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Use of Theses THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. A taphonomic analysis of the vertebrate material from Allen's Cave: implications for Australian arid zone archaeology Keryn A. Walshe A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University December 1994. Acknowledgments Many thanks are due to the following people: To Rob Paton for informing me of the excavated bone deposit from Allen's Cave and to Scott Cane and Rhys Jones for granting me access to the material. Of course to my supervisors and advisers; Mary-Jane Mountain; Rhys Jones; Wilfred Shawcross; Alex Baynes. To the many people who assisted in supplying me with comparative material: John Womby and Richard Schodde- CSIRO Wildlife, Gungahlin; Gerry van Tets-Osteology Laboratory, Department Prehistory, RSPacS, ANU; Bob Green for Masked Owl pellets and Phil Boot and Helen Cooke for fossil pellet bone; Menna Jones for devil excursions and scat bone; Brad Walker and the Featherdale Wildlife Park for Tiger Quoll scats; Tom Rich and Betty Thompson- National Jv1useum of Victoria for access to material from Marble Arch, and especially to Alex Baynes for his invaluable osteological skills and spreadsheets. To Warren Hudson, formerly of IRU, and Bob and Darren of the Photographic Unit, Prehistory, RSPacS for superb photographs. To Wilfred Shawcross for making available his excellent illustrations. Annie Nicholson for information on the stone tool assemblage and Doreen Bowdery for results of the phytolith analysis. To Bert Roberts for completing the optical dating in good time. Departmental support was much appreciated from Isabel McBryde, Colin Groves, Ian Farrington, Helen Nicol and David McGregor. To Angela Davis for lots of 'boney' talks. To Barry Cundy for ·emergency library references and for never making me feel foolish. And all my post-graduate colleagues and friends across campus for their continual support. 111 To my friendly and patient draft readers; Ian Coates, lngereth Macfarlane (who arrived back in Canberra just in time) Nick Drayson and Barry Cundy - for continual support. And more thanks to Nick, Ian and Ingereth who bore with me on that final frantic twenty four hours- the long night's journey into day And much more thanks to my ever patient editor and formatter, Nick, who spent late nights compiling tables and graphs and rarely ever frowned despite the numerous opportunities offered. To my two abandoned children left to run wild in these last long weeks and to my mother who whisked them back into civilisation - I hope one day they come to appreciate both events. And lastly back to Wilfred who introduced me to the appropriate academic discipline for understanding the true meaning of Dame Slap's questions. One quest finally over with. l v Abstract This thesis analyses an extensive bone deposit from Allen's Cave, which is situated on the southern Nullarbor, South Australia. Excavation of the site in 1989 yielded evidence for 38,000 years of human occupation, the first 25,000 years of which took place under extremely arid conditions. A taphonomic analysis of the bone debris was undertaken in order to identify patterns of Aboriginal arid zone subsistence and occupation. The bone debris consists of skeletal material from a range of small to large prey. The smaller species are both better represented and preserved than larger species. Primary deposition by owls and carnivores and significant modification of human-deposited bone is clearly demonstrated. Previous vertebrate analyses which have aimed at identifying human­ deposited bone from such mixed and. fragmented deposits were found to display on-going methodological problems. These problems were largely based on misunderstandings about the behavior of predators associated with the cave sites. Therefore a comprehensive review of the taphonomic effects of a range of carnivores in human occupation sites has been undertaken. Revision of earlier methodologies also revealed that expectations concering the capacity of the highly fragmented and diminished amount of human discard to provide evidence of subsistence and occupation were overstated. Thus a taphonomic methodology focussing on the far greater quantity of non-cultural bone debris has been formulated for Allen's Cave. It is anticipated that this will also be applicable to similar deposits in sites elsewhere. v Allen's Cave provides evidence of earlier, successful occupancy of marginal areas in the Australian arid zone than previously predicted. The evidence from the bone deposit from Allen's Cave has important implications for understanding Pleistocene patterns of occupation in arid zones. It is suggested that 'marginal' areas in fact act as support mechanisms to sustain the occupation of better resourc~d zones. Lastly taphonomic analyses are shown to have an important role in shaping archaeological theory and our understanding of Pleistocene and Holocene Aboriginal occupation of arid zones in Australia. However, taphonomic analyses must acknowledge the unique character of the Australian landscape and its fauna and seek to address issues which are relevant to prehistoric Australian Aboriginal occupation and subsistence. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................. v List of Tables ....................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................... xiv List of Plates ....................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1- Introduction .................................................................................... 1 1.1. Allen's Cave ............................................................................... 1 1.2. Aims of thesis ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Structure of this thesis .............................................................. 2 1.4. Background to the research ..................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 - The archaeology of Allen's Cave .............................................. 9 2.1. Geology, vegetation and climate ............................................ 9 2.2. 1969-70 Excavation ..................................................................... 12 2.3. 1989 Excavation .......................................................................... 13 2.4. Stratigraphy and dating ............................................................ 15 2.5. Processing of excavation material.. ........................................ 17 2.6. Fauna! sequence and palaeoenviromental reconstruction ............................................................................ 17 2.6.1. Mammals ........................................................................ 17 2.6.2. Owls .................................................................................. 21 2.7. Chronology of human occupation ........................................ 22 2.8. Summary..................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 - Taphonomy from an Australian perspective .......................... 28 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................ 28 3.2. History of vertebrate fauna! analyses in Australia ............. 29 3.3. Defining taphonomy ................................................................ 37 3.4. Summary ..................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4 - Taphonomical methods for identifying cultural bone debris in Australian archaeological cave assemblages...................... 41 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 41 4.2. Clogg's Cave ................................................................................ 42 4.2.1. Introduction ................................................................... 42 4.2.2. Faunal analysis .............................................................. 45 4.2.3. Discussion ....................................................................... 47 4.2.4. Summary ....................................................................... 50 4.3. Seton Rockshelter ..................................................................... 51 vii 4.3.1. Introduction ................................................................... 51 4.3.2. Fauna! analysis .............................................................. 52 4.3.3. Non-human deposit. .................................................... 56 4.3.3.1. Bone fragment lengths ................................. 56 4.3.3.2. Tooth marks and fragments ........................ 59 4.3.3.3. Diversity of prey ............................................. 60 4.3.3.4. The presence of Tasmanian Devils ........... 60 4.3.4. Human deposit .............................................................. 60 4.3.4.1. Bone fragment length ................................... 60
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