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A History of the Church A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen , New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai HUMPHREY MILFORD Publisher to the University A HISTORY OF THE (JHUROH TO A.D. 461 BY B. J. K I D D, D. D. WARDEN OF KERLE COLLEGE; HONORARY CANON OF CHRIS'l' CHURCH AND EXAMINING CHAPLAIN 'l'O 'J'HE BISHOP OF OXFORD VbLUME Ill A.D. 408-461 OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS ]922 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. THE FIRS~ DECADE (i) : INNOCENT I ; DONATIBM 3 II. THE FIRST DECADE (ii): AUGUSTINE, JEROME, ALARIO 29 III. THE EAST, c. 410 49 IV. PELAGIANISM (i) : IN ROME, 400-10 . 54 V. PELAGIANISM (ii): IN AFRICA, 410-15 65 VI. PELAGIANISM (iii) : 415-18, IN PALESTINE, AFRICA, ROME 87 VII. THE OVERTHROW OF PELAGIANISM, 418- 31 115 VIII. AUGUSTINIANISM, SEMI-PELAGIANISM, AND THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF GRACE, 429-529 134 IX. THE CASE OF APIARIUS 162 X. THE EAST UNDER THEODOSIUS II, 408-t50. I. THE GREAT SEES. II. MONASTICISM 172 XI. NESTORIUS AND CYRIL, 428-31 192 XII. THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS, 431 218 XIII. REUNION : AND THE END OF NESTORIAN- ISM WITHIN THE EMPIRE, 432-5 254 XIV. EUTYCHIANISM, 435-48 277 XV. THE LATROOINIUM, 449. 301 VJ CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XVI. THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON, 451 811 XVII. THE CHURCH IN THE WEST UNDER VALEN- TINIAN III, 425-t55, AND HIS MOTHER, GALLA PLACIDIA, 425-t50 : (i) THE BAR- BARIAN INVASIONS ; (ii) IRELAND 840 XVIII. THE CHURCH IN THE WEST UNDER VALEN- TINIAN III, 425-t55, AND HIS MOTHER, GALLA PLACIDIA, 425-t50 : (iii) GAUL; (iv) SPAIN ; (v) AFRICA 858 XIX. THE CHURCH IN THE WEST UNDER VALEN- TINIAN III, 425-t55, AND HIS MOTHER, GALLA PLACIDIA, 425-t50 : (vi) ITALY, AND ST. LEO THE GREAT, 440-t61 880. XX. THE EAST AFTER CHALCEDON, 451-82 895 XXI. THE CHURCHES BEYON:D THE EMPIRE 414 INDEX 480 ERRATA p. 214, note 3, for atateruent read statement. p. 349, line 14, for Politus read Potitus, p. 371, lines 16, 17, for Theodore read Theodoric, p. 389, last line but two, for Galasius read Gel~sius. p. 414, last line but one, for 519-t27 read 491-t518. p. 424, last Iine,for 515 read 519, PART III . THE FIFTH CENTURY, TO A.D. 461 2191111 B NoTE.-The Documents, to which reference is made in this volume, are those of Docurnents illiistrative of the History o.f the Church, vol. ii, A. n. 313--461 (S.P.C.K.) CHAPTER I THE FIRST DECADE (i) : INNOCENT I; DONATISM IN the West, during the first decade of the fifth century, interest centres (i) at Rome, where the pontificate of Innocent I, 402-t17; coincides with the decline of Milan consequent upon the with­ drawal of the Court to Ravenna, 402, and so marks a stage of im­ portance in the growth of the authority of his See ; (ii) in Africa, where the episcopate, led by Aurelius and Augustine and sup­ ported from Rome and Ravenna, was engaged in giving the coup de grdce to Donatism, 411 ; (iii) round the great names of Augus­ tine and Jerome who were occupied in controversy: Augustine, 404, with Felix the Manichaean; Jerome and Augustine, to 405, with each other; and Jerome, 404-6, with Vigilantius; (iv) finally, in Italy, where the death of Stilicho, 23 August 408, ~as speedily avenged by the invasion of Alaric and the cap­ ture of Rome, 24 August 410. Innocent and Donatism will occupy us in this chapter; Jerome, Augustine, and Alaric in the next. I Innocent I 1 was bishop of Rome from 402-t17 .• The feebleness of all other authority in the West combined with his own character 2 and talents 3 to make of his pontificate an epoch in the develop­ ment of the powers of the Roman see. He was frequently consulted, and made good use of decretals in reply. Like other popes he knew also how to make respectful language a basis for the exercise or the acquisition of an authority never acknowledged by the applicant, and to turn every occasion to similar advantage. § 1. Thus one of his first acts was directed to Illyria : whither he dispatched Cum Deus noster 4 of 402. In this letter he an- 1 For the letters of Innocent I, see P. L. xx. 457-638; Jaffe, Regesta; i. 44-9; of. Tillemont, Mem. xi. 627-66; Milman, Latin Ohr,Q i. 104-40. 2 Aug. Ep. cli, § 2 (Op. ii. 518 B; P. L. xxxiii. 646). , 3 Thdt. H. E. v. xxiii, § 12. 4 Ep. i (P. L. xx. 465); Jaffe, No. 285. B2 4 T~E FIRST DECADE (i) PART III nounces his accession to Anysius, bishop of Thessalonica 383-t410, and renews to him the office of Papal Vicar in Eastern Illyricum, which Damasus had first bestowed ·on Ascholius,1 and Anysius himself had received first from Siricius 2 and then from Anastasius.3 Western Illyricum consisted at this time of seven 'provinces ' in the ' diocese' of Italy, six 4 of which lay on the upper waters of the Danube, the Drave and the Save, and were in the hands of the barbarians, Alaric having his seat of authority there at Aemona,5 now Laibach ; and the seventh, Dalmatia, with its capital Salona, being situate on the Adriatic. Ecclesiastically, the six gravitated towards Aquileia": while Dalmatia, under its metropolitan, the bishop of Salona, gravitated towards Rome. Civilly, Western Illyricum was part of the Western Empire. So also had Eastern Illyricum once been, till 379. It consisted of the two ' dioceses ' of Dacia and Macedonia, 6 which together made up the Praefecture of Illyricum, and extended from Belgrade and Sofia to Cape Mata­ pan and Crete. In that year Gratian handed it over to Theo­ dosius I, and part of the ·Eastern Empire it remained : though Stilicho bent all his efforts to recover it for the realm of Honorius.7 But the popes had never allowed it to leave their orbit ; and this was the purport of the renewal of the Vicariate 8 by Innocent I to Anysius, and afterwards to his successor, Rufus, 9 410-t31. The bishop of Thessalonica exercised the papal authority there ; and Eastern Illyricum was thus taught still to look, in things ecclesiastical, towards Rome, though in things temporal it had become attached to Constantinople. Nor did the Pope deal with the 'affairs of Illyria, only through his Vicar : he dealt with them direct. Letters of his to the bish9ps of Macedonia are extant, regulating the affair of Bonosus and clergy ordained by him 10 ; 1 F. W. Puller, Prim. Saints 3, 156, n. 1. 2 Ep. iv (P. L. xiii. 1148 sq.); Jaffe, Nos. 257, 259; and Leo, Ep. vi, § 2 (Op. i. 620; P. L. liv. 617 c), Jaffe, No. 404. 3 Innocent, Ep. i (P. L. xx. 465 A). 4 W. to E. they were : Noricum Ripense and N. Mediterraneum, Pannonia I and II, Valeria Ripensis, Savia. 5 In Noricum Med., Hodgkin, I. ii. 661, n. 1, 766. 6 Latin was the language of Dacia and Greek of Macedonia, Soz. vu. iv, § 1. On Illyricum, and the modern countries it covered, $ee H9dgkin, 1. ii. 677 sqq., n. H. 7 Hodgkin, 1. ii, 746. · 8 On this Vicariate, see L. Duchesne, The Churehes separated from Rome, c. vi. · 9 On 17 June 412, Ep. xiii (P. L. xiii. 515-17); Jaffe, No. 300. 10 Ep. xvi (P. L. xx. 519-21); J'affe, No. 299. Bonosus was not bishop of CHAP. I INNOCENT I; DONATISM 5 l'e-establishing Photinus, a bishop deposed under- misapprn­ hension by Anastasius 1 ; declining to .condemn a deacon, Eusta• thius 2 ; and condemning two Cl'etans whose case had been l'eferred to him.3 It was thus a wide author_ity that Innocent I wielded in Illyria. § 2. Nor was his authority less in Spain and Gaul, as is evident from a series of documents dating from the first years of his ponti­ ficate and addressed to the episcopate, or to individual bishops, of those countries. (1) Thus, 402, in answer to congratulations on his accession; accompanied by a series of questions, from certain Gallic bishops, Innocent held a Synod at Rome, and replied in its sixteen canohS. 4 Clerks [c. 3] in Holy Orders must remain unmarried, because of their constant attendance upon Baptism and the Eucharist. Bishops [ c. 6] ought to be thoroughly at one in the faith. At Eastertide [c. 7] the presbyter and the deacon may baptize, even in the bishop's presence ; but, at other times, the presbyter only in case of necessity, and the deacon not at all. No , Christian may marry [c. 9] his .deceased wife's sister, or [ c. 11 J his uncle's wife or child. No one [c. 12] is to be consecrated bishop unless he be first a cleric. Excommunications [cc. 14, 16] iri one diocese are to be respected elsewhere. And [c. 15] no bishop may interfere in the diocese of another. 'If these rules be but observed,' the Synod concludes,. ' there will be no schisms nor heresies, and the Gentiles will say that God is in us of a truth.' 5 (2) Shortly afterwards Innocent sent Etsi tibi, frater, 6 of 15 February 404, to Victricius, bishop of Rouen 395-t415. Victricius was a man of apostolic poverty 7 ; and, as bishop, had carried the Gospel to the barbarians of what is now Flanders and Hainault.8 He w.as a correspondent of Paulinus, bishop of Nola Sardica (as Marius Mercator, Dissertatio, § 15 [P.
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