Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 11, 2020

THE EMERGENCE OF THE MOVEMENT IN TURKESTANAND ITS RELATIONS WITH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

Ravshan Normuratovich Tursunov1, Akbar Davurbaevich Bababekov2,Ilyos Ismoilovich Abdullaev3, Kuyliev Ravshon Makhmanazarovich4,

1Associate Professor of "World History", Faculty of History, National University of named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Candidate of Historical Sciences. [email protected] 2Teacher of the Faculty of History of the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek. [email protected] 3Teacher of the Department of "Social Sciences and Humanities" of the Uzbek State University of Physical Culture and Sports. [email protected] 4Teacher of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Uzbek State University of Physical Culture and Sports. [email protected]

Received: 06.04.2020 Revised: 13.05.2020 Accepted: 04.06.2020

Abstract This article reveals the impact of political, socio-economic, cultural and democratic changes in Turkey in the formation of the accelerated movement in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th century. The division of the jadid movement in the Turkistan region into the directions of the jadid movement in Turkistan, and Khiva, as well as their specific features have been investigated. The activities of the in order to make the people of the country educated and enlightened, related to education and the press, as well as the sending of young people to foreign countries were investigated. Diplomatic relations between the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, friendly relations between the two countries. Also, periodical in the press pages, sources related to the history and historical figures of Turkey at the beginning of the XX century were analyzed from a scientific point of view. Keywords: Jadid Movement, Movement, Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, Turkish Grand National Assembly, Periodical Press.

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.75

INTRODUCTION and great manifestations of the accelerated movement at the end In fact, enlightenment is the only and powerful force capable of of XIX beginning of XX century M.Sharif Sohfizadeh, M Behbudiy, freeing and flourishing the world, removing a person from the A. Fitrat, Abdulvahid Munzim, Hamidhaja Mehri. It can also be swamp of ignorance and superstition, solving his spiritual and seen from the trips made by Puladkho'jaev, Hamza Hakimzadeh economic problems. Therefore, at the end of the XIX - beginning Niyazi and other young people of Turkistan to Turkey and their of the XX centuries, in order to wake up the country, studies in educational institutions of Turkey. which fell into a complication of the , which suffered a complete decline, to open the eyes of the people, only In particular, if we take only one enlightener , he the back of enlightenment could be achieved, the Enlightenment lived in Turkey in 1909-1913 years and studied at the University movement in this period has gone beyond ever. of .In Turkey, he will get acquainted with the ideas of acceleration. At that time, Fitrat established the "Bukhara At the beginning of the XX century, the Turkistan region education enlightenment society" with the help of steam youth in consisted of three political units: the Turkistan general- Turkey under the influence of the Young Turks movement in governor's office, the , the Khiva Khanate. The Turkey. With the help of this society, many young people emirate of Bukhara and the Khiva Khanate were semi- returned from 1911-1913 years to study in Turkey, including 15 independent states dependent on Russia, while Turkistan was students in 1911, 30 students in 1912 were sent to study in part of the Russian Empire, either the general-governorate or the Istanbul.Also, this society has carried out important work on the Turkistan region. progress of Bukhara and Turkistan education. Fitrat makes effective creativity in addition to studying in Turkey and reading The political, cultural and economic crisis caused by colonialism lectures. In 1909 year in Istanbul, his works "discussion", "Sayha" in Turkestan at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries ("Na'ra") poetic complex, written in Persian, and in 1912 his caused the National intelligentsia to worry hard. The national works "traveler " ("Statement traveler India") will be progressives, intellectuals who studied from the Turkestan published. When studying in the Turkish university, his clever, territory to a number of foreign countries, who were in many erudition fascinated the professors and teachers, they give him countries with trade and economic activities, began to study in the nickname Fitrat - wise. depth the news, changes taking place in the world with the aim of improving the situation in the country, conducting radical In general, the jadids went on a trip to Turkey and study, reforms in the life of society, gaining national independence, as witnessed the democratic processes in the country, their well as Western and It is necessary to emphasize that the role of achievements and achievements in the field of education, and the Eastern countries, including Turkey, is great in the formation realized that it is important to restore a society based on of the accelerated movement in the Turkistan region at the end of Democratic prints in the political, socio-economic and cultural the XIX beginning of the XX century. spheres, even in the Turkistan region. In the XVII-XIX centuries, the socio-political and cultural It should also be noted that the International Relations of the relations between Bukhara, Khiva, khanates and Turkey jadids are very extensive, they are aware of the various programs were particularly strong. This was considered as a sign of Isaac, of progressive flows in Turkey, Russia, Iran, and other one of the advanced enlighteners of Turkestan, Zakirjon Furqat countries, they exchanged experiences through mutual trips and

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THE EMERGENCE OF THE JADID MOVEMENT IN TURKESTANAND ITS RELATIONS WITH TURKEY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY dialogues. But the Young Turks in Turkey and the Iranian establishing the constitutional monarchy and parliament in progressives could not master their experiences mechanically Khiva, and later the democratic republican system. and in the same mold as the Turkestan jadids. On the contrary, the jadids took the necessary places in which the interests of the At the stage of his enlightenment, he tried to find solutions to the countries of Europe and the East coincided with the broad existing political, socio-economic problems in the country by experience of State Construction and law-making, the methods changing the spiritual outlook of the , increasing and programs of the struggle of the peoples of Russia and the their literacy, using the experience of World Development. In this East against colonialism, and which corresponded to national way, the jadids initially paid special attention to the reform of culture. education, the formation of the National Press. Therefore, the revolutionary movements in Russia and Turkey, However, the fact that the enlightened people, for their own which took place at the beginning of the XX century, also right, can get rid of colonial oppression and start a struggle for influenced the Turkistan region. Progressive forces began to National Freedom, has always forced the Russian Empire and its mutual consent, and the jadids accelerated their educational administration in Turkistan to remain vigilant. General-the activities. Secret Service of the governor – the staff of the Imperial occult took every step towards reforming the education system of the In the struggle for independence of Turkistan, the following local intelligentsia under strict control. priority areas were the focus of attention: the opening of new method schools and the achievement of increasing the literacy of Despite the fact that such obstacles were placed before the new students in a short period of time; the sending of young people to schools, the major manifestations of the jadids, who were the study abroad, the improvement of the socio-economic situation self-sacrificing children of the people, were woven in Bukhara in of the country by teaching them the achievements of World 1893, in 1898, jadid schools were opened in Andijan in 1899, in Science; the establishment. Kokand, and in 1901. By 1911 year, the number of such schools in the country was 63 thousand, the In the formation of the Jadid movement in Turkestan number of students enrolled in them was 4106 people. And in Mahmudkhu'ja Behbudiy, Abdukadir Shakuriy, Saidahmad 1917, the number of jadid schools in Turkey reached 100. In the Siddiqiy-Ejziy (Samarkand), Munnavarkari Abdurashidkhanov, schools "method jadid" was created by Majid Qadiri and used Abdulla Avlaniy, Ubaydulla Khoja Asadullaho'jaev (Ubaydulla various textbooks on mathematics, which were published in Khujaev), Toshpulatbek Norbutabekov (Tashkent), Fitrat, Turkey, Kazan, until the textbook "calculus", published in 1910 Fayzulla Khujaev, Usmankhuja (Usmankhuja an important role year. was played by Abdulvohid Burhonov, Sadriddin Ayniy, Abdulkadir Muhitdinov (Bukhara), Obidjon Mahmudov, Hamza, At the beginning of the XX century, the jadids published a Chulpon, Ishaqhon Ibrat, Muhammadsharif Sohfizoda (Fergana number of newspapers and magazines in order to enlighten the Valley), Polvonniyoz Haji Yusupov, Bobokhun Salimov cultural, socio-economic and political processes in Turkistan, to (Khorezm). show ways of getting rid of the backwardness characteristic of the Middle Ages in the country, to inform the people about the The Jadid movement in the Turkistan region is divided into the changes taking place in the world, about the news, to absorb. directions of the Jadid movement in Turkistan, Bukhara and Khiva. The movement in the three regions differs from each other The influence of gazetas such as "Tarjimon" ("Translator" by its own characteristics. )newspaper, published in 1883-1914 by Ismail Gaspirinsky, representative of the Crimean-tatar nation, and "Sirot-ul The structure of the Turkestan Jadid movement was mainly mustakim" ("The right way"), published in Turkey and secretly composed of intellectuals. They fought against the colonial distributed to the Turkistan territory, on the organization of oppression of the Russian empire, initially achieving the status of national publications in the Turkistan region was great. autonomy, and then set the main goals of the administration of Turkistan as an independent state. From the constant awareness of the Russian Empire and its administration in Turkistan, it can be said that at the beginning of Unlike the Turkistan reform movement, Bukhara reform was the twentieth century, the Turkish state was founded in 1920 in formed in a difficult socio-political situation. From an ideological the place of the emirate of Bukhara in the Bukhara people's point of view, Jadids from Bukhara divided the flow into two, one Soviet republic (the head of government of jadidism. Diplomatic of which was old-thinking while the other was young people led relations with F. Khujaev) were well established. by Abdurauf Fitrat. They came up with demand to carry out a number of reforms in the field of Bukhara economy and The events of the Turkish liberation struggle were in the main management. In particular, they aimed at introducing a stable attention of the population and government of the people's national currency, the constitutional monarchy and parliament in Soviet Republic of Bukhara. In the pages of the Jadid press, the Bukhara, and later the establishment of a democratic republican Turkish-Greek War, the struggle processes, the courage of the system. Turks, Mustafa Kemal's statements were regularly given. This can be seen from the press releases organized by the jadids at It can be seen that the accelerated movement, formed in the that time, including information on the “Bukhara news” Khiva Khanate, divides into two streams. Khiva Khan “Freedom Bukhara”, “Red Flag” and “Turkistan” newspaper. Asfandiyorkhan headed by Prime Minister Islamkhuja, the right stream uniting in its composition the owners of commercial and After the establishment of the people's Soviet Republic of industrial enterprises, representatives of the large rich. They Bukhara, diplomatic relations with Turkey, , Iran and aimed at developing free market relations by conducting socio- were established in a short time. During this period, economic reforms while maintaining the power of the Hun in the Turkey was struggling to maintain its independence. Friendship country. and diplomatic relations between the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara and Turkey begin at the end of 1920. A macro flow consisting of tiny investors, artisans and representatives of different strata of the people, headed by kazi After the establishment of the government of the people's Soviet (law-court) Bobookhun Salimov. They set the main goal of Republic of Bukhara, Mustafa Kemal's Ankara interim building a free and prosperous society by opening schools of a government sends its ambassadors to Bukhara. Turkey's new method, increasing the political activity of the people, Embassy in Bukhara was headed by winner Poshsho. The first secretary of the embassy of the government of Ankara in the

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Republic of Bukhara was the well-known Turkish writer Rushan when I took these things in hand. Undoubtedly, the trick is to be Ashraf. proud of those greeting signs that our people and our soldiers came from our distant brothers. I would like to thank the officials In 1921, on January 27, issue 21 of the newspaper "Bukhara from Bukhara on behalf of the people of Turkey, their soldiers news" published an article dedicated to the further development and the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the government of friendship and diplomatic relations between the people's for their support and support to this fraternal nation in the Soviet Republic of Bukhara and the Turkish state. On January 13, emergence of the dream of a devout and brotherly people of 1921 Abdulrahmanbek was appointed the representative of the Bukhara. Government of Anatolia to the Government of Afghanistan, and on January 21, 1921 Abdulrahmanbek was appointed the During the Battle of Muddania, which was on 9 September 1922 chairman of the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara. Under the year, the Turks will win a decisive victory over the Greeks and leadership of Khujaev, it was noted that the representative of the expel the Greeks from the city of Izmir. And until October 1922 Government of the Russian in Bukhara Hakimov, year, the Turkish army, led by Mustafa Kemal, will also liberate chairman of the Central revolution branch Mirzo Abdulkadir, the territories of Bursa, Ardakhan, Igdir and Eskisehir from the General Security manager Ali Riza, on behalf of the Government invaders. Publishing House Surayyo and other government representatives met in the form of a banquet, ceremonial official ceremony. In connection with this triumphal victory of the Turks, a rally was held in the capital of the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara At this meeting, the chairman of the people's Soviet Republic of with the participation of pupils, madrasah students, Islamic Bukhara Fayzulla Khujaev, the Russian representative Hakimov, bishops, ordinary working people, Atoullo Khujaev, interim the chairman of the Central District of Bukhara party Lion Khoja, chairman of the Council of people's Nazir’s of the people's Soviet the chairman of the Central District of Bukhara revolution Republic of Bukhara, Muinjon Aminov, first deputy chairman of Abdulkadir made very effective speeches, in which they talked the Central Executive. about the fact that the Government of Anatolia has one of the goals and interests. Those who gathered at the rally before these speeches will enter the battle against the Greeks in the freedom of Turkey in Kalon After that, the chairman of the people's Soviet Republic of mosque and will fight bravely and will recite the Koran to the Bukhara F.Khujaev guest gives a turn of speech to spirit of the brave and heroic Turkish soldiers who were Abdulrahmanbek, who was appointed as a representative of the martyred. After the petition, a tone of mourning will be heard Government of Anatolia to the Afghan government. In his speech, from the Bukhara Board of Education control music tariff. In the Abdulrahmanbek first of all thanked the young government of same way, the rally dedicated to the victory of the Turks over the Bukhara for the hospitality carried out by him as a deep respect Greeks will be completed and, at the invitation of the for the name of the government of Anatolia, emphasizing the participants, a congratulatory telegram will be sent to the continuation and development of friendly and friendly relations chairman of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Mustafa between the two countries. Kemal, in connection with the victory. In March 1922, representatives of Bukhara headed by Mahmud Also, the jadids published in the press pages of the president of Nazar and Mahmud Rajab will visit Ankara to establish the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Posho's diplomatic relations with the Government of Mustafa Kemal conversations with various newspaper correspondents about the Posho from the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara. The political and socio-economic situation of the country, the future ambassadors of the people's Soviet Republic of Bukhara will be reforms of Turkey. Because, the national progressives of the welcomed by Deputy Foreign Minister of the interim government Turkestan country are brothers and sisters as their brothers and of Ankara Ziyodbek and foreign affairs representative Yusuf sisters Turkey country, who sincerely want the freedom of its Kamolbek. people. On April 4, 1922, an article entitled" In the presence of Mustafa On August 4, 1922, issue 205 of the "Red Flag" newspaper Kemal Posho of the Board of Bukhara "will be published in the published a conversation between the chairman of the Grand newspaper "Bukhara expert". "This article was originally National Assembly of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Posho and the published on behalf of the chairman of the Turkish Grand correspondent of the "Rosto" newspaper. In this interview, you National Assembly, Mustafa Kemal, on the "New Day" newspaper, will find out what kind of reforms the correspondent of the published in the province of Anatolia, Turkey). In this article, newspaper "Rosto" should make in Turkey? Mustafa Kemal chairman of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Mustafa Posho gives the following answer to the question: "inside our Kemal Posho and the Bukhara authority between the muzakaras national borders, the cities and villages of the future are looted, and the first representative of the extraordinary political Council and the devastated. The population fell into poverty at later of Bukhara Mahmud Nazar and the Turkish Tiger M.Kamol's levels along with being in ignorance and darkness at later levels, speeches are explained in full. deprived of craft and industry. It has been preserved for centuries in the people, and even on this day it is a sacred thing Also in this article, visitors from the people's Soviet Republic of that is kept in the heart, ul is also a symbol of love for freedom Bukhara were informed about the fact that "Mustafa Kemal and independence and of loving it endlessly. We are now golden handle sword as a symbol of respect and reverence of the graduating from ignorance and darkness with all our strength. It representatives of the Bukhara Council, one of the rare copies of is necessary to pay some attention to the economic renewal of the Holy Koran, copied in the time of Amir Temur, the image of the country, to open the doors of happiness and happiness to the Bukhara clothes, the image of. general population. I am also private about the future work of my Mustafa Kemal in his speech " I would like to thank the Republic colleagues and the opinion of the whole nation that. of Bukhara as the Chairman of the Grand National Assembly of How would you like the future of the" correspondent of the Turkey for sending the delegation of Representatives to Turkey newspaper "Rosto" to express the attitude of Turkey to the office in the first claim that the Republic of Bukhara consumed the right in his question, Mustafa Kemal, chairman of the Turkish Grand to foreign relations. With the Holy sent by the population National Assembly, responds that "in a country where the of Bukhara culturally to the Turkish and Muslim Brotherhood in population in Turkey now has its own","the people will only Turkey, an engagement and a sword to the Turkish people's confirm the authority of the representatives elected by him". soldiers are two monuments for us. I was filled with excitement

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In 1923, 28 January, issue 129 of the newspaper "Bukhara not be reflected in only one article. Within the framework of this news"describes the conversation between the chairman of the topic, in the Department of rare publications of the National Grand National Assembly of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Posho and Library named after Alisher Navoi of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the correspondent of the newspaper "Journal " about the political there are many valuable resources that have not yet been studied situation in Turkey. In this conversation, Mustafa Kemal Posho and are not included in scientific consumption, it is urgent to expressed the following thoughts: "representatives of the conduct scientific research and bring them to the attention of the European countries wish for reconciliation. Of course, scientific community. reconciliation would be possible onwards. But they have no wish for it. In the case of Mosul, France acts neutrally. We can not give REFERENCES more victims. 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In 1905-1906, in Tashkent, under the editorial office of The jadids of Turkistan paid special attention to the issue of Ismail Abidiy "Progress", under the editorial office of teaching young people to foreign countries due to the lack of Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov "Khurshid", under the higher education institutions in the country, introducing young editorial office of Abdulla Avlanii 1907-1908 "Shukhrat", people to the scientific achievements of European countries, under the editorial office of Ahmadjon Bektemirov "Asia", especially Germany and Turkey. under the editorial office of Saidkarimboy Saidazimboy It should be noted that the Turkish people have always been kind “Tujjor”, in 1912 in Bukhara under the editorial office of to the people who went from the Turkistan region. Therefore, it Mirzo Jalol Yusufzoda “Holy Bukhara", under the editorial should be noted that many young people who were sent to study office of Giyos Maksum Husayniy "" in the editorial from the Turkistan region were able to move freely as their home office, in Samarkandin 1913 under the editorial office of in Turkey. Mahmudkhuja Behbudiy "Samarkand", In Tashkent under the editorial office of Ubaydullahuja Asadullakhujaev "Sadoi The correspondents of the "Bukhara news" newspaper were also Turkistan". In Kokand, the newspapers "Sadoi Fergana" and mature connoisseurs of their field, who tried to arrange journal "Oyina" were published in Samarkand in 1913-1915 conversations with representatives of the government, who went and "Al-Islah" in Tashkent in the editorial office of Obidjon to foreign countries, about their impressions. One of such Mahmudov. Also, in 1917-1918 "Najot", "Kengash", "Turan", conversations will take place with Ismail Efendi Sadir, "Ulug’ Turkestan", "Shuroi ", "Turk So’zi", "Turk eli", representative of the control of Bukhara people's education, and "Hurriyet" in Samarkand, "Alive word" in Lamb, "El Flag", the informant will publish the results of this conversation on "Red Flag" newspapers and "Kengash", "Yurt" journals were December 31, 1922 in the 122 issue of the newspaper "Bukhara published in Tashkent, "Bukhara news" from 9 September news". According to the newspaper, 25 young people will be sent 1920 and "Freedom Bukhara" newspapers from the end of to study in Turkey under the leadership of Ismail Efendi Sadir, 1923. representative of the control of Bukhara people's education in 2 4. Interview with Khalil Posho: (interview with the famous January in 1922. Ismail Sadir and the students go to Turkey Turkish hero Khalil Posho about events in Turkey) // Rred through the Botumi and live 2-3 days in the Turkish city of Flag. 1920 year 14 December.; Turkish representative Samsun and will be very pleased with the Turkish people's Abdulrahmanbek arrived in Bukhara. // Bukhara news. kindness towards them. In an interview with the reporter, "the 1921 year 27 January.; Abu Turgud. Turkey-Greekseal // local Turkish government has received US in this city to an Red Flag. 1921 year 20 September.; Ziya Osmani. Turkey extremely good extent. Thanks to us, many places have been laid and the Greek seal // Bukhara news 1921 year 25 and we have exchanged views on various social issues, " recalls September.; In the presence of Mustafa Kemal Posho of the Ismail Sadir. staff of Bukhara // Bukhara news. 4 April 1922 year.; G'. Xasani. In connection with the victory of theTurks // Also, Ismail Sadir fell out of the car when he went to the Turkish Bukhara news. 1922 year 28 September.; Holiday in province of Kostamira and with two students he himself lost a Bukhara in connection with the victory of the Turks. // little health. Ismail Sadir and Turkish education staff and Turkish Bukhara news. 1922 year 19 October.; Qasimov S. students have always been aware of their health while they were Revolutionary Turkey needs help. // Bukhara news. 1922 being treated in the hospital, proudly recalls in an interview with year 28 December.; This day's case of the Ottoman Turks // the Gazeta correspondent that this is the end and humane of the Bukhara news. 4 April 1922 year.; Mustafa Kemal Posho people. statement. // Bukhara news. 28 January 1923 year.; Turkey Ismail Sadir "in the Kastomira region, too, we were well looked has decided to war. // Bukhara news. 12 October 1923 after by strangers, only alas, when we went to this region, year.; The issue of Ittihadi Islam and Turkishness in Turkey. together with two students who fell out of the car, I lost a little // Red Flag. 1922 year 23 February.; Great Turkey without health. Accordingly, I lay in the hospital until 2-3 weeks. In my what? // Red Flag. 9 June 1922 year.; On the condition of time at the hospital, various education officers and Turkish Turkey: (interview with Mustafa Kemal Posho) // Red Flag. students came to me to ask for my health very much and our 1922 year 4 August.; The victory of revolutionary Turkey students are ready for all the help, we are very grateful that the and its banalmilal significance // Turkistan. 1922 year 22 total Ottoman youth showed us a sincere fraternity. Such friendly September.; Turkish-Greek War // Turkistan. 1922 year 13, treatment is evident from every effort of our distant Turkish 15, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29 September, 1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 18 brothers, who have welcomed us with extraordinary great October.; Ahmadzade. His the capital of Turkey-Ankara // spirituality, who have been in a good relationship to our lives Turkistan 1923 year 24 October.; Suleyman F. What did the through the eyes of friendship to the Government of Bukhara. Luzonna Conference give to the Turks? // Turkistan. 1923 There was no obstacle for our students to enter schools," he said. year 7 February. Republic of Turkey // Freedom Bukhara. In conclusion, we can say that the accelerated movement, formed 1923 year 21 October.; Coastal republics and Turkey. in the region of Turkistan, with the various parties, societies and (Mustafa Kemal Posho's answer Telegram) // Freedom governments established by them, the Turkish Grand National Bukhara. 1923 year 18 November.; The caliphate was Assembly and the Turkish state have always maintained strong graduated: religious control was lost: foundations – people' diplomatic relations and fraternal relations. This relationship will sproperty. (In connection with the graduation of the

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caliphatein Turkey) // Turkistan. 9 March 1924 year.; Winch. Why did the caliphateend? (Regarding the reasons for the graduation of the caliphatein Turkey) //Turkistan. 1924 year 20 March and soon. 5. Mehmet Saray. The help of the Bukhara Republic to Turkey during the Mulli struggle // innovation movement sand necessities in Turkiston: 1900-1924. Osman Hodja Anisina Investigations. It's Kocoglu. Haarlem, 2001. - P. 340. 6. Turkish representative Abdulrahmanbek arrived in Bukhara. // Bukhara news. January 27, 1921 7. In the presence of Mustafa Kemal Posho of the Bukhara board // Bukhara news. 4 April 1922 year 8. Ceremony in Bukhara why is that Turkish victory // Bukhara news. 19 October 1922 year 9. About the status of Turkey: (interview with Mustafa Kemal Posho) // Red Flag. 4 August 1922 year 10. Turkey has decided to fight. // Bukhara news. 12 October 1923 year. 11. This day's case of the Ottoman Turks // Bukhara news. 4 April 1922 year 12. Tursunov R.N. Socio-economic factors of the emergence of the Jadid movement in Turkestan // News of the National University of Uzbekistan. Special issue. - Tashkent. - 2011. - P. 174-178.

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