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POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW POLISH SOCIETY OF MICROBIOLOGISTS Polish Journal of Microbiology I am pleased to inform you that Polish Journal of Microbiology has been selected for coverage in Thomson Scientific products and customers information services. Beginning with No 1, Vol. 57, 2008 information on the contents of the PJM is included in: Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR)/Science Edition. Stanis³awa Tylewska-Wierzbanowska Editor in Chief 2010 Polish Journal of Microbiology formerly Acta Microbiologica Polonica 2010, Vol. 59, No 4 CONTENTS MINIREWIEV Pyogenic streptococci danger of re-emerging pathogens SITKIEWICZ I., HRYNIEWICZ W. 219 Gemini alkylammonium salts as biodeterioration inhibitors BORYCKI B. 227 ORIGINAL PAPERS Biofilm forming multi drug resistant Staphylococcus spp. among patients with conjunctivitis MURUGAN K., USHA M ., MALATHI P., SALEH AL-SOHAIBANI A., CHANDRASEKARAN M. 233 Simultaneous degradation of waste phosphogypsum and liquid manure from industrial pig farm by a mixed community of sulfate-reducing bacteria RZECZYCKA M., MIERNIK A., MARKIEWICZ Z. 241 Peroxidase activity in the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans DSM 771 PAW£OWSKA-ÆWIÊK L. 249 Probiotic properties of yeasts isolated from chicken feces and kefirs RAJKOWSKA K., KUNICKA-STYCZYÑSKA A. 257 $-glucuronidase and $-glucosidase activity of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolated from human feces MROCZYÑSKA M., LIBUDZISZ Z. 265 Evaluating the combined efficacy of polymers with fungicides for protection of museum textiles against fungal deterioration in Egypt ABDEL-KAREEM O. 271 Resistance of bacterial biofilms formed on stainless steel surface to disinfecting agent KRÓLASIK J., ¯AKOWSKA Z., KRÊPSKA M., KLIMEK L. 281 Assessment of microbial growth on the surface of materials in contact with water intended for human consumption using ATP method SZCZOTKO M., KROGULSKI A. 289 Biodeterioration of optical glass induced by lubricants used in optical instruments technology BARTOSIK M., ¯AKOWSKA Z., CEDZIÑSKA K., RO¯NIAKOWSKI K. 295 Antimicrobial activity of undecan-x-ones (x = 24) KUNICKA-STYCZYÑSKA A., GIBKA J. 301 SHORT COMMUNICTIONS Toxoplasma gondii: Usefulness of ROP1 recombinant antigen in an immunoglobulin G avidity assay for diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis in humans HOLEC-G¥SIOR L., DRAPA£A D., LAUTENBACH D., KUR J. 307 Mechanism of aniline degradation by yeast strain Candida methanosorbosa BP-6 MUCHA K., KWAPISZ E., KUCHARSKA U., OKRUSZEK A. 311 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AND FULL TEXT ARTICLES (IN PDF FORM) AVAILABLE AT: www.microbiology.pl/pjm Polish Journal of Microbiology 2010, Vol. 59, No 4, 219226 MINIREVIEW Pyogenic Streptococci Danger of Re-emerging Pathogens IZABELA SITKIEWICZ* and WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland Received 30 October 2010, accepted 25 October 2010 Abstract $-hemolytic, pyogenic streptococci are classified according to type of major surface antigen into A (Streptococcus pyogenes), B (Strepto- coccus agalactiae), C (multiple species including Streptococcus dysagalactiae) and G (multiple species including Streptococcus canis) Lancefield groups. Group A Streptococcus causes each year hundreds of thousands deaths globally as a result of infections and post-infectional sequelae. An increasing number of severe, invasive infections is caused by selected, specialized pathogenic clones. Within the last 50 years, an increasing number of human infections caused by groups B, C and G Streptococcus (GBS, GCS, GGS) has been observed worldwide. GBS was first identified as animal pathogen but the spectrum of diseases caused by GBS quickly shifted to human infections. Groups C and G Streptococcus are still regarded mostly as animal pathogens, however, an increased number of severe infec- tions caused by these groups is observed. The increasing number of human infections caused worldwide by GCS/GGS can be a sign of similar development from animal to human pathogen as observed in case of GBS and this group will gain much more clinical interest in the future.The situation in Poland regarding invasive infections caused by pyogenic streptococci is underestimated. Key words: Streptococcus sp., GAS, GBS, GCS, GGS Background based on the type of hemolysis: " reduction of hemoglobin, resulting in greenish zone around colo- In the antibiotics era and with the development of nies; $ complete lysis of erythrocytes and ( lack vaccines, it was believed that bacterial infections could of visible hemolysis. be easily managed, and prevented thanks to vaccina- The pioneering work of Rebecca Craighill Lance- tion. However, the spread of antibiotic resistance and field in the early 1930s (Lancefield and Todd, 1928; lack of vaccines for multiple pathogens have become Lancefield, 1933) systematized the classification of a public health problem. Lack of efficient tools to streptococci based on the presence and type of surface combat infections promotes the emergence of strains antigen: cell wall carbohydrate or lipoteichoic acids. that are more pathogenic, more difficult and expen- The Lancefield classification differentiates well the sive to eradicate. $-hemolytic group and subdivides it further into groups Streptococci are major human and animal patho- labeled with capital letters from A through W. Some gens, divided into more than 40 species and multiple streptococci that exhibit " or ( hemolysis, for example groups whose taxonomy changed several times over Streptococcus pneumoniae, do not encode Lancefield the years (Kohler, 2007). This mini review will con- antigen. Major human streptococcal pathogens belong centrate on $-hemolytic group of pyogenic streptococci to so called pyogenic division of $-hemolytic strep- and is intended to give a broad overview of the group, tococci and are classified as Lancefield groups A, B, C stress common aspects of their pathogenicity and point and G. For current and historic overview of classifica- out the health cost of infections and economic aspects. tion of all streptococci see recent publications (Hardie and Whiley, 1997; Facklam, 2002; Kohler, 2007). Classification of Streptococcus Group A Streptococcus a major player Streptococcus is a genus that groups catalase nega- tive, gram-positive cocci. Due to single and parallel Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to Lancefield division plane, they form chains composed of two or group A and is often called group A Streptococcus or more cells. First classifications of streptococci, in simply GAS. Only a few other species such as Strepto- addition to cell type and biochemical properties, were coccus dysagalactiae subsp. equisimilis, Streptococcus * Corresponding author: I. Sitkiewicz, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute Che³mska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 220 Sitkiewicz I. and Hryniewicz W. 4 castoreus, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus rotypes (Steer et al., 2009). The distribution of strains constellatus subsp. constellatus and Streptococcus in regions as Africa or Pacific region is remarkably orisratti can in very rare cases contain group antigen different and 25 most prevalent serotypes contribute A (Kohler, 2007). only 60% of all isolated serotypes (Steer et al., 2009). S. pyogenes is a causative agent of common sup- Serotypes isolated from invasive cases in Poland are purative, superficial infections of mucosal surfaces, very diverse on the molecular level but the majority skin and skin structures. The most common examples of strains belong to serotype M1 (Szczypa et al., of GAS infections are streptococcal pharynghitis/ton- 2006). Currently, there is no commercially available sillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, vaccine that could prevent GAS infection. GAS is abscesses of various localization and pyoderma. How- universally sensitive to penicillin and in cases of im- ever, in some cases these infections can lead to post- mediate allergy to penicillin, GAS infections are usu- streptococcal non-suppurative sequelae as rheumatic ally treated with macrolides as ertyhromycin. How- fever, rheumatic heart diseases and glomerulonephri- ever, the increasing number of macrolide resistant tis. GAS is also able to cause severe, invasive, life strains in many parts of the world including Poland threatening infections as streptococcal toxic shock (Szczypa et al., 2004) can make the treatment more syndrome (STSS), necrotizing fascitis (NF), rare expensive and less efficient. Antibiotic treatment of cases of meningitis and pneumonia, puerperal sepsis invasive diseases is very often unsuccessful due to and septicemia (for a review see (Cunningham, 2000) very rapid onset of the disease that results in death and references therein). Factors that predispose to rate as high as 50%. Based on success of pneumococ- invasive GAS infections are often related to immuno- cal vaccine (Whitney et al., 2003; Pletz et al., 2008; logical defects, metabolic diseases as diabetes, pre- Isaacman et al., 2010) it seems that the future direc- vious viral infections (chicken pox and influenza) tion in management of GAS is elaboration of vaccine. and skin injuries (lesions, surgery, injecting drug use) Because infection with certain M type does not pro- (Lamagni et al., 2008). tect from infection with other M types, formulation of GAS is recognized as one of the most important currently tested vaccine is based on multiple M pro- bacterial pathogens.