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Geographic History of Queensland

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Geographic History of Queensland Q ueeno1anb. GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY of CLUEENSLAND. DEDICATED TO THE QUEENSLAND PEOPLE. BY ARCHIBALD MESTON. "IN all other offices of life ' I praise a lover of his friends, and of his native country, but in writing history I am obliged to d}vest myself of all other obligations, and sacrifice them all to truth ."- Polybiua. "Polybius weighed the authors from whom he was forced to borrow the history of the times preceding his own , and frequently corrected them , either by comparing them with each other, or by the light which be had received from ancient men of known integrity among the Romans, who had been conversant with those affairs which were then managed , and were yet living to instruct him. 'He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them ."- Dryden 'a " Character of Polybiua." BRISBANE: BY AUTHORITY : EDMUND GREGORY GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1895. This is a blank page AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Geography and history being two of the most important branches of human knowledge, and two of the most essential in the education of the present age„ it seems peculiarly desirable that a book devoted to both subjects should be made interesting, and appear something more than a monotonous list of names and cold bare facts, standing in dreary groups, or dismal isolation, like anthills on a treeless plain, destitute of colouring, life, and animation. In accordance with that belief, I have left the hard and somewhat dusty orthodox roadway, and out a " bridle track " in a new direction, gladly believing that the novelty and variety will in no way interfere with the instruction, which is the primary guiding principle of the work. Informationconcerning the early historyof the colony is widely scattered, like gold on an alluvial field, and important facts, like large nuggets, are found as frequently by more accident as laborious research. All is from original sources , and in no case has any intermediate authority been accepted. The author's acquired qualification for the work is represented by twenty -two years' residence , an intimate personal knowledge of all parts of Queensland, and complete acquaintance with the historic and geographic literature of Australia from the earliest period to the present time. He is animated by a patriotic desire to assist in convincing all Queenslanders, young and old, that their own country is one of the most attractive and interesting in the world, and will leave them to discover if the book possesses any merit beyond the accuracy which he guarantees. A. MESTON. Brisbane, February,1895. This is a blank page INDEX. PAGE. Australia... ... ... ... 1 First Settlement ... ... ... 3 Early Queensland ... ... ... 7 Government and Constitution ... 15 First Parliament ... ... ... 18 First Councils and Assemblies .. 19 First Electorates, Members, and Polls 20 Governors and Ministries ... ... 21 Education ... ... ... ... 22 Queensland School System ... ... 27 Religion ... ... ... ... ... 211) Early Squatting ... ... ... 31 First Stations ... ... ... ... 34 First Squatters ... ... ... ... 35 Wool and Wool Exports ... 36 Gold Discovery and Goldfields ... 38 Queensland Railways ... ... ... 45 Divisions... ... ... ... ... 49 Boundaries and Areas... ... ... 50 Coast Towns and History ... ... 51 Chief Western Towns ... ... 62 Agriculture ... ... ... ... 67 Climate ... ... ... ... .. 71 Queensland Aboriginals ... ... 77 Wild White Men ... ... 83 The Old Battle Circle... ... ... 85 Missionaries ... ... ... ... 87 Aboriginal Class System ... ... 88 Bora Ceremony ... ... ... 89 Sword and Shield ... ... ... 91 Aboriginal Missions ... ... ... 92 Native Police ... ... ... ... 92 Queensland Flora ... ... .. 93 Queensland Birds ... ... ... 102 Nests and Eggs ... ... ... 108 Queensland Mammals .. .. ... 111 Fishes ... ... ... ... ... 115 Insects ... ... ... ... ... 117 Crocodiles ... ... ... ... 119 Snakes ... ... ... ... 120 Shells ... ... ... ... ... 121 Fossil Fauna ... ... 121 Chief Islands ... ... ... ... 123 Principal Capes ... ... ... ... 137 Bays and Harbours ... ... ... 139 Mountains ... ... ... ... 142 Origin of Names ... ... ... 144 Principal Mountains ... ... ... 145 Coast Rivers ... ... ... ... 146 vi. INDEX. PAGS. Western Rivers... ... ... .. 150 Lakes, Springs, and Wells ... ... 151 Mineral Springs ... ... 153 Artesian Wells ... ... ... .. 154 Geology ... ... ... 155 Coal Measures ... ... .. .. 158 Caves ... ... ... ... 159 Port Essington ... ... ... ... 161 Explorers by Sea and Land-- Captain Cook ... ... 163 Flinders and Bass ... 107 Surveyor-General Oxley... 171 Allan Cunningham ... ... 173 Charles Fraser ... 175 "Beagle" and "Fly" ... ... 176 Leichardt ... ... ... ... 178 Sir Thomas Mitchell 186 "Rattlesnake " ... ... ... 189 Edward Kennedy ... ... 190 Gregory Brothers 194 Burke and Wills ... ... ... 197 McKinlay ... ... ... ... 199 Frederick Walker .. ... .. 200 J. S. Macdonald ... ... ... 201 W. Landsborough ... ... 202 F. and A. Jardine ... ... 203 William Hann ... ... ... 205 G. E. Dalrymple ... ... 206 W. O. Hodgkinson ... ... 209 QueenslandScenery- Summit of Bellenden-Ker ... 211 Summit of Bartle Frere... ... ... 213 Centre Peak of Bellenden-Ker ... 213 Barron River Falls ... ... ... 214 Hinchinbrook Island ... ... ... 217 Scenes in Western Queensland... ... 217 Dugandan Scrub Scenes... ... ... 218 Glass House Mountains ... ... ... 218 Home of the Rivers ... ... ... 219 Brisbane River, Prehistoric ... ... 220 Effect of Tropical Rains ... ... 220 Scenes in Central Australia ... ... 221 Queensland Church Statistics ... ... 222 Historioal Events ... ... ... ... 224 HISTORICALGEOGRAPHY OF QUEENSLAND. AUSTRALIA. THE name "Australia" was suggested in 1814 by Flinders, who derived it from the "Australia del Espiritu Santo" of Torres and de Quiros, who, in 1606, gave that title to one of the New Hebrides Islands, in the belief that it was the great " Tierra Austral," the Southern Continent " mentioned by earlier navigators. The French claim the first discovery of Australia for their countryman De (lonneville, in 1503, but the evidence is not clear enough to show whether he really saw the continent itself, or only Java or New Guinea. The first mariners who saw this mighty Southern Continent are lost'for ever in oblivion. As the Norsemen found America centuries before Columbus, there may have been venturous sea captains along the coast of Australia long before even the time of De Gonneville. Possibly the first civilised men were wrecked mariners who never returned. Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch navigators, back in the dim forgotten past, searched fag seas for the " Great Southern Land," the "Magellanica," the "Terra Australis Incognita," which the poets of that age described as the " wild weird clime, lying sublime, out of space and out of time." Chinese in their search for another Java, yielding edible nests of Hirundoesculenta (edible swallow), or in their eager hope of unlimited trepang, or impelled by thirst of discovery, may have visited the north coast of Australia long before any European navigators. Alvaro do Mendana, in 1567, started from Peru to look for a southern "continent, probably seen and mentioned previously by the captain of some ship driven far out of the ocean tracks of that period. He found only the Solomon Islands, which he named the " Isles of Solomon." In 1595 be returned with people to start a settlement on the Solomons, discovered the Marquesas and Santa Cruz Islands, where be died, and the expedition went home. Cornelius Houtman, the Dutchman, once an East Indian pilot in Portuguese service, undertook to lead a Dutch expedition to the Indies, and the result was the formation of the Dutch East India Company, and the establishment of settlements at Java. In one voyage, accom- panied by his brother Frederick, Houtman reached the west coast of Australia, and gave the name of "Houtman's Abrolhos " to some small rocky islands forty miles north-west of Champion Bay. In 1605 the yacht " Duvfhen" (Dove) was sent to explore New Guinea, and the captain landed on the east side of Cape York Peninsula, where he went south to Cape Keer-weer (turn again) and returned to Java. In 1606 Louis Vaz de Torres, after losing sight of Quiros at the New Hebrides, sailed westward until, on the 31st August, he passed through Torres Strait, unconscious that the land seen to the southward was the north point of the great continent he was searching for. B 2 In 1616 the famous Dirk Ilartog, with the ship " Endracht " (Harmony), of 360 tons, from Holland to the Indies, reached Shark Bay, and gave his name to Dirk Hartog's Island, where, on the 25th October, 1616, he fixed a metal plate recording his visit. Doore Island he named after his pilot, Peter Doore. In July, 1619, Jean Van Ede] accidentally reached the west coast, and named Edel's Land, between shark and Champion Bays. In 1622 the Dutch ship "Leeuwin " (Lioness) rounded Cape Leeuwin and went south. to King George's Sound. In 1623 Jan Carstens, with the yachts " Pera" and " Arnheim," seat out by Governor Esen of Batavia, discovered and named Arn- heim Land,'the present northern portion of South Australia. The " ? era " crossed the Gulf of Carpentaria ; the captain landed on the Cape York Peninsula at the Staaten, the first river named in Australia. In January, 1627, Peter Nuyts, in the " Gulde Zeepart " (Gold Seahorse ), sighted Cape Leeuwin, and sailed south along the coast, his name being commemorated by Nuyts' Land, on the great Australian Bight. In the following
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