 2016. 820 km long OFC alternative international fleet management system and HD television - Digital Television information instantly. It has a microwave transmission, wireless between Rawalpindi and Khunjerab connectivity to Pakistan. The Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting. deep impact on our societies are available, when economy, Pass, on Pakistan-China border, Table showing Pakistan’s existing international connectivity through submarine cables and has single-handedly capacity (bandwidth), low latency was completed in the record time of Both Pakistan and China will transformed this world into and reliability are considered, two years and was inaugurated on Submarine Cable Design Capacity equally benefit from this link. China a real global village where there is no match for Optical Fibre 13 July 2018. The total cost of the TWA1 (Transworld Associates 1) 1.28 Tbps has a limited number of submarine international boundaries have Cable (OFC). Moreover, OFC project was US $44 million out of SEA-ME-WE-3 (South East Asia– 480 Gbps with two fibre pairs landing stations and international become almost non-existent. offers certain other technological which 85% was provided as a loan Middle East–Western Europe 3) gateway exchanges, which may Communication nowadays is advantages so it is mainly used at an interest rate of 2% per annum SEA-ME-WE-4 (South East Asia– 1.28 Tbps result in huge gap for the future not only much more efficient but for global connectivity like voice by Exim Bank of China. Middle East–Western Europe 4) growth of internet traffic. also much cheaper. Technology telephony, Internet and TV SEA-ME-WE-5 (South East Asia– 24 Tbps The capacity issue is going to be is constantly as well as rapidly broadcast. The OFC was completed by Special Middle East–Western Europe 5) Communication Organisation (SCO) more problematic for the western evolving and if we are unable I-ME-WE (India-Middle East- 3.86 Tbps provinces. Concurrently, there to move simultaneously, we Realising the importance of and Huawei. There are twenty six Western Europe) are serious security concerns as will be left far behind. ICT has improved connectivity for ICT microwave transmission nodes to AAE-1 (Asia-Africa-Europe 1) 40 Tbps China’s telecom services to Africa 26 27 Perspective Book Review

Pakistan-China OFC (Phase-I) Rawalpindi – Khunjerab Alignment China s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know By Ali Haider Saleem

hina’s economic growth in the recent decades has been exceptional. Since 1979, millions of Chinese have been lifted out from Cpoverty. The economic planning and reforms Authors: Arthur R. Kroeber undertaken by the government has not only Publisher: Oxford University Press 2016 improved the economic wellbeing of Chinese Pages: 337 citizens but it has gradually turned it into an economic superpower. China is well on course million new urban housing units just to meet to become world’s largest economy in the the basic employment and shelter needs of its next few years. It is already the leading global population. trading nation and with the progression of Belt and Road Initiative, it is further advancing its State-led industrial development and gradual global expansion. This comprehensive study transformation of the centrally planned covers China’s economic progress and impact economy into a more market-oriented one on world’s economy. form the basis of Chinese economic strategy since Deng Xiaoping’s era. At the time The book covers various aspects of the China embarked on its transformation plan, Chinese economy, including agriculture, agriculture was the highest contributing are routed through Europe. This will depend on phase-II, which The real benefits urbanisation, demographics, labour, energy, sector of the economy and reforms began OFC link will allow Chinese will be extension of this fibre from environment, industry, financial system, with privatization of farming in the late 70s. telecom carriers to provide fast, will be achieved Rawalpindi to Gwadar and its government’s role and future challenges. The author observes that agricultural reforms reliable and direct terrestrial linkage with submarine cables if Pakistan-China In the author’s own words, this book is an had far reaching benefits. Higher incomes access to Pakistan’s neighbours through a new submarine cable ‘effort to explain how China’s economy got to provided greater opportunities for investment Iran and Afghanistan. Alternate OFC link brings landing site at Gwadar. Phase II of where it is today, where it might be headed and demand for industrial sector’s equipment access to Africa, Europe and the project shall be completed as down the tariff, in the coming years, and what China’s rise increased. Moreover, greater savings capacity rest of the world will also be soon as possible but is currently for Pakistan- means for the rest of the world’. In the opening of farmers boosted the availability of funds for available through Pakistan’s halted due to some regulation- chapter, the author discusses that how, lending to nascent manufacturers. submarine cables. This OFC China voice and related issues. From a user despite being a centralized state formally, it will establish a link between data services in perspective, the real benefits will is very much decentralized in practice. He Later on, it was the rapid expansion and Pakistan and Trans-Asia Europe particular, and for be achieved if Pakistan-China points towards the high level of discretion and growth in the manufacturing sector which cable in China, which will provide OFC link brings down the tariff, autonomy enjoyed by the local governments. triggered China’s economic rise. In 2014, alternative routes for international ICT services in the for Pakistan-China voice and data China became the leading manufacturing connectivity to both Pakistan region in general services in particular, and for ICT ‘When you multiply any problem by China’s nation in the world. The author suggests that and China. Moreover, this cable services in the region in general. population, it is a very big problem. But when China has probably returned to the position Maintenance of the fibre year- can also provide shorter and And the next challenge is to place you divide it by China’s population, it becomes it enjoyed prior to the industrial revolution in round through the difficult terrain cost-effective connectivity to an effective business model to very small’. This quote is attributed to Premier Europe. landlocked central Asian states. of Gilgit-Baltistan and through the utilise the fibre to its full capacity Wen Jiabao and the author explains that this The installation of 820 km harsh winter will be challenging. and earn revenue with minimum quote illuminates the main goal of Chinese As China’s engagement with the rest of the long OFC from Rawalpindi to The real success of the project rates economy which is mobilization of resources. world continues to grow, it is imperative for Pakistan-China border, through . Each year between, 2000-2010, China had countries who are seeking to benefit from one of the most difficult terrains in to create over 20 million new jobs and build 8 their relationship with China to enhance their the world, at an altitude of 4,880 understanding of China. This book offers m in two years (May 2016 – July Th writer is Research Associate at the lessons in history, economics and diplomacy 2018) shows the commitment of The writer holds PhD in Telecom China-Pakistan Study Centre, Institute that could be worthwhile to replicate Engineering from University of Sheffield, of Strategic Studies, Islamabad SCO and Pakistan. . UK and is a faculty member at NUST

28 29 Culture Culture

anxieties on both sides faded Walima in a traditional Chinese understanding to share joy and Long Term Effects of CPEC and the rest is history. fashion. So, from the décor, to diversity in culture. I cherish the wedding outfits and jewelry, this different yet beautiful and Sam Dada: Tell us about your they made sure that everything enchanting fairy-tale of my life. wedding preparations and how would be traditional. My mother NazishOn a lighterweds note Zakir did you blend in the theme of in law specially went to China to Sam Dada: With the new addition Interview By Sam Dada Chinese with Pakistani culture? get my wedding outfit, jewelry of your beautiful baby there must be How did you manage it? a lot of pressure on you, how do you about how we got into marriage. and accessories for the event. My parents and family were more plan to raise him? Also, do you think Once, a person met us on a plane Nazish: The wedding than excited for the event as you have any cultural barriers to told us when he saw our wedding preparations began and just six they did not know what to expect raise the child? pictures on Facebook, he thought months later, Zakir and I tied the only to be extremely delighted that I must have been in a Medical knot at Badshahi Masjid with the at how everything turned out. school in China and that is how my blessings of Allah, our family I still remember, after hair and husband and I must have met. It and friends. We also had other makeup, I felt completely like a could make for an interesting story, functions such as the Mehndi, Chinese bride and loved how but that was not the case. Most Barat and Walima. of all, what people wonder is how the whole look was put together. our families reacted and agreed Our Walima was a more intimate to our match in the first place. event where all our family and My parents have raised us, their friends were there to celebrate three daughters, to be strong and with us. We had our cake cutting ceremony as well as the Tea independent women and therefore, Nazish: Fast forwarding my life ceremony which is a very special have always valued our choices to the present, my husband and I met a young couple a few ritual that signifies showing right in the heart of Pakistan i.e. and opinions. That does not mean along with our little baby boy, Zayan, days back, full of life and respect to one’s elders. In a Lahore. Their family is one of that they were very easy going. reside with my in laws. Some might confident but at the same wedding, such an act is to show the very first few families that No. They were strict when needed wonder how hard it must be to time very mature. The guy respect and gratitude to parents started settling in different parts but also warm and understanding settle in to a new culture, I say, that Iwas Chinese and the beautiful for all the years of love and care. of Pakistan. And in recent times, towards us. So when I told them marriage brings with itself its own girl was our very own Pakistani. thanks to CPEC, there has been a about Zakir and his family and My mother in law was super Sam Dada: Tell us about your set of challenges no matter what the The couple tied the knot and greater outpour of Chinese people background, naturally my parents excited for the Mehndi as she parents and your relationship with cultural backgrounds of two people are now living happily with their in the country and thus, a lot of were quite concerned and nervous loves watching Mehndi dances in-laws, are they open enough might be. And like many women, I baby Zayan. cultural exchange. What’s funny is as they wondered whether I would and on her son’s Mehndi, she to discuss everything about their was also nervous to become part that when Zakir and I got married be able to settle in to a whole new did not only enjoy watching but I got a chance to ask culture or they are still hesitant? of a new family. But, fortunately, and our wedding photographer culture and whether both families danced along with everyone some questions about this my husband and in laws made this uploaded a picture of us on their would get along. Same was the as well. It was a super festive transactional change in their Nazish: Both the families transition a very happy and smooth Facebook page, we became a case on Zakir’s side as his family night. Then came the Barat lives and here is the summary of including my husband’s parents, one for me and I could not be more viral overnight with the caption was also anxious at the idea of where everyone, from family this beautiful couple’s interview. my parent’s family members, thankful for becoming a part of ‘Long term effects of CPEC’. Our a Pakistani girl becoming a part to guests, seemed a lot more friends and everyone enjoyed such a caring and understanding Sam Dada: Tell us how it families had quite a laugh about of their family because although relaxed compared to the stress a lot. Both the families have household happened and most importantly it. When people look at us, I they had been living in Pakistan and all the hype of the other a strong bond and great . how did your parents, your believe that they must have many all this time, the idea of a foreigner night and looked forward to the family react? questions and must be assuming becoming a part of the family can special wedding rituals with the a lot of things about our lives. be a quite daunting one. However, bride and groom. My sisters and Nazish: Zakir and I knew each This is because sometimes we once a meeting was set and our friends made sure that they did other from school and our get to hear very strange theories families met and then all the everything from Doodh Pilai to families were acquainted with Joota Chupai which were the one another. When people meet highlights of the evening. And me and Zakir for the first time, as the night came to a close, they assume that he is new to we all shared our laughter and Pakistan from mainland China tears of happiness. And then but as soon as they hear him finally came the Walima. That speak in Urdu, one can see the day will always have a special look of both shock and delight place in my heart. Because on their faces. His family came this was not just a regular from China around 32 years Walima function. My in laws had Sam dada is a fashion brand coordinator and is a well reputed ago for business and settled special wishes to celebrate our fashion designer who has showcased across Asia, Europe and USA 30 31 Reflections Reflections

In what can be a game changer for Pakistan, Based entirely on investments, loans CPEC is cited as a flagship project of and grants by the Chinese government, BRI and a success story out of all the six the initial portfolio of CPEC projects was corridors by the Chinese themselves. The $47.96 billion, spread out between energy confidence is not groundless. Of the 39 and infrastructure projects: $34.18 billion ‘early harvest’ projects envisaged under the for energy projects (IPP financing mode), first phase of CPEC, many projects have $4.18 billion concessional loan for transport been completed or are near completion. and infrastructure projects, $8.21 billion loan for rail network, and $48 million grant for other projects, including Gwadar City A Dream Come True The BRI is a new version Master Plan. As of 2018, the total cost for By Najam Rafique CPEC projects has gone up to between of the old Silk Road, but $62 billion, and it is expected that the total on an industrial scale, Chinese contributions and investment could that would provide go up to $100 billion by 2030. connectivity between the regions that could The CPEC project is based on a four- possibly serve as an pronged approach: Construction of integrating platform infrastructure and special economic to transform lives and zones (SEZs); setting up energy projects; development of Gwadar Port; and setting living standards through up of fibre optics connection across increased trade, the Karakoram between Pakistan and investments and financial China’s western regions. Despite all the flows controversies surrounding the project in the media, Pakistan and China have successfully completed phase one of the Having had the taste of the ‘low hanging CPEC project. fruit’, both Pakistan and China are now looking to move into the second phase of the CPEC project including construction The CPEC project is of Special Economic Zones and transfer based on a four-pronged of technology. During the recent visit of Prime Minister Imran Khan to Beijing, both approach: Construction countries have now agreed to enhance of infrastructure and s a young man in my teens, I Today, in 2018, I am obsessed by yet another their cooperation in a wide range of areas special economic zones had always planned to ride the dream that is unfolding into a reality right before encompassing trade and economy, science (SEZs); setting up energy train from Quetta in Pakistan’s my eyes. Yes, that’s right; I am talking about and technology, agriculture, poverty projects; development Balochistan province to Zahedan the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, also alleviation, innovation, drug trafficking and of Gwadar Port; and inA Iran, and onwards to Istanbul, Turkey, known by its acronym CPEC. As part of China’s establishment of joint research center on experiencing on the way the lure and romance setting up of fibre optics Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), CPEC is one earth sciences. The long-term plan for that surrounds the rich historical and cultural connection across the of the six corridors envisaged by the Chinese CPEC has also been released and is now a legacies of the regions from the Indus to the Karakoram between under President Xi Jinping for the regional public document. Bosporus. The plan of an overland adventure connectivity that aspires to bring together Pakistan and China’s never materialized, partly because of the three billion people across the continents of While the contract for CPEC was signed western regions question of my education, and partly because Asia, Africa and Europe through a network in February 2013 by former president Asif the train service became annoyingly irregular. of roads, railways and pipelines. The BRI is Zardari, the project was formally launched My hopes dashed of fraternizing and bonding a new version of the old Silk Road, but on an in April 2015 by the PML (N) government Of the three planned road alignments with the people with whom I share so much industrial scale, that would provide connectivity of Nawaz Sharif. The project aims at between Gwadar and Kashgar: eastern, ranging from history to faith, to language, between the regions that could possibly serve construction of a network of roads, rail and central and western, the most critically to art, dress and cuisine. My hopes went as an integrating platform to transform lives pipelines in Pakistan that would reduce the important and difficult task of the up again when Pakistan and Turkey began and living standards through increased trade, distance from Shanghai to China’s western construction of several sections along the container operations in a tripartite agreement investments and financial flows. On a more regions of Xinjiang from 4500 km to just western route through the underdeveloped with Iran in 2009 under the auspices of optimistic note, it might also serve as a catalyst 2,800 km from Gwadar Port at the mouth of provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Economic Cooperation Organization. But that for the conflicts that infest these regions. the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, to Baluchistan have been completed and too remained a dream. Kashgar. opened to public.

32 33 Reflections View Point

17 priority energy projects which have In a world that is rapidly being transformed by begun operation include several power visions of geo-economic inter-dependence, plants which have helped to relieve regional and cross continental connectivity, electricity shortages in major industrial CPEC is swiftly emerging as a pivot that can Significance of cities. Port Qasim, the Neelum-Jhelum help shrink distances and transform economic Hydropower Plant and the Sahiwal Coal connectivity and regional cooperation that Power Project are examples of intensive can have far-reaching positive implications construction and completion. not only for Pakistan and China, but also for the regions of South, Central and West Asia Reading Books Gwadar Master City Plan is in full swing and and beyond. construction of 4 berths at the Gwadar Port By Abid Hussain has been completed, and China has already Many of the CPEC projects are now open started shipping through Gwadar. China’s for third party investments, especially Whenever you read a good book, somewhere ideas they impart leave lasting imprint on us. Only state-owned shipping and logistics services as Pakistan and China now move into in the world a door opens to allow in more light’ the well-read individual would be open to ideas supplier company dispatched its first ever the second phase of the project with the says Vera Nazarian, the writer of fantasy and and change. In fact, it is essential that we read commercial shipment to UAE in March construction of nine industrial zones. science fiction. Importance of reading in religion books containing ideas that we differ with ours, and 2018. While there are plans to construct 9 ‘and in our society, is signified by the word ‘Iqra’ that is the way we would learn something different more berths and increase the depth of the As a close ally to Pakistan, Turkey has also to referred to in the Holy Quran. ‘Iqra’, that meant and innovative. Book reading teaches us to argue port, the long term CPEC plan calls for a benefit from CPEC considering the fact that ‘Read’, was the first word revealed to the Prophet by understanding the opposite views. total of 100 berths to be built by 2045. Turkey is a founding member of the China- Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). The Quran proposed Asian Infrastructure Investment highly valued source of knowledge and the Holy Bank. Turkey itself has also expressed a Scripture guides mankind to seek knowledge desire to become a part of the CPEC project. far and wide. Reading is also a great source of In a world that is rapidly With all the necessary ingredients already research when we are seeking to have clarity to being transformed by in place to plug into the CPEC infrastructure our preconceived ideas or worldview. visions of geo-economic and other projects, Turkey and Iran, are inter-dependence, already connected by a vital rail and road regional and cross link that needs to be upgraded and revived. continental connectivity, Most importantly, Turkey’s location as a CPEC is swiftly emerging bridge between Asia and Europe would as a pivot that can help serve to strengthen the vision of CPEC for shrink distances and greater inter and intra-regional connectivity. Reading good books can bring numerous A broader ECO collaboration on CPEC would advantages. Reading books positively improves our transform economic perhaps be a perfect forum to revive this opinions about other people and their preferences connectivity and regional integration. and worldview. Reading can also help us in cooperation introspection, empathy and comparative analysis As I said, my dream of an overland journey as we look at our own self from an outsider’s to the shores of Anatolia has been revived perspective. Secondly, reading often takes us into by this project and its success. I know for CPEC alone will not be the solution to all of Fusselman quite rightly said that ‘today a reader, the worlds where we experience catharsis, so sure that given a break from the insidious Pakistan’s problems, or for that matter those tomorrow a leader” and history has demonstrated reading can be quite therapeutic. Most importantly, games of geopolitics, CPEC would provide in other immediate regions. The vision of that great leaders have been once great readers. books enable us to express ourselves eloquently me an opportunity I had missed as a young CPEC not only points to a transformed For instance, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and as we acquire the vocabulary that helps us man. I now plan to take the train through the future for Pakistan, but a vehicle that can Nelson Mandela were both passionate readers communicate complex emotions and ideas by unfolding history to experience history and be used to help move towards a much during their struggles. It is also worth mentioning putting them into words. cultures that have been my legacy, on my sought peace and prosperity at home and that the great earners were also great learners. As retirement Books can truly expand our capacity to absorb, in the surrounding and broader regions . Tremper said, ‘if you read to learn, you’re bound to understand and reflect. Joseph Brodsky, a person through a surge of trade, investments and earn’. who valued reading and understood the importance financial flows, increased people to people Without any doubt, books are best companions of books in our lives says ‘there are worse crimes contacts, enhanced competitiveness of that stay with us throughout our lives, since the than burning books, one of them is not reading the economies, better living standards and them.’ It is therefore imperative to realize the reduced regional disparities. The writer is Director Research at the true value of reading good books, if we wish to Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad transform our lives.

The writer is Library Officer at Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad

34 35 Opinion Opinion

nature of the relationship between is a new trend in recent years. in trade protectionism and economic China and the international Maintaining and improving the current nationalism. community. When China ‘went out’, system is still not enough to cope with the geopolitics of the world was emerging challenges. For example, In today’s new geopolitical dominated by the West. Therefore, with globalization, countries around landscape, the United States mainly China had to move to areas where the world are not becoming fair, deals with China and Russia. the interests of the West were weak but the opposite. The income gap President Donald Trump while but the risks were extremely high. between developed and developing setting out the National Security In line with its open policy, the countries, rich and poor countries, Strategy accepted that United relationship between China and the the South and the North is growing, States is ‘engaged in a new era of international community, especially and the world is becoming unfair. As competition with China and Russia’. international organizations generally the world’s second largest economy Also, US National Security Strategy went through three stages. and the largest trading nation, China Report of 2017 listed China and is also responsible for developing and Russia as “the greatest threats.” During the first stage of ‘joining’ improving the existing international Former Presidents Barack Obama China chose to ‘connect with the system. and Bill Clinton regarded China as international community’. Under the a strategic partner rather than a China guidance of this strategic choice, China not only strategic competitor. For both China China actively participated in increased internal and the United States, it is dilemma existing international organizations. reform and opening to acknowledge losing or winning the Subsequently, the international up, but also took the competition specially the trade war. and Global Order system that we call the ‘global By Tooba Khurshid Gardezi banner of ‘free trade’ China, with its staggering growth village’ became inseparable from and led economic China’s choice. rate, innovation, social reforms and he world appears to make the agendas of these international are open to China or not, China opened globalization when the economic ambitions is now the a transition from ‘unipolar organizations have also been its doors to these countries. The second stage is ‘reform’. For West prevailed in trade world’s second largest economy. moment’ of United States generally conceived and decided by developing countries like China, this protectionism and Thus, the changes in Sino-US The second stage was ‘integration’, to a multipolar sphere. the West. international order has not been just economic nationalism relations reflect the changes in which occurred during the process of TThis transition from Uni-polarity and fair. The distribution of power the status of the two countries After forty years of reform and opening China’s admission to the World Trade to Multi-polarity has also brought within international organizations In recent years, China established in the international system. The up by China, the relationship between Organization, in the late 1990s. In order new and huge challenges to that embodied the international organizations such as the Asian competition or conflict between China and the world has undergone to join the World Trade Organization, mankind. Today the world’s big order was also unfair. Therefore, Infrastructure Investment Bank and the China and the United States tremendous changes. What drives China made great efforts to carry out powers are looking for a new China has been calling for the BRICS Bank, and launched the Belt has international dimension and the change is China’s reforms and large-scale reforms of various internal balance and new alignments and democratization and fairness and and Road economic initiative, which the future of Sino-US relations externalities, especially external laws, systems and policies to comply in this context, change in Sino-US justice of the international order. aim to promote regional and global shall determine the future of the openness. On opening up, China with international norms. relations today is also not a simple After joining these organizations, economic development and lead a world system. It is imperative to has gone through three stages: The change in bilateral relations, but in China has always been committed to new wave of globalization. However, understand that rise of China first stage ‘Economic Liberalization’ The third stage was ‘going out’, which essence, the changes reflect the carry out internal reforms. In the past China has repeatedly stressed that does not necessarily mean violent started in 1978 when China’s is a process since the beginning of modifications in the relationship 20 years, the emerging economies China is not doing this to replace power struggle rather it is a world’s economic volume was negligible in this century. Joining the World Trade between China and the modern of developing countries have existing regional and international re-orientation; it is not a hegemonic the entire world economy and its Organization can be said to be the international system. Therefore, increasingly become important in organizations, but as a supplement to transition, it is different from the past GDP per capita was $156. In order starting point for China’s massive one of the first questions is - the global economy, but this was not make the new order stronger. power transitions. In the international to progress, China took the initiative ‘going out’ policy. This ‘Going out’ how has the world order formed reflected in the distribution of power political milieu, the countries and opened to foreign investment, policy can be divided into two stages. On this basis, China has further today? The international order within international organizations. should focus on how to strengthen referred to as ‘open door’ policy. In its The first is the ‘going out’ of ‘Chinese proposed the concept of building that people called ‘post-war order’ Thus, China’s call for reform has also cooperation in a multi-polar world, opening up policy China deliberately manufactured goods’. After joining the a ‘community with shared future of was established by the West received support from developing meet challenges, achieve freedom unbalanced its domestic growth and World Trade Organization, China soon mankind’. This is a natural result of under the leadership of the United countries. China’s position in various of trade and promote common shifted the resources along the coasts. became a manufacturing factory in the the interaction between China and the States. In terms of institutions, the international organizations has prosperity. The conflagration Interestingly, first to enter China was world and the products made in China international order. Had there been international order is represented gradually increased. However, the between big powers will be not Western capital, but overseas started coming to all corners of the no integration between China and the by a number of international rise in China’s status also means counter-productive for the mankind. Chinese capital, including Hong Kong, world, essentially in the West. Second world order, there would have been organizations including the United an increase in its responsibilities. Competition and conflict will only Taiwan and Singapore. Western is the ‘going out’ of ‘capital.’ In just a no such model. Under the guidance of Nations, the World Bank, the Today, China is taking on more give birth to crisis and inequalities capital only entered the Chinese few decades, China quickly turned this concept, China not only increased International Monetary Fund, and and more responsibility in the whereas mankind deserve the market in the 1990s. It is noteworthy from an economy with a high capital internal reform and opening up, but the World Health Organization. international order. better shortage to an economy with surplus also took the banner of ‘free trade’ and Within these institutions, leadership that at this stage, China actually . capital. led economic globalization positions have long been occupied pursued a ‘unilateral openness’ policy, The third stage is ‘innovation regardless of whether other countries supplement’. Innovation supplement when the West prevailed or regulated by Western countries; ‘Going out’ began to change the

36 37 Sports & Culture Sports & Culture

Broadcasting and China’s Ministry of Culture and tourism. This agreement holds substantial potential for bridging language and cultural barriers between the masses of Pakistan and China. It is now up to Sports and Culture both the governments to implement and materialize projects of this agreement. It is also imperative to in Pakistan-China Relations mobilize masses if we wish to boost the cultural By Hassam Ahmed Siddiqi cooperation between people of both the countries. ultural and sports ties play a significant the East. Similarly, Islamabad ranks amongst one of With regards to sports, many avenues could role in strengthening the bilateral the most beautiful capitals of the world. Lahore has its be explored by Pakistan and China. Pakistani relations between any two states. While own historical and traditional value having enormous coaches can train Chinese nationals in Cricket and Pakistan and China have extended their attraction for the tourists with Badshahi Mosque Hockey and more Chinese players can be given Ccooperation in numerous areas, cultural exchanges and Shahi Qilla and various other historical sites the opportunity in the cricket league of Pakistan. and conducting of sports also hold importance as attractions. Peshawar is famed for its hospitality International exposure to the local players of both towards people to people interaction between both and cuisine. Likewise, Karachi is known as city of the states along with certain benefits of modern day the states. These exchanges may include cultural lights and is a semblance of a modern city. In short, training and coaching will certainly help players to visits, film and drama festivals, joint ventures in Pakistan has a rich culture and traditions that have improve their sporting skills. An important component different sports and equipping players of both the potentials to fascinate the visiting tourists. would be cooperation between both the states to sides with the modern day training and coaching. motivate and promote woman in different sports. It Cultural Agreement for 2018- has always been challenging for woman in Pakistan Pakistan and China both have reciprocated the 2022 was signed between to pursue their career in sports due to cultural cultural and sports initiatives, but Chinese influx Pakistan’s Ministry of Information barriers. Women may be encouraged to come in Pakistan becomes a main reason of a cultural forward and prove their abilities in all formats of merger within the Pakistani society. Two Chinese and Broadcasting and China’s sports like all the other areas. players were inducted in Peshawar Zalmi cricket Ministry of Culture and tourism team in 2017 Pakistan super league which was which holds substantial potential Sports and Culture are the most important widely appreciated. Similarly, Managing Director for bridging language and cultural component of Pakistan-China relations. Pakistan of CPEC Culture Communication Center China, barriers between the masses of needs to promote its unique and distinctive cultural visited Pakistan in 2017 and held meeting with Pakistan and China identity. There is need to find common grounds different governmental and developmental sector of cultural merger while keeping identities intact. officials with an aim to promote the cultural and Furthermore, media industry of Pakistan may also Cooperation and partnership in the realm of culture sports cooperation between the two states. Such work in partnership with the Chinese media with will help masses of both the countries understand an initiative at the Government level would prove focus on promoting art and culture, drama and each other better. That could be undertaken by to be valuable for the people of both the countries. films. An Urdu dubbed Chinese drama was put promoting films, dramas, and tourism potentials of Culture is a vital element of national ethos, providing on-air by the state television of Pakistan and was Pakistan and China. Likewise, sports cooperation the opportunity for the expression of the nation’s a welcome development. Pakistan and China also between the two countries should also be promoted political and historical diversity and development announced to jointly produce a movie on eve of Silk to bring people closer. Sports can help advance the of national culture, values and identity is symbol of Road International film festival. Chinese can also be cause of people to people exchanges national character. provided time slots on the private radio channels as . a large number of Chinese population has shifted to Though cultural cooperation domain has been various cities of Pakistan. expanded between Pakistan and China in last few years, but there is still a lot more to do in order First cultural agreement between Pakistan and China to explore between the two nations. There is an was signed in 1965. Most recently, another agreement immense potential of tourism in Pakistan. Northern has been signed to intensify the exchanges between areas of Pakistan are heaven for tourists and the two countries. An executive program of the mountain lovers. Swat region of Pakistan holds Cultural Agreement for 2018-2022 was signed immense beauty and is known as the Switzerland of between Pakistan’s Ministry of Information and The writer is a PhD candidate of International Relations at National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad.

38 39 Opinion Opinion

China among top innovation- Talking of collaboration with Pakistan, strengthen bilateral cooperation in oriented countries by 2030, and there has been much hype, which space technology applications. They to turn China into a technological has caused a lot of confusion in agreed to cooperate in the field of innovation powerhouse by 2025. discerning fact from fiction. In reality, manned space travel, and the China many projects have been proposed Manned Space Engineering Office What are the recent innovations? but not approved yet and therefore and SUPARCO will sign a framework To list a few, a laboratory in remain tentative. The Construction agreement on cooperation. Shanghai succeeded in cloning of Pakistan-China International macaque monkeys. The news made Science, Technology, Commercial & Pakistan and China have been world headlines not just because Logistic Park of 10,000 kanals, that engaged in Science and Technology of the impressive feat but because would involve Chinese companies cooperation since 1976, when the of the implications for humans. collaborating with COMSATS, has two nations signed an agreement Furthermore, Researchers at Sun been discussed. The two countries on this sector. Dr. Li Jing Feng, from Yat-sen University announced also pledged to establish the “China- the Sichuan Academy of Social the first use of high-precision Pakistan Joint Marine Research Sciences, has said that China asked gene-editing in a human embryo Center” and “China-Pakistan Joint its state-owned companies to invest to examine the viability of the Cotton Bio-Tech Laboratory”. in Pakistan and transfer technology technique to edit a disease- to Pakistan under CPEC. To achieve causing gene variant. Additionally, China’s Ministry that objective, China has been in January, Chinese researchers training Pakistani workers in cutting- announced that they had sent data of Science and edge technologies regularly and there securely encrypted using the rules Technology released are around 28,000 young Pakistanis of quantum mechanics via satellite. a National Strategy in Chinese universities studying Most importantly, Chinese space science and technology. There have agency plans to launch a lunar of Innovation- also been talks of benefitting from space mission to deliver a satellite Driven Development China’s ambitious China-South Asian that will guide a rocket in 2019 to which outlined Countries Science and Technology China’s E S S in the far side of the moon, bearing a three-step goals: Partnership Programme in order to G R robotic lander vehicle. The satellite enhance our economic cooperation R O link is essential for relaying data to develop China through technology transfer. P Technology: from the rover back to Earth. It into an innovation- Interestingly, many Pakistan-China is part of a campaign aimed at a oriented country software companies have been manned moon mission in the 2030s. able to establish joint ventures of by 2020, to place investment especially in renewable Opportunity for Collaboration The myth spread by western China among top energy. countries that China cannot create By Eeman Malik but can only imitate and that innovation-oriented In a nutshell, it is clear that China ith China’s swift us a lot by understanding them and As far as China’s scientific the progress is a result of stolen countries by 2030, is not merely building upon western progress in learning from them. In fact, China development is concerned, there intellectual property and forced and to turn China innovations. Evidently, China is development, there has already lent Pakistan a hand in has been a lot of recent activity. technological transfers has been into a technological carving out a unique position on the has naturally been technology advancement efforts as According to the 13th Five-Year proven false. The reality is that global stage in terms of scientific Wa simultaneous stride in Science part of the CPEC deal, awareness Plan of the Republic, investment China has an innovative research innovation advancement and wants to take and Technology. This progress is of which will further help understand in research and development is environment in not only Beijing, powerhouse by 2025 Pakistan along. Admittedly, China still far from being a by-product of the the collaboration between the two expected to reach 2.5 percent Shanghai, Hefei, Shenzhen but has a long way to go but will surely growth. Indeed, it is a conscious countries. of GDP by 2020, the spending many other cities that make up catch up rapidly as a result of the Furthermore, both countries agreed and concerted effort of Xi Jinping, becoming second after the US, China’s extensive research network. increasing rate of GDP spending on to promote the 2012-2020 Space who at a conference comprising and contribution of scientific and Presently, there are around 100 Science and Technology. Pakistan Cooperation Outline between the personnel from the country’s top technological advances towards parks throughout the country, is certainly bound to benefit greatly China National Space Administration think tanks, declared that ‘the economic growth is around 60 with thousands of technology if it keeps collaborating as much as and the Pakistan Space and Upper central government’s commitment percent. Moreover, China’s Ministry enterprises. Additionally, the United possible, encouraging investment Atmosphere Research Commission is aimed at making China a of Science and Technology States National Science Foundation as well as student exchanges and (SUPARCO). With the launch of the leading power in science and released a National Strategy of reported that the number of promoting cooperation in the field of Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite technology by the middle of Innovation-Driven Development scientific publications from China in science and technology 2016 outnumbered those from the this year, the two sides agreed to . the century’. As expected, the which outlined three-step goals: to US for the first time: 426,000 versus aforementioned commitment develop China into an innovation- The writer is Associate Editor of PIVOT has led to many innovations and oriented country by 2020, to place 409,000. at China-Pakistan Study Centre, Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad achievements and it would benefit 40 41 Photo Gallery Photo Gallery

- October 19, 2018 - December 3, 2018 In-house meeting with four-member Media Delegation from the UK In-house meeting with a 2-member media delegation from EgyptThe Institute of Strategic The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad Studies Islamabad organised organised an in-house an in-house meeting on meeting on December 3, October 19, 2018, with a four- 2018, with a 2-member member Media Delegation media delegation from from the UK. The delegation Egypt. The delegation included: Mr. Jonathan Steel, included Mr. El Sayed Foreign Correspondent, Hany, Deputy Editor- The Guardian; Mr. Peter in-Chief of the Daily Al Oborne, Chief Political Gomhuria and Dr. Hanna Commentator, Daily Mail; Mr. Abdul Fattah, Asst. Prof., Kim Sengupta, Defence and Dept. of Urdu, Al-Azhar Security Correspondent, The University. Independent; and Ms. Amanda Coakley, freelance journalist.

In-house meeting with 6-member Media Delegation from Turkey In-house meeting with a 6-member Chinese delegation from the Councilor’s Office of the The Institute of Strategic Studies - October 29, 2018 State Council Islamabad organised an in-house China-Pakistan Study Centre at - December 6, 2018 meeting on October 29, 2018, with a the Institute of Strategic Studies six-member Media Delegation from Islamabad organised an in-house Turkey. The delegation included: meeting on December 6, 2018, with Mr. Birol Tekince, Coordinator, a 5-member Chinese delegation Turkish Defense Review; Mr. from the Councilor’s Office of the Mustafa Kaya, MD, Ulusal Kanal; State Council (COSC). The members Ms. Nur Ozkan Erbay, Ankara of the delegation included: Mr. Bureau Chief, Daily Sabah; Mr. Zhang Yantong, Vice Chairman Emre Kizilkaya, Managing Editor, of the COSC; Mr. Zhang Ying, Hurriyet Daily News; Mr. Aslan Chairman of the Counsellors’ Office Balci, Member Management Board, of Yunnan Province; Mr. Li Yang, Think Tank South Asia Strategic Division Chief of Department Research Center; and Mr. Mustafa of International Exchanges and Kinkcioglu, Politics Editor, Daily Cooperation of the COSC; Mr. He Sabah. Maochun and Mr. Xiabin.

- December 10, 2018 - November 8, 2018 Visit by 48th PN Staff Course Public Talk on Human Rights Violations in IndianThe Occupied Institute ofKashmir Strategic Studies Islamabad A delegation of organised a Public Talk on “Human Rights 48th Pakistan Navy Violations in Indian Occupied Kashmir”, Staff Course led under its Distinguished Lecture Series. by Rear Admiral The event coincided with the celebrations Naveed Ahmed marking International Human Rights Day Rizvi visited the which signifies the adoption of the Universal Institute of Strategic Declaration of Human Rights by the UN Studies Islamabad. General Assembly in 1948. Event was graced Ambassador Aizaz by Dr. Shireen M. Mazari, Federal Minister for Ahmad Chaudhry, Human Rights as Chief Guest. Other speakers Director General ISSI, included; Mr. Ghulam Muhammad Safi, briefed participants on Convener All Parties Hurriyat Conference; evolving regional and Ms. Tahira Abdullah, Human Rights Activist global situation. and Sardar Amjad Yousaf Khan, Executive Director, Kashmir Institute of International Relations.

42 43 Photo Gallery Photo Gallery

- November 26, 2018 - November 22, 2018 Roundtable Discussion with Mr. Kjell Magne Bondevik, former Norwegian Prime Minister Infrastructure Development of CPEC China-Pakistan and Head of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights The Institute of Strategic Study Centre at the Studies Islamabad organised a Institute of Strategic Roundtable Discussion with Mr. Studies Islamabad Kjell Magne Bondevik, former organised a public Norwegian Prime Minister and talk on “Infrastructure Head of the Oslo Centre for Development of CPEC.” Peace and Human Rights. The The distinguished speaker agenda for the session was based on the occasion was Lt. on the Jammu and Kashmir Gen. Muhammad Afzal, dispute and human rights Engineer-in-Chief, GHQ. violations in Indian Occupied The talk was held under Kashmir. Participants included the Distinguished Lecture ambassadors, journalists and Series forum. policy makers.

Kazakhstan-Pakistan Relations: Priorities of Kazakh Foreign Policy Implementation of TAPI Pipeline - December 06, 2018 - November 30, 2018 The Institute of Strategic The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad Studies Islamabad organised a Public Talk on organised a Public Talk “Implementation of The on “Kazakhstan-Pakistan Turkmenistan–Afghanistan– Relations: Priorities of Pakistan–India Pipeline.” Kazakh Foreign Policy.” The distinguished speaker The distinguished speaker on the occasion was Mr. on the occasion was H.E. Muhammetmyrat Amanov, Mr. Barlybay Sadykov, CEO and Chairman, Board of Ambassador of the TAPI Pipeline company Ltd. Republic of Kazakhstan . The talk was held under the The talk was held under Distinguished Lecture Series the Ambassador‘s Platform forum. Series forum.

- November 13, 2018 - November 26, 2018 In-house meeting with 10-member Media Delegation from Nepal Pakistan, Central Asia and CPEC: A Vision for ImprovedThe Connectivity Institute of Strategic Studies, The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad Islamabad hosted a seminar titled organised an in-house meeting on November “Pakistan, Central Asia and CPEC: A 26, 2018 with a ten-member media Vision for Improved Connectivity” on delegation from Nepal. The members of the November 13, 2018. Foreign Secretary delegation included: Dr. Buddhi Narayan Ms. Tehmina Janjua was the Chief Shrestha, Ex-DG Survey, Border Expert; Guest at the occasion, while other Mr. Laxman Humagain, GM Janta TV; Mr. keynote speakers included: H.E. Mr. Sharach Chandra Bandhari, RSS Foreign Yao Jing, Ambassador of People’s Correspondent; Mr. Jhapindra Raj Bista, Republic of China, H.E. Mr. Barlybay Chief Editor, National Mirror; Mr. Tapta Sadykov, Ambassador Extraordinary Bahadur Malla, Chief Editor Kuesnews. and Plenipotentiary of the Republic com; Mr. Rajan Karki, Chief Editor, of Kazakhstan, H.E. Mr. Beishembiev, Gorkha Express; Mr. Teknath Neupane,

Chairperson/Editor-in-Chief, Mediamissionsnews.com; Mr. Sushil Babu Aryal, News Chief, News Ambassador of Kyrgyzstan, H.E. Mr. Sherali Jononov, Ambassador of the Republic of Tajikistan, H.E. Mr. 24; Mr. Nanda Lal Tiwari, correspondent Rising Nepal and Mr. Nimkant Panday, Editor-in-Chief Atadjan Movlamov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Republic of Turkmenistan, and H.E. Swaviman Nepal Magazine Janadharana National Weekly. Mr. Furqat Sidiqov, Ambassador of Republic of Uzbekistan.

44 45 Food

Recipe: Ingredients:

6 bread slices cut into triangles Oil for frying 2//3 cardamom Shahi Tukray 75 ml milk 1 handful crushed almonds By Arhama Siddiqa 1 handful crushed pistachios nother universal dish with counterparts all over the world. 1 cup sugar Shahi Tukda is a dessert that pre-dates the Mughal era. In essence, it is the subcontinent counterpart of Cream for garnishing the English bread pudding and is as popular today in PakistanA and India as it was then.

Interestingly, in the 13th century England, bread pudding was known as “poor man’s pudding,” as it was a popular dish with the Method: lower classes. Contrary to this, in Mughal time, instead of throwing away leftover bread, the Mughal ‘Khansamas’ came up with an Fry (Don’t deep fry) bread slices ingenious idea of using it by cooking the loaf in ghee and top it and arrange in the serving dish with a creamy and delicious delight of condensed milk and fragrant flavours of saffron and cardamom. Decorated with a chunk of nuts Bring milk, sugar, cardamom like almonds pistachios, cashews and decorated with silver or gold seeds to boil and wait till milk varq, the dessert was said to be one of the favourites of the royal thickens a bit family. Its name translates to ‘a slice of kingliness’ which explains Now slowly add the milk mixture the regality attached. Shahi Tukra is now a staple across all sorts of over the slices of bread and let festivities especially Eid celebrations. the bread soak in the liquid Garnish with cream and nuts and refrigerate for at least 6 hours.

The writer tweets @arhama_siddiqa and maintains a food website www.chakhoous.com Source: www.behance.net 46 PublishedPublished byby China-PakistanChina-Pakistan StudyStudy CentreCentre InstituteInstitute ofof StrategicStrategic StudiesStudies IslamabadIslamabad SectorSector F-5/2,F-5/2, Islamabad,Islamabad, Pakistan,Pakistan, 4400044000 Phone:Phone: +92-51-9202481+92-51-9202481 Fax:Fax: +92-51-9204658+92-51-9204658 Email:Email: [email protected]@issi.org.pk Website:Website: www.issi.org.pkwww.issi.org.pk