DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 141–173. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus R.A. Samson1*, C.M. Visagie1, J. Houbraken1, S.-B. Hong2, V. Hubka3, C.H.W. Klaassen4, G. Perrone5, K.A. Seifert6, A. Susca5, J.B. Tanney6, J. Varga7, S. Kocsube7, G. Szigeti7, T. Yaguchi8, and J.C. Frisvad9 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea; 3Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; 6Biodiversity (Mycology), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; 8Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; 9Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark *Correspondence: R.A. Samson, [email protected] Abstract: Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus decided to keep Aspergillus instead of using smaller genera. In this paper, we present the arguments for this decision. We introduce new combinations for accepted species presently lacking an Aspergillus name and provide an updated accepted species list for the genus, now containing 339 species. To add to the scientific value of the list, we include information about living ex-type culture collection numbers and GenBank accession numbers for available representative ITS, calmodulin, β-tubulin and RPB2 se- quences. In addition, we recommend a standard working technique for Aspergillus and propose calmodulin as a secondary identification marker. Key words: Fungal identification, Phylogeny, Media, Nomenclature. Taxonomic novelties: New names: Aspergillus baarnensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus chinensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus delacroxii Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus jaipurensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus solicola Samson, Visagie & Houbraken; New combinations: Aspergillus arxii (Fort & Guarro) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus assulatus (S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus astellatus (Fennell & Raper) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus australensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus caninus (Sigler, Deanna A. Sutton, Gibas, Summerb. & Iwen) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus capsici (J.F.H. Beyma) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus cejpii (Milko) Samson, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus chlamydosporus (Gene & Guarro) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus denticulatus (Samson, S.B. Hong & Frisvad) Samson, S.B. Hong, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus desertorum (Samson & Mouch.) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus ferenczii (Varga & Samson) Samson, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus galapagensis (Frisvad, S.B. Hong & Samson) Samson, Frisvad & Houbraken, Aspergillus inflatus (Stolk & Malla) Samson, Frisvad, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus insolitus (G. Sm.) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus papuensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, Aspergillus pisci (A.D. Hocking & Pitt) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus pluriseminatus (Stchigel & Guarro) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus sclerotialis (W. Gams & Breton) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, Aspergillus shendaweii (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus similis (Y. Horie, Udagawa, Abdullah & Al-Bader) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, Aspergillus tsunodae (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken. Published online 11 September 2014; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004. Hard copy: June 2014. INTRODUCTION teleomorph genera were traditionally linked to Aspergillus ana- morphs (Pitt et al. 2000), one of these being Eurotium Link: Fr. Aspergillus is a diverse genus with high economic and social typified by Eurotium herbariorum (Wiggers: Fr.) Link. The others impact. Species occur worldwide in various habitats and they are were Chaetosartorya Subram., Emericella Berk., Fennellia B.J. known to spoil food, produce mycotoxins and are frequently Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Hemicarpenteles A.K. Sarbhoy & Elphick reported as human and animal pathogens. Furthermore, many (now considered to belong in Penicillium; Visagie et al. 2014a), species are used in biotechnology for the production of various Neosartorya Malloch & Cain, Petromyces Malloch & Cain, metabolites such as antibiotics, organic acids, medicines or Sclerocleista Subram. (now considered distinct from Aspergillus; enzymes, or as agents in many food fermentations. The clas- Houbraken & Samson 2011) and Stilbothamnium Henn. Neo- sification and identification of Aspergillus has been based on petromyces Frisvad & Samson and Neocarpenteles Udagawa & phenotypic characters but in the last decades was strongly Uchiy. were introduced more recently by Frisvad & Samson influenced by molecular and chemotaxonomic characterisation. (2000) and Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002). Thom & Raper Micheli (1729) introduced the name Aspergillus, with Haller (1945) and Raper & Fennell (1965) published major mono- (1768) validating the genus and Fries (1832) sanctioning the graphic treatments on the genus Aspergillus and respectively generic name. Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link [= Mucor glaucus accepted 89 and 150 species. They also disregarded tele- L. ≡ Monilia glauca (L.) Pers.] is the generic type. In total, nine omorphic names, contrary to the prevailing nomenclatural code, Studies in Mycology Peer review under responsibility of CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Copyright © 2014, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Production and hosting by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 141 SAMSON ET AL. using only the name Aspergillus. The List of “Names in Current purpureus, Neosartorya fischeri (= A. fischeri), Eurotium rubrum Use” (NCU) for the family Trichocomaceae (Pitt & Samson 1993) (= A. ruber) and A. fumigatus form a well-supported clade (98 % accepted 185 anamorphic Aspergillus names and 72 associated bootstrap value, bs) indicating the close relationship among teleomorphic names. Pitt et al. (2000) updated this list, accepting these species. Furthermore, A. ruber, A. fumigatus and 184 Aspergillus and 70 associated teleomorphic names. Both A. fischeri were placed together on a branch with moderate lists were mainly based on the morphological species concept statistical support (77 % bs), indicating that Aspergillus is current at that time. However, the move towards a polyphasic monophyletic. Similar results were found by Ogawa et al. (1997); species concept incorporating morphology, extrolite data and in their phylogeny based on 18S rDNA data, E. rubrum, most importantly phylogenetic data, meant that this list quickly N. fischeri and A. fumigatus also formed a well-supported clade became out-dated. This is not only because new species were (99 % bs), distinct from Penicillium and Monascus. Tamura et al. described since the late 1990's, but was also a reflection that (2000) determined the relationships within Aspergillus using 18S many species previously considered synonyms based on rDNA. Using a larger sample size, data indicate that Aspergillus morphology were shown to be phylogenetically distinct. Old is monophyletic, but the overall resolution was limited. names were thus often re-introduced as accepted, distinct spe- Peterson (2008) studied the phylogenetic relationships within cies. As such, we consider updating the list of accepted species Aspergillus. A phylogeny based on 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA and to be crucial for the taxonomic and nomenclatural stability of the RPB2 sequences resolved Aspergillus into three main Aspergillus. clades, but the relationship among these clades was not statis- The infrageneric classification of the genus Aspergillus is tically supported. These clades roughly corresponded with the traditionally based on morphological characters. Raper & Fennell subgenera of Aspergillus, with one clade including the subgenera (1965) divided the genus in 18 groups. The classification into Circumdati and Fumigati, one representing subgenus Nidulantes groups does not have any nomenclatural status and therefore and another containing members of subgenus Aspergillus. Gams et al. (1985) introduced names of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 24(9), 1149–1161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1402.02035 Research Article Review jmb Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant Gossypium hirsutum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Verticillium dahliae In Vitro Zhi-Fang Li†, Ling-Fei Wang†, Zi-Li Feng, Li-Hong Zhao, Yong-Qiang Shi, and He-Qin Zhu* State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China Received: February 18, 2014 Revised: May 16, 2014 Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In Accepted: May 16, 2014 total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. First published online However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among May 19, 2014 resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), *Corresponding author followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and Phone: +86-372-2562280; susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Fax: +86-372-2562280; Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were E-mail: [email protected] most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration † These authors contributed of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Oxepine-Pyrimidinone-Ketopiperazine Type Nonribosomal Peptides
    H OH metabolites OH Review Review of Oxepine-Pyrimidinone-Ketopiperazine Type Nonribosomal Peptides Yaojie Guo , Jens C. Frisvad and Thomas O. Larsen * Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (J.C.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +45-4525-2632 Received: 12 May 2020; Accepted: 8 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 Abstract: Recently, a rare class of nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) bearing a unique Oxepine-Pyrimidinone-Ketopiperazine (OPK) scaffold has been exclusively isolated from fungal sources. Based on the number of rings and conjugation systems on the backbone, it can be further categorized into three types A, B, and C. These compounds have been applied to various bioassays, and some have exhibited promising bioactivities like antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi and transcriptional activation on liver X receptor α. This review summarizes all the research related to natural OPK NRPs, including their biological sources, chemical structures, bioassays, as well as proposed biosynthetic mechanisms from 1988 to March 2020. The taxonomy of the fungal sources and chirality-related issues of these products are also discussed. Keywords: oxepine; nonribosomal peptides; bioactivity; biosynthesis; fungi; Aspergillus 1. Introduction Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), mostly found in bacteria and fungi, are a class of peptidyl secondary metabolites biosynthesized by large modularly organized multienzyme complexes named nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) [1]. These products are amongst the most structurally diverse secondary metabolites in nature; they exhibit a broad range of activities, which have been exploited in treatments such as the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A and the antibiotic daptomycin [2,3].
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillus Penicillioides Speg. Implicated in Keratomycosis
    Polish Journal of Microbiology ORIGINAL PAPER 2018, Vol. 67, No 4, 407–416 https://doi.org/10.21307/pjm-2018-049 Aspergillus penicillioides Speg. Implicated in Keratomycosis EULALIA MACHOWICZ-MATEJKO1, AGNIESZKA FURMAŃCZYK2 and EWA DOROTA ZALEWSKA2* 1 Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 2 Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Submitted 9 November 2017, revised 6 March 2018, accepted 28 June 2018 Abstract The aim of the study was mycological examination of ulcerated corneal tissues from an ophthalmic patient. Tissue fragments were analyzed on potato-glucose agar (PDA) and maltose (MA) (Difco) media using standard laboratory techniques. Cultures were identified using classi- cal and molecular methods. Macro- and microscopic colony morphology was characteristic of fungi from the genus Aspergillus (restricted growth series), most probably Aspergillus penicillioides Speg. Molecular analysis of the following rDNA regions: ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S, 28S rDNA, LSU and β-tubulin were carried out for the isolates studied. A high level of similarity was found between sequences from certain rDNA regions, i.e. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU, what confirmed the classification of the isolates to the species A. penicillioides. The classification of our isolates to A. penicillioides species was confirmed also by the phylogenetic analysis. K e y w o r d s: Aspergillus penicillioides, morphology, genetic characteristic, cornea Introduction fibrosis has already been reported (Bossche et al. 1988; Sandhu et al. 1995; Hamilos 2010; Gupta et al. 2015; Fungi from the genus Aspergillus are anamorphic Walicka-Szyszko and Sands 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT LEWIS, MARY HUNT. Genetic Structure of Soil
    ABSTRACT LEWIS, MARY HUNT. Genetic Structure of Soil Populations of Aspergillus Section Flavi and Efficacy of Biocontrol of Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn. (Under the direction of Dr. Ignazio Carbone and Dr. Peter S. Ojiambo). Corn is contaminated with aflatoxin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin, when aflatoxigenic strains within Aspergillus section Flavi infect corn kernels. Biocontrol using non- aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus have been shown to have the greatest potential to control aflatoxin contamination in corn. However, factors that influence the efficacy of biocontrol agents in different locations are not fully understood. One factor affecting the effectiveness biocontrol could be the genetic structure of the native soil populations of Aspergillus section Flavi. In this study, we investigated how the genetic structure of native soil populations of Aspergillus section Flavi could impact the effectiveness of two commercially available biological control products in different locations in the southeastern US. Field trials were conducted in Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Biocontrol products AF36 and Afla-Guard® were applied to the corn at the VT stage. Soil samples were collected prior to and 1-week after biocontrol application and at harvest to determine the genetic structure of soil populations. In all states, A. flavus (61-100%) was the most dominant species within section Flavi, with A. parasiticus (<35%) being the second- most frequently isolated species. A. nomius, A. caelatus and A. tamarii were detected only in Alabama, but at very low frequencies (<5%). Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that prior to biocontrol application in North Carolina in 2012, 48% of the isolates were the same haplotype as the biocontrol strain Afla-Guard, which belongs to lineage IB, while only 6% were of the same haplotype as AF36, which belongs to lineage IC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism Regulation and Pathways in the Aspergillus Genus
    THE EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM REGULATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS By Abigail Lind Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical Informatics August 11, 2017 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Antonis Rokas, Ph.D. Tony Capra, Ph.D. Patrick Abbot, Ph.D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D. Qi Liu, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and encouraged me during my years working towards this dissertation. First, I want to thank my advisor, Antonis Rokas, for his support for the past five years. His consistent optimism encouraged me to overcome obstacles, and his scientific insight helped me place my work in a broader scientific context. My committee members, Patrick Abbot, Tony Capra, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Qi Liu have also provided support and encouragement. I have been lucky to work with great people in the Rokas lab who helped me develop ideas, suggested new approaches to problems, and provided constant support. In particular, I want to thank Jen Wisecaver for her mentorship, brilliant suggestions on how to visualize and present my work, and for always being available to talk about science. I also want to thank Xiaofan Zhou for always providing a new perspective on solving a problem. Much of my research at Vanderbilt was only possible with the help of great collaborators. I have had the privilege of working with many great labs, and I want to thank Ana Calvo, Nancy Keller, Gustavo Goldman, Fernando Rodrigues, and members of all of their labs for making the research in my dissertation possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Fungi
    Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy l Kerstin Voigt Editors Molecular Identification of Fungi Editors Prof. Dr. Youssuf Gherbawy Dr. Kerstin Voigt South Valley University University of Jena Faculty of Science School of Biology and Pharmacy Department of Botany Institute of Microbiology 83523 Qena, Egypt Neugasse 25 [email protected] 07743 Jena, Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-05041-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05042-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05042-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938949 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, kindly supported by ‘leopardy.com’ Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to Prof. Lajos Ferenczy (1930–2004) microbiologist, mycologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the most outstanding Hungarian biologists of the twentieth century Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Fungi in Sediments and Water Sampled from the Hot Springs of Lake Magadi and Little Magadi in Kenya
    Vol. 10(10), pp. 330-338, 14 March, 2016 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2015.7879 Article Number: 128717757661 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Full Length Research Paper Diversity of fungi in sediments and water sampled from the hot springs of Lake Magadi and Little Magadi in Kenya Anne Kelly Kambura1*, Romano Kachiuru Mwirichia2, Remmy Wekesa Kasili1, Edward Nderitu Karanja3, Huxley Mae Makonde4 and Hamadi Iddi Boga5 1Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya. 2Embu University College, P. O. Box 6 - 60100, Embu, Kenya. 3International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 4Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420 - 80100, GPO, Mombasa, Kenya. 5Taita Taveta University College, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 635-80300 Voi, Kenya. Received 9 December, 2015; Accepted 26 February, 2016 Lake Magadi and Little Magadi are saline, alkaline lakes lying in the southern part of Kenyan Rift Valley. Their solutes are supplied by a series of alkaline hot springs with temperatures as high as 86°C. Previous culture-dependent and independent studies have revealed diverse prokaryotic groups adapted to these conditions. However, very few studies have examined the diversity of fungi in these soda lakes. In this study, amplicons of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region on Total Community DNA using Illumina sequencing were used to explore the fungal community composition within the hot springs.
    [Show full text]
  • Paula Cristina Azevedo Rodrigues S L T I F U N O N R T O I S P T
    Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia m o f r o f e Paula Cristina Azevedo Rodrigues s l t i f u n o n r t o i s p t e a c i h s i c n l e a d i g n i c r x a e o s t m d a l n f m o a o c m d l Mycobiota and aflatoxigenic profile of n o a t a e n a s t o Portuguese almonds and chestnuts from e i o t u i c g b u u o production to commercialisation t d c r o y o r M P p s e u g i r d o R o d e v e z A a n i t s i r C a l u a P 0 1 0 2 | o h n i M U November 2010 Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Paula Cristina Azevedo Rodrigues Mycobiota and aflatoxigenic profile of Portuguese almonds and chestnuts from production to commercialisation Dissertation for PhD degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering Supervisors Professor Doutor Nelson Lima Doutor Armando Venâncio November 2010 The integral reproduction of this thesis or parts thereof is authorized only for research purposes provided a written declaration for permission of use Universidade do Minho, November 2010 Assinatura: THIS THESIS WAS PARTIALLY SUPPORTED BY FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND THROUGH THE GRANT REF . SFRH/BD/28332/2006, AND BY FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA AND POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BRAGANÇA THROUGH THE GRANT REF .
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Fungi Storage Types by Sequencing Method
    Zh. T. Abdrassulova et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 10(3), 2018, 689-692 Identification of Fungi Storage Types by Sequencing Method Zh. T. Abdrassulova, A. M. Rakhmetova*, G. A. Tussupbekova#, Al-Farabi Kazakh national university, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, al-Farabi Ave., 71 *Karaganda State University named after the academician E.A. Buketov #A;-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, al0Farabi Ave, 71 E. M. Imanova, Kazakh State Women’s Teacher Training University, 050000, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Aiteke bi Str., 99 M. S. Agadieva, R. N. Bissalyyeva Aktobe regional governmental university named after K.Zhubanov, 030000, Republic of Kazakhstan, Аktobe, A. Moldagulova avenue, 34 Abstract With the use of classical identification methods, which imply the identification of fungi by cultural and morphological features, they may not be reliable. With the development of modern molecular methods, it became possible to quickly and accurately determine the species and race of the fungus. The purpose of this work was to study bioecology and refine the species composition of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium on seeds of cereal crops. The article presents materials of scientific research on morphological and molecular genetic peculiarities of storage fungi, affecting seeds of grain crops. Particular attention is paid to the fungi that develop in the stored grain. The seeds of cereals (Triticum aestivum L., Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Zea mays L., Oryza sativa L., Sorghum vulgare Pers., Panicum miliaceum L.) were collected from the granaries of five districts (Talgar, Iliysky, Karasai, Zhambul, Panfilov) of the Almaty region. The pathogens of diseases of fungal etiology were found from the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus influencing the safety, quality and safety of the grain.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Identification of Microfungi from Soils in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Article
    Studies in Fungi 5(1): 6–16 (2020) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/2 Isolation and identification of microfungi from soils in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Mohd Nazri NIA1, Mohd Zaini NA1, Aris A1, Hasan ZAE1, Abd Murad NB1, 2 1 Yusof MT and Mohd Zainudin NAI 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Mohd Nazri NIA, Mohd Zaini NA, Aris A, Hasan ZAE, Abd Murad NB, Yusof MT, Mohd Zainudin NAI 2020 – Isolation and identification of microfungi from soils in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Studies in Fungi 5(1), 6–16, Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/2 Abstract Microfungi are commonly inhabited soil with various roles. The present study was conducted in order to isolate and identify microfungi from soil samples in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. In this study, the soil microfungi were isolated using serial dilution technique and spread plate method. A total of 25 isolates were identified into ten genera based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequence analysis, namely Aspergillus, Clonostachys, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Gliocladiopsis, Metarhizium, Myrmecridium, Penicillium, Scedosporium and Trichoderma consisting 18 fungi species. Aspergillus and Penicillium species were claimed as predominant microfungi inhabiting the soil. Findings from this study can be used as a checklist for future studies related to fungi distribution in tropical lands. For improving further study, factors including the physicochemical properties of soil and anthropogenic activities in the sampling area should be included.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus.
    [Show full text]