El 098 Public Disclosure Authorized INDIA TAMIL NADU EMPOWERMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES

Public Disclosure Authorized January 25, 2005

Government of Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Department Public Disclosure Authorized Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 20 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND .20 1.2 RATIONALE FOR MAINSTREAMING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .20 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PREPARING TEG'S AND EIMM .. 20 1.4 SCOPE OF WORK .. 21 1.5 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .. 21 1.5.1 Preparation Of TEGs ...... 21 1.5.2 Preparation Of Environment Implementation & Monitoring Manual ...... 21 1.6 DELIVERABLES ...... 22 2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 23 2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEW ORK ...... 23 2.2.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS ...... 23 2.2.2 Article 48-A of the Constitution ...... 23 2.2.3 Article 51-A of the Constitution ...... 23 2.3 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - ENVIRONMENT ...... 23 2.4 MANDATORY ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ...... 24 2.4.1 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 .24 2.4.2 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 .24 2.4.3 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 .24 2.4.4 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1990 .24 2.4.5 Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974 ...... 24 2.4.6 ... The Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977/Amended 2003: ...... 25 2.4.7 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Tamil Nadu Air (Prevention of Control of Pollution) Rules 1983 ...... 25 2.4.8 Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/ 2000/2003 ...... 25 2.4.9 Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/ 2000 ...... 25 2.4.10 Other Regulations ...... 25 2.5 COMPETENT REGULATORY/MONITORING AGENCIES ...... 26 3. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE ...... 30 3.1. INTRODUCTION .. 30 3.2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS .. 30 3.3. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS .. 30 3.4. LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS .. 31 3.5. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE .. 31 3.6. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE .. 32 3.7 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES . .34 3.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS .. 44 3.8.1 Soil Degradation .44 3.8.2 Water Resources - Overview .45 3.8.3 Ground Water Resource .45 3.8.4 Shallow Ground Water Quality .45 3.8.5 Critically Polluted Areas .46 4. CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RANKING & CATEGORIZATION OF ACTIVITIES .50 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 50 4.2 CRITERIA OF RANKING ...... 50 2 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vvorld Bank) 4.3 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RANKING ...... 50 4.4 CONCLUSION ...... 56 5 TECHNICAL EVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES (TEG) . .58 5.1. INTRODUCTION . . . 58 5.2. GENERIC GUIDELINES . . .58 5.3. TEG FORMULATION . . . 60 5.4 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND BEST PRACTICES . . .60 Agro Based ... 60 5.4.1 Arca bark processing ...... 60 5.4.2 Spirulina Culture ...... 61 5.4.3 Mushroom Cultivation ...... 62 5.4.4 Agriculture Activities...... 63 5.4.5 Vermi-composting ...... 64 5.4.6 Sericulture ...... 65 Animal Related.66 5.4.7 Slaughtering/ Meat Processing .66 5.4.8 Poultry .68 5.4.9 Pig Rearing .69 5.4.10 Inland& Coastal Fishery Activities .70 Recycling . . .71 5.4.11 Recycling Industry - Paper Recycling .71 5.4.12 Recycling Industry - Aluminum recycling .72 5.4.13. Recycling Industry - Plastic recycling .73 5.4.14 Tyre Retreading .74 Food Based ... 75 5.4.15. Oil & Vanaspati .75 5.4.16 Milk production & distribution (small dairy) .76 5.4.17 Jam, fruit juices and pickles .77 5.4.18 Small canteen, tea stall, tiffin, idli, dosa & snack making .78 5.4.19 Papad Making .79 5.4.20 Tamarind Processing .80 5.4.21 Masala Powder Making .81 Chemical Based . . .82 5.4.22 Paints & Varnishes!Soaps & Detergents!Cleaningpowder!Dyes & Dye Intermediates . . . 82 5.4.23 Fabric Dyeing .83 5.4.24 Pesticides Storage & Formulations (Small Scale Units) .85 5.4.25 Plaster of Paris & Plaster of Paris Products .87 5.4.26 Matchsticks making .88 5.4.27 Cement Pipe Making .89 5.4.28 Ceramics / Poffery .90 5.4.29 Glass .91 5.4.30 Paper Mache Toys .92 5.4.31 Silver Anklet Making .93 5.4.32 Tissue Paper .94 Highly Air Polluting . . .95 5.4.33 Stone Crushing .95 5.4.34 Charcoal Production .96 5.4.35 Briquette Industry .97 5.4.36 Brick Kiln .98 5.4.37 Lime Kiln .99 5.4.38 Grain and Rice Mill .100 Dry Activity [Minimal water use for washing purposes and mixing] ... 101 5.4.39 Sambirani (Dhoop Making) .101

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducron Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.40 Candle Making ...... 102 5.4.41 Beedi Making ...... 103 5.4.42 Wood Carving ...... 104 5.4.43 Coir Rope making ...... 105 5.4.44 Leather Good Manufacturing ...... 106 5.4.45 Pottery and Terracotta Items ...... 107 5.4.46 Water harvesting structure ...... : 108 5.4. SITE SPECIFICATION, DESIGN AND ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONSIDERATION . 110 5.5. ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL ACTIVITIES . 110 5.6. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES . 110 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK .128 6.1 INTRODUCTION .. 128 6.2 APPLICATION OF EMF .. 128 6.2.1 Application of EMF during Sub-project Planning . .130 6.2.2 Application of EMF during Sub-project Implementation . .132 6. 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND AUDITING .. 132 6.3.1 Environmental Supervision .132 6.3.2 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing .132 6.4 CONCLUSION .. 133 7. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, CAPACITY-BUILDING AND BUDGET. 134 7.1 INTRODUCTION...... 134 7.2 PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ...... 134 7.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EMF ...... 137 7.4 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ...... 139 7.5 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ...... 140 7.6 BUDGET ...... 141

Annexure - 1 MINAS Standards Annexure - 2 Profile of resources in Tamil Nadu Annexure - 3 Likely Sources of Pollution for Existing Activities in Districts Annexure - 4 Evaluation Location - Site Specific Annexure - 5 Evaluation of Location II - Natural Resource Specific Annexure - 6 Groundwater Situation Annexure - 7 Maps Annexure - 8 Identified Hotspots Annexure - 9 Cumulative Ranking Annexure - 10 Environmentally Friendly activities Annexure - 11 Negative List Annexure - 12 WHO Classification of Pesticides Annexure - 13 Format of Questionnaire Annexure - 14 List of Stake Holders Annexure - 15 Form A-1, A-2 and A-3 Annexure - 16 Guidelines for EIA

4 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) Glossary of Terms Acronym Detail TNCDW Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women PLF Panchayat Level Federation LFT Livelihood Facilitation Team VPRC Village Poverty Reduction Committee PFT Project Facilitation Team SHG Self Help Group GS Gram Sabha DPIU District Project Implementation Unit DLBSG District Livelihood and Business Support Group SPMU State Project Management Unit CRP Community Resource Person DERP District Environmental Resource Person VLP Village Livelihood Plan CDD Community Demand Driver CIG Common Interest Group COM Community Operation Manual IPM Integrated Pest Management DTCs District Training Centers BIS Bureau of Indian Standards MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests EIA Environmental Impact Assessment BDM Business Development Manager TEG Technical Environmental Guidelines EIMM Environmental Implementation and Monitoring Manual SWD Social Welfare Department GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions NGOs Non Governmental Organisation CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board EMP Environmental Management Plan IEE Initial Environmental Examination TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand ERM Environmental Resource Manual

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Government of Tamil Nadu (GOTN) through the Social Welfare Department (SWD) is initiating the process of preparing Tamil Nadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction project. The objective of the project is to improve the livelihood and quality of life of rural poor in the state (particularly women and other disadvantaged groups) through social, economic and democratic empowerment. This project aims to organize vulnerable people for collective action; strengthening community organizations and local governments to provide inclusive, responsive and accountable governance; improve the opportunities for the vulnerable to meet their social and economic objectives; mitigate the risks faced by them and build and maintain their productive and non productive asset base. The project will improve the context within which poor people operate by enhancing the performance of service providers including financial organizations and local government.

The project has four components that include Institutional and Human Capital Development; livelihood improvement funds, vulnerability reduction; and project management. GOTN has approached World Bank to finance this project. One of the major components of the project is creation of micro enterprises through the livelihood funds in the entire state. These funds will support development of micro-enterprises, rural infrastructure and services such as small connecting roads, bridle paths, mule tracks and bridges, village schools, small health centers, village ponds, micro water harvesting and conservation structures, integrated pest management, agriculture based micro processing industries and other micro industries, minor irrigation, livestock management, etc. The expected investment for each enterprise will average Rs 2 Lakhs. This project has been classified as Category "B" by the World Bank. The project is expected to have limited environmental impacts, which requires partial environmental assessment. Therefore, there is a need to mainstream environmental issues at the planning stage of the project.

The Activities, which are proposed to be undertaken under this project, are given in Chapter 3.

The main objective of this assignment is to address adverse environmental impacts associated with the investments during planning and implementing of sub-projects through development of Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) and Environmental Management Framework (EMF), which will be integrated into an Environmental Resource Manual (ERM) as a part of Community Operation Manual (COM). TNCDW has entrusted the job of preparing the TEGs and EMF to IRG Systems South Asia Private Limited.

The TEGs have been prepared to serve as a guide to improve the decision-making and ensure that sub-projects being considered for financing have environmental and social safeguards. They provide guidance on good practices including mitigation and enhancement measures for negative and positive environmental impacts respectively. They are supported by pictographical sketches for easy implementation in the field.

The EMF includes an implementation and monitoring plan, institutional measures, and capacity building plan for effective implementation of the TEGs.

At first, the prevailing environmental regulatory framework in the state has been described in terms of Constitutional Provisions and different acts. Further, the environment resource base of Tamilnadu has been described with respect to natural and man-made resources. These resources are supported by physiographic characteristics and climatic conditions of the state. The existing and proposed activities and environmental issues associated with these activities have been described with respect to natural and manmade resources. An effort has been made to assess environmental hotspots and stressed area in the state. The natural

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 6 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wordd Bank) resource base complements the man-made resources, which forms the basis of livelihood activities. The man made resources have been classified into demography, agriculture and industries. Agricultural activities have been classified into percentage cultivable area and cropping pattern. The industrial activities have been classified into small, medium and large scale industries existing in the state. The profile of these resources in each district is summarized in Annexure 2.

Demographically, the state has adverse female to male ratio (98 Females for 100 Males). 56% of the total population is rural. The rural area has adverse female to male ratio (99 females to 100 males). The state has 65% literacy rate. Literacy rate in rural population is 49%. Male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate in rural areas. 44% of the total population is the worker population in the state. Rural workers account for 50% of the total rural population. Marginal workers are 19% of the total rural workers. Female marginal workers account for 60% of the total marginal workers in rural area.

Nineteen districts out of twenty seven districts in the state have perennial source of water. Forest cover (% landuse) ranges from 1.52% in Thoothukudi to 53% in Nilgiri district. Except for Chennai, Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Karur, Dindigul, Theni, Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari districts, all other districts have mineral resources. All districts except Chennai have cultivable area. This is an indicator of agriculture as one of the main sources of livelihood. Districts Sivagangai and The Nilgiris have lowest cultivable area (21-30%) while Thiruvarur have highest cultivable area (81%). All districts except Chennai produce cash crops including fruits, vegetables, spices, tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber and different types of nuts. Apart from the conventional sources of energy, the state has non- conventional sources of energy, which includes wind, solar, tidal and biomass. The state has generating capacity of 9299 MW, comprising 2970 MW from four Thermal Stations, 424 MW from three Gas Turbine Stations, 1987 MW from 32 Hydro Stations, 988 MW from Private sector Projects, 2452 MW as Tamil Nadu's share from Central Generating Stations and 400 MW as external assistance. Existing generating capacity from privately owned wind farms is 1342 MW. Tamilnadu Electricity Board (TNEB) owned wind farm generate 19 MW. The distribution network comprises 1,44,032 circuit kilometers of extra high tension (above 33 kV) and high-tension (11 kV to 33 kV) lines, 4,67,847 circuit kilometers of low-tension lines, 1044 substations, and 1,54,321 distribution transformers. Small-scale industries constitute 80% of the industrial base in Tamil Nadu, while medium and large-scale industries account for 5.3% and 14% respectively. Nilgiri district has the lowest number of industries while Salem is the most industrialized district in the state. Karur district has lowest number while Coimbatore has highest number of large and medium scale industries.

A sample survey of six districts was carried out to understand existing activities and identify environmental issues associated with them. A questionnaire (refer Annexure 13) was formulated and relevant information was collected from each district through primary sampling. Meetings were also held with different stakeholders during primary & secondary field survey. List of stakeholders met is compiled in Annexure 14.

These activities can be categorized into five different groups based on their nature, water requirement, raw materials used and method of production. These groups are agro-based activities, wet processing industries, animal based activities, recyclable activities and dry activities. Annexure 3 summarizes district-wise existing list of activities, their classification (wet, dry etc.), sources of pollution and existing practices being followed.

The proposed activities having significant environmental impacts may add to the existing pollution level in each district. Therefore, baseline status of each district in the state has been assessed and also the surface water quality assessment of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been followed for the classification purposes.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vorld Bank) Further, hot spots and stressed areas including blocks in each district have also been identified with respect to ground water availability and quality, surface water availability and quality, changes in forest cover, pollution in coastal areas, proximity to ecologically sensitive areas like wetland, mangroves etc., ambient air quality status (residential and Industrial) and hot spots as identified by TNPCB.

Cumulative environmental ranking of each activity has been carried out to determine the level of pollution and mitigation measures required to mitigate the impacts. Further, each district in the state has been appraised and ranked as per cumulative environmental ranking. This will assist in determining the type of proposed activity, which a district can sustain given its status of pollution and environmental resource base. The criterion for categorization of proposed activities has been fixed based on their pollution potential with respect to Air pollution, Water Pollution and Solid waste generation. Each of the parameter has been measured on a scale of 0 to 1. The lower value indicates environmentally safe activity. These rankings have been arrived at considering the existing process and scale of operations, along with other environmental concerns in majority of the districts.

The environmental categorization of each activity assists in defining the Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEG), which should be implemented for mitigation of impacts. El category activities require generic TEGs as the extent of pollution from these activities are expected to be insignificant. However, pollution potential from E2 & E3 category activities may be significant. Therefore, E2 & E3 category activities require specific TEGs. A list of activities/related activities requiring specific TEGs is provided in Chapter 5.

Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) have been formulated based on environmental categorization of existing/proposed activities in order to mainstream environmental safeguards at all levels of implementation. These guidelines have been described at three levels.

Level 1: Generic Guidelines, which are applicable to all activities irrespective of nature and scale of operations.

Level 2: Specific Guidelines, with respect to each activity.

Level 3: Recommended best practices for each activity.

1. Specific guidelines and best practices have been described pictographically describing each process. These guidelines are supported by site-specific design and engineering and infrastructure considerations, which should be followed during implementation. Further, process diagram of primary and secondary effluent treatment and a list of negative activities and environmental friendly activities have been described.

The generic guidelines for air, water and solid waste management are given below.

Attribute Guidelines Air * Store loose materials either indoors or under cover . Make sure that equipment lids fit tightly . Tanks should be covered * Use dust suppression techniques such as water sprays on areas of the site that will give rise to dust clouds . Dust containment cum suppression system for the equipment; . Construction of wind breaking walls. . Construction of the metalled roads within the unit's premises. 8 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) . Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within the premises. . Growing of a green belt along the periphery of unit Water * Protect surface water drains to prevent water pollution. * Only clean, uncontaminated surface water should be discharged to the surface water drainage system. * All surface water runoff from refuelling areas should be isolated from general yard drainage and drained to an oil separator . Store all chemicals in an area where spillages will be contained viz impermeable bund. I Inspect the bund regularly and remove any accumulated rainwater. . Ensure that adequate measures are taken to prevent polluting run-off from the site or wash-out from entering drains and/or watercourses. * Label containers holding liquid wastes and store them securely on site while they await disposal so that they cannot escape into drains, watercourses or surrounding ground. Any accidental spills must be properly and effectively contained and cleaned up. Solid Waste . Separate out contaminated materials from clean ones and store them safely. . Identify the waste types and quantities that the activity is likely to produce. . Leachate collection and treatment system must be provided. . Segregate the different types of waste that arise from activiites. . Storage of all potentially polluting substances should be located on impermeable surfaces with controlled drainage. . Waste reduction by: * ensuring adequate storage space for materials * having a dedicated stores compound to reduce the amount of materials damaged or wasted; . Label all waste containers . Do not dispose empty containers, containing residues of the original contents . Maintain a high standard of housekeeping on site

Specific TEGs have been described with pictographical representation in the report.

In order to ensure that the environment is not compromised in the process of livelihood generation, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for the project. The framework approach has been adopted so that the environmental aspects can be adequately addressed for a vast range of sub-project activities that could be potentially proposed by the communities and supported by the TNEPRP.

Components of EMF

The EMF lays out the road-map for the activities pertaining to the environmental aspects of the sub-projects that have to be carried out at the planning, approval and implementation stages of the sub-project cycle. The specific objectives of the EMF are: * To mitigate adverse environmental impacts of proposed sub-projects.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) . To enhance the environmental benefits of sub-projects, and promote livelihood activities that are environment-enhancing. * To ensure the long term sustainability of benefits from sub-projects by securing natural resource base on which they are dependent

The EMF comprises of the following components: * Environmental appraisal procedure for categorization of sub-projects and triggering of appropriate mitigation measures (presented in Chapter 4) * Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs), which have been developed to address the environmental concerns associated with the specific sub-project activities likely to be supported by the TNEPRP (presented in Chapter 5). These are complemented by a list of sub-project activities that would not be supported by the TNEPRP due to their negative environmental consequences. (Annexurel 1) * Environmental monitoring and evaluation Plan (presented in Chapter 6) * Environmental Training and Capacity Building (presented in Chapter 7)

The procedures and materials that have been developed as components of the EMF for the TNEPRP will be compiled as the "Environmental Resource Manual" for the Project, which will aid in the implementation of the EMF at various levels and stages of the sub-project cycle.

APPLICATION OF EMF

The EMF will be applied to all the sub-project activities supported by the TNEPRP, through the planning and implementation stages of the sub-project cycle. The planning stage includes the development of the Village Livelihood Plan by the VPRC.

The steps that describe the application of the EMF in the above mentioned stages of the sub-project life cycle are explained in the following Table:

EMF Activities in the Sub-project Cycle

m Agency EMF Activities Outcomes

10 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) s AgencyRAgesponsib EMF Activities Outcomes

VPRC, with A. Development of Village Livelihood VLP help of LFT, Plan (VLP) PFT, and CRPs.

B. Submission of VLP to DLBSG for VPRC appraisal

c. Environmental Appraisal of VLP DLBSG . Environmental appraisal is a * Record of part of the over-all appraisal of recommendations and (DLBSG the sub-project activities conditions for final appoints an comprising the VLP. approval, for each sub- Appraisal * Environmental appraisal project in the VLP Team (AT); checks for absence of the * Completed form A-i for the proposed sub-project activities each sub-project Environment from the list of "negative" comprising the VLP and Eco- activities. friendly * Appraisal includes Livelihoods environmental categorization officer (El, E2, or E3) of the sub- designates the project activities in the VLP. Environment * Completion of Form A-1 for Appraiser on each sub-project activity the AT) comprising the VLP . Relevant TEGs (from the ERM) are attached to Form A- 1 for each sub-project activity. * Conditions for final environmental clearance are -u, also recorded in Form A-1. D c D. Appraised VLP returned to VPRC cu

c E. VLP Communications Campaicn cu

DLBSG F. Submission of individual sub- proiect proposals to VPRC or PLF * Environment-related * Form A-2 to be completed by information required for VPRC and sub-project proponent the final clearance is Gram Sabha made available (Form A- G. Environmental Assessment of 2) Sub-project individual sub-proiect proposals proponent . Ensure that TEGs and other measures recommended . Final environmental during the VLP appraisal clearance provided for (Form A-1) are incorporated El and E2 class sub- VPRC Sub- in the proposal. projects that meet the projects Sub- * Ensure that the requirements requirements stipulated committee ( as stated in Form A-1) for in Form A-1 (with help of final clearance are met. * El and E2 class sub- DLBSG if * For El and E2 class sub- projects that do not meet required) projects, the proposal is the requirements are cleared at this stage if the sent back to the sub- requirements in form A-1 are project proponent, for

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Pri ject * If the sub-project activity is * Completed Form A-3 for Techr ical Environmental Guidelin s (World Bank) classed E3, ensure that EIA El and E2 class sub- is conducted and report project proposals submitted with the proposal. . For E3 class sub- ResponsibleO EMF Activities Outcomes i Agency

Environmental H. Evaluation of the EIA report (for . Final decision for E3 Appraiser on E3 sub-proiects) class sub-project : AT . Sub-project proposal activity proposals. is rejected if the EIA report * Completed form A-3 for c:0) does not adequately address E3 class sub-project 0X the anticipated proposals.

_) environmental impacts. E * If the EIA report is c acceptable, the sub-project D.. proposal is given the final environmental clearance and forwarded to the VPRC.

DLBSG I. Monitoring and Evaluation . Half-yearly audits, with 5% of the El and E2 class * afyearly audits,inwipoth sub-projects in operation are yearly monitoring reports randomly selected for o0 environmental monitoring each year. . All E3 class subprojects are Ea) a) monitored for the specified QL parameters at the monitoring E frequency stipulated in the monitoring plan prepared as a part of the EIA.

Application of EMF during Sub-project Planning

According to the institutional design of the TNEPRP, the Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC) is charged with developing a Village Livelihood Plan (VLP). The VPRC will develop this Plan with the help from the Project Facilitation Team (PFT), Community Resource Persons (CRPs), etc. and will submit the VLP for a technical appraisal to the District Livelihoods and Business Support Group (DLBSG).

The DLBSG will appoint an Appraisal Team (AT), to conduct a technical evaluation of the sub-project activities that comprise the proposed VLP. The AT will include an Environmental Appraiser, who will be responsible for the environmental appraisal of each of the proposed sub-project activities. Specifically, the environmental appraisal will include the following for each sub-project activity comprising the VLP:

* Check for absence from the list of activities not supported by the project due to their serious adverse environmental impacts (Annexurel 1) * Environmental impact categorization (El, E2 or E3), per the methodology presented in Chapter 4. • Prescription of relevant TEGs from the Environmental Resource Manual, suggestions for enhancing the positive environmental impacts for the proposed activities, and supplementary conditions for approval, for all the activities approved at this stage. Sub-project activities in the E3 category will have the mandatory requirement of conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). 12 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Form A-1 (refer Annexure 15) will be completed by the Environmental Appraiser for each sub-project activity comprising the VLP. One copy of the form will be sent back (with the appraised VLP) to the VPRC, and one copy will be for the DLBSU.

After the VPRC receives the approved VLP, it will be presented to the Gram Sabha and subsequently disseminated in the village population, through a communications campaign organized around the sub-project activities comprising the VLP.

It is at this stage that a Self Help Group (SHG) interested in a particular sub-project activity will begin to prepare a sub-project proposal. In addition to considering the financial, technical, resources and livelihood aspects of the proposed activity, the SHG will also consider the environmental aspects of the proposed activity in the chosen geographic and natural resources setting. The SHG may take assistance from the CRPs and the PFT, in the consideration of the environmental aspects of the proposed activity. The SHG will be required to fill the Form A-2 (refer Annexure 15) and enclose it with the activity proposal. The Form A-2 is required to ensure that all the suggestions and conditions outlined in the Form A-1 are met by the activity proposal. This form will also provide the relevant site- specific environmental information.

Once the sub-project activity proposals are submitted to the VPRC (or the PLF), they will be forwarded to the Sub-projects Sub-committee of the VPRC for appraisal. During the appraisal, the sub-committee will verify that: . The TEGs recommended in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the activity proposal . Any modifications for environmental enhancement suggested in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the activity proposal . Any conditions mandated for final environmental clearance outlined in the Form A-1 have been met.

Form A-3 (refer Annexure 15) will be used to record the extent of compliance of the sub- project proposal with the requirements stipulated in the Form A-1. For the sub-project activity proposals categorized as El or E2 during the VLP appraisal, the VPRC sub-projects sub- committee will only need to ensure that the requirements and suggestions outlined in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the proposal. Final environmental clearance will be provided at this stage for El and E2 class sub-projects.

For the sub-project activities categorized as E3 during the VLP appraisal, the sub-committee will ensure that the required EIA has been conducted by the SHG. The activity proposal and the EIA report will be forwarded to the DLBSG for review. The review would be conducted by an Environmental Appraiser appointed by the DLBSG. If the EIA report is found to adequately address the environmental issues associated with the proposed sub-project, the DLBSG will issue the final environmental clearance. Otherwise the sub-project proposal will be returned to the proponent through the VPRC. The final environmental clearance (or rejection) would be recorded on Form A-3.

The essential requirements of EIA report are outlined in Annexure 16.

Application of EMF during Sub-project Implementation

The EMF activities during the sub-project implementation phase pertain mainly to monitoring and evaluation, which is described in the following section.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND AUDITING

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 13 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Environmental Supervision

At the district level, the DLBSG staff would be responsible for verifying that the EMF is being correctly and adequately implemented. The Eco-friendly Livelihoods and Environment Officer at the DLBSG will have the specific responsibility for ensuring that the EMF guidelines and processes are being followed, and that the recommended TEGs are being implemented for all the sub-projects in the district. For this purpose, the Eco-friendly Livelihoods and Environment Officer at the DLBSG will identify a district-levele environment agency which will conduct the environmental supervision of the sub-projects. The supervision will be conducted every six months, and reports shall be submitted by the contracted agency to the DLBSG, which will include it in their overall supervision report to the SPMU.

A sample of the El and E2 class sub-projects would be randomly selected for environmental supervision. Every six-months, 5% of the El and E2 class sub-projects in operation will be supervised.

All E3 class sub-projects will be supervised in accordance with the environmental supervision and monitoring plan prepared as a part of the EIA. The environmental parameters to be monitored and the frequency of supervision will be specified in the environmental management plan prepared for the E3 class sub-projects.

Environmental supervision would focus on ensuring that:

* the measures aimed at mitigating the adverse environmental impacts and enhancing the positive environmental impacts are being implemented adequately * the recommended measures (as stipulated in Form A-1 and/or in the EIA) are effective * any unforeseen adverse impacts on the environment are acknowledged and addressed

Environmental Monitoring and Auditing

The SPMU will contract a consultancy and environmental audit of TNEPRP to an external agency once in two years to assess the effectiveness of the EMF implementation. The external agency will be an independent civil society organization with capacity in the area of environmental management and consulting. The principal objectives of the consultancy and the audit will be the following:

* Assess the technical viability and user-friendliness of the processes and procedures comprising the EMF developed for TNEPRP. * Assess the accuracy of application of the environmental screening process * Assess the implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures and TEGs * Report qualitatively and quantitatively on the sub-projects cumulative impact on the environment, including the impact of the environment-enhancing sub-projects * Explore for possible areas of conflict between environment conservation and livelihood generation, and report on the effectiveness of EMF from poverty alleviation perspective. * Evaluate the implementation of community environmental awareness and sensitization programs. * Understand the changing environmental conditions and emerging environmental concerns in the TNEPRP areas, and recommend revisions to the EMF in this regard

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 14 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vvorld Bank) Depending on the results of the above evaluations, the consultancy/audit must rate the environmental performance of the TNEPRP in accordance with the World Bank criteria as described below:

1. Highly satisfactory: Projects where the environmental components are being implemented in a timely and satisfactory manner. 2. Satisfactory: Projects where there are some unpredicted impacts but they do not undermine the progress of execution of projects and are addressed by the responsible agency. 3. Unsatisfactory: Projects where there are major problems in execution due to unexpected environmental impacts, and where the EMF is not being implemented properly.

The terms of reference for the external environmental consultancy and audit will include details of the sample, scope of the audit and details of the key environmental parameters to be monitored.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The project administration will be organized at the state, district, block/cluster, and village levels. A brief description of the major project implementation agencies is provided below:

State Project Management Unit (SPMU): At the state level, the SPMU will be responsible for the overall project. In addition to the responsibilities for coordination and guidance of the project, the following are some of the specific responsibilities of the SPMU: * Financial management at state level * Sourcing and hiring of staff at state and district levels * Identifying and positioning facilitating agencies at cluster level Appointing resource organizations for institution and capacity building, livelihoods, communications, monitoring and evaluation, environment, etc. * Developing modules for campaigns, communications, capacity building etc. at various levels. * Developing the process flows for key activities of the project * Facilitate the policy environment in favor of institutions of the poor and enhance pro- poor orientation in governance at various levels * Convergence and partnership support

District Livelihood and Business Support Group (DLBSG): The DLBSG will be responsible for all the project activities in the district. The following are some of the specific responsibilities of the DLBSG: Identification and management of resource agencies/groups for various aspects of the sub-projects. * Providing support to SPMU in identifying facilitating agencies * Capacity building of facilitating agencies, VPRCs, SHGs, etc. Building panels of technical appraisers Management of funds flow to VPRCs * Monitoring and learning

Project Facilitation Team (PFT): The PFT will operate at the block/cluster level, and will be responsible for the following activities: * Communication campaigns during project entry into the village * Identification of poor through a participatory process * Formation of VPRCs * Support in mobilization of the poor into groups

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 15 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Support in building the capacities of groups and their federations * Support to VPRCs in livelihood analysis and in developing village livelihood plans * Support in sub-project process * Support in implementation of livelihoods plan * Support in monitoring and evaluation

Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC): The VPRC will be the agency responsible for implementing the project in the Gram Panchayat. The following are some of the specific responsibilities of the VPRC: * Ensure the formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and to ensure that the poor are covered under the SHGs * Ensure participatory planning for the enhancement of livelihoods of the poor. * Development of village livelihood plan * Appraisal of sub-project proposals Coordination of funds flow to the sub-project implementing groups and monitoring of sub-projects implementation

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EMF

SPMU Level:

At the state level, the Business Development Manager - Livelihoods Planning and Environment (BDM-LP&E) will be responsible for the overall environmental aspects of TNEPRP activities. The BDM-LP&E will be placed in the SPMU, and will be charged with the effective implementation of the EMF, including the environmental training program and the external environmental audit for the whole project (to be conducted once every two years).

DLBSG level:

At the district level, the DLBSG staff will include an Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer. Some of the specific tasks of the Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officerwill be:

* Identification and capacity-building of resource persons at district level for creating capacity for environmental appraisal of village livelihood plans and sub-project proposals * Identification and capacity-building of resource agency for conducting environmental audits of the project activities * Ensure environmental appraisal of village livelihood plans and sub-project proposals * Supervision of environmental assessment process * Serve as master trainer for environmental management training programs * Facilitation of external environmental audits * Implementation of specific environment-enhancing sub-projects

Block and Village levels:

While the environment-related project positions are limited to the state and district levels, the TNEPRP will aim to develop capacity for environmental management at the block and village levels as well, through environment sensitization and awareness campaigns. To this end, the campaigns will target capacity building in the village and block level agencies like the VPRC and the PFT, as well as in the Community Resource Persons (CRPs).

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 16 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) The project institutional structure with the above-mentioned environment-related positions is presented in the following Figure

Proiect Organizational Structure

GOTN

TNCDW State level

Environmental Agency STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (Env. Trainina and Audit)

District Livelihood 8 Business Support GroupApas District level (includes Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer) Appraisal Team (includes . ~~Environmental ADDraiser)

I \ t { + ~~~~~~~~~Environmental Agency l I \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(DistrictLevel) I\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EnvironmentalAudits ...... t

Block level I......

Project Facilitation Team

l -- | Fed~~~~~~~~~eerationof | | Activity Cluster level (10 Panchayat) - SHGS/PLF Federations

Village Level

S ;-\\ ,.,,,, ,.,. L VVPRC CRoemmunityFL

Grant items

: ::4 L~~~~~oan items Activity\ ( < 5 t)(Subpro~~~(Suprjects) ops

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 17 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING

The training program developed for the TNEPRP aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for the staff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities will be organized by an Environment Agency, which will be given the overall responsibility for environmental training and capacity building on a state-wide basis.

The training program has two distinct objectives: * to develop and enhance capacity for environmental management in the project implementation agencies, and * to create environmental awareness and sensitization in the target communities

Technical Training for Environmental Management

The Environment Agency will develop a specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on the procedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management. This training would be mandatory for Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officers and the Environmental Appraisers from the DLBSG of each district.

The training will involve initial orientation, main training program and refresher training programs. The main and refresher training programs will be for a duration of 2-3 days each, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of one day. Refresher training program will be offered once every year. The main themes of the content of the training program will be:

* Environmental overview * Need of environmental impact assessment studies * Tools and techniques for environmental assessment * Environmental mitigation measures * Environmental regulations and Acts * Pollution- its classification, monitoring * Environmental Management Framework: Familiarization with the Environmental Resource Manual (ERM) for the TNEPRP * Micro-level activities and environmental related issues. * Technical environmental guidelines - Techno-economically viable treatment options including raw material handling, proper system for collection, segregation and storage. * Reduction, recycle and reuse options. * Eco-friendly technologies and its importance. * Coastal based activities and its limitations. * Energy needs- use of non-conventional and renewable energy sources. * Proactive environmental intervention through innovative sub-projects * Conservation of natural resources * Disaster and crisis management

General Training for Environmental Awareness and Sensitization

For the purpose of general environmental awareness and sensitization, the master trainers at the Environment Agency will develop a Core Group of Trainers (CGT) in each district. In addition to other members, the CGT will include the Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer and the Environmental Appraisers from the DLBSG of each district. Ideally, the CGT in each district would have at least 5 trainers. The CGT trainers will in turn train the trainers, who may be the key officials in the village/block level agencies of their 18 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) region as well as the interested community resource persons (CRPs). These trainers will then target the communities in their respective regions, focusing on the following topics:

' Linkages between environment and poverty * Basic concepts in environment and ecology * Environmental issues in the community/region * Micro-level activities and environmental related issues. * Technical environmental guidelines - Techno-economically viable treatment options including raw material handling, proper system for collection, segregation and storage. * Waste-reduction, recycle and reuse options. * Eco-friendly technologies and its importance. * Coastal based activities and its limitations. . Energy needs- use of non-conventional and renewable energy sources. * Conservation of natural resources.

The training programs will be organized regionally and will be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. It is intended that each community will get exposure to at least three environmental awareness programs during the five-year project period.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

All environmental information collected through the monitoring and evaluation components of the TNEPRP will be integrated into the Management Information System (MIS) of the TNEPRP. The information will be updated regularly and integrated in to the databases of the state and regional environment agencies.

BUDGET No. Particulars Amt. Amt. (Rs. Mill.) (.000 US $) I DLBSG: (a) Sub-project Environmental Audits 4.00 88.889 [2 audits/district/year x 5 years x 8 districts] [Rs 50,000/ audit]

2 Environmental Agency: (a) Technical Training: Env Assessment 4.00 88.889 (incl. Material + All Cost of Resource Persons)

(b) General Training: Env Awareness 5.00 111.111 (incl. Material + All Cost of Resource Persons)

(c) Project Environmental Audit and Consultancy 5.00 111.111 (every two years)

TOTAL: 18.00 400.000

Note: The exchange rate used is $1 = Rs.45

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND The State of Tamil Nadu (TN) is the 8th poorest among the fourteen major states in India. The state has 21% of its population living in acute poverty. Poverty is pervasive in rural areas, where rural poor also lack basic services. The Government of Tamil Nadu has launched a number of programs for alleviating poverty in rural areas. Although it allocates a good proportion of its planned budget to social welfare and rural development programs, some of these programs have not delivered expected results. The benefits from these programs had little impact on the vulnerable population. Further, locally elected governing bodies in the rural areas (Panchayati Raj Institutions / PRls) are not fiscally or administratively empowered to deliver services to the poor. Therefore, the government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) through the Social Welfare Department (SWD) is initiating the process of preparing Tamil Nadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction project.

The objective of the project is to improve the livelihood and quality of life of rural poor in the state (particularly women and other disadvantaged groups) through social, economic and democratic empowerment. This project aims to organize vulnerable people for collective action; strengthening community organizations and local governments to provide inclusive, responsive and accountable governance; improve the opportunities for the vulnerable to meet their social and economic objectives; mitigate the risks faced by them and build and maintain their productive and non productive asset base. The project will improve the context within which poor people operate by enhancing the performance of service providers including financial organizations and local government.

The project has four components that include Institutional and Human Capital Development; livelihood improvement funds, vulnerability reduction; and project management. GoTN has approached World Bank to finance this project. The project complements other operations supported by the World Bank in Tamil Nadu including Tamil Nadu Health Project, Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project, Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, and the TN Urban Development II project.

1.2 RATIONALE FOR MAINSTREAMING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES One of the major components of the project is creation of micro enterprises through the livelihood funds in the entire state. These funds will support development of micro- enterprises, rural infrastructure and services such as small connecting roads, bridle paths, mule tracks and bridges, village schools, small health centers, village ponds, micro water harvesting and conservation structures, integrated pest management, agriculture based micro processing industries and other micro industries, minor irrigation, livestock management, etc. The expected investment for each enterprise will average Rs 2 Lakhs. This project has been classified as Category "B" by the World Bank. The project is expected to have limited environmental impacts, which require partial environmental assessment. Therefore, there is a need to mainstream environmental issues at the planning stage of the project.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PREPARING TEG'S AND EIMM The main objective of this assignment is to address adverse environmental impacts associated with these investments during planning and implementing of sub-projects through development of Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEG) and Environmental Implementation and Monitoring Manual (EIMM) as part of Community Operation Manual.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 20 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) TNCDW has entrusted the job of preparing Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) and Environmental Implementation and Monitoring Manual (EIMM) to IRG Systems South Asia Private Limited. The following sections describe the scope of work, approach and methodology & deliverables.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK The TEGs have been prepared to serve as a guide to improve the decision-making and ensure that sub-projects being considered for financing have environmental and social safeguards. They provide guidance on good practices including mitigation measures for negative environmental impacts respectively. They are supported by pictographical sketches for easy implementation of subactivities.

The EIMM includes an implementation and monitoring plan, institutional measures, and capacity building plan for effective implementation of the TEGs.

1.5 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY TEGs & EIMM have been prepared by using the following approach & methodology:

1.5.1 PREPARATION OF TEGs Task I - Identification of sub-projects likely to be supported under the project Activities and sub-projects that are likely to be considered for support under the project have been identified after discussion with TNCDW, consultations, and analysis

Task 2 - Analysis of major environmental features and design of each sub-project category Environmental aspects of each of the activities / sub-projects have been identified, assessed and analyzed for individual and cumulative environmental impacts after meeting environmental experts, universities, environmental centers, NGOs, SHG, etc.

Task 3 - Preparation of draft Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) TEGs have been prepared both as a set of generic and specific guidelines that will be used by implementing agencies to minimize and check the adverse environmental impact of sub-project activities in rural areas. TEGs offer an outline design of sub-project activities integrating environmental friendly features and modifications, including a plan to prevent or mitigate cumulative negative impacts as a result of similar but multiple small-scale investments. Relevant regulatory requirements, standards along with the environmental aspects have been integrated into the guidelines to provide the local implementing agencies with an understanding of the environmental significance of various proposed activities of the project.

Task 4 - Consultations Subsequent to the formulation of draft TEGs, consultative meetings were held in different districts to obtain comments and improve support for TEGs.

1.5.2 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENT IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MANUAL

Task 5 - Environmental concerns of other sub-projects (not covered under TEGs)

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 21 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Specific procedures have been developed to address the environmental concerns of the projects not covered under TEGs. These procedures give an outline of various steps to be followed in dealing with new projects that fall outside the scope of TEGs. This also includes a negative list of sub-projects that will not be funded due to potential adverse environmental impacts.

Task 6 - Administrative structure for Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) A draft administrative structure has been designed to include proposed division of responsibilities between local, district and state levels for the approval of sub-projects, implementation of TEGs and contracting of environmental assessments when necessary. Provision has been made for specific procedures for consultations with affected groups in assessing and mitigating environmental impacts of sub-projects.

Task 7 - Develop a capacity building and awareness - raising program In order to ensure the sustainability of project, capacity building and awareness raising programs have been incorporated in the project. This includes defining staffing and resource requirements based on roles and responsibilities under the draft administrative structure. Specific training needs and responsibilities have been clearly defined to ensure that administrative roles are adequately fulfilled. Description of awareness raising requirements and responsibilities have been carried out to help beneficiary groups to prevent and reverse environmental degradation.

Task 8 - Develop a supervision & monitoring plan to verify the effectiveness of TEGs Reporting and verification requirements, specifying appropriate indicators to ensure that the procedures defined in the administrative structure are effectively applied have been prepared. Various parameters, data sources, and reporting frequencies have been identified to ensure that the TEGs are able to prevent environmental degradation.

1.6 DELIVERABLES This report consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 gives the introduction, rationale and major objectives of the project. Chapter 2 explains the regulatory framework in Tamil Nadu. Chapter 3 defines and describes the environmental resource base, including both natural and man-made resource base of the state. Chapter 4 describes the environmental cumulative ranking process and identification of environmentally critical activities. Chapter 5 describes the technical environmental guidelines (TEGs) for the identified list of activities. Chapter 6 describes the environmental due diligence and Planning procedures. Chapter 7 describes organizational structure, capacity building and budget.

-22 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

2.1 INTRODUCTION Environmental laws play preventive as well as remedial roles in environment management. These laws are prime catalysts for promoting environmentally responsible development. There has been an evolution of environmental policy, laws and regulatory regime in India, after the Stockholm Conference on Human environment in June 1972. This resulted in the formation of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Central Pollution Control Board at the central level and State Pollution Control Boards at the state level. The nodal ministry for drafting the rules related to the Environmental Safety is the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India. While the MoEF formulates the acts, the responsibility for implementation of acts falls under the jurisdiction of the state governments. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) plays an advisory role in the formulation of acts and legislations at the level of central government, whereas the implementation is carried out by state pollution control boards/committees. Each of the state government is empowered to ensure stricter compliance under the given regulatory framework provided by the MoEF.

The TEGs have been framed as per World Bank operational directives to institutionalize environmental safeguards at the planning stage so that compliance is ensured for specific activities. The policies, regulatory framework, mandatory laws, which will influence project activities under this project are summarized in the following sections.

2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK In India, constitutional provisions, define the basic policy framework for environment at the central and state level.

2.2.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS There are specific constitutional provisions for ensuring environmental safeguards as a part of rural governance. The 73rd constitutional amendment empowers gram sabhas / panchayats at the village level to take necessary steps for management of areas under them, including protection of environment and sustainable utilization of the natural resources.

2.2.2 ARTICLE 48-A OF THE CONSTITUTION This article states that the "State" shall endeavor to protect and improve the natural environment.

2.2.3 ARTICLE 51-A OF THE CONSTITUTION This article provides details about the fundamental duties to be followed by every citizen of this country. This article states that it is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment.

2.3 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - ENVIRONMENT Regulatory framework related to environment has been described with respect to various acts and regulations.

TAMIL NADU TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT 1971 This act appoints and empowers local planning authorities to plan for an urban area and/or designated areas. This involves preparation/implementation of Master Plans specifying land use. The plan delineates land for residential, industrial, commercial, agriculture, recreation, forests and mineral exploitation; demarcates objects and boundaries of archaeological/historical interest;

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 23 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) and identifies new towns/cities, transportation and communication facilities, water supply, drainage, sewerage, sewage disposal and other public utilities and amenities. This act also empowers local planning authorities to assess, levy and recover development charges for the land.

At an organizational level, the act envisages three classes of authorities: regional planning authorities; local planning authorities; new town development authorities and the constitution of a Town and Country Planning Board.

2.4 MANDATORY ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Mandatory environmental laws applicable in the state are both related to pollution and natural resource management. The summary of the applicable laws in the state is given below.

2.4.1 ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 This is an umbrella act, which focuses on the pollution and natural resource related issues. Under this act EIA notification was enacted in 1994. This notification requires an environmental impact assessment for any industrial activity if it falls under Schedulel. However EIA may not be required for any of the activities under this project, as they may not fall in the categories listed in Schedule 1 of this notification.

2.4.2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 was enacted to halt rapid deforestation and environmental degradation. Without approval from the Central government, State governments cannot de- reserve forest land or direct its usage for non-forest purposes. Activities falling in reserved forest areas need a clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India.

2.4.3 WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 This Act seeks to protect wildlife, by creating protected areas, prevent illegal poaching and controlling trade in wildlife products. If activities under the project encroach into protected area then requisite permission must be obtained from the concerned State Wildlife Department.

2.4.4 COASTAL REGULATION ZONE (CRZ) NOTIFICATION, 1990 This notification under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 supplements the law on site clearance by declaring certain zones as CRZ. It also regulates activities in these zones. Further, GoTN has also issued orders regulating development within 500 m from the high tide level. Under the proposed activities, if there is occurrence of effluent discharges within 500m from the high tide line and other declared sensitive areas implementation of mitigation measures is required before the commencement of operation of such activities.

Under this act, Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Management Authority came into existence in 1998.

2.4.5 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 AND TAMIL NADU WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) RULES, 1974 These rules seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under these rules, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board (TNSPCB) for any projects causing water pollution within the jurisdiction of the TNSPCB operations.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 24 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 2.4.6 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CEss ACT, 19771AMENDED 2003: This Act provides for levy and collection of a cess by local authorities on water consumed by persons or industries to augment resources for Pollution Control Boards.

2.4.7 AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1981 AND TAMIL NADU AIR (PREVENTION OF CONTROL OF POLLUTION) RULES 1983 These rules address the prevention and control of air pollution. Under these rules it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharging emissions and pay consent fees to TNPCB for any projects causing air pollution.

2.4.8 HAZARDOUS WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 1989/2000/2003 These rules address handling of hazardous substances that fall under specified schedules. Proposed activities may require handling of specified substances wherein plans/ measures for safe handling and emergency preparedness shall be prepared for safe operations.

2.4.9 SOLID WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 198912000 These rules address management and handling of municipal solid wastes. The proposed activities may require handling of specified substances wherein plans/ measures for safe handling and emergency preparedness shall be prepared for safe operation.

2.4.10 OTHER REGULATIONS

Other regulations, which may be applicable, are given below.

* The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 * The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999/ Amendment 2003 * Prohibition on the handling of Azo dyes * The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998/ 2003 * The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended 1992 * The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960/ The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001 * The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001

Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) looks after compliance to various environmental regulations in the state. TNPCB was constituted to enforce 8 key legislations relating to the control of pollution. The major functions of TNPCB with respect to all kinds of industrial units is to sanction, consent to establish and consent to operate:

Different activities have been classified under "RED", "ORANGE" and "GREEN" categories by TNPCB. "RED" and "ORANGE categories imply that mitigation measures shall be planned to control pollution. Activities qualifying under the following criteria are labeled as "GREEN" industries.

All non-obnoxious and non-hazardous industries,

All such industries which do not discharge industrial effluent,

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 25 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) All such industries which do not use fuel in their manufacturing process or in any subsidiary process and which do not emit fugitive emissions.

2.5 COMPETENT REGULATORY/MONITORING AGENCIES Since proposed activities are assumed to be at micro scale, regulations/ acts/ laws applicable only for air & water pollution resulting from each activity have been described in table 2.1. These regulations/ acts/ laws are in addition to "Environmental Protection Act", 1986, which covers all the related environmental issues.

Table 2.1: Activities and Environmental Regulations Activity Legislations * Air Water Agro Based Floriculture / Nursery Vegetable growing Fruit Cultivation Pepper processing Spirulina Culturing Vemi composting . @ Betel leaf cultivation / Sea wood cultivation Cashew cultivation, flower cultivation Tea Plantations Land reclamation, waste land cultivation

Wet Processing Activities Idli and Tiffin Canteen/! v Jam making Pickle making Pappad Making Arca bark processing v Soap Making Detergent Powder Making Mutton stall Match Factory Papier-mache toys Oil extraction from Neem nuts/leaves Brick Kiln / Lime Kiln v k Animal Related Activities Milch Animal rearing v Goat Rearing k Pig Rearing 26 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Worid Bank) Activity Legislations Poultry Rearing Sericulture Milk animals Dry Activities Bamboo Basket Weaving Hiring of Utensils Gem cutting Rice mill Leather sleepers and other leather products Tailoring Jute Bag Stitching Carpentry Wood Carvings Garland from waste silkworm cocoons Readymade garments Stuffed Toys Coir Rope Making Greeting card Preparation Book Binding Beedi Making Public Distribution system Petty Shops Pottery/Terracotta items Tamarind Processing Spices Powder (Masala) Plates made of Leaves Sea Shell ornaments Candle Making Provision Stores Agarbatti Silk thread twisting Silk Sari Weaving Herbal Plant collection and Herbal medicine preparation Fish Drying Eversilver polishing Coal Making Creamic dolls/pottery

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 27 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Legislations * Fish net making Recycling Activities Aluminum Recycling Other Activities Listed as per TOR Detergents/soap, Paints & Varnishes, Dyes & Dye intermediates, Glue Pesticides (storage & production) Inland coastal fishery activities, fish meal products Prawn cultivation Diary/Animal Rearing v Piggery (including slaughter houses) Plaster of Paris Cement pipe making Bio fertilizer / Vermi-Composting Fabric dyeing Paper & Tissue Paper making Aluminum Foil Making Spring steel wire making Tyre Retreading Plastic recycling two Plastic v v Activated carbon from paddy Husk v Cleaning powder from fly ash/cleaning powder v Rice and grain milling Glass Cracker Leather processing (Footwear / Article making) Charcoal making 0 Oil extraction Brick making Fuel briquetting Synthetic Adhesive Gypsum based units Poultry (including Slaughtering)

* - (i) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Tamil Nadu Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1983 (ii) Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 and Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974, (iii) The Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Cess Act, 1977

28 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Minimum standards for certain industries which have been prescribed by CPCB are summarized in Annexure 1. Table 2.1 and Annexure 1 can be used as a guide by the implementing agency for the application of environmental regulatory framework to proposed activities.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 3. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE

3.1. INTRODUCTION The environment resource base of Tamil Nadu has been described with respect to natural and man-made resources. These resources are supported by physiographic characteristics and climatic conditions of the state. The following sections describe physiography, climate, natural and man-made resources, existing and proposed activities and environmental issues associated with these activities. An effort has been made to assess environmental hotspots in the state to enable proper location of subprojects / activities.

3.2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Tamil Nadu, which lies between 80 5" to 130 35" N and 760 15" to 800 20" E, falls in peninsular India. The state has an area of 1,30,058 Sq. Km which, accounts for 4 percent of the total area of the country. Tamil Nadu is bounded by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the north and Kerala in the west. The state is surrounded by Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean on the eastern and southern boundaries respectively. Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries are located on the eastern and western tips of the state. At the northern extreme is Pulicat Lake and at the southernmost tip is Cape Comorin and Kanyakumari. Physiographically, Tamil Nadu has been divided into 5 major divisions.

The Kurinji or mountainous region, * The Mullai or forest region, * The Palai or arid zone, * The Marudham or the fertile plains * The Neidhal or coastal region

The state has one perennial river and five other rivers. River Cauveri, which originates in Coorg in Karnataka is the perennial river and irrigates the fertile Coromandel plains. The other rivers in the state are the Palar, Ponnaiyar, Pennar, Vaigai and Tamiraparani, which flow eastward from the inland hills into Bay of Bengal. The Cauveri and its tributaries are Tamil Nadu's most important sources of water and power. The surface water resources in the state have been fully harnessed by impounding the available water in 61 major reservoirs and in 39,202 big and small tanks spread over the entire state.

3.3. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS The climate of Tamil Nadu can be classified as semiarid tropical monsoon type of climate. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the plains are 450C during summer and 100C during winter. The state has four distinct seasons:

* Hot weather season from mid-February to mid June * South west monsoon season from mid June to mid October * Retreating monsoon season from mid October to mid December and * Cold weather season from mid December to mid February

The normal rainfall in the state is about 950mm with an average number of 50 rainy days during a year. The rainfall in Tamilnadu is determined by south-west monsoon (June to September) and north-east monsoon (October to December). The state mainly depends on northeast monsoon, which are often accompanied by low-pressure troughs formed in south of Bay of Bengal. The Western Ghats act as a barrier to deny the state full benefit of southwest monsoon. Only Nilgiris and Kanyakumari districts are benefited fully by both monsoons. The state also experiences floods due to cyclone. Some blocks in districts of 30 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Karur, Pudukkottai, Dindigul, Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi come under drought prone areas.

3.4. LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS The land use pattern of the state reveals that 43% of Tamilnadu's geographical area is under agriculture. While agriculture and allied sectors account for nearly 62% of the total employment in the state, their contribution to economy is only 22%. About 17.5% of the total land area in the state is under forest cover while a sizeable area is under degraded condition. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning has divided Tamil Nadu into three agro-ecological regions based on climate, rainfall and crop growing period. These regions are described below: Agro-Eco Zonel: This zone comprises of Nilgiris and parts of Dindigul district. The climate in this region is humid to pre-humid with more than 240 days of growing period. Agro-Eco Zone2: This zone spreads over the coastal parts of Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram, pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts. The climate in this zone is dry sub-humid hot with 180-210 days of growing period. Agro-Eco Zone3: This zone covers Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Theni, Salem, Namakal, erode, Tiruchchirapalli, Karur, Perambalur, Virudhunagar, Sivagangai districts and non-coastal parts of Thoothukudi, Ramanathapuram, Pudukkottai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts. The climate of this region is sub humid to humid and have 150 days of growing period. The land use trends in the state reveal that the current extent of barren lands have been reduced to 50% barren area which existed in 1950-51. The permanent pastures and other grazing lands have shrunk to one-third of the area, which existed in 1950-51. The percentage of land put to non-agricultural uses in 1990-91 shows an increase of 4% of the geographical area, which existed in 1950-51. The net sown area registered sharp increases during 1960-61 and 1970-71 followed by a decline subsequently. The same trend has been observed in the total cropped area of the state. The statistical data on cultivable areas in the state reveals that Perambalur district has the highest per capita cultivable area of 0.2042 ha, while Tirunelveli district has the lowest area of 0.0488 ha. According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use planning, 3.9% of Tamilnadu's geographical area are rock lands and unfit for agriculture. Other factors like erosion, salinity/alkalinity and water logging also make land unfit and not available for cultivation. Excluding Chennai, which is a non-agricultural district, Nagapattinam district ranks highest in the state with 12.4% of its area barren and unfit for cultivation, Tiruvarur district ranks lowest in the state with 0.1% of its area as barren and unfit for cultivation. 3.5. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE The demographic profile of each district in the state has been classified in terms of population (male and female), population distribution i.e. rural & urban along with literacy rates and work force distribution. The population distribution in the rural areas has been described considering the rural setting of the project. The work force distribution has been further distributed in terms of total workers and marginal workers for both the male and female population. The state level demographic profile has been summarized in Table 3.1. Table 3.1. Demographic Profile

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 31 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Total population of Tamil Nadu 6,24,05,679 Males in total population 3,14,00,909 Males Females in total population 3,10,04,770 Females Total rural population 3,49,21,681 (56% of total population) persons Total Literates 4,05,24,545 persons Total Workers 2,78,78,282 Persons Total Rural Male Population 1,75,31,494 Males Total Rural Female Population 1,73,90,187 Females Total Rural Literates 2,03,19,498 Persons Total Rural Literates - Male 1,18,35,689 Males Total Rural Literates - Female 84,83,809 Females Total Rural Workers 1,75,59,768 Persons Total Rural Marginal Workers 32,69,225 Persons Total Rural Marginal Workers - Male 13,21,537 Males Total Rural Marginal Workers - Female 19,47,688 Females

The salient features of demography are given below.

1. The state has adverse female to male ratio (98 Females for 100 Males).

2. 56% of the total population is rural. The rural area has adverse female to male ratio (99 females to 100 males).

3. The state has 65% literacy rate. Literacy rate in rural population is 49%. Male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate in rural areas.

4. 44% of the total population is the worker population in the state. Rural workers account for 50% of the total rural population of the state.

5. Marginal workers are 19% of the total rural workers in the state. Female marginal workers account for 60% of the total marginal workers in rural area.

3.6. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE The environmental resource base can be classified as natural resource base and man-made resource base. The natural resource base includes water resources, land, soil, forest cover and mineral base. The natural resource base complements the man-made resources, which forms the basis of livelihood activities. The man made resources have been classified into demography, agriculture and industries. Agricultural activities have been classified into percentage cultivable area and cropping pattern. The industrial activities have been classified into small, medium and large scale industries existing in the state. The profile of these resources in each district is summarized in Annexure 2. Salient features of these resources are given below. 1. Nineteen districts out of twenty seven districts in the state have perennial source of water. 2. Forest cover (% landuse) ranges from 1.52% in Thoothukudi to 53% in Nilgiri district. 3. Except for Chennai, Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Karur, Dindigul, Theni, Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari districts, all other districts have mineral resources. 4. All districts except Chennai have cultivable area. This is an indicator of agriculture as one of the main sources of livelihood. Districts Sivagangai and The Nilgiris have lowest cultivable area (21-30%) while Thiruvarur have highest cultivable area (81%). 32 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5. All districts except Chennai produce cash crops including fruits, vegetables, spices, tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber and different types of nuts. 6. Apart from the conventional sources of energy, the state has non- conventional sources of energy, which includes wind, solar and tidal. 7. The state has generating capacity of 9299 MW, comprising 2970 MW from four thermal stations, 424 MW from three gas turbine stations, 1987 MW from 32 hydro stations, 988 MW from private sector projects, 2452 MW as Tamil Nadu's share from central generating stations and 400 MW as external assistance. Existing generating capacity from privately owned wind farms is 1342 MW. Tamilnadu Electricity Board (TNEB) owned wind farm generate 19.355 MW. The distribution network comprises 1,44,032 circuit kilometers of extra high tension (above 33 kV) and high-tension (11 kV to 33 kV) lines, 4,67,847 circuit kilometers of low-tension lines, 1044 substations, and 1,54,321 distribution transformers. 8. Small-scale industries constitute 80% of the industrial base in Tamil Nadu, while medium and large-scale industries account for 5.3% and 14% respectively. Nilgiri district has the lowest number of industries while Salem is the most industrialized district in the state. Karur district has lowest number while Coimbatore has highest number of large and medium scale industries.

A number of micro enterprises have come up in different districts of Tamil Nadu, which are supported by natural and man made resources. A list of existing activities provided by TNCDW is summarized in Table 3.2. In addition to these activities, the proposed activities to be funded in the state are given below. * Constructing water harvesting structures * Irrigation Bore well * Land Development * Cultivation of Cash Crops * Construction of Shed for Animals * Pesticide Dealership Constructing rural roads * Constructing residential schools and health centers * Constructing village ponds

* Processing synthetic materials a. Plaster of Paris b. Plastics c. Paper d. Glass e. Ceramics f. Crackers g. Leather processing

* Household product processing units a. Oil extraction b. Detergents c. Phenyl d. Cleaning Powder e. Rice and Grain Milling f. Fish meal products

* Material handling in a. Cleaning powder from fly ash b. Activated carbon from paddy husk

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Word Bank) c. Tyre retreading d. Plastic recycling

* Processing units a. Poultry units b. Dairy units c. Inland and coastal fisheries activities d. Piggery e. Prawn Cultivation f. Fabric dyeing

* Micro industries a. Brick making b. Paints and Varnishes c. Bio Fertilizers and Pesticides d. Fuel Bricqueting e. Synthetic adhesives (gypsum based units) f. Dyes and Dye Intermediates g. Aluminium Foil making h. Cement pipe making i. Tissue paper making j. Spring steel wire making k. Charcoal making I. Glue units

The existing and proposed activities are diverse in nature and have unique type of environmental issues associated with them.

3.7 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES A sample survey of six districts was carried out to understand existing activities and identify environmental issues associated with them. A questionnaire (refer Annexure 13) was formulated and relevant information was collected from each district through primary sampling. Meetings were also held with different stakeholders during primary & secondary field survey. List of stakeholders which were consulted is compiled in Annexure 14.

These activities can be categorized into following five different groups based on their nature, water requirement, raw materials used and method of production:

* Agro based activities * Wet processing industries * Animal based activities * Recyclable activities * Dry activities

Agro based Activities

These activities include all the activities related to agriculture. These are water intensive activities. These activities generate useful solid waste. Most of the solid waste is either used as fodder, fuel, papermaking or converted into manure by composting. Among the activities under this category, few are polluting in nature, like mushroom cultivation and arca nut bark processing. Lists of these activities are given below.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Floriculture * Coconut cultivation * Jasmine cultivation * Rose Flower cultivation Cashew cultivation * Vegetable growing * Fruit cultivation * Coffee processing * Pepper Processing * Grape fruit growing * Mushroom culturing * Spirulina Culturing * Nursery * Vermi-composting * Wasteland cultivation

Mushroom culturing generates huge volume of waste, which has good potential for composting and biogas recovery. Vermi-composting requires minimum water and is eco- friendly in nature. The agro-based activities are water intensive in nature. Huge quantities of solid waste generated can be re used for biogas production, fodder & paper making and composting.

Environmental attributes of the above three activities are summarized below:

* High water consumption Insignificant effluent discharge * Insignificant air emission activities * Solid waste generation (mostly non-polluting)

Wet Processing Industry

Generally food processing and chemical related industries fall under this category. Each of these different categories, are further sub-divided into following micro industries / activities

1) Food Processing Industry

* Idli and Tiffin * Canteen * Jam making / juice & fruit processing * Pickle making * Nippets making

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) * Pappad making * Chocolate making * Collection and distribution of milk * Arca bark processing

2) Chemical related industry

* Soap making * Detergent powder making * Match factory * Brick kiln * Hollow cement brick making * Lime kiln * Neel preparation * Papier-mache toys

These activities, especially chemical-related activity may have significant pollution potential. Environmental issues associated with the above activities are given below:

* Waste water / effluent generation * Solid waste generation * Air emission

Food processing related activities give rise to both solid and liquid waste, which needs treatment. Chemical industry generates low volume, highly polluting wastewater, which leads to environmental degradation.

Recyclable Activities

Major recyclable activities are given below.

* Plastic Recycling * Waste paper recycling * Aluminum Scrap recycling These activities have positive environmental impact, although there may be short-term environmental issues associated with storage and handling.

* Solid waste generation (mostly non-polluting)

Animal related Activities

The following types of animal related activities are carried out in different districts. * Milch animal rearing * Sheep rearing

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 36 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wordd Bank) * Goat rearing * Pig rearing * Rabbit rearing * Poultry farming * Slaughterhouse * Sericulture

At the operational level envisaged in the project, the activities are free from any significant adverse environmental impacts.

Exception: The slaughterhouse and poultry farming may have significant environmental concern. Environmental issues associated with such activities are given below:

* Wastewater generation * Solid waste generation * Particulate air emissions / Occupational health

Dry Industrial activities

Dry activities though non-polluting in nature, lead to health related problems due to handling activities ex. during rope making, palms of the workers get cut by the fine fibers.

The following types of dry industrial activities exist in different cities of Tamil Nadu.

* Bamboo basket weaving * Hammock weaving * Tailoring * Jute bag stitching * Carpentry * Wood carving Dry flower arrangement Garland from waste cocoons(silkworm) * Wooden pens * Readymade garments * Stuffed toys * Coir rope making Weaving of cotton saris * Greeting card preparation * Book binding * Beedi making * Public distribution system

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 37 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Petty shops * Pottery / Terracotta items Tamarind processing * Spices powder (Masala) * Plates made of leaves * Sea shell ornaments * Candle making * Provision stores * Agarbatti * Silk thread twisting * Silk sari weaving * Herbal plant collection and herbal medicine preparation * Fish drying

Annexure 3 summarizes district-wise existing list of activities, their classification (wet, dry etc.), sources of pollution and existing practices being followed. Table 3.3 summarizes likely contaminants and their associated impacts on health and environment for existing activities. Table 3.4 summarizes proposed activities with associated pollution potential and impacts.

38 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Table 3.3: Health and Environmental Related Issues of Concern

Si. No. Selected Activity Likely Contaminants Significant Impact on Health Existing/Proposed 1. Stone Crushing Dust. Respiratory problem, irritation of internal membranes, absorption of toxic metals. 2. Charcoal Making Fine carbon dust and Ash. Respiratory problems. 3. Beedi Making Nicotine vapours while beedi processing Lung infection, respiratory problems, cough during curing. etc. 4. Aluminum Recycling High heat emission from the furnace. Thermal Exposure.

5. Plastic Recycling Toxic gases CO2 and Hydrocarbons. Irritation of eyes, nose, respiratory problem. 6. Paper Recycling Chlor-organic vapours, wastewater & stony Vomiting, uneasiness, dizziness. alkaline odour.

7. Bricquetting Smoke, dust, C0 2, etc. Irritation of eyes, nose, respiratory problems 8. Fabric Dyeing Carcinogenic dyes, alkalies, high TDS Ulceration of hands, cancer. content in wastewater VOCs and Chlorine gas, Toxic Metals in Wastewaters.. 9. Glass Fugitive emissions, high heat from Irritation of eyes, nose, dehydration furnaces. 10. Ceramic Metallic vapours from glazing, enameling Metal poisoning, ulceration of hands and skin. and heat from furnace 11. Fruit/Jam Processing, Pickle Solid waste-peels skins, spoiled fruits, Mosquito and fly nuisance may spread making seeds and wastewater. disease.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 12. Brick Making Smoke and dust from firing and loading of Respiratory problems, irritation of eyes and bricks. nose. 13. Plaster of Paris Lime dust. Soar throat, irritation of eyes and nose, ulceration of hands due to constant handling. 14. Cement Pipe Making Cement dust. Dryness of skin, lung infection, silicosis. 15. Pesticide Storage and Poisonous dust and pesticide laden waste Poisoning, bio-accumulation of pesticides in Formulations water. the tissues leading to malfunctioning of organs, even death, nerve damage, aborted foetuses. 16. Coir Rope Making Coir dust, rough fiber. Ulceration of palms. 17. Match Stick Manufacturing Chemical dust during mixing process and Eye irritation, lung infection, ulceration of skin. waste water. 18. Slaughtering Odour, eggs of helminthie parasites, waste Intestinal parasitic infection, stomach pain, water. diarrhoea. 19. Sericulture Very fine microscopic particles emission. Eye irritation. 20. Tannery Odour, heavy metals like chromium, Metal toxicity, skin allergy, ulceration of hands chlorides, and sulfides. and feet. 21. Dairy Products Dust from milk powder manufacturing, Soar throat, eye irritation. Odour, waste water.

40 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Si. No. Selected Activity Likely Contaminants Significant Impact on Environment Existing/Proposed 1. Stone Crushing Air Pollution due to dust. * Dust accumulation on plantation, reducing the surface area for photosynthesis. * Sedimentation and siltation of water bodies. 2. Charcoal Making Fine pulverized coal powder, air pollution. * Dust accumulation on plantation, reducing Waste water laden with coal fines. the surface area of photosynthesis, leaves dry out, deforestation. * Siltation of drains 3. Beedi Making Air pollution due to smoke Not significant 4. Aluminum Recycling Heat from furnace Not significant 5. Plastic Recycling Wash water with suspended solids, air Not significant pollution due to toxic gases. 6. Paper Recycling Chlor organic vapours, Wilting of leaves of plants Waste water. Not significant 7. Bricquetting Smoke dust. Growth of trees affected. 8. Fabric Dyeing Carcinogenic dyes, alkalies high TDS Ground and surface water pollution. content in waste water VOC's and chlorine Bioaccumulation of metals in aquatic gas, Toxic metals in waste water. fauna/flora, including mass scale fish killing, soil and sediment pollution, aesthetically unpleasant, drinking water pollution, huge

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 41 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) amount of sludge from ETP. 9. Glass Fugitative emissions Nil Heat from furnace 10. Ceramic Air pollution during glazing enameling, heat, Waste water pollution due to toxic metals, metallic vapours ground water and surface water pollution, effect on agriculture. 11. Fruit/Jam Processing, Pickle Solid waste, wastewater, odour nuisance Aesthetic problem, odour, fly nuisance, making due to putrification of waste fruits and pollution of ground water vegetables. 12. Brick Making Smoke C02, ash, dust. Drying of plantation, wilting of leaves, stunting of plant growth. 13. Plasterof Paris Air pollution due to dust and suspended Silting and sedimentation in drains, drying of solids in waste water. plants. 14. Cement Pipe Making Cement dust, waste water laden with high Effect on plants and trees, suspended solids. siltation/sedimentation of drains and water bodies. 15. Pesticide Storage and Pesticide dust and waste water laden with . Bio-accumulation risk in aquatic Formulations pesticide. fauna/flora. * Changes in biodiversity. * Changes in physico-chemical characteristics of water, making it unfit for drinking, agriculture and aquaculture etc. * Soil fertility reduces.

Tamil Nadu Poverty ReducUon Project 42 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 16. Match Stick Manufacturing Chemical dust during mixing process, waste water. 17. Slaughtering Odour, solid waste and waste water (highly Ground and surface water contamination, fly polluted, with high COD / BOD) nuisance, spreading of disease, depletion of DO in receiving water. 18. Sericulture Fine microscopic particle emissions Insignificant 19. Tannery Odour, heavy metals, chlorides and total Ground and surface water pollution, metal dissolved solids. toxicity. 20. Dairy Products Waste water. Ground and surface water pollution, fly nuisance and odour.

Tamil Nadu Poverty ReducUon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vvodd Bank) Table 3.4: Proposed Activities with associated Pollution Potential & Impacts

Impacts

Activities Air Water I Solid Waste Act v s'.ProposedActivitiesListed as0pr TOR---. Detergents/soap, Paints & Varnishes, Dyes & Dye Yes Yes Yes intermediates, Glue Pesticidies (storage & production) Yes Yes Yes Inland coastal fishery activities, fish meal products No Yes Yes Prawn cultivation No Yes Yes Diary/Animal Rearing No Yes Yes Piggery (including slaughter houses) No Yes Yes Plaster of Paris Yes Yes Yes Cement pipe making Yes Yes Yes Bio fertilizer No Yes Yes Fabric dyeing No No Yes Paper & Tissue Paper making No No Yes Alluminum Foil Making No No Yes Spring steel wire making No No Yes Tyre Retreading Yes No Yes Plastic recycling No No Yes Plastic Yes Activated carbon from paddy Husk Yes No Yes Cleaning powder from fly ash / cleaning powder Yes No Yes Rice and grain milling Yes No Yes Glass Yes No Yes Cracker Yes No Yes Leather processing (Footwear/Article making) No No Yes Charcoal making Yes No Yes Oil extraction Yes Yes Yes Brick making Yes Yes Yes Fuel briguetting Yes Yes Yes Synthetic Adhesive (Gypsum based units) Yes Yes Yes Poultry (including Slaughtering) Yes Yes Yes Mushroom Cultivation No Yes Yes

3.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS The proposed activities having significant environmental impacts may add to the existing pollution level in each district. Therefore, an effort has been made to assess the existing status of baseline pollution level in each district. This baseline status has been assessed based on description of certain characteristics ex. ground water resources, soil degradation, critically polluted areas, as per the "State of Environment Report" for Tamil Nadu and "Environmental Atlas of India (CPCB publication). Some of the indicators of pollution are shown in table 3.5 and depicted on maps in Annexure 7.

3.8.1 SOIL DEGRADATION Tamilnadu forms part of the 'Peninsular Shield', which is a stable block of earth's crust. The shield is composed of geologically ancient rocks of diverse origins, particularly ancient crystalline of Archaean age dating back to 1500-4500 million years. 44 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) The soils are deep to very deep in 52% of total geographical area. Moderately deep to moderately shallow soils occur in 27% while shallow soils occur in 12% of the total geographical area. Various soil survey data reveals that drainage is a serious problem for crop production in the state. Excessively drained or poorly drained soils, accounts for 16.4% of the area deserve special attention. Well drained and moderately drained soils constitute 64.2% of the geographical area.

The areas in and around the coastal belt of the state of Tamil Nadu are affected by salinity and other water related problems. Only stable patches of land are located in the western parts of the state around the Nilgiri district. In addition, some stable patches are also found in districts of Madhurai, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Velore and Thiruvannamalai. In majority of districts, the land is degraded due to water erosion leading to moderate loss of top soil.

3.8.2 WATER RESOURCES - OVERVIEW Domestic Requirements According to IWS, Chennai, around 2044 AD, two fold increase in water requirement for domestic water supply is required in all the river basins except Chennai and Vaippar basins where three fold increase has been projected and in Kalar basin where the increase is projected to be normal.

Irrigation Requirements Irrigation is one of the major use of water resources in the state. Irrigation is mainly carried out through surface water supplemented with ground water whenever demanded. The existing condition indicates that it is extremely water intensive and grossly inefficient. Industrial Requirements As per, "Survey of Environment Report of Tamil Nadu", the water requirements for the industrial sector has been witnessing a steady rise with a projected three to four fold rise for the year 2044. This situation will demand improvement in the current systems and practices particularly in the agricultural and irrigation sector.

3.8.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCE In the state of Tamilnadu, the surface water resources are fully harnessed by impounding the available water through various reservoirs, tanks, ponds etc. The estimates show that 60% of the ground water resources are utilized and the remaining resources are available in selected pockets of coastal sedimentary tracts of eastern part. Water balance is deficit in 10 basins and surplus in 6 basins namely Palar, Varahanadhi, Vellar, Paravanar, Vaippar and Kodaiyar. Map given in Annexure 6 shows the total replenishable ground water resource per thousand persons in various districts of the state. Majority of districts in the state fall in the average category of 400-600 million cubic meters range. Shivgangai, Pudukkotttai, Villuppuram and Thiruvannamalai districts have approximately 800-1000 million cubic meters ground water, which is above the average value of available ground water in the state.

3.8.4 SHALLOW GROUND WATER QUALITY The shallow ground water quality has been evaluated based on the four critical parameters i.e. electrical conductivity, fluoride, nitrate and chloride content. Electrical conductivity in the first two ranges is shown in Annexure 6 i.e. below 1000 and 1000 to 2000 1tseimens/cm. These values are within the tolerable limits, whereas in districts having higher values, the water is not suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. The water in these districts has higher concentration of salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium etc. As per BIS standards for drinking water, the values should not exceed 0.8 lisiemens/cm whereas for industrial uses it should be within a range of 3-5 [isiemens/cm. Pockets having concentrations above 4000

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) [isiemens/cm are literally saline areas and fall in the districts of Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvallur, and parts of coastal belt in Tuticorin, Shivgangai, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur, Karaikal districts.

Map in Annexure 6 shows the locations / pockets where the concentrations of fluoride, nitrate, and chloride are observed to be very high as per BIS standards for drinking water.

3.8.5 CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS Map in Annexure 6 shows the critically polluted stretches of the major rivers in the state of Tamil Nadu. River Vagai flowing through the districts of Ramanathapuram, Shivgangai have severely polluted stretches. River Cauvery running across the state is polluted along most of its stretch passing through the districts of Erode, Karur and Nagapattinum. Along with the river water quality, the map also shows the coastal water quality parameters like Inorganic Phosphate, Nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen and Salinity Variation. As per TNPCB records certain hotspots have also been identified in Tamil Nadu. The description of these hotspots is given in Annexure 8.

Table 3.5: District wise status of soil and water in Tamil Nadu Name of District Soil Characteristics - Ground Water Major River Resources (Total stretches Soil Types Soil Replenishable ground affected Degradation water resource per -

; - :- -. ,. --- - -thousand persons)- .- . InWMillion Cubic Metre Madurai Red Soils/ Water erosion 200-400 Mixed Red with moderate and Black loss of top soil soils Ramnadapuram/ Alluvial Soils Areas effected 200-400 Vagai River in Ramanathapuram/ by salinity and Ramanathapuram Rameshwaram other water and Shivagangai related problems like water logging, accumulation of sodium chloride, etc. Vellore Red Soils/ Water erosion 400-600 Cauvery River Alluvial Soils with moderate (polluted near loss of top soil Kattipalayam Qualit - B) Thiruvarur Alluvial Soils Areas effected 200-400 by salinity and other water related problems Cuddalore/ Nammakkal Nagapattinam Alluvial Soils Areas effected 200-400 Cauvery River by salinity and other water related problems Kancheepuram Alluvial Soils Areas effected 400-600 Palar River by salinity and other water related

Tamil Nadu Poverty ReducUon Project 46 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Name of District Soil Characteristics Ground Water Major River Resources (Total stretches Soil Types Soil Replenishable ground affected Degradation water resource per thousand persons) In Million Cubic Metre problems

Kanyakumari Alluvial Soils Stable Terrain 200-400 Perambalur Red Soils Water erosion 400-600 with moderate loss of top soil Thanjavur Alluvial Soils Areas effected 200-400 Cauvery River by salinity and (Thanjavur other water Quality - B) related problems Coimbatore Red Soils Water erosion 200-400 with moderate loss of top soil Erode Red Water erosion 400-600 Cauvery River Soils/Mixed with moderate (near Red and loss of top soil/ Chirapalyam Black Soils Stable Soil Quality- C, Bhavani Quality - C) Pudukottai Laterite Water erosion 800-1000 Soils with moderate loss of top soil Nilgiri Red Soils Stable Terrain 200-400 Thiruvannamali Red Soils Water erosion 800-1000 with moderate loss of top soil/Areas effected by salinity and other water related problems Trichy/ Alluvial Water erosion 400-600 Cauvery River Tiruchirapalli Soils/Red with moderate (Tiruchirappalli Soils loss of top soil U/S Quality - D, Tiruchirappalli D/S Quality - C, Grand Anaicut Quality - C, Musiri Quality - C) Thirunelveli Mixed Red Water erosion 200-400 and Black with moderate Soil loss of top soil Sivagangai Laterite Water erosion 600-800 Vagai River Soils with moderate loss of top soil

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Name of District Soil Characteristics Ground Water Major River I F Resources (Total stretches Soil Types Soil Replenishable ground affected Degradation water resource per thousand persons) In Million Cubic Metre Virudunagar Red Water erosion 400-600 Soils/Mixed with moderate Red and loss of top soil Black Soils Karur Alluvial Soils Water erosion 400-600 Cauvery River with moderate loss of top soil Tuticorin/ Alluvial Water erosion 200-400 Thoothukudi Soils/Red with moderate Soils/ loss of top soil/Areas effected by salinity and other water related problems Dharmapuri Pennaiyar River Salem Red Soils Water erosion 400-600 Cauvery River with moderate Mettur Quality - loss of top B) soil/Stable Soils Villupuram Red Areas effected 800-1000 Soils/Alluvial by salinity and Soils other water related problems Pondicherry Alluvial Soils Areas effected 800-1000 by salinity and other water related Problems Chennai Alluvial Soils Areas effected 400-800 by salinity and other water related problems Dindigul Red Soils Water erosion 400-600 with moderate loss of top soil/Stable Soils Ariyalur Theni * Note: Surface water pollution has been described based on designated best use classification as defined by CPCB. These classification are as detailed below

| CLASS DESIGNATED BEST USE CRITERIA

48 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) A Drinking water source without conventional pH : 6.5 to 8.5 treatment but after less disinfection Dissolved Oxygen: 6 mg/I or more BOD 2 mg/I or Total Coliform : 50 MPN/100 ml B Outdoor bathing, Organized Ph : 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen :5 mg/l or more BOD: 3 mg/I or Total Coliform :500 MPN/100 ml C Drinking water source with conventional pH : 6.5 to 8.5 treatment followed by disinfection DO: 4 mg/l or more BOD: 3 mg/I or Total Coliform : 5000 MPN/ml D Propagation of wild life and fisheries pH: 6.5 to 8.5 DO: 4 mg/l or more Free Ammonia: 12 mg/I E Irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste pH: 6.0 to 8.5 disposal Electrical Conductivity: 2250 m mhos/cm Sodium Absorption Ratio: 26 Boron : 2 mg/l Note: MPN is Most Probable Number

Hot spots and stressed areas including blocks in each district have been summarized in table 3.6. These areas have been identified with respect to following parameters:

1. Ground water availability and quality. 2. Surface water availability and quality. 3. Changes in forest cover. 4. Pollution in coastal areas. 5. Proximity to ecologically sensitive areas like wetland, mangroves etc. 6. Ambient air quality status (residential and Industrial). 7. Hot spots as identified by TNPCB All the proposed activities in district will be evaluated with respect to these seven parameters at the time of project development and approval.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 4. CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RANKING & CATEGORIZATION OF ACTIVITIES

4.1 INTRODUCTION The existing and proposed activities have both positive and negative environmental impacts. In this section, cumulative environmental ranking of each activity has been carried out to determine the level of pollution and mitigation measures required to mitigate the impacts. Further, each district in the state has been appraised and ranked as per cumulative environmental ranking. This will assist in determining the type of proposed activity, which a district can sustain given its status of pollution and environmental resource base. This chapter also describes the list of activities, which may require implementation of Technical environmental Guidelines (TEG's). The following sections describe the criteria used for ranking, its application and results.

4.2 CRITERIA OF RANKING

The criterion for categorization of proposed activities has been fixed based on their pollution potential with respect to three types of attributes given below:

1. Air pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Solid waste generation.

Sub criteria for scoring

* Water pollution has been assessed taking into consideration four parameters i.e. pH, BOD, TSS and O&G. * Each of the parameter has been measured on a scale- of 0 to 1. The lower value indicates environmentally safe activity. These rankings have been arrived at considering the existing process and scale of operations, along with other environmental concerns in majority of the districts.

4.3 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RANKING

The existing and proposed activities have been categorized as activities, which are environmentally benign (El), activities which have minor environmental impact (E2), and activities which have significant impacts (E3). These levels have been described below:

Activities which are Environmentally Benign (El): Sub projects likely to have insignificant environmental impacts but require implementation of generic TEG's to ensure environmental safeguards. Activities which have Minor Environmental Impacts (E2): Sub projects likely to have environmental impacts of moderate intensity (which does not set off a chain of other environment impacts) for which standard mitigation measures are required.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 50 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wordd Bank) Activities which have Significant Potential Impacts (E3): Sub projects that are likely to have significant environmental impacts which may set off a chain of other environmental impacts requiring detailed environmental assessment and implementation of specific TEG's.

Procedure for Environmental Ranking

The procedure for environmental ranking has been described in the following steps.

Step 1: Identify the activity Step 2: Study the process diagram and identify the pollution potential with respect to air, water and solid waste. Step 3: Identify the emissions/ discharges / solid waste generation and quantify them Step 4: Rank the emissions/ discharges / solid waste generation on a scale of 0 to 1. Each significant parameter was allotted 0.25 score. The number of significant and non-significant parameters determined the final score. Step 5: Add all the values to arrive at a cumulative score Step 6: Fix up the environmental category i.e. El, E2 & E3 as per scores.

The method of calculating the environmental category (cumulative ranking) has been described in Annexure 9. It may be noted that step 3 & 4 are very critical to determine environmental ranking. The quantification of water pollution for each activity has been described in table 4.1. The quantification has been carried out based on consultant's experience in the area of water pollution. The quantification gives the intensity of impact, which helps in categorization of each activity. This example has been followed to categorize existing and proposed activities. Further, existing activities are regrouped along with their ranking in each district and summarized in table 4.2. This table gives the profile of each district in terms of pollution levels based on environmental categorization of existing activities in each district.

Table 4.1: Waste Water Generation in Selected Activities, Impacts and Environmental Ranking. Activity Waste water Environmental Impact Categorizatio generation Stress n (litres per kg of finished product)

Water Air Solid Waste Paper 100-125 S S S Significant E2 Pickle Making 8-10 S NS NS Minimal Impacts E2 Pappad 5-10 S NS NS Minimal Impacts El Arcanut 5-8 S NS S Minimal Impacts El Jam 35-50 S NS S May lead to E2 ground water pollution Idly, Tiffin, Tea Stall 25-200 S NS S Minimal Impacts E2

Canteen 25-200 S NS S Impact on ground E2 water bodies Matchbox 15-20 S NS S Impact on health E2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 51 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Waste water Environmental Impact Categorizatio generation Stress n (litres per kg of finished product)

Water Air Solid Waste _ Detergents/Soaps/ 2-5 S NS NS Impact on aquatic E2 Phenyl organisms Fabric Dyeing 50-135 S NS NS Soil pollution, E3 effect on plants and animals Plastic Recycling 8-10 NS S NS Minimal Impacts E2 Dairy (collection & 3-4 S NS NS Depletion of DO in E2 distribution) water bodies Glue 85-100 S NS NS Depletion of DO in E2 I water bodies Sericulture 80-100 S NS IMinimal Impacts E2 Slaughtering * 150-250 S NS S Health impacts, E3 water bodies pollution, Fly nuisance

Fish Meal Products 2-5 S NS S Water bodies E2 pollution, Depletion of DO levels Dyes amd Dye 0-50 S NS NS Depletion of DO in E2 intermediates water bodies Tissue paper 150-200 S NS NS Depletion of DO in E2 making water bodies Spring steel wire 3-4 S NS NS Water bodies E2 making pollution, Depletion of DO levels

Paper Recycling 75-80 NS S NS Ground / Surface E2 water pollution and soil degradation

*:- Per Animal Slaughtered

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 52 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) Table 4.2: District wise categorization of activities along with their Cumulative Ranking DISTRICT ACTIVITY RANK Madurai Vegetable cultivation/ betel leaf cultivation E 1 PDS Shop, paddy business El Mutton stall E2 Vegetable vending El Mat weaving El Sericulture El Candle / Agarbatti El Tailoring, Readymade garments E1 Lime kiln E2 Carpentry, broom making El General provision stores, rice business El Tea stall/ mini hotel E2 -Ramndaptl Sheep/Goat rearing. milch animals E2 Betel / Sea wood cultivation El Palm leaf mat/palm leaf fancy articles El Sea shell ornaments El Dry fish Vending El Charcoal Making E2 Petty Shops El :Vellore ., *v - Goat/Sheep rearing milch farming E2 AgricultureNegetable cultivation/ betel leaf cultivation El Bamboo basket weaving, palm leaf products El Brick kiln E2 General provision stores El Weaving El Coir making El Milk animals E2 Agriculture El Mat weaving/pottery El -Cuddalorea-FgTi; Milch animals. goat and sheep rearing E2 Coir rope making El Camphor making ir- Wood carving El Candle making El Agarbatti El Tailoring/ ready made garments El Sea shell ornaments El Bookbinding El Cashew cultivation, flower cultivation El Ceramic dolls/pottery E2 Potato chips El -Namrak k 1' , Pickles El Coir making El

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 53 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) DISTRICT ACTIVITY RANK Tailoring / ready made garments El Pappad making El Coconut leaf thatching El Beekeeping/Sericulture El Lime kiln E2 Fair price shop El Nagcatti iiu Fancy shop, furniture mat E 1 Fish sale, fish net making E1 Canteen E2 Eatables and Masala powder El

Ka c ime1a w. Doll/Toys E 1 Candle making El Camphor packing Thatched leaf El Pottery El *Kanyakuma Tamarind processing and selling E1 Pickles, sweets, snacks/chips El Goat, cow rearing E2 Jute bag stitching, fiber bag El Tailoring and fancy item stitching lace making El Coir rope making El Sea shell ornament making El Herbal Medicines El Agarbatti El Pappad El Flower cultivation and garland making El Milch Animals E2 Tailoring, greeting cards making, petty shops El ,Per#aiii±flE Rice mill El Bamboo products El Candle Making El .Jna Pickle Making E1 Candle making El Soap powder, phenyl E2 g - Masala powder El Coir Products/Door mat making El Pickle El Tamarind processing El Pappad El Paper cover making El Coir making El Masala and sambar masala, tea powder El Leather chappals and other leather products E1 Gem cutting El Stuffed toys El Milk animals E2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduc6on Project 54 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) DISTRICT ACTIVITY RANK Gem cutting El Terracotta toys El Greetings card El Pudukottai - Coir Making E 1 Bamboo basket El Potato cultivation El Tea Plantations El Basket making El Nilgiri - Soap making E2 Flower cultivation El Agarbatti El Coconut Leaf thatching El Milch animals and goat rearing E2 ThiruvannamaIr' Tailoring. Readymade garments E 1 Toys making El ~TrChi9. *. @ Masala powder El Terracotta toys El Gem cuttings El Wire mat making El Greeting card making Chips making/eatables El Mat weaving, Basket making El Medicinal plants Blue metal Blue Metal Bricks and pottery E2 tiF^nin6el^;iS.4~.. *- Match sticks El Cleaning powder and liquid blue E2 Agarbatti, broom stick El Pappad / Pickle El Matt waving, Palm leaf products El Milch animals, Goat Rearing E2 Tailoring El -______- LPottery _ El FiSivagangaii ;''8fi.t- Coir rope making El Hiring of Utensils El Charcoal Making E2 Laundry/clock sales Petty shops and tea stalls E2 Fish sales, mat sales, vegetable sales El Tamarind sales, Fruit sales, flower sales 4 Milch animals, goat rearing E2 Vegetable cultivation, medicinal plants El Stone cutting E2 Match box products El Oil extraction from Neem nuts/leaves E2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 55 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) DISTRICT ACTIVITY RANK Garments making El Mich animals, goat rearing E2 Tailoring, Garment making El Agriculture, vegetable cultivation El Karur - . : Petty shops El Gem cuuting and polishing El Poultry E2 Milk Vending E2 Land reclamation, waste land cultivation El Handloom weaving, stuffed toys El Coconut leaf Thatching El Palm leafs, mat making, fancy products El Milch animals, goat rearing. Sheep rearing E2 Fish net and dry fish vending El Juti;cori & Match box making El Agriculture El Tailoring and handicrafts El Milch animals, goat / sheep rearing E2 _ Petty shops, cycle hiring E2 Poultry farm E2

4.4 CONCLUSION

The environmental categorization of each activity assists in defining the Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEG), which should be implemented for mitigation of impacts. El category activities require generic TEGs as the extent of pollution from these activities are expected to be insignificant. However, pollution potential from E2 & E3 category activities may be significant. Therefore, E2 & E3 category activities require specific TEGs. A list of activities/related activities requiring specific TEGs is summarized in following table 4.3. Table 4.3: Industries requiring Sector specific Environmental Mitigation measures

Industries Rank SOAP MAKING/DETERGENT POWDER MAKING E2

MILCH ANIMAL REARING E2

GOAT REARING E2 LIME KILN E2 PAINTS AND VARNISHES/DYES AND DYE INTERMEDIATES/GLUE E2 PESTICIDIES STORAGE AND PRODUCTION E3

DIARY/ANIMAL REARING E2 PIGGERY (INCLUDING SLAUGHTER HOUSES) E3

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 56 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) PLASTER OF PARIS E2

CEMENT PIPE MAKING E2

OIL EXTRACTION E3

BRICK MAKING E2

POULTRY (INCLUDING SLAUGHTERING) E3

The environmental categorization also defines the negative activities based on significance of impacts. This indicates that slaughtering, tannery and fabric dying activities fall in the category of negative activities. TEGs with respect to each of these activities have been described in the next chapter.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 57 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5 TECHNICAL EVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES (TEG)

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) have been formulated based on environmental categorization of existing/proposed activities in order to mainstream environmental safeguards at all levels of implementation. These guidelines have been described at three levels given below.

Level 1: Generic Guidelines, which are applicable to all activities irrespective of nature and scale of operations.

Level 2: Specific Guidelines, with respect to each activity.

Level 3: Recommended best practices for each activity.

This chapter describes specific guidelines and best practices by pictographically describing each process. These guidelines are supported by site specific design and engineering and infrastructure considerations which should be followed during implementation. The chapter also describes process diagram of primary and secondary effluent treatment. Further, environmental friendly activities have been described in Annexure 10.

5.2. GENERIC GUIDELINES

2. Wastewater and air emissions should be treated in order to achieve the prescribed standards. 3. Industries need to be encouraged for recycling and reuse of waste materials in order to minimize the discharge of wastes into environment. 4. Industries should be encouraged for recovery of biogas, energy and reusable materials. 5. Effluent discharges into water bodies should be prohibited. 6. Cleaner production should be encouraged to increase fuel efficiency and to reduce the generation of environmental pollutants. 7. All discharged effluents from industries such as cotton textile, synthetic rubber, small pulp & paper, natural rubber, tanneries, paint, dyes, slaughter houses, food & fruit processing and dairy industries into surface water and other receiving bodies shall conform to BOD limit of 30 mg/I, COD limit of 250 mg/I and suspened solids limit of 20 mg/I. 8. In case of pesticides, the discharge limits should be met at the end of treatment plant before dilution.

The generic guidelines for air, water and solid waste management is given in table 5.1. Table 5.2 indicates details about proposed activities with their associated design environment and health considerations. Table 5.3 describes the specific guidelines for environmentally friendly activities.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 58 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Table 5.1. Generic Guidelines to Prevent Air and Water Pollution and Solid Waste Generation

Attribute Guidelines Air . Store loose materials either indoors or under cover . Make sure that equipment lids fit tightly . Tanks should be covered . Use dust suppression techniques such as water sprays on areas of the site that will give rise to dust clouds . Dust containment cum suppression system for the equipment; . Construction of wind breaking walls. . Construction of the metalled roads within the unit's premises. * Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within the premises. . Growing of a green belt along the periphery of unit Water . Protect surface water drains to prevent water pollution. . Only clean, uncontaminated surface water should be discharged to the surface water drainage system. . All surface water runoff from refuelling areas should be isolated from general yard drainage and drained to an oil separator . Store all chemicals in an area where spillages will be contained viz impermeable bund. . Inspect the bund regularly and remove any accumulated rainwater. * Ensure that adequate measures are taken to prevent polluting run-off from the site or wash-out from entering drains and/or watercourses. * Label containers holding liquid wastes and store them securely on site while they await disposal so that they cannot escape into drains, watercourses or surrounding ground. Any accidental spills must be properly and effectively contained and cleaned up. Solid Waste . Separate out contaminated materials from clean ones and store them safely. . Identify the waste types and quantities that the activity is likely to produce. . Leachate collection and treatment system must be provided. . Segregate the different types of waste that arise from activiites. . Storage of all potentially polluting substances should be located on impermeable surfaces with controlled drainage. . Waste reduction by: * ensuring adequate storage space for materials * having a dedicated stores compound to reduce the amount of materials damaged or wasted; * Label all waste containers . Do not dispose empty containers, containing residues of the original contents * Maintain a high standard of housekeeping on site

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 59 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.3. TEG FORMULATION TEGs were formulated for all the sub-activities and will be used by implementing agencies to reduce the environmental impacts of sub-project activities. TEGs offer general guidelines and also specific ones. It also magnifies the eco-friendly features and associated modifications/mitigation measures to be followed to make the implementer aware of the environmental needs to prevent degradation of the surroundings.

TEGs were formulated in such a way that more stress was given to recycle/reuse technology, to conserve water/raw material, use of by products have also been looked in to.

5.4 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND BEST PRACTICES

Specific guidelines and best practices have been defined for each process in the following sections to address pollution at the secondary and tertiary levels for each activity.

AGRO BASED

5.4.1 ARCA BARK PROCESSING

Pollution Potential * Air - Nil * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* For soaking the barks pucca cement / steel tanks should be used. * Solid waste trimmings or bark should not be disposed on land.

Best Practices

* Conservation of used water by reusing it for washing purposes or for plantation should be followed after simple pretreatment like sand filter followed by chlorination. * Solid waste like trimmings of Arca bark should be composted to get good manure.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 60 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vordd Bank) 5.4.2 SPIRULINA CULTURE

Pollution Potential . Air - Insignificant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Use of gloves is advised for the workers to avoid infection. * Sterile conditions are needed to avoid contamination of culture. * Good quality mother culture should be used to reduce solid waste generation. * Nutrients rich water should not be discharged and should be used again with make up water.

Best Practices * Good House keeping should be maintained. * Same water can be reused / recycled to reduce raw water.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 61 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.3 MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Pollution Potential * Air - Nil * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Polyethylene bags should be disposed properly * Waste water after cleaning should be reused again for cleaning after primary settling and chlorination. * After mushroom harvesting, the straw beds should be composted to get manure. * Waste / infected mushrooms should be segregated and disposed along with used straw bed

Best Practices * Waste effluent being non toxic should be used for horticulture/floor washing etc * Avoid use of dettol for sterilization because this may impart odour and unwanted taste to the product * Chlorination of the all required material is preferable. After initial chlorination of the culturing room, the room should be kept closed for two days to prevent infection of mushroom. * Floor should be covered with polythene before spreading sand on the floor to prevent corrosion of the walls due to salt deposits and also to hold moisture content. * For chlorination, 4.5Kg soda ash/washing soda and 1Kg of bleaching powder in 100 litres of water is mixed and after mixing allow it to settle. Supernatant should be drawn and 1OOml supernatant in 10 litres of water be prepared for floor cleaning. * Abundant and excess mushroom can be dried or pickled and marketed to earn revenue.

62 Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.4 AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES

Pollution Potential . Air - Nil . Water - Significant . Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines . All agricultural residues apart from fodder should be composted or used for biogas production. * Non-edible residues like leguminous plant parts should be used for briquetting which provides cheaper fuel for the poor.

Best Practices * Natural pesticides like mixture of cattle urine and neem leaves (leaves soaked in cattle urine for 2 days) should be used on plants. It also acts as a mosquito / fly repellent. * Waste dry leaves of turmeric plants have fungicidal properties, hence its use on land to prevent infection of plants during germination stage be encouraged. * Sprinkler method of irrigation should be followed when using fresh water for irrigation, to conserve water. * Raw sewage application for vegetables and leafy vegetables should be carried out using ridge and furrow techniques. * Wherever possible biogas technology using agricultural residue should be followed to harvest energy/fuel. * Avoid usage of chemical pesticide.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 63 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.5 VERMI-COMPOSTING

Pollution potential

* Air - Nil . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Nil

Specific Guidelines * Properly lined tanks should be used to have depth more than 3 feet. * This activity should be carried out under a shed to prevent exposure to direct sunlight/rain. * Floor of the vermi bed should be spread with straw or coconut husk to initiate good aeration and facilitate proper burrowing of worms. * Digested cattle dung manure should be used along with biodegradable organic wastes / biomass to accelerate composting activity. * Earthworms should not be introduced in fresh cattle dung. * After the preparation of the bed, it should be covered with dry leaves, grass and hay to prevent evaporation losses and birds from eating away the earthworms.

Best Practices * Only good endemic variety of earthworm should be used to get good results. * Instead of using fresh water for sprinkling the bed, biodegradable kitchen wastewater is advocated. This will also help in nutrient addition. * Flooding of the vermi bed should be prevented. * Moisture content of the bed should always be maintained around 25% ±2%. * While removing the composted manure, care must be taken to avoid damage to the worms by using large pore size sieves, which will retain the worms and it can be re introduced in to the bed. * Never use poultry droppings while vermicomposting

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 64 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.6 SERICULTURE

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant . Water - Significant . Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines . Amount of water used for boiling cocoons should be conserved by simple primary treatment and used for floor washing, horticulture, fire fighting, etc. . During cocoon processing, fine microscopic respirable particles are emitted and they affect the lungs and eyes of the workers and hence use of mask and goggles should be made mandatory. Best Practices * Pupa after silk removal should be used for making fish food and poultry feed.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 65 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) ANIMAL RELATED

5.4.7 SLAUGHTERING/ MEAT PROCESSING

Pollution Potential * Air - nil * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

The average water consumption for slaughtering and meat processing ranges from 25 to 30 cubic meters per tonne of finished product, out of which 20% is used for slaughtering and 80% is used for meat processing. The quantity of wastewater generated from both the activities ranges from 20 to 25 cubic meters per tonne of finished product, out of which the 25% is generated during slaughtering and remaining 75% during meat processing. It has been reported that the waste water is highly biodegradable and it can be discharged into water body or land after suitable treatment like anaerobic fixed film reactor system. The solid wastes are generated mainly during slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, dehairing, carcass splitting, deboning, fat removal, mincing, chopping, half digested rumen content and also the cattle dung.

Specific Guidelines * Permission for slaughtering should be obtained from municipal corporation * A certificate on the health of the animal to be slaughtered should be obtained from a registered veterinarian to avoid killing diseased animals. * Slaughtering in an open space should be prohibited. * No waste, either liquid or solid should be thrown in open * Very short residence time should be provided to the combined wastewater prior to its treatment to prevent putrification, odour and fly nuisance.

Best Practices * Maximum salvaging of blood should be followed to reduce pollution load of waste water * All the by-products namely - Hair (for brush making), Skin (for leather and glue making), fat (for preparation of tallow and lard), hooves (for gelatine), bones (for fertilizer), etc. should be recovered and used. * Solid waste like non-edible intestinal parts and skin pieces can be converted into poultry feed, while small skin and bone pieces should be composted * Regular disinfection of the slaughtering area should be carried out. * Proper housekeeping and disinfection should be followed. * Minimum water should be used for different processes to conserve raw water.

Do's * Lairage Facility should be provided in the unit. * Animals should be washed with water prior to slaughtering * While carrying out floor method of slaughtering, floors should be cleaned using disinfectants. * Should be carried out in a protected environment with water facility and proper drainage facility. * Should be done away from human habitation. * Dung and half digested rumen contents should be segregated after slaughtering. * Blood salvaging and processing like centrifuging should be done under the supervision of a pharmacist technician, immediately after the slaughtering.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 66 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vorld Bank) * All the carcasses and meat should be disposed in a short duration or else be preserved in cold rooms. * Disinfect all the instruments and slaughtering hall immediately. * Sprayers with nozzles should be used to wash floor and drains. * Non edible meat, intestine, other solid wastes etc, should be buried a foot below the ground and covered properly with soil to prevent dog/vulture digging it out. Prevent fly/mosquito nuisance. * Install environmental management systems. * Treated effluent should be disinfected and discharged. * Develop green belt around the slaughter house. * Use modern mechanical procedure for slaughtering. . Conserve water. . All the by products should be recovered.

Don'ts * Do not keep the animals in open. * Pig slaughtering should not be carried out in cattle slaughtering units. * Slaughtering in open should be prohibited. * Do not discharge the waste water in open. * Do not carryout the process in a thickly populated area. * Do not mix dung and rumen content along with the waste water. * Collection of blood spilled on floor should be avoided. . Do not keep all the carcasses and meat items uncovered. . Do not use flushing by buckets for floor/animal cleaning. * Do not dump the solid waste in open. * Avoid conventional slaughtering * Do not waste any value added products.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 67 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 5.4.8 POULTRY

Pollution Potential * Air - Nil . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Proper medical checkup of the chickens by a veterinarian should be mandatory to avoid mass deaths. * Collection of droppings followed by composting should be adopted. * Proper housekeeping and disinfections of the cages should be ensured.

Best Practices

Nutrients and medicines should be provided to the chickens to get good healthy growth and keep them disease free. This helps in reducing solid waste generated due to diseased chickens.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 68 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.9 PIG REARING

Pollution potential

* Air - Nil . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * This activity should be carried out away from human dwellings. * Pig rearing shed should be cleaned and quarantined. * Pig/swine droppings should be collected separately and disposed to prevent tapeworm infection. * Monitoring the health of pig by veterinarian should be mandatory prior it's selling/killing.

Best Practices . Pig droppings are one of the best substrates to produce biogas through anaerobic fermentation.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 69 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 5.4.10 INLAND & COASTAL FISHERY ACTIVITIES

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Any solid or liquid matter from the fish farm should not be allowed to enter any nearby watercourse * When storing fuel or other chemicals, it is needed to bund all storage tanks and protects surface water drains to ensure pollution prevention. * No chemicals e.g. disinfectants or infected wastewater from a treatments should be used on the farm and permitted to enter the outlet of the fish farm. The use of all chemicals on the fish farm should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce their impact on the environment. * All carcasses or parts of carcasses of fish should be collected, transported and disposed. * Contaminated drainage from any oil, chemical or fuel storage/delivery area must not be allowed to enter surface drains, watercourses or coastal waters. * Care should be taken to ensure that oil or fuel used on boats is not spilt onto land or into watercourses or coastal waters. * If any chemicals or disinfectants are used for boat or net cleaning or any other purpose, ensure that they are stored in suitable containers and cannot be splashed or spilt onto ground, into a watercourse or into coastal waters. * Generators and other equipment should be placed on trays to prevent oil and diesel entering the ground in the event of spillages. * Segregate the solid waste and dispose off the waste at the designated place on harbor.

Best Practices * Must not discharge any oil or any mixture containing oil into the sea if: - vessel is stationary; - the oil content of the effluent is more than 100 parts per miliion; - vessel does not have an oily-water separator; or - vessel is within a special area (protected areas) - Any paints or anti-fouling treatments used on vessel must not contain lead or tributelene. * Do not dispose-off non-degradable litter over the side of your boat - dispose it on return to shore. * Use a low-sulphur fuel to power boat if possible, to reduce the impact of burning fuel on the environment. * Carry out routine maintenance on vessel to ensure that it uses fuel and oil as efficiently as possible, and to reduce the likelihood of spills or leaks while at sea. * Contractors working on vessel or at berth should not permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. * Stored liquid wastes on land or on boat, should be stored securely and cannot escape or be pumped by mistake into drains, watercourses or the coastal waters, or contaminate the land where they are stored. * Liquid waste including operational waste generated during the normal operation of the boat and oil and oily mixtures should be disposed at designated places on the harbor.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducdon Project 70 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) RECYCLING

5.4.11 RECYCLING INDUSTRY - PAPER RECYCLING

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Newspapers are recyclable for six to eight times only for the manufacture of newsprint. De-inking of newspaper should be done by floatation and washing. * Newspapers should be properly collected and stored away from sunlight. Keep paper dry and do not twine them. * Glues and gum present in waste paper like labels, stickers and adhesive tapes should be removed. * Fibre should be recovered and remaining water can be recycled to the maximum possible extent. * Primary clarification is necessary before or after fibre recovery. * Primary sludge can be dried on sludge drying beds and can be reused as a fuel. * Clarified effluent can be used on land for crop irrigation.

Best Practices i Wastepaper should not be stored for more than six months. * Recycling process shortens the fiber length. Therefore recycling shall be restricted to six to eight times only. * While recycling, addition of virgin pulp is necessary to maintain paper quality. * Land filling of newspapers is discouraged as they degrade very slowly. . Proper storage of all papers away from sunlight is desirable to increase the shelf life. . Waste papers should not be stored for more than six months, otherwise fiber strength is reduced. . Food wrappers, paper towels are avoided as they contaminate the final product quality. Fiber recovery should be practiced. * Recovered fiber can be used for paper board making

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 71 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.12 RECYCLING INDUSTRY - ALUMINUM RECYCLING

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant * Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Air pollution prevention measures like Ventilation, scrubbing & filters should be provided at the work place. * Personal protective equipment should be provided at the work place.

Best Practices * Workers should be allowed to work at short busts while working near furnace. * Records of accidents/mishaps should be maintained. * Regular health monitoring should be done and records maintained.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 72 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.13. RECYCLING INDUSTRY - PLASTIC RECYCLING

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* Plastics should be stored in fire proof environment. * Electric Connections should be checked regularly to avoid sparking. * Wastewater should be recycled after simple settling and chlorination. * Land filling of waste plastic should not be permitted. * Incineration of plastic waste should be prohibited. * Recovery of pigments, strengtheners or stabilizers should be carried out.

Best Practices * Cleaned industrial scrap should be first used as raw material. * Integration of recycling with manufacture of plastic products should be followed. * Old plastic scrap washing should be done using water spray to conserve water.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 73 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wordd Bank) 5.4.14 TYRE RETREADING Pollution potential * Air - Significant . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Firefighting instruments should be installed at strategic locations in the plant. * The plant should be located away from human dwellings * Air pollution control devices like scrubbers are required for the control of volatile organic compounds.

Best Practices * The rubber should be removed from used tyres before retreading. It should be disposed as rubber crumbs * Small pieces of rubber could be used as media matrix in fixed film fixed bed reactors for treating wastewater. * Rubber pieces could be used in cement kilns for firing as its heat value is high provided scrubbers are installed to control VOC's

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 74 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wordd Bank) FOOD BASED

5.4.15. OIL & VANASPATI

Pollution Potential . Air - nil . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

Oil and Vanaspati Waste

* Oil and Vanaspati waste is non toxic, biodegradable and can be discharged into water body or land (for irrigation) after suitable treatment like anaerobic/aerobic system. * Attempt should be made to reduce the volume and strength of waste water by preventing spills, leakages and reduction in water use during vessel / machine washings, by segregation of uncontaminated cooling water and recycling it.

Best Practices * Recover by products wherever possible

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 75 Technical Environmental Guidelines (VVorld Bank) 5.4.16 MILK PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION (SMALL DAIRY) Pollution Potential * Air - Nil * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* Drains and pipelines in the dairy should be cleaned regularly with 1% caustic solution. * The wash water should be neutralized and treated for discharge. * Treated wash water can be discharged on land.

Best Practices

* Use 0.5 to 0.8 mg/l of bleaching solution for cleaning of all the vessels to avoid curdling of milk. * Discharge of wastewater into closed drain should be followed to avoid odour, fly and mosquito nuisance.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 76 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.17 JAM, FRUIT JUICES AND PICKLES Pollution Potential * Air - Nil . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Clean and healthy fruits and vegetables should be procured to reduce dust and organics in the effluent * Dry methods like vibration or air jet should be used to clean vegetables and raw fruits to conserve water * Dry peeling should be carried out * Use natural preservatives ex. Mustard/ sesame oil instead of chemical preservatives while manufacturing pickles.

Best Practices

* Reuse concentrated wastewater. * By products should be manufactured to reduce solid waste. * Fruit and vegetable peels can be preserved to reduce solid waste ex. Citrus peels for making candid peels * Other vegetable wastes can be used for preparing animal feed or vermi-composting * Following best manufacturing practices should be followed to reduce product spoilage, increase consumption leading to reduce effluent discharge and solid waste generation o During grape juice preparation natural products like sodium alginate or pectin may be added to prevent sedimentation. o To maintain the cost factor, 60%-75% juice and remaining water can be used along with essence and preservative. o T. Hardness of water used shall be less than 40mg/l to prevent high pH and discoloration of the juices. o To pasteurize the juices, they have to be boiled and then heated at low heat for five minutes so that all the micro organisms are eliminated and the shell life of the juice increases. o Juice after bottling shall be stored for minimum four days prior to marketing to retain the natural flavors. o While making mango pickle, they should be cut, cured and dried for few days in sunlight to reduce the salt quantity (15% salt should be used for curing for 10-15 days) and to increase the shelf life. Implementation of water conservation and recycling measures be practiced Use steam instead of hot water to reduce the generation of wastewater.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 77 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.18 SMALL CANTEEN, TEA STALL, TIFFIN, IDLI, DOSA & SNACK MAKING

Pollution Potential * Air - Nil * Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Wastewater from these operations should be properly disposed in a drain/ septic tank. * Wastewater from these activities contains residues from food items and is non toxic. It can be used for plantations like banana, coconut etc. after simple settling and disinfection using bleaching powder. Wastewater can also be used as animal feed. * Used tea leaves and used coffee powder acts as a good manure. It should be collected separately and used on land. * Solid waste ex. Peelings from fruits and vegetables, waste food/ left over can be used as animal feed. Alternately, they can be used for composting/ vermi composting. Composting can be carried out by disposing them in a 3'x3'x3' pit followed by covering it by a layer of soil.

Best Practices

* Smokeless chullahs are advocated to reduce air pollution. * Waste water from vessel washing can be reduced by the usage of disposable eco- friendly biodegradable cups/ plates. * Generated effluent should be provided simple treatment like sedimentation / settling followed by simple sand filter.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 78 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.19 PAPAD MAKING

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant * Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* Dust emissions may be reduced by using oil instead of rice flour during rolling operation

Best Practices

* Boiled and cooled water should be used for dough making * Preservative like 2:1 ratio of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate should be used.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 79 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vvodd Bank) 5.4.20 TAMARIND PROCESSING Pollution potential * Air - Nil * Water - NIL * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Cleaned tamarind should be dried and stored in a properly covered container preferably in bamboo baskets to provide good aeration * Segregation and disposal of fiber and seed coats should be done in a pit by vermi- composting

Best Practices * Seed coat removal and separation should be done using a mechanical means to increase productivity. * Sprinkling of common salt on tamarind is practiced to retains its freshness

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 80 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.21 MASALA POWDER MAKING Pollution Potential * Air - Significant . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* The room where grinding operation is carried out should be provided with exhaust fan for proper ventilation to reduce RSPM. * Air pollution can be reduced by installing lid at the top of inlet and a simple bag filter at the outlet of grinding machine.

Best Practices

Bag filters should be used while grinding spices to prevent dust pollution.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 81 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) CHEMICAL BASED

5.4.22 PAINTS & VARNISHES/ SOAPS & DETERGENTS/ CLEANING POWDER/ DYES & DYE INTERMEDIATES The four product categories have been combined because they involve, only one step of mixing in manufacturing at the anticipated scale of operation.

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* Waste water will be discharged from floor washing containing littered constituents of powders, solvents etc and cleaning of containers and mills. The waste water is expected to be alkaline containing some oil and grease, BOD, COD and suspended solids. * Avoid using drums if possible, especially for storage of large volumes of solvents. They should be stored in specific storage area away from heat and also from workers. * Consider replacing solvents with less volatile compounds. * While handling soap lye, care must be taken to avoid direct contact with hand. * Reduce emissions of the soap base and additives (stone powder, silicate, calcite, essence, caustic lye, soap oil etc.). During grinding, mixing and extruding/cutting using hood and cover at suitable places. * In case of caustic cleaning, used caustic solution should be collected, stored and used for further cleaning.

Best Practices

* Excess wash water from soap manufacturing can be bottled and sold to the poor at cheaper cost. * Reduction of waste water both volume and strength using in plant control measures. * Waste water to be reused for floor washing. * Prevention of accidental spills and leakages through proper maintenance and training of workers. * Recommended Treatment includes physico-chemical and or biological treatment. This includes adjustment of pH, coagulant addition, and biological treatment if required.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 82 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.23 FABRIC DYEING

Pollution Potential . Air - Insignificant . Water - Significant . Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * The major processes where water is consumed include Desizing, Kiering, Bleaching, Souring, Mercerising, Printing, Dyeing, Soaping and others. * Segregation of dye bath effluent should be followed and treated by solar evaporation or multiple effect evaporators may also be used * Solid waste (sludge from ETP) should be used for making bricks blended with clay. * Solution metering pumps must be used to avoid wastages and spills of dyes and chemicals. * Recommended treatment for waste water includes physico-chemical and/or biological treatment. This includes adjustment of pH, coagulant addition and biological treatment if required.

Best Practices

* Provide proper recipes for each process * Optimize process, correct temperature can reduce the use of salt and dye. * Select valve and piping material to minimize corrosion and leaks. * Sweep up the spill and reuse the salt * Store dry materials, such as bags of salt or dye drums, on the floor and away from liquids by placing catch pans beneath the material. * If a liquid product is spilled, dry cleanup, using absorbent clay. Don't wash it down the floor drain. * Use dry cleanup methods; provide brooms, vacuums, and absorbent. * Provide suitable work areas, handling tools, and training to operators to spills. * Use counter current or multi-stage rinsing to reduce water use. * Reuse wastewater from processes in other processes that do not require high quality water like Final rinse water from dyeing can be used as make-up water for the dye bath. Final rinses from scouring and bleaching may be used for makeup water in de-sizing. . Avoid leaks by replacing steel valves and piping with plastic, which is a low-cost proposition. * Never discharge untreated fabric dying wastewater on land * Use of vegetable dyes be advocated and use of azodyes shall be prohibited * Dye bath effluents should be segregated. * Sludge from ETP should be mixed with clay and used for brick making * Solar energy utilization for dye bath treatment be encouraged * Use of carbonized coir pith and baggasse for dye waste treatment instead of activated carbon to reduce cost and energy consumption.

Do's * Use only biologically degradable dyes like vegetable dyes. * Proper in-house management is needed. • Use solution metering or dosing meter for addition of dyes. * Use only dry material like saw-dust, sand etc. to absorb the spilled dyes. * Use lime powder to neutralize acid spills and collect it separately.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 83 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Segregate dye bath effluent and provide treatment separately. * Solar evaporation or use of low cost absorbents should be followed. * Regular monitoring of air, water and solid waste should be done. * Maintain log books for raw material, water and electricity consumption. * Training for achieving targeted performance is needed. * Prepare and maintain an emergency preparedness programme. * Identification of environmental control measures and impacts. * Waste reduction at source. * Follow recycling wherever possible. * Product modification should be followed. * Solid waste should be treated in secured landfills. * Regular leachate monitoring should be done to improve the system. * ETP sludge should be used for brick making.

Don'ts * Do not use Azo dyes. * Use of ladles to add dyes should not be done. * Avoid spills. * Do not use water for cleaning dyes spilled on floor. * Do not wash out the acid spills with water directly. * Do not combine the dye bath effluent with other less polluting waste water streams. * Do not discharges dye bath effluent directly into the drain. * Do not use obsolete machinery. * Do not leave any open electric wires unattended. * Simple dumping of solid waste should be avoided. * Simple land filling should not be done as toxic metal contents leach out and pollute ground water.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 84 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.24 PESTICIDES STORAGE & FORMULATIONS (SMALL SCALE UNITS) Air emissions may include solvent vapours and fugitive emissions during unit operations. A waste water from pesticide industry includes pesticide, metabolites, isomers, intermediates, raw material, formulation chemicals, solvents and surface active agents.

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines

* Only store enough pesticide for immediate use * All pesticide stores should be able to retain leakage or spillage up to 110% of the volume in the store through duke/bund wall around the storage area. * Keep adequate amount of absorbent material ex. Sand to soak the spilt pesticide. * Waste pesticides should never be disposed of in to soak pit or into surface water drain * Do not dispose of pesticide washings by spraying them onto waste ground . Filling and rinsing of containers should be carried out well away from drains, watercourse, wells, springs and boreholes * Store pesticide away from formulation process to prevent any spill or leak entering into ground or surface waters. * The pollution prevention should be practiced given the scale of units. If the scale of operation demand waste water treatment, the basic waste water treatment scheme comprises of three stages. The first stage consists of suspended matter and oil removal. The second stage includes removal of toxic organics by absorption through activated carbon. The third stage includes conventional biological treatment. This may include conventional activated sludge process or solar evaporation pond system. The specific guidelines for solar pond evaporation system is given below.

* Solar evaporation pans shall constructed in such a way that the bottom is atleast one meter above the ground level. * Solar evaporation pans shall be leak proof and of impervious construction * The solar evaporation pans shall be designed on the basis of evaporation rate matching to the output of wastewater. . Wastewater level in the solar evaporation pans should always be at least 1 to 1.5 feet below the overflow level. Moreover the total depth of the water should also be minimum to enhance faster evaporation. . Wastewater must be pretreated as below before subjecting to solar evaporations.

- Oil & grease and floating organics shall be removed so that the rate of evaporation is not affected - Acidic/alkaline waste must be neutralised before solar evaporation to maintain pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.5. - Toxic volatile matter shall be removed so as not to cause air pollution.

. During rainy seasons, storm water shall not be allowed to mix with process wastewater and enter the pans. The wastewater shall in no case, outflow from the evaporation pans. Alternative arrangements shall be made to hold the wastewater in proper impervious tanks and, if necessary, force evaporated.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 85 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * In no circumstances, the liquid effluent shall be discharged without conforming to the minimal national standards or stored in a holding arrangement which is likely to cause pollution. * The sludge, from the solar evaporation pans shall be incinerated or disposed as per the guidelines for management and handling of hazardous waste, published by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, after obtaining authorization from the state pollution control board under the Hazardous Wastes (Handling & Management) Rules, 1989 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. * The facility should be protected from flood and storm to prevent embankments from erosion or any other damage which may render any portion inoperable. . Facilities should have protective enclosure to keep wildlife, domestic animals, unauthorized persons, etc. away.

Best Practices

* No pesticide waste should be discharged in to any water bodies. * Treatment should be provided inside the factory itself. * Use of air filters by the workers should be made mandatory.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 86 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.25 PLASTER OF PARIS & PLASTER OF PARIS PRODUCTS

Pollution Potential . Air - Significant . Water - significant . Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Run off from mixing area (where dry plaster mixes with water) is high in suspended solids and should not be allowed to enter water courses or the sewer. Proper settling be provided to conserve the water and reuse it. * Recycle or treat damaged plasterboard.

Best Practices

* Air pollution control devices should be provided to prevent dust emission.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 87 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.26 MATCHSTICKS MAKING Pollution Potential . Air - Nil . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* Hazardous chemicals should be stored in a protective, RCC lined flooring with sun/ rain proof ceiling * Hazardous chemicals should be properly labeled and their storage should be monitored regularly * Unwanted/ spoiled hazardous chemicals should be disposed with utmost care * Wastewater from match industry should be solar dried, but while collecting the dried chemical, no scratching should be done to avoid chances of explosion. . Wastewater generated during glue preparation should be segregated and treated separately. Since the quantity is small, lime/ alum addition may be tried based on wastewater characteristics.

Best Practices

On-site emergency plan should be prepared and implemented

* Safety systems including firefighting equipments should be in place * Regular maintenance and checking of electrical equipments should be carried out to prevent short-circuiting, sparking etc. * First aid box should be maintained * Proper ventilation should be provided. * Proper sign boards & safety instructions should be displayed at strategic places to prevent accidents. * Proper training should be provided to all employees

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 88 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.27 CEMENT PIPE MAKING Pollution Potential . Air - Significant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant Specific Guidelines * Cement powder, mould release oils, and concrete-curing agents should be stored in areas away from storm water sewers, and sources of water. * Store cement powder under cover and keep it dry in order to prevent wastage. * Ensure that adequate measures are taken to prevent run off from concrete operations or wash out from entering drains and/or watercourses. * Concrete contains chromium, which is potentially polluting not only to watercourses but also to groundwater. Washing out of machinery/ equipments, concrete hoppers and mixers must take place in areas away from storm water sewers, channels and watercourses to prevent water pollution. Where possible, store and reuse wash water after settling. * Water that comes into contact with cement powder or workable concrete can be highly alkaline, with a pH reaching up to 12. Ensure that liquid wastes are stored securely on your site while they await disposal or recovery and cannot escape into drains, watercourses or surrounding ground.

Best Practices * Use of air filters by the workers be made mandatory to prevent suffering from silicosis

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 89 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.28 CERAMICS / POTTERY Ceramics manufacturing includes production of potteries, sanitary wares, tiles and structural clay products.

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Major sources of air pollution includes fugitive emission source during crushing and spray glazing of articles. Solid waste generation includes raw material wastage during crushing and product leakage.

Specific Guidelines * For particulate matter, units having capacity up to 5 tpd, Hood should be provided with a stack of 30 metre height from ground level (including Kiln height). * For sulphur dioxide emissions, the stack height limits for kiln having coal consumption below 8 MT should be 9 meters. * Provide enclosures, water sprinkler system/cyclone/bag filters. * Provide settling tank for water if filter scale of operations is higher. * Broken green wares are fully recycled.

Best Practices * Recover raw materials through air pollution control devices. * Use water based acrylic glaze. * Proper ventilation of kiln to prevent inhalation of poisonous gases. * The broken fired products cannot be recycled and should be disposed at normal dumping sites. * The cool ash from kilns should be sold for construction activities. * Un-utilized glaze from spray should be recycled. At least the first wash from the drain could be recycled for use.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 90 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.29 GLASS

Pollution Potential . Air - Significant . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Nil

Specific Guidelines

Other than lead glass

* Raw materials should be transported in leak proof containers. * Cullet preparation should be dust free using water spraying. * Batch preparation section should be covered.

Lead Glass

* Measures for the fugitive emission control from sections like batch mixing, proportioning section and transfer points should be covered

Best Practices * Solid waste generated should be re-used in the process

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 91 Technical Environmental Guidelines World Bank) 5.4.30 PAPER MACHE TOYS Pollution potential * Air - Significant . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Only waste pulp from paper mills should be used. * Only vegetable dyes should be used for colouring * Solid waste should be recycled back * Water from washings should be settled and reused in the process. No wastewater should be discharged outside

Best Practices * Training should be provided to workers to improve the product quality.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 92 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.31 SILVER ANKLET MAKING

Pollution potential * Air - Nil . Water - Significant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Nil

Specific Guidelines * Waste hydrochloric acid should be discharged only after lime neutralization.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 93 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.32 TIssUE PAPER Pollution potential

* Air - Nil • Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Ready paper pulp should be used * Paper trimmings should be recycled in the process itself to conserve raw pulp utilization

Best Practices * This activity can be carried out nearer to the pulp and paper industry.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 94 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) HIGHLY AIR POLLUTING

5.4.33 STONE CRUSHING

Pollution Potential

* Air - Significant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Use of face mask by workers should be made mandatory to prevent silicosis. * No mining activity should be carried out near the human habitats * Improvements in crushers and vibrating screen should be done to reduce pollution. * Sprays should be located as close to the points of emissions as possible. * Dust containment enclosures should be provided. * Development of green belt around the periphery of the unit should be done. Best Practices * Cleaner production technologies should be followed. * Spraying of water using nozzles should be carried out.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 95 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 5.4.34 CHARCOAL PRODUCTION Pollution potential

* Air - Significant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * High raised chimney is required. * Proper leak proof insulation should be provided to the kiln. * Air Pollution (dust and smokes) controlling devices are mandatory. * Dust control during handling and transport should be ensured by sprinkling water * Ash should be used as manure/or for land filling

Best Practices * Coal fines and granules should be disposed by bricquetting. * Activity should be carried out away from the human dwellings and in an area protected by trees with broad leaves for dust accumulation.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 96 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.35 BRIQUETTE INDUSTRY

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant * Water - nil * Solid / Hazardous Waste - nil

Specific Guidelines

For control of emissions/and proper disposal of pollutants, the following guidelines shall be followed by the industry:

* A minimum stack height of 20 metres shall be provided. * All ovens shall be modified to single chimney multi-oven systems. * Emissions from ovens shall be channelised through in-built draft stack. I Optimum heat utilization techniques shall be used. * In case of units having capacity of 10 tonnes and above, wet scrubbing system shall be provided to control air pollution.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 97 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.36 BRICK KILN Pollution Potential . Air - Significant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines

* For units having production capacity less than 15,000 bricks per day (less than 15 ft trench width), minimum stack height of 22 m, or, induced draught fan operating with minimum draught of 50 mm Water Gauge with 12 m stack height should be used. * For units having production capacity of 15,000-30,000 bricks per day (15 to 22 ft trench width), minimum stack height of 27 m with gravitational settling chamber or Induced draught fan operating with minimum draught of 50 mm Water Gauge with 15 m stack height should be used. * For units having production capacity of more than 30,000 bricks per day (more than 22 ft trench width), minimum stack height of 30 m with gravitational settling chamber or induced draught fan operating with minimum draught of 50 mm Water Gauge with 17 m stack height should be used. * Alternate fuel like rice husk, baggasse should be supplemented instead of firewood. * Install filters to chimneys * Fast growing fuel wood should be planted around the brick kiln to control air pollution as well as a source of fuel.

Best Practices

* Face mask during high dust operations should be used to prevent workers from suffering from silicosis * Ventilation of kilns after firing should be used in preventing of inhalation of dangerous gases and fumes. * Proper leak-proof insulation around the kiln should be used to improve brick quality and reduce fuel consumption. * Conserve fuel by controlling airflow by covering the tunnel opening.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 98 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) 5.4.37 LIME KILN

Pollution Potential . Air - Significant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

In lime kilns coal and lignite is used. Other fuels like fuel oil, coke etc are also used. The quality and type of fuel plays an important role on the quality of lime production and emissions.

Specific Guidelines

* To control particulate emission in kilns for up to 5tpd, a hood should be provided at the top of kiln with a stack of 30 meter height from ground level (including kiln height). * Sizing and thorough mixing of the charge components, lime stone and fuel, should be carried out prior to charging. . Admit air in proper amounts to cool the lime and also supply preheated air for combustion. * Use cyclone/hood or other dust control devices to control air pollution/landfill.

Best Practices * Leak proof insulation to optimize heat and energy use. * The kiln should be designed for improving thermal efficiency like Masonry shell can be replaced by steel shells. * The kiln should be lined with proper refractory bricks and well insulated to minimize heat losses. * Incorporate discharge devices for the discharge of lime at regulated intervals. * Recover over burnt lime, hydrate it and salt it. * Use lime dust for agriculture land treatment.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reductbon Project 99 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.38 GRAIN AND RICE MILL Pollution potential

. Air - Significant * Water - Significant (if parboiling is carried out) * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Major sources of air pollution are fugitive dust emissions from pre-cleaning and milling operation and air pollution from fuel burning. The major sources of waste water are soaking operation and washing of paddy. The solid waste consists of husk, bran, broken rice and ash. The waste water are generally high in BOD and COD concentration and occasionally consists of oil and grease.

Specific Guidelines * Local exhaust ventilation should be employed to control the dust and air contaminates inside mill house. * Bag filters should be used to control dust. * Ash trap should be used. * Exhaust ventilation must be fitted with dust collectors. * New energy efficient boilers should be used. * Effluent treatment plant should be installed to treat wastewater and recycle the treated water for the process. * Husk is used as a fuel in the furnace should be sieved properly to remove inorganic dust before charging it into the furnace. * Waste water can be treated by using conventional treatment system consisting of screening, oil and grease separation and biological treatment schemes. Biological treatment scheme may include two stabilization ponds.

Best Practices * Recovery of rice bran oil should be encouraged. * Check rejects in the raw paddy to reduce solid-waste generation. * Use ash as manure / byproduct like sodium silicate can be recovered from ash. * Husk should be used in insulation / packaging. * Fine grains, unmarketable should be used as poultry / animal feed. * Husk should be used for bricquetting. * Regular maintenance of milling machines should be carried out. * Waste water could be used for crop production, pisiculture etc. * Thorough/complete polishing of rice should be avoided. * Ensure regular maintenance of the entire machine including conveying system to control fugitive emissions. * Dust needs to be collected regularly from the mills premises and particularly from mill house. * The reject material may be used for filling up the low lying areas. * Ash can be used as manure in the local agricultural fields.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 100 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) DRY ACTIVITY [MINIMAL WATER USE FOR WASHING PURPOSES AND MIXING]

5.4.39 SAMBIRANI (DHOOP MAKING)

Pollution potential

* Air - Insignificant • Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Mixing of bulking material, charcoal, resin, saw dust, glue, gum and water should be done in a vessel using wooden ladle. * Wastewater can be disposed into drains/soak pits.

Best Practices . Carryout the activity in a group to optimize material purchase, storage, packing, marketing and output.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 101 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.40 CANDLE MAKING Pollution potential

. Air - Significant . Water - Negligible * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Vegetable oil should be used for lining the moulds. * Direct heating of wax should be avoided. * No molten wax should be discharged into the drains. * Wax should be stored in a separate specific room. * Adequate firefighting equipments should be installed.

Best Practices * Reuse/recycling of solid waste should be followed. * Molten wax should never be left unattended.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 102 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.41 BEEDI MAKING

Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant * Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Nil

Specific Guidelines * Water used for soaking tobacco leaves should be conserved by reusing it for other activities like floor washing, flushing of toilets and land application / horticulture. * After rolling beedies hands be washed thoroughly to avoid ingestion of alkaloids. * While smoking the bundles of beedis in a wooden sieve, care must be taken to keep the children away from the smoke.

Best Practices * Children should be prohibited from beedi rolling. * Use of disposable gloves while beedi rolling should be practiced.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 103 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.42 WOOD CARVING Pollution Potential * Air - Insignificant . Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Soaking of wood in kerosene before carving should be carried out in a covered tank to avoid kerosene fumes.

Best Practices * Instead of using sawdust, wood shavings should be used as fuel directly. * Bricquetting of the wood waste should be encouraged.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 104 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.43 COIR ROPE MAKING

Pollution Potential * Air - Significant * Water - Nil * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * Solid waste generated should be recycled for bricquetting to get high value fuel * Children should be kept away from the activity to prevent inhalation of coir dust.

Best Practices * Gloves should be used to prevent palms from getting cut. * This activity should be carried out in Rain / Sun proof sheds. Instead of manually operated hand wheels, simple cost effective dynamo operated ones maybe advised to increase the productivity.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 105 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.44 LEATHER GOOD MANUFACTURING

Pollution Potential * Air - Nil * Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Regular monitoring of water usage. * Handling and disposal of dyes with care, making sure they are not spilled. * Use dispensers for solvents and adhesive containers to avoid repeatedly removing of the lid.

Best Practices * Leather trimmings should be collected and processed to manufacture leather boards. * Storage of organic solvents and adhesives in enclosed containers when not in use. * Store rags and brushes used with organic solvents in enclosed containers after use.

Do's * Pickle liquor should be segregated and sun dried. * Vegetable tanning using tannin should be encouraged. * Chromium should be recovered and reused if chromium tanning is followed. * Leather pieces, trimmings should be used for leather board making. * Chromium sludge should be converted into bricks/disposed only in secured land filling. * Develop green belt around the tannery unit to control odour. * De-hairing should be done by mechanized means, and hair should be used for making carpets/brushes etc. * Fast growing, saline tolerant trees should be planted near the tannery boundary. * EIA studies should be carried out prior to project implementation. * Employ Useful mitigation techniques.

Don't's * Do not combine high salinity waste water with other less polluting streams. . Do not discharge waste water from this process into any surface water/ground water/open drains. * Chrome laden sludge dumping should be avoided. * Use of chemicals for de hairing should be avoided. * Do not discharge untreated waste water into open drains or use on land. * ETP sludge should not be disposed near any water bodies, or human dwellings. * Unskilled/illiterate workers should not be forced to do any skilled work without proper training.

Tamil Nadu Poverty ReducUon Project 106 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.45 POTTERY AND TERRACOTTA ITEMS

Pollution potential . Air - Insignificant . Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - Significant

Specific Guidelines * For baking waste material like coir fibre / pith / baggase should be used instead of firewood. • Firing should be done in a properly insulated furnace with a chimney. * Solid waste should be segregated and disposed properly.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 107 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4.46 WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURE

Pollution potential * Air - Insignificant * Water - Insignificant * Solid Waste / Hazardous - insignificant

Specific Guidelines * Proper filtration unit should be designed for better functioning. * Filtration unit should consist of free board, sand grain, grit, crushed metal, perforation followed by rain water sump with back wash pipe. * Rain water sump should be designed based on runoff calculation so as to optimize the cost and workability. * It should be away from ground water polluting sites like septic tank, privy, solid waste dump etc so as to avoid contamination of ground water.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 108 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Figure 5.1 RAIN WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURE TYPE -I Groundlvwl SIZE 15 l1.5 x 2.0 mts

15. COARSESAND15E °JO c O ...... O0.3 mn

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Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 109 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 5.4. SITE SPECIFICATION, DESIGN AND ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONSIDERATION Site specification, design and engineering considerations and steps to incorporate environmental and heath consideration have been identified and described in table 5.2. for each activity.

The effluent treatment schemes for such units include conventional techniques viz. Septic tank and activated sludge process. The plan and layout of these schemes are shown in Fig.5.2, 5.3and 5.4.

5.5. ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL ACTIVITIES The activities, which fall under environmentally critical projects, are slaughtering, tanneries and fabric dying. These are high water consumptive and effluent discharge activities, which require strict implementation of mitigation measures. The report has compiled a list of characteristics that will help identify the activities which create potential hazard to the environment, which may be due to large scale units causing chronic harm to the environment or also due to numerous small scale units.

A list of critical sub-projects which should not be supported by TNEPRP is enclosed in Annexure 11 and Annexure 12 shows the WHO list of banned pesticides.

5.6. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES activities which do not create environmental problems and are environmental friendly and profitable as a business enterprise are recommended and described in Annexure 10.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 110 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) \entilation ipe 100mm Inspection dia 300mm

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Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 111 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Wr

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Figure 5.3. Process Flow of Activated Sludge Process

_ _i_

A

Grit Tank Settling Tank Digester Sludge Drying Bed

[ rimaryTreatment Secondary Treatment

Fici. 5.4. Layout of Wastewater Treatment

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 112 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) I I Table 5.2 Proposed Activities with their Associated Considerations. Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations Construction of * Place: Household, schools, Proper Drains should be Collection well should Water should be treated Water buildings with proper roofing provided for flow of water. be away from ground by settling to reduce Harvesting and open spaces can be used. A filter bed before collection water polluting suspended solids and Structures * The site should be open to Sky well (with cover) should also be sources ex. solid simple permanganate or and away from air polluting provided. waste disposal, septic bleaching powder should units. tank, soak pit etc. be used for treatment. Irrigation Bore Site should be away from * Pucca well with cover No trees nearby Regular monitoring of Well Garbage dumps/refuse piles, should be provided. water for coliform and car repair or fuel (petrol) sales *Proper drainage of water strepto-cocci and physico outlets, industrial away from well. chemical parameters to operations/storage facilities * Raised than ground level so check seepage of etc. by 100meters as to avoid surface water pesticides, traces of Seepage pit or cesspool by 50 intrusion. heavy metals etc should meters. * Pit toilet (privy; latrine), animal pens, barns, fields fertilized with dung by 30 meters. * Septic tank, surface water body by 15 meters. * Drain, ditch, house by 7 meters. Land The site: Site should be developed There should be The site should not Development * Should not be floodable, low keeping all the possible plantation around land contain contradicting lying, sodic, acidic etc. facilities/amenities/infrastructure to control air and land uses resulting heath * Should be free from any kind required depending on the land noise pollution impacts. of natural or man made use allocation of the site. disasters. * Should be developed keeping air and solar orientations.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduchon Project 114 Technical Environmental Guidelines (WNorldBank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations Cultivation of The site should be away from the The site should have good The site should not be Periodic monitoring of Cash Crops human habitation and animal irrigation facilities. encouraged at the ground water for the shelters. cost of basic crops presence of pesticides. resulting in soil degradation and organic farming technique should be followed. Construction of The site: * Proper roofed, ventilated Biogas plants to * Adequate personal sheds for * Should be 500 meters away and lighted shed, with digest cattle dung and protective animals from the habitation and should sufficient water and fodder waste fodder or equipments for not be in upwind direction of facility should be composting facilities. workers should be habitation area. constructed. provided ex. nose * Should not be low lying area. * The site should have proper masks etc. * Should not be in a wind shield drainage for effluent * Human baths should area. discharge. be provided so to * The site should be fenced reduce infection and earmarked. possibilities. Pesticide The site should be away from The store room should have No washing of spilled * Adequate personal Dealership human dwellings. enough air control devices pesticides and no protective (Scrubbers/air filters). discharge into the equipments for drains should take workers should be placed without prior provided ex. nose treatment. masks etc. * Human baths should be provided so as to reduce ingestion possibilities. * Ambient air quality monitoring. Constructing * The roads should have * Roads should be pucca with Tree plantation on * Provide dust controls Rural Roads preferably north south proper camber and both sides of road to by water sprayers

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 115 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations orientation to avoid sun glare. drainage (both sides) control air and noise during construction * The site should not be a * Adequate road pollution should be and during operation. floodable or water logged area. infrastructure such as provided. * Workers should be * The site should not alter the pedestrian walking area, Provide shade to provided with natural drainage pattern of the bus stop, trees, street pedestrians and adequate Personal area. lighting with proper lux cattles. Protective levels with respect to traffic Equipments (PPE) conditions, rain shelters etc during construction should be provided. phase. Constructing The site: * No temporary or kutcha Water and waste . The school should residential * Should be close to main structure should be used. water treatment have protected schools and habitation area. * The construction materials facilities like Soak drinking water source heath care * Should not be located in and which are prone to fire pits, septic tanks with proper centre around water logged areas. should be avoided. should be provided. chlorination. * Waste lands can be used for * Basic amenities 'like water, such purposes. electricity, sanitation should be provided. * The site can be used for water harvesting. * Heath care center with few beds and all amenities to handle emergencies should be provided. Construction of The site should be away from * The site should be deep * Fish culturing with * Water be treated and village ponds human habitats and away from with sloping bunds. proper nutrient checked for coli * There should be a facility addition should be forms and Strepto- sewage and industrial discharges. bund to prevent waste water done. cocci. discharge into the pond. * Regular weed * Direct washing of * There should be enough removal should be cattle should be plantations around it. carried out. avoided in the pond. * There should be proper * No sewage

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 116 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations fencing to prevent /industrial waste accidents. should be allowed * Water input should route to enter the pond. through gabion channel so as to avoid siltation and other pollutants to travel in to the pond. Plaster of Paris This activity should be carried out There should be spacious room * Air pollution * Hand and eye wash in a well ventilated and illuminated with bag filters to control dust. control devices should be provided. room. should be * Workers should be provided. provided with * Waste water adequate PPE's should be settled and reused. * Trees should be planted all along the area to control air pollution. Paper The manufacturing location should * Adequate infrastructure * Toxic vapours Ground water and Manufacturing be nearer to the agricultural should be provided for should be surface water sources activity to use agricultural chopping, pulping, etc. controlled. should be monitored residues, baggase. * Space should be given for * Waste water regularly. storing hazardous treatment plant is chemicals. needed to treat it. * Closed and damp proof * Segregation of room should be provided for black liquor and stacking finished products caustic recovery away from direct sunlight shall be followed. and dampness. * No black liquor should be discharged.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 117 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Wodd Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations Glass * Fenced enclosure with proper * Chimney, filters, furnaces * Air pollution Adequate PPE's should ventilation and natural light with proper refractory brick control by tree be provided for workers should be provided. lining should be provided. plantation and air * Should be away from human pollution control to avoid accidents. habitation to avoid accidental devices. exposures. * Solid waste * Should not be upwind of management for agriculture and residential the waste glass. area. * Storing of inputs and outputs should be done in a protected area free from leaching. Crackers The site: * Adequate infrastructure * Dust control * Adequate PPE's * Should be located at safe facilities should be provided devices should be should be provided distance from habitation area. in terms of machinery, fire provided. for workers. * Should not be upwind of fighting equipments, water * Settling tank for * Provision of eye and habitation area. tanks etc. waste water hand wash for * Should be away from any should be immediate care storage or godowns containing provided. should be given. flammable materials. * Only rolling and packing should be

.Permitted. Ceramics The site: * The site should have Provisions should be * Provision of hand, * Should be located at safe adequate infrastructure in made for: eye and body wash distance from habitation area. terms of machinery, water * Scrubbers for should be made to * Should not be upwind of tank, storing spaces etc. toxic metallic avoid ingestion of habitation area. vapours. toxic chemicals. * ETP for waste * Adequate PPE's water treatment to such as gloves, prevent ground goggles etc should and surface water be provided.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 118 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations pollution. * Proper ventilation and sun light provisions. * Only water based acrylic glaze should be used.

Leather The site: * The site should have * As far as possible * Use of gloves and Processing * Should be away from drinking adequate infrastructure tanning (chemical) personal hygiene. water sources and should not provisions in terms of should be * Adequate provision be uphill of drinking water soaking, tanning, de hairing, avoided. for PPE's to cater to sources. liming. emergencies should * All leather processing units * The site should have be made. should be agglomerated at one machinery for leather location. pressing, trimming etc. Rice and grain * The site should be nearer to The facility should have: * No parboiling * Air filters should be milling the grain pulses and * Large containers/silo for should be carried used. agricultural produce godown. storing, milling machinery out. * Personal protective etc. equipments should * Dust controlling devices like be used. bag filters. * Water sprayers etc and * Other necessary infrastructure. Fish Meal * The site should be nearer to The unit should have: * Unaesthetic * Enough plantations raw material source like Seri- * Proper resource availability, condition and around the unit to culturing, slaughter houses preservation facility- Cold odour should be prevent odour. etc. rooms, processing units. controlled. * Facility for workers * By products recovery and * Solid waste bath to control other required composting yard spreading of infection

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 119 Technical Environmental Guidelines (WVoddBank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations infrastructure. should be in etc. place. * Waste water treatment plant should be installed. Cleaning * The site should be near to the The unit should have: The site should have: * The unit should have powder from fly thermal power plants. * Water storing facility * Dust controllers adequate provision ash . Water sources/wells like bag filters. for PPE's in terms of * Enough green belt nose mask etc. development for dust control. Activated * The site should be located The unit should have: The unit should have: * The unit should have carbon from near rice milling units. * Properly insulated kilns with * Green belt PPE's like Nose paddy husk high chimneys with filter. development mask, etc. * Water sprayers for dust around the unit. control. * Settling tanks to . Drains for the flow of waste settle ash and water laden with coal fines. coal fines. * Adequate infrastructure for storing, processing the product. Oil extraction * The unit should be close to * The facility should have No solvent extraction, raw material and resource adequate infrastructure in no hydrogenation availability. terms of oil storage should be carried out containers, storage yard, in the unit. processing area etc, which should be well ventilated and lighting arrangements. Detergents * The unit should be in enclosed The unit should have: The unit should have The unit should have area with restricted entry, * Well ventilated rooms with dust control systems adequate provision of

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 120 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations should be away from storage space. like bag filters. PPE's. habitation. * Moulding machines. * Nearness to schools etc * Water source / well / other should be avoided. source. * Adequate infrastructure for better operations. Phenyl * The unit should be away from The unit should have: * Only simple Personal hygiene. human habitations so as to * Few plastic buckets for mixing should be avoid accidental ingestion. diluting. allowed in the * Mixing with wooden ladles. process. * Water storage tanks/well. * No direct * Packing facility. discharge of the waste water should be allowed on land. Cleaning * The site should be located The unit should have: The unit should have: Workers should be Powder near to rice milling unit so that * Husk ashing facility. * Simple settling of provided with adequate rice husk which is a solid * Dust controlling systems. the waste water in PPE's. waste can be utilized for * Packing facility and other a settling pond. making cleaning powder. adequate infrastructure. Tyre * The site should be away from The unit should have: * The unit should PPE's such as masks, Retreading habitation and should not be * Dust controllers. dispose waste gloves etc should be located upwind of habitation * Glue storing tanks. rubber to cement provided to workers to area. * Proper storage space for units, which can avoid accidental hazardous compounds and use it in cement exposure. clearly be labeled and other kilns due to its adequate infrastructure high heat value. should be provided. Plastic * The site should be away from The unit should have: * Enough green PPE's for workers safety Recycling habitation and should not be * Air control devices. cover around the ndhealth located upwind of habitation . Plastic melting units. unit should be a

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 121 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations area. * Moulds. provided. * Scrap storing yard with * Air pollution washing and drying facility control devices and conveyance drains for should be waste water. provided. * Other infrastructure for * Waste water better performance. settling tank should be provided. Poultry units * The site should be away from The unit should have: * Droppings shall be Odour control habitation and should not be * Cages with proper flooring collected daily and located upwind of habitation with lighting arrangements. disposed by area. * Water tanks/wells. composting. * Pesticide spraying gadgets. * Storing spaces. * Cold storage if required and any other infrastructure for appropriate functioning. Dairy units * The site should be located The unit should have: * Waste water Odour control, pest near to animal rearing units. * Biological effluent treatment treatment system control and workers systems comprising is essential. baths should be equalization, primary provided. treatment clarifier, anaerobic/ aerobic units, secondary treatment clarifier, sludge drying beds. * Chiller, pasteurizing, bottling, packaging facilities. * By product recovery units and any other required infrastructure.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 122 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations Inland and * The site should be located in a * Boats, fishing nets, trawlers, * No oil waste or Fishes should be Coastal water pollution free zone so as ice boxes for fish chemical waste periodically tested for Fisheries to have better yield. preservation and any other should be heavy metal deposition infrastructure if required. discharged into to avoid human health the water source. effects after consumption. Piggery * The site should be located The site should have: * No slaughtering away and outside the * Enclose with facility to should be carried village/city limit. collect pig dropping out inside * Fodder storage area. priggery. * Pig living area * Solid waste must * Waste water discharge be composted. system. Prawn * The site should be located The site should have: * No direct Cultivation near the coastal belt. * Culturing fields discharge of used * Dosing meters for chemical water into sea and antibiotic additions. without prior * Cold storage facility. treatment. Fabric Dyeing * All dyeing units should be * The unit should have dyeing * Use only PPE's like gloves etc located away from drinking vats, electricity, water vegetable dyes should be provided to water sources. source and any other . Azo dyes should workers to avoid required infrastructure. not be used. accidental contacts. * Dye waste should be treated by solar evaporation pans/low cost absorbents. * Spilled dyes should be removed using saw dust/sand

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 123 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vorld Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations * No water should be used. Brick Making * The site should be located The unit should have: . Tree plantation PPE's like face masks away from human settlement * Brick kiln with complete around the kiln etc should be provided to and close to thermal power insulation, high chimney site should be workers to avoid station. fitted with filters. carried out for accidental contacts. * Water sprayers for dust Dust control. control. * Use of alternate fuels like, rice husk, baggase, should be encouraged to conserve fuel wood. Tissue paper * The site should be located The unit should have: * No pulp The unit should use air making near to pulp and paper * Air pollution control devices processing should filters and proper industry like scrubbers needed to be carried out. personal hygiene. scrub SO2, NOx and CO2. * Solid waste * de inking unit if waste paper should be is used. compacted. * ETP should be provided to treat waste water. Spring Steel * The site should be located * The unit should have * Green belt Use face mask while wire making near steel plants and away melting furnace, wire development to working near the furnace. from habitation area. drawing machines, cooling control hot air, Wash hands to prevent tanks, water, electricity, and noise and air ingestion of heavy winding machines, chrome pollution. metals. plating, galvanizing baths * Acidic water (electrolysis). neutralization

______t ann k ss. .______ta _ _

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 124 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Vorld Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations Charcoal * The unit should be located The unit should have: * Green belt PPE's to be provided to making away from human dwellings. * Completely insulated development workers. enclosures for wood around the area making. should be * Smoke control using provided to control chimney with filters. dust and smoke. * Water sprinklers. * Water sprayers should be provided to control coal dust and ash. Glue Units * The site should be located * Fresh skin/hide stacking * Odour control by PPE like face masks near the tannery. yard. planting plants in should be used for odour * Lime storage. green belt area. control. * Acid drums. * Effluent treatment * Boiling vessel. comprising * Glue drying roller drums. equalization tanks, * Any other infrastructure if anaerobic lagoon, required. aerobic activated sludge unit, secondary clarifier. * Sludge drying beds. Paints and * The site should have The unit should have: * The unit should PPE's like masks and Varnishes enclosure and located away * Paints and varnishes storing follow zero goggles should be used from human dwellings. vats. discharge norms. for safety from solvent * Hazardous chemicals * It should fumes. storing room. incinerate the * Fire fighting equipments. waste water. * Solution metering pumps for dye and solvent addition.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 125 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations * Mills for disposal. * Any other infrastructure if required. Bio-fertilizers * The site should be located The unit should have: * Leachate Use of PPE's and pesticides. near agricultural fields or * Bio-fertilizer preparing pits, prevention should animal rearing sheds. enough biomass collecting be carried out by and storing area. storing on cement lined floors. Fuel * The unit should be located The unit should have: The unit should have: Use of PPE's. bricquetting near coir products industry or * Chimney with filters to * Air pollution rice mills or tamarind control CO2 and CO. control devices processing units. * Bricquetting machines and should be used. * Down wind direction from cutters. * Enough green belt human dwellings. * Any other infrastructure if development required. around the bricquetting area should be done. Synthetic * The unit should be located The unit should have: Adhesive from near gypsum generating units * Waste water Gypsum or where gypsum is naturally treatment. available. * Gypsum should be stored away from the main working hall. Dyes and Dye * All dye industries should be * All hazardous chemicals * Zero discharge Use of air filters and intermediates agglomerated at one location. should be stored in a closed norms to be PPE's to control * The site should be located room with precautionary followed by accidental exposure. away from drinking water measures. following sources. * Water tanks, wells, incineration of incinerators should be waste water. provided.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 126 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Activity Site Specifications Infrastructure and Design Environmental Health Considerations Consideration Considerations * Stacks with facilities to monitor stack samples should be provided. Aluminum Foil * The site can be located close * The unit should Use of PPE's. Making to aluminum scrap industry. use Aluminum scrap. * No aluminum extraction should not be encouraged. Cement Pipe * The unit should be located * The unit should have The unit should have: PPE like eye wash, body Making near a cement manufacturing enough water available for * Bag filters for wash etc for workers. unit or away from dwellings mixing and curing. control of dust. and in a downwind direction. * Large area for stacking the * Green belt pipes. development * Moulds and any other around the unit. infrastructure. * Settling tank to settle the suspended soils. * Reuse the settled water. * No discharge of waste water.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project 127 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

6.1 INTRODUCTION A key objective of the TNEPRP is to support employment generation and livelihoods improvement for the poorest sections of the populations in the project areas. The project will accomplish this objective through a participatory and community-driven process. In order to ensure that the environment is not compromised in the process of livelihood generation, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for the project. The framework approach has been adopted so that the environmental aspects can be adequately addressed for a vast range of sub-project activities that could be potentially proposed by the communities and supported by the TNEPRP.

Components of EMF The EMF lays out the road-map for the activities pertaining to the environmental aspects of the sub-projects, that have to be carried out at the planning, approval and implementation stages of the sub-project cycle. The specific objectives of the EMF are: * To mitigate adverse environmental impacts of proposed sub-projects. * To enhance the environmental benefits of sub-projects, and promote livelihood activities that are environment-enhancing. * To ensure the long term sustainability of benefits from sub-projects by securing natural resource base on which they are dependent

The EMF comprises of the following components: * Environmental appraisal procedure for categorization of sub-projects and triggering of appropriate mitigation measures (presented in Chapter 4) * Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs), which have been developed to address the environmental concerns associated with the specific sub-project activities likely to be supported by the TNEPRP (presented in Chapter 5) These are complemented by a list of sub-project activities that would not be supported by the TNEPRP due to their negative environmental consequences. (Annexure- 10) * Environmental monitoring and evaluation Plan * Environmental Training and Capacity Building (presented in Chapter 7)

The procedures and materials that have been developed as components of the EMF for the TNEPRP will be compiled as the "Environmental Resource Manual" for the Project, which will aid in the implementation of the EMF at various levels and stages of the sub- project cycle.

6.2 APPLICATION OF EMF

The EMF will be applied to all the sub-project activities supported by the TNEPRP, through the planning and implementation stages of the sub-project cycle. The planning stage includes the development of the Village Livelihood Plan by the VPRC.

The steps that describe the application of the EMF in the above mentioned stages of the sub-project life cycle are explained in Table 6.1.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 128 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Table 6.1: EMF Activities in the Sub-project Cycle

. ResponsibleZ EMF Activities Outcomes X Agency uC

VPRC, with help J. Development of Village Livelihood Plan VLP of LFT, PFT, and (VLP) CRPs.

VPRC K. Submission of VLP to DLBSG for appraisal

DLBSG L. Environmental Appraisal of VLP * Environmental appraisal is a part of * Record of recommendations (DLBSG appoints the over-all appraisal of the sub- and conditions for final an Appraisal project activities comprising the approval, for each sub-project Team (AT); the VLP. in the VLP Environment and * Environmental appraisal checks for * Completed form A-1 for each Eco-friendly absence of the proposed sub- sub-project comprising the VLP Livelihoods officer project activities from the list of designates the "negative" activities. Environment * Appraisal indudes environmental Appraiser on the categorization (El, E2, or E3) of the AT) sub-project activities in the VLP. * Completion of Form A-1 for each sub-project activity comprising the VLP * Relevant TEGs (from the ERM) are attached to Form A-1 for each sub- project activity. c * Conditions for final environmental clearance are also recorded in Form A-1.

M. Appraised VLP returned to VPRC 0) E DLBSG cu N. VLP Communications Campaign 0s VPRC and Gram Sabha 0. Submission of individual sub-proiect Proposals to VPRC or PLF * Environment-related Sub-project * Form A-2 to be completed by information required for the proponent sub-project ponetfinal clearance is made P P sub-proJect proponent available (Form A-2) P. Environmental Assessment of individual VPRC Sub- sub-proiect proposals Final environmental clearance projects Sub- * Ensure that TEGs and other * rFided foroel class commiftee (with measures recommendedthe during sub-projects that meet the cepommittee (ith VLP appraisal (Form A-i) are requirements stipulated in helpuofedL) Gi incorporated in the required) proposal..Form Fr A-i- * Ensure that the requirements ( as El and E2 class sub-projects stated in Form A-1) for final that do not meet the clearance are met. requirements are sent back to * For El and E2 class sub-projects, the sub-project proponent, for the proposal is cleared at this stage revisions. if the requirements in form A-1 are * Completed Form A-3 for El met. and E2 class sub-project * If the sub-project activity is classed proposals E3, ensure that EIA is conducted * For E3 class sub-projects, the and report submitted with the EIA report is forwarded to proposal. The EIA report. is DLBSG for evaluation. submitted to DLBSG for evaluation.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 129 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) a Responsible EMF Activities Outcomes Agency

Environmental Q. Evaluation of the EIA report (for E3 sub- * Final decision for E3 class sub- a Appraiser on AT pro ects) project proposals. ca * Sub-project proposal activity is * Completed form A-3 for E3 a rejected if the EIA report does not class sub-project proposals. 0X adequately address the anticipated

_) environmental impacts. C: C * ~~~~~~~~~Ifthe EIA report is acceptable, the sub-project proposal is given the final environmental clearance and forwarded to the VPRC.

DLBSG R. Monitoring and Evaluation * 5% of the El and E2 class sub- * Half-yearly audits, with yearly projects in operation are randomly monitoring reports o selected for environmental monitoring each year. o * All E3 dass subprojects are E monitored for the specified n parameters at the monitoring E frequency stipulated in the monitoring plan prepared as a part of the EIA.

6.2.1 APPLICATION OF EMF DURING SUB-PROJECT PLANNING

According to the institutional design of the TNEPRP, the Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC) is charged with developing a Village Livelihood Plan (VLP). The VPRC will develop this Plan with the help from the Project Facilitation Team (PFT), Community Resource Persons (CRPs), etc. and will submit the VLP for a technical appraisal to the District Livelihoods and Business Support Group (DLBSG).

The DLBSG will appoint an Appraisal Team (AT), to conduct a technical evaluation of the sub-project activities that comprise the proposed VLP. The AT will include an Environemntal Appraiser, who will be responsible for the environmental appraisal of each of the proposed sub-project activities. Specifically, the environmental appraisal will include the following for each sub-project activity comprising the VLP:

* Check for absence from the list of activities not supported by the project due to their serious adverse environmental impacts (Annexure-10) * Environmental impact categorization (El, E2 or E3), per the methodology presented in Chapter 4. * Prescription of relevant TEGs from the Environmental Resource Manual, suggestions for enhancing the positive environmental impacts for the proposed activities, and supplementary conditions for approval, for all the activities approved at this stage. Sub-project activities in the E3 category will have the mandatory requirement of conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 130 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Form A-1(refer Annexure 15) will be completed by the Environmental Appraiser for each sub-project activity comprising the VLP. One copy of the form will be sent back (with the appraised VLP) to the VPRC, and one copy will be for the DLBSU.

After the VPRC receives the approved VLP, it will be presented to the Gram Sabha and subsequently disseminated in the village population, through a communications campaign organized around the sub-project activities comprising the VLP.

It is at this stage that a Self Help Group (SHG) interested in a particular sub-project activity will begin to prepare a sub-project proposal. In addition to considering the financial, technical, resources and livelihood aspects of the proposed activity, the SHG will also consider the environmental aspects of the proposed activity in the chosen geographic and natural resources setting. The SHG may take assistance from the CRPs and the PFT, in the consideration of the environmental aspects of the proposed activity. The SHG will be required to fill the Form A-2(refer Annexure 15) and enclose it with the activity proposal. The Form A-2 is required to ensure that all the suggestions and conditions outlined in the Form A-1 are met by the activity proposal. This form will also provide the relevant site-specific environmental information.

Once the sub-project activity proposals are submitted to the VPRC (or the PLF), they will be forwarded to the Sub-projects Sub-committee of the VPRC for appraisal. During the appraisal, the sub-committee will verify that: * The TEGs recommended in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the activity proposal * Any modifications for environmental enhancement suggested in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the activity proposal * Any conditions mandated for final environmental clearance outlined in the Form A-1 have been met.

Form A-3(refer Annexure 15) will be used to record the extent of compliance of the sub-project proposal with the requirements stipulated in the Form A-1. For the sub- project activity proposals categorized as El or E2 during the VLP appraisal, the VPRC sub-projects sub-committee will only need to ensure that the requirements and suggestions outlined in the Form A-1 have been incorporated in the proposal. Final environmental clearance will be provided at this stage for El and E2 class sub-projects.

For the sub-project activities categorized as E3 during the VLP appraisal, the sub- committee will ensure that the required EIA has been conducted by the SHG. The activity proposal and the EIA report will be forwarded to the DLBSG for review. The review would be conducted by an Environmental Appraiser appointed by the DLBSG. If the EIA report is found to adequately address the environmental issues associated with the proposed sub-project, the DLBSG will issue the final environmental clearance. Otherwise the sub-project proposal will be returned to the proponent through the VPRC. The final environmental clearance (or rejection) would be recorded on Form A-3.

The essential requirements of EIA report are outlined in Annexure -16.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 131 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Word Bank) 6.2.2 APPLICATION OF EMF DURING SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

The EMF activities during the sub-project implementation phase pertain mainly to monitoring and evaluation, which is described in the following section.

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND AUDITING

6.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION

At the district level, the DLBSG staff would be responsible for verifying that the EMF is being correctly and adequately implemented. The Eco-friendly Livelihoods and Environment Officer at the DLBSG will have the specific responsibility for ensuring that the EMF guidelines and processes are being followed, and that the recommended TEGs are being implemented for all the sub-projects in the district. For this purpose, the Eco- friendly Livelihoods and Environment Officer at the DLBSG will identify a district-levele environment agency which will conduct the environmental supervision of the sub- projects. The supervision will be conducted every six months, and reports shall be submitted by the contracted agency to the DLBSG, which will include it in their overall supervision report to the SPMU.

A sample of the El and E2 class sub-projects would be randomly selected for environmental supervision. Every six-months, 5% of the El and E2 class sub-projects in operation will be supervised.

All E3 class sub-projects will be supervised in accordance with the environmental supervision and monitoring plan prepared as a part of the EIA. The environmental parameters to be monitored and the frequency of supervision will be specified in the environmental management plan prepared for the E3 class sub-projects.

Environmental supervision would focus on ensuring that:

* the measures aimed at mitigating the adverse environmental impacts and enhancing the positive environmental impacts are being implemented adequately * the recommended measures (as stipulated in Form A-1 and/or in the EIA) are effective * any unforeseen adverse impacts on the environment are acknowledged and addressed

6.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDITING

The SPMU will contract a consultancy and environmental audit of TNEPRP to an external agency once in two years to assess the effectiveness of the EMF implementation. The external agency will be an independent civil society organization with capacity in the area of environmental management and consulting. The principal objectives of the consultancy and the audit will be the following:

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 132 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Assess the technical viability and user-friendliness of the processes and procedures comprising the EMF developed for TNEPRP. * Assess the accuracy of application of the environmental screening process * Assess the implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures and TEGs * Report qualitatively and quantitatively on the sub-projects cumulative impact on the environment, including the impact of the environment-enhancing sub-projects * Explore for possible areas of conflict between environment conservation and livelihood generation, and report on the effectiveness of EMF from poverty alleviation perspective. * Evaluate the implementation of community environmental awareness and sensitization programs. * Understand the changing environmental conditions and emerging environmental concerns in the TNEPRP areas, and recommend revisions to the EMF in this regard

Depending on the results of the above evaluations, the consultancy/audit must rate the environmental performance of the TNEPRP in accordance with the World Bank criteria as described below:

4. Highly satisfactory: Projects where the environmental components are being implemented in a timely and satisfactory manner. 5. Satisfactory: Projects where there are some unpredicted impacts but they do not undermine the progress of execution of projects and are addressed by the responsible agency. 6. Unsatisfactory: Projects where there are major problems in execution due to unexpected environmental impacts, and where the EMF is not being implemented properly.

The terms of reference for the external environmental consultancy and audit will include details of the sample, scope of the audit and details of the key environmental parameters to be monitored.

6.4 CONCLUSION

The Environmental Management Framework developed for the TNEPRP has been described in detail. The various activities that would be undertaken in course of the implementation of the EMF have been presented, along with the description of the responsibilities. The environmental supervision, monitoring and auditing, which comprise the EMF during the implementation and operational stages of the sub-projects have also been described. For effective implementation, the EMF needs to be appropriately anchored in the organizational structure of the TNEPRP, which is described in the following chapter.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 133 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 7. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, CAPACITY-BUILDING AND BUDGET

7.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the proposed organizational structure for implementation of the EMF in the TNEPRP. The structure has been designed with the objective of ensuring that environmental considerations are mainstreamed into the design and implementation of the sub-projects, without compromising livelihood generation for the poorest sections of the communities. This chapter also provides a description of the recommended approach for environmental training and capacity-building. Finally, budget estimates are provided for the various EMF activities that would be undertaken in course of the project.

7.2 PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT The basic administrative structure for the TNEPRP is shown in Figure 7.1. The administration will be organized at the state, district, block/cluster, and village levels. A brief description of the major project implementation agencies is provided below:

State Project Management Unit (SPMU): At the state level, the SPMU will be responsible for the overall project. In addition to the responsibilities for coordination and guidance of the project, the following are some of the specific responsibilities of the SPMU: * Financial management at state level * Sourcing and hiring of staff at state and district levels * Identifying and positioning facilitating agencies at cluster level * Appointing resource organizations for institution and capacity building, livelihoods, communications, monitoring and evaluation, environment, etc. * Developing modules for campaigns, communications, capacity building etc. at various levels. * Developing the process flows for key activities of the project * Facilitate the policy environment in favor of institutions of the poor and enhance pro-poor orientation in governance at various levels * Convergence and partnership support

District Livelihood and Business Support Group (DLBSG): The DLBSG will be responsible for all the project activities in the district. The following are some of the specific responsibilities of the DLBSG: * Identification and management of resource agencies/groups for various aspects of the sub-projects. * Providing support to SPMU in identifying facilitating agencies * Capacity building of facilitating agencies, VPRCs, SHGs, etc. * Building panels of technical appraisers * Management of funds flow to VPRCs * Monitoring and learning

Project Facilitation Team (PFT): The PFT will operate at the block/cluster level, and will be responsible for the following activities:

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 134 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Communication campaigns during project entry into the village * Identification of poor through a participatory process * Formation of VPRCs * Support in mobilization of the poor into groups * Support in building the capacities of groups and their federations * Support to VPRCs in livelihood analysis and in developing village livelihood plans * Support in sub-project process * Support in implementation of livelihoods plan * Support in monitoring and evaluation

Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC): The VPRC will be the agency responsible for implementing the project in the Gram Panchayat. The following are some of the specific responsibilities of the VPRC: * Ensure the formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and to ensure that the poor are covered under the SHGs * Ensure participatory planning for the enhancement of livelihoods of the poor. * Development of village livelihood plan * Appraisal of sub-project proposals * Coordination of funds flow to the sub-project implementing groups and monitoring of sub-projects implementation

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 135 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Figure - 7.1 Project Organizational Structure

GOTN

State level TNCDW

STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT ...... CMNAEENUI

District level District Livelihood & Business Support Group. . Advisory Committee with I Collector as Chairperson ...... I......

Block level ~~~~~~~~~...... - ...... Project Facilitation Team

,. | Federation of Activity , .S S7,,s/Pl F Federation ......

Grama Sabha ...... VPRCPL

Grant items

SHG SHG Activity Loan items Groups (Subproiects)

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 136 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 7.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EMF SPMU Level:

At the state level, the Business Development Manager - Livelihoods Planning and Environment (BDM-LP&E) will be responsible for the overall environmental aspects of TNEPRP activities. The BDM-LP&E will be placed in the SPMU, and will be charged with the effective implementation of the EMF, including the environmental training program and the external environmental audit for the whole project (to be conducted once every two years).

DLBSG level:

At the district level, the DLBSG staff will include an Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer. Some of the specific tasks of the Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer will be:

* Identification and capacity-building of resource persons at district level for creating capacity for environmental appraisal of village livelihood plans and sub- project proposals * Identification and capacity-building of resource agency for conducting environmental audits of the project activities * Ensure environmental appraisal of village livelihood plans and sub-project proposals * Supervision of environmental assessment process * Serve as master trainer for environmental management training programs * Facilitation of external environmental audits * Implementation of specific environment-enhancing sub-projects

Block and Village levels:

While the environment-related project positions are limited to the state and district levels, the TNEPRP will aim to develop capacity for environmental management at the block and village levels as well, through environment sensitization and awareness campaigns. To this end, the campaigns will target capacity building in the village and block level agencies like the VPRC and the PFT, as well as in the Community Resource Persons (CRPs).

The project institutional structure with the above-mentioned environment-related positions is presented in Figure 7.2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 137 Technical Environmental Guidelines (WoLd Bank) Figure - 7.2 Project Organizational Structure

GOTN

TNCDW State level b | Environmental Agency STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT l1 (Env. Traininq and Audit)

District level District Livelihood & Business Support Group . Appraisal Team (includes (includes Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officer) Environmental Auraiser)

No\I, Environmental Agency (District Level) Environmental Audits ...... I...... I...... -......

Block level ...... i......

| | ~~~~~~~~ProjectFacilitation Team |

/ - | Fed~~~~~~~~~~eerationof Activity Cluster level (10 Panchayat

Village Level

ram VPRC l ommunity Sabam ...... PLF Resource Sabha ...... , s .Persons (CRPs)_

Grant items < . \ ~~~~~Loan item\ SH A G (Subpro~jects/

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 138 Technical Environmental Guidelines (Word Bank) 7.4 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING

The training program developed for the TNEPRP aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for the staff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities will be organized by an Environment Agency, which will be given the overall responsibility for environmental training and capacity building on a state-wide basis.

The training program has two distinct objectives: * to develop and enhance capacity for environmental management in the project implementation agencies, and * to create environmental awareness and sensitization in the target communities

Technical Training for Environmental Management

The Environment Agency will develop a specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on the procedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management. This training would be mandatory for Environment and Eco-friendly Livelihoods Officers and the Environmental Appraisers from the DLBSG of each district.

The training will involve initial orientation, main training program and refresher training programs. The main and refresher training programs will be for a duration of 2-3 days each, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of one day. Refresher training program will be offered once every year. The main themes of the content of the training program will be:

* Environmental overview * Need of environmental impact assessment studies * Tools and techniques for environmental assessment * Environmental mitigation measures * Environmental regulations and Acts * Pollution- its classification, monitoring * Environmental Management Framework: Familiarization with the Environmental Resource Manual (ERM) for the TNEPRP * Micro-level activities and environmental related issues. * Technical environmental guidelines - Techno-economically viable treatment options including raw material handling, proper system for collection, segregation and storage. * Reduction, recycle and reuse options. * Eco-friendly technologies and its importance. * Coastal based activities and its limitations. * Energy needs- use of non-conventional and renewable energy sources. * Proactive environmental intervention through innovative sub-projects * Conservation of natural resources

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 139 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) * Disaster and crisis management

General Training for Environmental Awareness and Sensitization

For the purpose of general environmental awareness and sensitization, the master trainers at the Environment Agency will develop a Core Group of Trainers (CGT) in each district. In addition to other members, the CGT will include the Environment and Eco- friendly Livelihoods Officer and the Environmental Appraisers from the DLBSG of each district. Ideally, the CGT in each district would have at least 5 trainers. The CGT trainers will in turn train the trainers, who may be the key officials in the village/block level agencies of their region as well as the interested community resource persons (CRPs). These trainers will then target the communities in their respective regions, focusing on the following topics:

* Linkages between environment and poverty * Basic concepts in environment and ecology * Environmental issues in the community/region * Micro-level activities and environmental related issues. * Technical environmental guidelines - Techno-economically viable treatment options including raw material handling, proper system for collection, segregation and storage. * Waste-reduction, recycle and reuse options. * Eco-friendly technologies and its importance. * Coastal based activities and its limitations. * Energy needs- use of non-conventional and renewable energy sources. * Conservation of natural resources.

The training programs will be organized regionally and will be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. It is intended that each community will get exposure to at least three environmental awareness programs during the five-year project period.

7.5 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM All environmental information collected through the monitoring and evaluation components of the TNEPRP will be integrated into the Management Information System (MIS) of the TNEPRP. The information will be updated regularly and integrated in to the databases of the state and regional environment agencies.

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 140 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) 7.6 BUDGET

No. Particulars Amt. Amt. (Rs. Mill.) ('000 US $)

I DLBSG:

(a) Sub-project Environmental Audits 4.00 88.889 [2 audits/district/year x 5 years x 8 districts] [Rs 50,000/ audit]

2 Environmental Agency:

(a) Technical Training: Env Assessment 4.00 88.889 (incl. Material + All Cost of Resource Persons)

(b) General Training: Env Awareness 5.00 111.111 (incl. Material + All Cost of Resource Persons)

(c) Project Environmental Audit and Consultancy 5.00 111.111 (every two years)

TOTAL: 18.00 400.000

Note: The exchange rate used is $1 = Rs.45

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 141 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) i II

i i i I Annexure - 1

50. =Slaughter House. Aleat and Sea Effluents Concentration in mg/l Food Indust-y Category A Slaughter House (a) Above 70 TLVWK BOD (5 at 200C) 100 Suspended Solids 100 Oil and Grease 10 (b) 70 TLWK and above BOD (5 at '0°C) 500 B Meat Processing (a) Frozen Meat BOD (5 at 20°C) 30 Suspended Solids 50 Oil and Grease 10 (b) Raw Meat from own BOD (5 at 20°C) 30 Slaughter House Suspended Solids 50 Oil and Grease 10 (c) Raw Meat from other Disposal via Screen and sources Septic Tank C_ Sea Food Industry BOD (5 at 20C) 30 Suspended Solids 50 Oil and Grease 10

Note: (i) TLWK - Total Live Weight Killed. (ii) In case of disposal into municipal sewer where sewage is treated the industries shall install screen and oil & grease separation units- (iii) The industries havmin slaughter house along ith meat processing units will be considered in meat processing category, as far as standards are concerned 67. Edible Oil & Vanaspati Efflueuts. Industry Temperature ambient Not more than 5-C above of the temperature recipient waterbody. pH 65- &5 SuLspended solids 150 mg!I Oil and grease 20 mgl BOD (3 days at 27QC) 100 me COD 200 mg/I Wastewater Discharge (i) Solvenit extraction 2.0 cum/tone of product (oil) (ii) Refinery.Vanaspati 2.0 culintone of product (refined oil/Vanaspati) (iii) Integrated unit of 4.0 cuma/tone of refined extraction & refinery/ Vanaspati product Vanaspati (ivr) Barometric cooling 15.0 cuml'tonne of refined water/De-odoriser oil/vanaspati water Note: (i) The above standards shall be applicable to waste water form processes and cooling. (ii) BOD shall be made stringent upto 30 mg if the recipient fresh water bodv is source of drink-ing water supply (iii) The standards for boiler emissions shall be applicable as prescribed under Schedule I of hese niles 56. Dairv Effluents Concentration in Quantum per tug. l product processed pH 6.0 - 85 "'BOD (5 at 200C) 100 *bSuspeuded Solids 150 Oil and Grease 10 Waste Water generation --- 3m3/d of milk 51. "'Food and Fruit Processing EfTluents Concentration Quant Industry not to exceed gUiINMT of mg/i except product Category pH A. Sofi Drinks (a) Fruit based/Symbenic pH 6.5 - 8 5 (More than 04 MT/Day) Suspended Solids 100 bottles and tetrapack. Oil and Grease 10 BOD (5 at 200C) 30 (b) Synthetic (Less than 0.4 Disposal via --- -MTDav) Septic Tank B Fruit and Vegetables (a) Above 0.4 MT Day pH 6,5 - 8.5 --- Suspended Solids 50 Oil and Grease 10 BOD (5 at 200C) 30 (b) 0-1-04M.1T'Day Disposal via --- (1OMT/yr) Septic Tank C Bakery (a) Bread and Bread & Biscuit (i) Continuous process pH 6-5 - 8-5 --- (more than 20T,Day) BOD (5 at 200C) 200 25 (ii) Non-continuous Disposal via process (less than Septic Tank 2OMT/Day) (b) Biscuit Production (i) 10 T'Day & above pH 6.5 - 8.5 BOD (5 at20 0 C) 300 35 (ii) Below lOT/Day Disposal via Septic Tank D. Confectioneries Effluents (a) 4 T/Day and above pH 6.5 - 8.5 Suspended Solids 50 Oil and Grease 10 BOD (5 at 200 C) 30 (b) Below 4T/Day Disposal via Septic Tank

Note: The ascertain the category of 'unit fails' the average of daily production and waste water discharge for the preceding 30 operating days from the date of sampling shall be considered. 42. Paint Industry Effluents Waste Water Industry pH 6-0-8 5 Suspended Solids 100 0 BOD5 20 C 50 Phenolics as C6HSOH 1.0 Oil and Grease 10.0 Bio-assay test 90% survival in 96 hours Lead as Pb 0 1 C hroiiuuui as Cr Hexavalent 01 Total 2.o Copper as Cu 2.0 Nickle as -Ni 210 Zinc as Zn 5.0 Total heavy metals 7.0 8 Dve and Dye Concentration not to exceed Intermiediate milligrams per liter (except for Industrv pH, temperature and bio-assay) Suspended Solids 100 pH 6to85 TemperatLre Shall not exceed 5°C above the ambient temperature of the receiving body. Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr) 0.1 Total Chromium (as Cr) 2.0 Copper (as Cu) 3.0 Zinc (as Zn) 5.0 Nickel (as Ni) 3 0 Cadmium (as Cd) 2 0 Chloride (as Cl) 1000 Sulphate (as SO4) 1000 Phenolic Compounds 1.0 (as C 6H5 O0H Oil ad Grease 10 Bio-assay Test (with 1:8 900o survival of Test animals dilution of effluents) after 96 hours

The standards for chlorides and sulphates are applicable or discharge into inland and surface water courses. However, w.hen discharged on land for irnrgation, the limit for chloride shall not be more than 600 milligrams per liter and the sodium absorption ratio shall not exceed 26 40 Peestcike Effueni aUfactUring and FormulaiuIndidustrv 1. T empexatue Shall mix eceed 5C abeve Ehe receivmg water remp 2 pH 6.5 - S.5 3. 01 &Grase 4. BOD(5 dzary 0C) 30 5. oul Suspended Solids 2 G 6. Bio-assay test Xvi. srvival of fish afhl 95 howrS m 100r% effluent. 7. (2) Spe.fic Pesfidds: Benzene Heuachlonde : 5

DDT 30 Endowlfm 10 Dihmedwate 450 Femsothion 10 MalaIrm Phorate 10 Medlyi Paraunm '0 PhenaEbOate 10

C0pper oxyc e 9600 C:opfr Sulphate 50 Ziram :No 5-1.pbw ~~~30 Paracai B2300 Propond 7300 N.:rosen 7 so

(b) Hea%7 Motals: Copper 1.00 Mane e I 00 1 .00 Merry 0.01 Tin 0.01 Anvotbermealike'ickeIei. Sh, n axr4.d 5 fmm t. Cng watw manda!t of B3S (C) Organks Pbao and phenob compounds 1.0 as CHOH (d) Iuor,mn'Cs Axiemuc ('as As) 0.2 Cvamre (as CX) 0.2 NZitrase (V.NO-) so 0 Phc,Mphate ta5 P) 5.0

tI axnLSuKdbe .[ftp6 mdl LIe= OftEdiLe Maldrzp bdw d1L-

4 5b"Bc L'trarzmv icCaln i[ci bmrds ahBFXi.'D= 5S PtunLmItdna*,m isCy bia tikitmasbij madmoef If ihev at li*d nsuwrjid.a. eLvvbw0 1AoiiIa Iay be pr4xr*ci kmy1uu e A 1kmhby tii Sta Bw. 6 wue requiici U, Lnd ,mek1WtAttn n 'Pa2ft kMwa by nt *,*aI 1OiPWLC, 7 A- pwme; *m. be*,ipuiv to f",wa* r, *at, b w? haeap6fep 61 Ceramic Imdostrv Emi;i,uns Concentration

A. Mmr. (a) Tunce. Top HatChamer Particulate matter 150 FLuoride 10 Chloride 100 Sulp1uxrdiot~de

ii Down-dra- Paticuiatemattec 1200 Fluoide 10 Chloride 100 Sulphar dioxide (c) ',buirle Particulate mater 150 Fluoride 10 Chiwde 100 Slpbu dioxide * (d) Vertcul sbaft Kiln PartiCuLIAte Matter 250 Fluoride 10 Sulpur dioxide (e) Tank fimace Padticulate mter 150 Fluo0ide 10 Sctph aioxKae

B. Raw Mainal haznfdnL Proceiing amd operatins (a) Dry raw mauinals landim ad Patwulate matter 150 proces&ing operation. (b) Bask raw mteral ad Particulate mar pcesing operatw00 (c) Other som-ces of air pollition Particulate mater * generation C. Aummatic Spray Uniy (a) Dryers p11Fuel fired dives Particulae marter 150 L]) For beat rtrcovry drYers Particlate waiter * (b) Mechan"aI fuishmg operanoo Partculate matter (c) LimePlsters of Paris marfacture Capaaty: 1iE tpiD DTay Sacd HeighT Hco slod be lp wbdivh at suc of 30 mrf haefet m p level (Tbhdxrin 9 i.L; Abcwe 5e. dav Stack HeuL-i H=4(Q)" e Q i esiium te oSOor L in kgArr and H-SM&r m

ii) More ta ST,Aay Particulate mat 500 qi (iv) And upto -*T day Partiate marttr 150 rgN' Note :- Oxyen refene level for paiculate m comcemnatim cakulatii fo Kilus meioned at A(c) is IS%and for those at A(b), A(d) and A(e) i; 8% * AAL p;uble prevenave meaiure; sbould be Taken to ctom l polUlimw. C far as praticable. i + The ;madard for siphw dioxde in tems of rtack height imit forkilns with vnrizxos capartes of coal coemptior shall be as jdicated below: call c4muid px dfy S&t k L 6.5 dMaic Toam 9m Mn &= i3so 21 ).taicTm 12mM= Mum d= 21 mo42 Matuic Tm 15 bkmM. 42 to 64 Mauc Ta. 15 mm.i Mm d=64a 104 Muic Ta 21 maw= Mm.&a 104 to 101 Mbic Tom m md 05 to 126 Muic Tew 27nm M. zm 125 Manx Tam 30 M m Norn- In dug fiahc~ H-1F k a Std. t -Em & mk '48 GlUss l uustr' E2rnuions A. Sodaimne & Boro;ite md other -ec,MI Glas. Ko±e r.

(a' Fwmace Capaciiy (i, Upto a producr draw Parbrulate Matter 2.0 kE"hr capadwr of 60.MT.'Dii (ui Proct draw capaciry Partculaie Matter 0.8 kEM' of product drawn mwue d 60C'MTday (iii) FDr aU capadies Stacl Heehr H=14(Q)j; where Q is te emissim rate of 5S, in KEv,r ad R ack he in met. (b) Imp:ememanon of rhe foJmvink measurei for fitive emiisio coutol from ocEr secbons:- Rawmnaterials shoJd be tanspted in eA proof containrs li: Cuilet preprion ;bod be du= See using water sptuymE (iii) Bawh prepariom section ibould be cwered. B .ead Ga;s (a) Furrnace; ALI capacities Priculate Miatter 50 ma'NM' Lead 20:Ni:M1 (b) Imp_emeion o: tIe :ou[owirE .meaia;es for fi#ive etnision comaol from other sectiLonc- (i) BazcL mixm&, prpoTtDin ecton 2 ansfei pDimt Es:=d be covered and it shd be coiicrted tD conttml equipments to meet te -]-Dhown standar&- Paticulale MatTer 50 mznNM' Lead 20 me-NM' (ii) MizLrrn= Stack beiib shoiud be '3' meters ir ead ei;s tLmits. (c) Pot Furace a' Firozabad F=nce Particulate Mater 12C3 meCZ 'NM Nab Depr1 mpo lol rw_Lam*i caiins, S=D'C=I[ P]bhtm Cow Baud cm pr.mmocib mr stcmuiw itmd& im d pcribmd abm's. C-Lass ridustries (for aL categor.e) Effuent pH 6.5 -_S Totfl ispended 1W0 mgj So]idi OI a.nd Grease 10 M&.I '11 Stone Crsiinu unit Sui;perAed particulaTe marer Tbh upended pLrtc:dcae az.trei meafSwed betwein 3 mierra,and 10 meteri form any prcess eqLipm-et of a star;e cruhinE uirt sba, not exceed 600 micogan per cuk:c meter.

*37. Stone Crushing SupEaeded Partctla Matter The Smards consi3t of Lnit (SPM%( ) rwo paus:

foiowiuag Pc1hilio Control Hum: (a) Dtu cmu&mr r am

rEMeqipw.

(b) Cmcdm of ind realled mad wivm the Id) Reauar cleming ad Peing of d.e mon (e) Gaum* o'f La be]t &mth erilpay. kir te SPM: ¶me,~edbetsem tm nlzt andi tEn n3eiMfMM ay p = eq#imm of a

exceed 6 'nnaogamrpe ubir w] fi a coimBed iBsola as well a IGm a mit l in a cbir sbmM be 3ess ihm too mg.Nma 'in Sm ida ulSL No. Il maibe reied. ~Cmn

Note: thret scrubbitqg :-;zen a[0r2 w-,th byprodi;t recovery yir-em slI1 be pao'dded.

Guideies for Emission Control to Lmprove Work Zone Enriroikment (appicable for industries at sffiI numbers, 64, 65 and 66): (a) Water used fw uenchim d wet icrutng i be r2calculated and reused dhTougŽ CatcŽpirs. (b) Leakages il te oven shall be ealed by beita3ite or by any itable paste and by prDuer mintenaxe tD avoid fuiiv emissions. Gaidehues for Coal Handlig and Crashing Pluat (applicable to industries at serial 11mbeTs 64: 65 and 66): (s) Unloadine of coal tucks shall be carried out witn uprw care avoiding doppg of the manmia -!rom geib. It is adis'iab]e to moist tie mafte1 by priklin water while im1oading (b) PuLeh ns of coal shall be canied out m an em-osed pLace and waxEspqrinkling azyemeat sLail be puo%ided at coal heaps, cru.skine area and or land around the crashing umit. (c) Work area F.3rmundir-Ei-- the plant &hallbe aso<ed oT cocreied. (d) Green beLi sUB be ve-oped along the bowdary of the indtiry- (e) Oper buLming of coal to rmaTnfxture 5oft coke saUl be stopped. 65 Briquette Idustr (Coal) : Wij Un.ir hmim caDacst le5s thar 10 Panic-tIre ma'teT 350 _ ZC: (corrected to 6'.D. C0-j (ii) Units haig cfpdy 10 tones or Paricmrte mua. 1.50 ENm MOre (crTected to 6% C02) Note FOT control of emisizand pro disperia of POILrama, te fbDowo'AE guiJine;s hal be follo-ed by e ThdustUy - (Li A mnrinnim ;KI Moit of -20 mecer; ihall be pimid&d (ii) All mems sha1 be mdi6ed to single chmmey ubi-au systems. (Iii) Em-miR; forn oe shal be cihmieised thnou:h inbuit draft stak. Cptimum hetn izi3iuzdn teniqu 5hal be uwed. iv1 In case of units having capaciry i0tDe; and above, wet s5nbb:nLu jsym ;hal] be prov-ded to courroa air piiLudonL 4.F Emissiom Standards for brick ]dLns L -1firnata.Vatioa1 Ent r!iOu Standards br Brtic- Klmi.: Alze Kin CnciFenm --or the cDDoeaMtOt of pflrCd;ae matter mnNna') 1. .3. smal Leis ta15.0 bris er day 1000 1eis t?hna 15 ft evchi dib) Medium 15,0Z-30X,00 bricks peT day 750) {1 5 -11 Ste be= T iddLt Lage MoTe cban 30,000 bicks per day 750 (w2e than 22 f trench2 wid&1' Note: Tbe abie partiulate mattr emis-ion Limits are achievable by mstai fixed chiamey high daught kilns ma'or setting chamber H. Stuck Height RffgfIadomr: -ilniCWC#t Stack height 1. 2. Les, thm 15,4W brick per day stack beigof 2 -'le- thm 15 fi trench w-riE Induced drau!tt fau opuaizng w-th niuiTinn dorqkt of 5rnmm water Gie ui&h 12 m slack beight. 154C,03-30..GWObnckper day NEmim tack hikgt 27i in wirŽ (15-22 f t terh width) graitatiia] settiig chamber or In&ded draLght fan oprtng Vth rnnmnn dmaght of 5mit water C-are vwihiI5m sack heieht.

Mome that 30.0001 bTk per day Mmmn stack heighr of 30m with (more than 221 fL trench wdidh vitio naL sehnlin chambei or 1uhed (kaught ,mn operatin6g uiih minimum draught of 50mm war Gauee with 17 m stack heiEF IL. E-xring .-m,i.n'1g chi*n Bui'1/s tremr4 Aki?is .hail b# di'or.v ki, lDccmti' 3 ,197' iidn nou movfngtchinrn h)uy h& be alouw.d do comemp IV. Cans*riW rho imwd rarmed toproc rhe :o ia nd rofla'iwa. s su dispovl.woIuirzarjor.of,J,< ash,i itij pro-i-fcd thfIrfrmi k. P Januaigw. 1997 afl &kk mmgftrriLin? unift fzhi a radifs qf 0 km frotom a7y rumal piwr ;pZiai 5i.sha urirafei P 171onpp dwITro Donion/b r 'rzrinmgr brk .IR Lime Kiln Stack Heighi CaPaC4:- -wtG 5T.'Dav A Hootd ±vild be provided with a -. ack o: 3'J mete keipt arm« pound :eve: izIrh.tn~kidl heiet'V. Mbove 5T)Day -do-- H=>I:Q -' W e Q is em;isio rate of SO& in kjbr annd H=Stack hei& n mnecers. !OJre than 5T'day and upto Prtimlate Matter 500 mg,N-' 40T;day 1 Above 40Tday -D- 150 x NM GerralScndrd,bfor(nea4r qo enviro mmntpoHtrats PAr-A: Lffiwzts S.No. PaTaneter Stamdards ThLanind PblUc Land foT -Mari-e Coa-st S3L-face Sewers Iiadm aiem; W'aier (a) (b) (C) (d) I Co!our and Odour See 6 of -- See 6 of See 5 of ArmexuTe - AMlere- Anne4re-I I I . SusDended soli& 11) 0m 200 (a) For process waste wate-

(b For coohW wt efflun= i 0% alxwe mspjsded maltter of illuerit. 3. pazicu! size of Shall pas - (a) Foarb]e smipmded solids 85, mir omi. max. L SSlve 3mm1 (I" Se&teable

S5ri microns. 24.

S ppH vahe 5.5 -9.0 5.5 - 9.0 .0 5.5 - 9.0 6. Temperature Sball wGt - Shall uot exceed exceed 5C 5YC above the above the receing waver receMin temperatue Water temperafl 7. Ol ande . 10 20 10 20 8. Total re-dual chWudLn 1. - -- MEL-1 Ni;. (3) ~ (b) (C) (d) 9. Anaoicai riotrgen (a 5C ; --- C N). mEl Ma 10. Too1 Keje4dahl nitrogen 100 -- 0 ,ws -, Z mgil mx. 11. Free ammaxia (as N-H), 5.0 - 5.0 mg,1, Maxc 12. Biocbemica O0yei 30 50o I co deamn (5das at 2C).

13. Chmnca Oxr, 2'5 - -- 5;0 Demand mg.L max. 14. Arsenic (as ni3i1,mo) 0-2 0.2 0.2 0.2

15. Mexcuv pas H' cm31, 0.01 0.01 -- 0.01

16. Lead (as Pb), mE.hu.. 0.1 '.0 .0 17. Cadium (as Cd). mal. 2.0 >- 2.0

18. Hexal-ei crDrmlml (n1 0.1 2.0 1.0 Cr+i* ="L. M 19 To! Q.omium (as Cr), 2.0 2.0 2.0 :n'l, max 0. Coppe! (as CU), ms 3.0 3.0 _ 3.0

21. Zmr (as Zu.) mgL max. 5.0 - 22. Se]mima (as Sc), mgl 0.05 0.05 0.05 max. 23. N,icWe (aS NTi) mpl, max. 3.0 3.0 5.0

yl ,.ltx+ 0

27 C::yide (aE CN.) m, 0.2 2.0 0.2 0. Ma4.

228 +++ (a) (b) d,d .9) -F]wnde (as F). ma 1.man 2.0 -

30 Dissiohed posphates (a 5.0 -

-31. w+ 4. 4. 32. Suhide (as S) m a,. 2o0 - 5.0 33. ?bewle compuns (a 1.0 5.0 -- .0 C,H3JD), me L max. 34. Rzdioacatie matetiahs: (a) -Upha eml±tre m.-cro IC ~ !0 1'

(C) Betac11rDeAbi. emitter mico ? I ' - cur-IbLl. 35. Bio-asiy test 90 9, 90% 9NM anvival of simvival of sunil of -. =vLiL Of fish af 9 fish afre 91 fi;h afl& fish afer hbors inm 00 ham in 96 b!urs iu 96 bors elueut 0I0D in 100% effhieut e~neut efluent

36. Mam,aneie 'vi MiI) 2 mz-1 2 zn& -- 2 M9 37. hon(asFe) 3MEi 3-r 3M- 3S. Vn adnVmU asV} 0 2 M_l 0.2t -- 0.2 Ga: '9. Nitrate itrogen 10m%1 - -- mF,L

2. ,ito by Ruin 2(&( of tba Ewmaawut ghlacb) Tbird Amw&dnt Rn1, 1993 v idm Natfm 2bs. GSC E ) &mCd 31i.12.1993.

J1isfe Wguf&r GerarionStand'ard PenrB S.No. Industrv Quantum 1. Integrated Iron & SteeL 16 &9toneof fished stee 2. Sugar 0.4 m3loe of came crhed. 3 ?uLp & 1per Indusfties (a) Large palp&paper (i) A?31 & paper 175 m5*-tone of paper pTrduced (i) I Viscose S4ple Fibre 150 m'Tomeofprorduct (]idu Viscose Flnamert 500 u•'tone of pToduce Yam. S.No. Q (b) Smallppt&-paper (:) A-ro>-Tei&e based 150 m Inoe of papeT produced. :i) Waste paper tased 50 m1tone o- per roduce4 4. Fem-enabon IudI2ifes (a' MAlry 3.5 mAowe of gran produced rb) Brewery 0.25 mX}I of beer prokced (c) Di;xdUery 12 mk1l o alchol pToduced 5. Caushc Soda (e4 Membme ceal 1 &.-'mne of cau~ic soda produced exc;uhng cooLq! towei pioceii ~~b iow do uT.. (l) Mernury cell procesi 4 mIntone of austc soda produced (mer:ry tearing) I Qr* b -owdonmpenited for coKibg toer. 6. Textile Iadusfies: Man-made Fber (1) Nyiou & PO'ster 120 &j'!ton far fibre produced. f:i) Vi;Lcose ra.von 150 m.IIomnL of product Taneriez 2l mNtoe of rw hide. S. S ,arch. CAiuco 5e aild S n•tone ormaize cauihe related pTodut . Diary 3 mskl ofrifik 10. Nratra mbber processing 4 emrone ofnbber.

11. FertizET: (a.* Str;rnh[ nrogenou 5 , tone of ure oi equalent prodLuced. fErTizer D:I StIra:Et phospbatc 0.5 n!'one of SSP. TSP fe]ilE (SSP & TSP) excludidn Mamnfactzre of aly acid. (c). Com41ex fertiiu Standads of n eious and phospntc fer.ilizeff are appliable depmudig on ie pnu pro&zct The ;ace Board.i ihal fo]o,icr 'uiide-.i3eB in e!fo1T ci the stadar&d sec:fied umder Schedule VI:-

1. -he waste wats and gasei re to be trearedalt die best avaiiable TF;: a.Woi(,BAT) in ordeT tD achieve the prescrbec standards.

2. The !dii-dlies need to be ecourazed for recycling and re'as&e of waste miaueials as &ar as pracdcalvLe in order to ni ze the Tischaeo wastes i the eruaimeas.

3. The k&dsaies axe to be ecolzxaed for recoeiy of bigas, euU and reuaze materials.

4. WrhUe pEflDTnL! te diciarpe of erffueri and emsidon ito te evromnemet Stare Boards ha-we to take nto account dhe asnimiae capacitie of the receivirg bodbes, especially water bodhes so that qu y of the i=mend use of die reivig walers is not afected. Wbere such quality :s likely to be effecied discharges s&bDuLd not be aUlowed into water bodies.

5, The Cetml anld State Beuds shal put mphasis on the l n of lean tei,akgies by the mduies in ore to miee fuel efiecy and reduce the gereTation of envirormectal poULIants.

6. U ef5Tis shau!d be maude to Temo'e coour and wipleasat odour as far as pratcable-

, The standards menTined in the Schedule shall alw appiv to al other elfraEnTs dischmrped sch as induisria mLzna, and mineral procesing acDvities and ;ew3e.

B. The imit pven for The coca[ conrentraion of mecuyin diLe final eEfluin of c.sist soda iridulay, is iN the combined e-fluent from (a) Cell house, (b) 3ne Plan {c) Chloine handlin. (d) hydrceen handling ad (e) ydro cholorc acid plUa.

L[(a.) ..- I',fj

10. A:l effLuets disi c ge inuidcr f rom the indutries sxh as cotDon iemle, composite woolen 1miL svNteuc mbber, sIall pa!p & paper natural rubber peD-chemical; tanmnujs. pDi dyes, slaughter hzuse food & fruit uru'cessing and di inuktes, inDo surface waten shall conform w the BOD limit ipecified abo%,e, naney. 30 mLr, For disrharge am effect hanmg a BOD me than 30 mgll, the .itandais shall c mto ttose gn. abene for the other receiving b1dies, namey, sewers, coastal wat.. aLd laInd for irriEancn.

L Im*t R' 4 a1!b cRlnw,4qk.Ru. I95W^ma- byauh:l~( iTfiKi Li19W. 2 lzm ke 5rm 7Iuumcb. 3nEuirm 1PmaOw Thnl Auaia 11in I~S3uslmwR KlIKLniuh .11 3LLf 1:. In case of frdi biuisiy be Limits m respect of chwomum and fluo shall be comnalied with at ebouader of chouium and fluoride Teiova2 imtS respectiveLy. 13. IIL Caeof PesCides- (el The i= shicd be comphed with iLthe end of the tratme imur before ciuta (b) Bio-aiss test ibDuld be carred oul with the aviable specie of fish in the receiving watei. tbe COD limits w be ,peci*d in the conset condmons shouldibe conelaed with the BOD limis. (c) ID cae mecabolites and men of the Peskidze in the gihm list aTe found in sijiifcari coacentrian, stdardi; khamd be prescibed f,r te;e also m tbe same concetalm a; tie individual pesticide. (d) lnuies m requred to analyze pestiides m waste war by ad-vaced analtical mebo& such as GLCE9PLC- 14. -'e chemial oxygm demand (COD) co:ennt. in a tated edf,e if observed to be pefistently f uer thm 250 m&I befr szoal to any recerving bod& (publk ewer, !ad fw irrsafwlr mlmd sur6ce ware and marme oams aiea;). srch ndusiii units are reiuzred to ideflI chmical; cain g the same In cae tese ae found tG be toc as defined in th Schedule I of the Hazafrdos Ruie; 1M the SeaEBoard in sh cases shall tict the indubstrs to ins teia uew im 5ulang tiMe limt. 411.r Aruru 15. Stndads specifL in Part A of Schedule - VI for dischurge of effluent into the pubfic seer halU be pnbcable an' if such ewer Lads to a secomdaw meae inrnuthd bio,ikal WHment sytm wher wise the dichar=e into sewes sha be teated v. dischaxe ito imland surface waters. National A.mbient Air Qafity St2lndards (NAAQS)

PoOuta.i Time Comcentration of Ambient Air Weighted tidustrial Residential Seiisve hlethod of Average Area JRural amd Area Measurement Otiher area (1} C~~~() 0 (4), (e5 ( Su]pbz Arlaaa 80-pg4n 1Fgn" npTwed Weit Dic vide ICOL Aveiawe md Co-c,ke Mecthd 24haws i 0 g.in? aO zin3 30.uEt UurraokeJ lIoreicence Qxies of Aiirma so pg,& 60 gJ 15 4g,I? Jacab Nirogen as A.;aEe Hocbbstr NO1 mMi± d (LNa- Arentire) mnetLod 24 Hom 120 pg/m' go p4& 30 ,ie.'l ' Ga.; Phase

Scexce Suspended Anual 360 pgl3!a L 0 g 70 E& M h Volue Pasculaie A eira Ee &3mLtg MatteT (SPINC) (auemEe :iow Rate no leis than 1.1 miie) 24 Hours 4 5( I&g3? 20 4/m' 10 .Lvm'

Reipirable Amua:n 120 $A& 660 ,et 5') ,LE'3 KeioiriaLe ParticI&at Avege pa=t-Cuate Mutter (Sxie mrter saumpie

1 RMP 24 Hours 350 1 g 100LH 5M7 75 tig-t3

10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cn)RMP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (2) 3 4 (( Lead'Pb) Armad , 0 ', 1 0.75 .ignm .5' w A,AS i, iLod Averue + D ampIiag U;:ILg E.PM 20100 G equiv-dent fiLwf

24.Hounr 1S iE'1l 1.0 ptg 0)5. i)m' carboc Shoui*r 5.Omg."m 2 GmE.m'm I 0Mmn'~ 'Nor- disbersi%T Mono-,dde infraid s li~.our . m+ 4. mge' in sE1 j ; d Spectrvr;Eopy

mar sazmfiety, mean of ihWu beasvuremeat mi a dropkenrtwice a wey at uuioi ineral.

but nOt cu two cneuie dy.

'N4ter :+ S5E1 1OKh ,>,ch 1. Nanona Ambx Aem QuaLity Srntuidr: Te tevels of a airquk rnecsary with an adeqae xnarpi f safety, tbe prtect :he pulNc beahh. uegelmtion mD1{propert. 2 W.aecn-ei and wherever two cainsecudi vahles esceed; the lim 5pec.fed a1ove the reipecive category, it ;haI be conidexed adequate. reason to instie regidarcomus morlitcg a.d fLutier hnestglpnon. N'I6/'H HIll "'N

NNVN III 1

N-HNN 'INNN-IN N-N NP, P NP. p P6/NIlIN -IN-

- N/ N/NI Nut INN/NH -IN'IINNN p pt/ANtI NN N1 Ill I-Il', NNN NPI NI, III p {IINNIPN/N//IN,/INHINNPH

IN '-N H p IINININI /1 'H/'NH -'N'

N.? P. N' NP, N' p pNH6 NNNNNNNN'NHNN -NI 6CNNNNNINNIIl/

NH NI NN 4I6'N,N N//NI" PI;HN /j-NN N'NNN N/NpPI,1,N.NNNNNNNN p p 3/NN/PINN/.NNI' IN/AN H'NI NINHH'N 6NNNNNINN.,IIH NININN 1 III I/N-NNI N- NNNH NP. INN6/l.,NNNI6- NN I IN 'T T 1 I ppA4Nfl N/N/-NI/NP I4'NN',NH/.IHNNINl,

NINNIN NIP/N INN/I /NNH IINIII/PN'1N'HN- p p1- N/NIl --H/-I"

IN/ 1NINNNIAN N'I

W11IN'NNNH.NNIIIAN l/NIIINIIIII NIN N1,NN/NN.INIIN N-NNINNI -/N--NI NN-tN/N 'H p IN/N NNNINNHNNH.NIHIN INNHIN/NNIN,H'N' N/NNI1NN.N H" - NH 'NH'-.- NNN-/ .1llIN.II/NIINNNN6HN

l'6pIININP IN/H' INN/I.1N N.NII'INNN/ ININ INN INIA'I .NINNN p NNNNINNH%N AN-'H/

N.INII.- IN1I'III//HIN/ 1 IN,I-II.-HP,'H N

NH ' NNI'N N-IN N/INN /NN N'INN''N IN NNlNNNIN4NN1N p p %NNNIH//I NNNNIN/N-N' 'HNI/II II"AN NI. IN.I/N.N.NIANHHNN.IIN

IN, II NNNI.ANNNHI'HN NI-N .INHIN 1 II"IIA/IINN NNNNNI NH-N/N NNN INN P PIN INNININNI

I' NINA 1/NH- NIIHHHN'I NH IN/NI'HNII "1-PI HNIANNNNIIN NNNNIININN-NNH61NNNNNNNI.NNNH/INHNNNI.INNNNNI p p P%NIN6NIN/ Ill/I/NH I,NH./NINN

NHI'NIIININH/NH ,I-'HN NIN 161611 NNH/NN .1/IN N' NI-N? I.'NNNHN p pA//NNNNNNN// P-NNI/NNII .NNNN/NN/ANNN'I IN I.NNHNNINIH4-H-N N INN INNN.INI/HH

/1, 6 1166/ N.N IN-I,H IHIIIlNINI p NNNI ,NAN.. -NNH I / '1161 /'N / N

NH NINAN NP' IN'NNNIIHNI N I'll ' N/NI N INN '1 /NN/1 I HNH/ 6

NP' 61611 NN/N-N HP. N- ININ.'NNNINI/NN/.' AN NI INN NNNNC NH p N PAINNI NN/ N .N1INI/I - 1 --N.H HIHN/ N/NI IIN II- INN,NNN.INIINI IN NINNNN£NNNN H IN/Il N. p NH tI/MN 11/ .INN-NNNIN-NH/'NNI NH NIN' 'I/N->- 'IN- -I/NI6N I NNIN

NIII4I4IIPN p p. p 1%/IINN/N __ NN;N

IINIIINNON INIIIIIIIIIIN INJINNIIIII IqIIIIIN/N.l.N-IONIIWN 11411IN 116161 NII) .611146,11

NPONIIN/NIN NIS16NNNHI6 JN6I/HN4 NNINNNNNV I

i

I II Ano-xu- 2 FProOleoResou-esi Tanhl Nodu

2. I I! -1 11, ID 12211~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~88s s58 55

T494. 0 540. 1 5 88 8 % 14 8 D DI .2 85 8480 8 3,.,83 85 1

4844, 88888<88%,.~~~~~~~~.9,,5,,.. 84 54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11D,032A 8 I231 0,99994 8

lO18487 88% 8 80102'288 -1 885..'8,9-s8 ,881,.58,

818' 138,8833.~~~~~~~I7 08 , I88D4 418

I 5,84,488 DI4. I I4I4DO8 218.8--84'

I 5884,,88,844818888815818%l 8 -44 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.882844 88888 4488.440-.8,- 48 IIAIIA 11. 988884 8.,184444 11

848. 44888833~~~ 884,85 1848-.. 448 8880588 4,.4849.,9.4 888. 5.398344 0,48, 1484 04~~~~j2

4344844.498.8..48p4,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~21I ID

384 T.D 04-,,949 838948111 1 4 54!8, 4 8 8 0 '' 5 8 5- 8 48 4 9 , 80 8.' .

1-11 I T---.-ll.l 84, IIA.8'4,.48'.4 '84084'88'8'8

Annexure 3

Likely Sources of Pollution for Existing Activities in Districts

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

vegetable cultivation/ betel weed, spoiled Madurai leaf cultivation Agro based vegetables, and leaves used as fodder/manure Nil

PDS Shop, paddy business Dry Nil wash water form cleaning, the platform discharge in to open odour, nuisance and fly Mutton stall Wet knives etc drains nuisance Cattle feed/thrown as Vegetable vending Dry Spoiled vegetables solid waste Nil

Mat weaving Dry Unused broken pieces Thrown as solid waste Nil Milch animals, goat / sheep Cattle dung, spilled rearing Animal Based fodder Used as manure Nil

Petty shops, cycle hiring Dry No pollution poultry droppings, rice husk spread on floor and Poultry farm Animal Based odour Used as manure odour needs control Pupae are used as fish food. Used for production of spun silk, cacoons used Waste fibre, cacoons, for fancy garland making, effluent ( cacoon boiled effluent used for Sericulture Animal Based water) horticulture Nil

Scrapped wax, Ash from wax reused, ash used for Candle/Agarbatti Dry firewood, broken sticks refilling Hands need protection Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Tailoring, Readymade garments dry Cut cloth pieces, rags Used for stuffing of toys Nil Lime kiln Dry dust Nil

Carpentary, broom making Dry Wood shavings/sticks Used as fuel Nil

General provision stores, rice business Dry No pollution

wash water, vegetable Cattle feed, Liquid waste Tea stall/ mini hotel Wet peals. banana leaves discharged into drains Nil

- !- -. ,> - 9.A± -s - .- - -. Sheep/Goat rearing, milch Spilled fodder, Cattle Ramnadapuram animals Animal based dung, urine Used as manure Nil

Waste leaves, unwanted Betel / Sea wood cultivation Agro based spoiled wood Used as manure Should be composted Palm leaf mat/palm leaf fancy Used as fuel/ Thrown as articles Dry Broken Leaves soild waste Nil Sea shell ornaments Dry Broken shells Powdered to get lime No pollution Dry fish Vending Dry Nil Charcol Making Dry Smoke, Fine carbon Nil Petty Shops Dry Nil

GoaVSheep rearing milch Spilled fodder, cattle Vellore farming Animal based dung, urine used as manure Nil AgricultureNegetable weed, spoiled cultivation/ betel leaf vegetables, leaves, cultivation Agro straw, hay used as fodder/manure Nil

ii Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Bambo basket weaving, palm waste leaves, bamboo leaf products Dry sticks used as fuel Nil

brick kiln Dry Smoke from firing/baking Nil

General provision stores Dry Nil

Weaving Dry- _____. ____.-. _, . Nil

Hands need protection, briquefting of coir dust Thiruvarur Coir making Dry waste fibre, coir dust Used as fuel preferred

Milk animals Animal based waste fodder and dung used as manure Nil

Agriculture Agro based weed, hay, straw, leaves used as manure/fodder excess decomposted Mat weaving/pottery Dry Broken baked pieces used for land filling Nil SrX %w , -, ,? , #sty - . . .- - -=-5 . -- . ,A.-...... Milch animals, goat and Spilled fodder, dung and Cuddalore sheep rearing Animal based urine used as manure Nil

waste fibre, cacoon Waste water used for boiled water, pupae, fine making spun silk, water particles not visible to for horticulture and pupae protection to eyes, nose Silkworm Weaving Animal Based nacked eye as fish food required Hands need protection, briquitting of coir dust is Coir rope making Dry Dust and unwanted fibre Used for fuel preferred Wood carving Dry wood shavings used as fuel Nil Smoke, ash from firewood used for melting Candle making Dry wax ash used for landfill Nil

iii Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Agarbatti Dry Broken sticks Hands need protection Nil Tailoring/ ready made garments Dry cut pieces of cloth Used for stuffing toys Nil Used for making lime Sea shell ornaments Dry Broken shells powder Nil Bookbinding Dry Paper cutting Just thrown Nil Cashew cultivation, flower cultivation Agro Nil Broken pieces, ash from Creamic dolls/pottery Dry firing Landfilling Nil Peels just thrown effluent discharged into open potato chips Wet Peels, wash water drain Nil

Spoiled fruits/vegetables, the amount of waste Nammakkal Pickles Wet peels, seeds, spoiled fruit used as fodder generated is negliable Hands need protection, briquitting of coir dust Coir making Dry waste fibre dust used as fuel recommended Tailoring / ready made garments Dry cut pieces of cloth thrown out as solid waste Negliable workers may be advised effluents discharged into to use face masks to Pappad making Wet Flour dust, wash water open drains prevent of rice flour

Coconut leaf thatching Dry waste leaves used as fuel Nil waste fibre, cacoons, pupa, fine dust not visible Used for spun silk, fancy protection to eyes, nose Beekeeping/Sericulture Animal based to nacked eye garlands, fish food needed Lime kiln Dry Detailed separately

iv Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS Fair price sho Dry Neqliable

Nagapattinum Fancy shop, furniture mart Dry Wooden shavings Used as fuel No pollution Needs proper disposal, leads to bad odour and fly Fish sale, fish net making Dry Scales trimming, odour Dumped as solid waste nussiance waste water, peels, skins, vermi composting will be Canteen Wet spoiled vegetables Used as fodder useful

waste water, vegetables discharged into open Vermicomposting of Kancheepuram Eatables and Masala powder Wet process peels, skins drains waste is preferable particulate from spice Masala Dry activities powder Nil Trimming rags, cotton, Doll/Toys Dry activity fiber etc Reused for stuffing No pollution Smoke from firewood during wax melting, sold to leather board Candle making Dry triming wastes makers Nil

';EV: 8 .;w FiiiW$iRW- s .X- --.!'f 5-. waste cut leaves, stems composting of waste Kanyakumari Thached leaf Dry etc used as fuel preferered

Pottery Dry Broken pieces Used as land fill material No pollution arises seeds sold, seed coat are Seed fetches Rs3-4/Kg, sold, fibre is used on land Skin coat Rs 25 per bag, Tamarind processing and and converted into one tonne raw fruit gives selling Dry Fibre, fruit, coat, seeds manure 400Kg cleaned tamrind

v Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS Spoiled fruits and vegetables, skin, seeds, preferebaly should be leaves, peals of decomposted, creates Pickles, sweets, snacks/chips Wet vegetables Disposed in open nuissance Cattle dung, spilled Goat, cow rearing Animal based fodder Used as manure Nil

Jute bag stitching, fibre bag Dry trimming rags and pieces used for stuffing Nil

Tailoring and fancy item Trimmings of cloth Just disposed and also stiching lace making Dry pieces used for stuffing of toys Nil Hands need protection, briqutting of coir fiber dust Thick unwanted fiber, along with binder is Coir rope making Dry dust from fiber used as fuel preferable

Sea shell ornament making Dry No pollution arises

Weed, unwanted stems, Herbal Medicines Dry sticks, waste leaves etc thrown as soild waste Nil Agarbatti Dry waste sticks thrown as solid waste Nil Pappad Wet wash water goes into open drain Nil

Flower cultivation and Stems, dry flowers garland making Agro based leaves, spoiled flowers dumped as solid waste Nil

Perambalur Milch Animals Animal based cattle dung, spilled fodder used as manure Nil

Tailoring, greeting cards making, petty shops Dry waste pieces of cloth used for stuffing of toys Eco friendly Rice mill Dry Husk/barn Sold Nil

vi Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS Waste cutting and Tanjore Bamboo products Dry Shaving Used as Fuel Nil

Candle Making Dry Smoke while heating wax Ash for land filling Nil Spoiled fruits/vegetables, negliable quantity of Pickle Making Wet Indust Skin eels, seeds, pith Dumped waste

Sold to small Readymade garments, waste cotton, cloth enterprenaures for Coimbatore hosiery, knitting tailoring Dry pieces making mats Nil

smoke while heating and Candle making Dry ash from firewood Ash used for landfilling Nil Soap shavings and waste Soap powder, phenyl Wet water Reused Nil Masala powder Dry Dust generation Face mask prefered Coir Products/Door mat Fine fibre dust, waste coir making Dry pieces used as fuel hands need protection Spoiled fruits/vegetables, negliable amaount of Pickle Wet seed, skin peels, pith dumped waste generated Seed and coat sold, fibre Tamarind processing Dry Fibre seed coat, seeds composted . Nil

Pappad Wet Dust and wash water Dained in open drains Nil L,-- --

waste paper from Sold to paper recycling Erode Paper cover making Dry trimming units Nil

vii Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Hands need protection, coir dust may be used for Coir making Dry Fine fibre dust used as fuel briqquitting Masala and sambar masala, tea powder Dry Dust Face mask prefered

Sold to smaller Leather chappals and other waste generated due to enterpenaures for making leather products Dry trimmings leather baords Nil Cloth sale Dry No pollution Gem cutting Dry Nil used for stuffing, toys Stuffed toys Dry Rags, trimmings of cloth along with cotton Nil Cattle dung and spilled Milk animals Agro fodder Used as manure Nil

Pudukottai Gem cutting Dry Nil Terracotta toys Dry Broken pieces Land filling No poullution Paper cutting and Greetings card Dry trimmings Discarded negliable amount Hands needs protection, briqueting of waste Coir Making Dry Dust, fibres used as fuel preferable Broken unwanted Bamboo basket Dry bamboo Disposed Nil ~~. - rV . f A. .: - - - - vs i. .t- ______Nilgiri Potato cultivation Agro Nil Tea Plantations Agro Nil Basket making Dry bamboo pieces Discarded Nil

viii Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS soap trimmings, wash Reused for washing and Soap making Wet water cleaning of cloth Nil Flower cultivation Agro Nil

Thiruvannamali Agarbatti Dry Nil Wasted leaves and Coconut Leaf thaching Dry broken Stems Fuel Nil

Milch animals and goat Cattle dung, spilled Trichy rearing Animal based fodder used as manure Nil Taioring, Readymade garments Dry Bits and pieces of cloth Used for stuffing Nil Toys making Dry Trimmings Negliable

Masala powder Dry Dust Face mask prefereable Terracotta toys Dry Broken pieces land filllings Nil Gem cuttings Dry Nil

Wire mat making Dry Bits of wire etc Disposed as soild waste Nil Paper cuttings and other Greeting card making Dry wastes Disposed as soild waste Negliable amounts

Liquid waste disposed in open drains, the Peels, seeds, wash vegetable waste disposed Chips making/eatables Wet water, Banana leaves etc as soild waste Nil

Mat weaving, Basket making Dry Cutting of Bamboo Disposed as soild waste Nil Stems, leaves and other Medicinal plants Dry waste Disposed as solid waste Nil

ix Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Hay, straw, plants, leaves Thirunelveli Paddy Cultivation Agro Based weed Composted Nil Blue Metal Dry Nil

Bricks and pottery Dry Broken pottery pieces Disposed as solid waste Nil

Efflunet discharged into wash water, waste paper, open drains, soild waste Match sticks Wet stri ps generated is sold Nil Cleaning powder and liquid Discharged into open blue Wet Wash water drain Nil

Agarbatti, broom stick Dry Waste sticks disposed as solid waste Hands need protection Effluent wash water, discharged into open seeds, peels, dust from drains, and soild waste Pappad/Pickle Wet rice flour disposed Face mask prefered Matt waving, Palm leaf Dry broken leaves sticks products Dry etc Thrown out Nil

Cattle waste, fodder Sivagangai Milch animals, Goat Rearing Animal Based spillovers Used as manure' Nil

Tailoring Dry Pieces of cloth, rags Disposed as soild waste Nil Pottery Dry broken pieces Used for land filling Nil

Rough/coarse fiber Briquitting of coir dust and Coir rope making Dry pieces, dust used as fuel fibre preferable Charcoal Making Dry Coal dust _ Nil

x Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS discharged into open Petty shops and tea stalls Wet wash water drains Nil

Fish sales, mat sales, Spoiled fish and Should be decomosted to vegetable sales Dry vegetables Disposed as soild waste prevent odour

Tamarind sales, Fruit sales, Sundry waste, spoiled flower sales Dry fruits and vegetables Disposed as soild waste Nil

Virudunagar Milch animals, goat rearing Agro Based Waste fodder, cattle dung Used as manure Nil vegetable cultivation, weeds, leaves, unwanted medicinal plants Agro based stems used for composting Nil Stone cutting Dry Dust Nil wash water from chemical table and Match box products Wet accessories Nil Oil extraction (from Neem Waste leaves, oil seed Neem cake is non edible nuts/leaves) Wet cakes Used as manure oil cake Garments making Dry Nil

______Mold pot making dry broken fired pieces Used for land fillinu Nil

______X , ;-. - , t " j- . ~ -. - ______- Spilled wasted fodder, Karur Milch animals, goat rearing Animal Based cattle dung Used as manure Nil

Tailoring, Garment making Dry bits and pieces of cloth Sold Nil Agriculture, vegetable cultivation Agro based Agricultural residues Used as fodder Nil Petty shops Dry Nil

xi Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS

Gem cutting and polishing Dry Nil

poultry dropping and the rice husk speard on the Poultry Animal Based flooring and odour Used as manure odour Milk Vending Wet Wash water Open drians Nil Land reclamation, waste land cultivation Agro based Nil Handloom weaving, stuffed waste fibre, cloth pieces toys Dry etc Disposed as soild waste Nil Waste broken, Leaves Coconut leaf Thaching Dry and stems Used as fuel May be composted

Palm leafs, mat making, Dry broken pieces of Tuticorin fancy products Dry stem, leaves etc Used as fuel Nil

Milch animals, goat rearing. waste spilled fodder, Sheep rearing Animal based cattle dung Used as manure Nil Waste fish, bones and Fish net and dry fish vending Dry pieces of fins, scales Disposed as soild waste Nil

Chemical mixing, vessel washing, paper cutting, Liquid effluent discharged broken match boxes, into open drains, soild Match box making Wet paper strips etc. waste issold Nil Agriculture Nil waste cloth, rags, Tailoring and handicrafts Dry packing paper Discarded into dustbins negliable amounts

xii Annexure 3

SOURCE OF EXISTING DISTRICT ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION PRACTICES REMARKS Ash from fireing and Pot Makinu Dry broken baked pieces Land filling Nil _~- ' Jrj,. ..- * - g. |'i -,revsJ~ 4 'A- . ... X^ iEt y s'7' : -, ______--L'i-x

xiii I i i I I I

I Ii Annexure -4

Evaluation of Location and Site Condition

Name ot District Water Forest Pollution in Coastal Wetland / Mangroves / Ambient Air Quality Hot Spots as Ground Water Surface Water Cover Areas Salt Swamp / National Status (Below Limit (BL) per TNCDW Water Availability (Block Water Quality/Pollution Deficit Area Water Quality/Pollution Change Park / Imp. Tank and Above Limit (AL)) Wise) Compared > 70%. Withdrawal to 1997 Residential Industrial Chrinroic No N I Yes No Yes Yes No BL BL No Poor quality due to over Mixing of sewage, waste Sea Erosion and extraction water and sullages from coastal pollution due Chennai city to industnal effluent, sewage discharge and effluent discharge from Thermal power plant

Kanchipurom Yes No Yes No N I No Yes BL BL No (Lattur, Uthiremerur, Sittamur, (Snperumbudur, Chembarambakkam Lake Thirukalukundram, Kundrathur, Kanchipuram Acharapakkam, to Uthimamerur) Kattankulathur, Kunmathur, Maduranthagam, St Thomas Mount, Thiruporur, Wallajabad) tirillir Yes Yes Yes No N I No Yes BL BL No (Ellapuram, Minjur, Pallipattu, Sea water intnrsion al Minjur (Ellapuram, Poonamallee, R K Pet, Thiruvalankadu, Gummidipoondi) Tinullani, Kadambathur, Poonamalee, Gummudipoondi, Madhavaram, Poondi, Sholavaram, Tinrvallur) Pulicat Lake Yes No No No N I Yes No BL BL Yes (Annagramam, Cuddalore, Coastal Pollution Cuddalore C ud da lorr Kam mapuram, due to Indust nal and Kattumannarkoil, Kunnjipadi, Sewage discharge Mangalore, Melbhuvanagiri, Nallur, Pannuti, Vndhachalam) V1illpUiuni Yes No Yes No N I No Yes BL BL No Kolianur, Mailam, Marakanam, (Vanur, Gingee, Kazhuveli Tank, Melmalaiyanur, Mugaiyur, Tindivanam, Melmalaiyanur, Tindivanam Taluk Olakkur, Rishivandhiyam, Kallakunchi, Chinnasalem) Sankarapuram, tiruvennainallur, Ulundurpet, Vallam, Kallakurichi, Thirunavalur, Vanur, Vikmavandi, Chinnasalem, Kanai, Thiyagadurgam, Trukovilur) vr liorr Yes No Yes Yes No No No BL BL No (Alangayam, Anaicut, Arcot, (Amot) 0 Gudiyatham, Jolarpet, K V Kuppam, Kandili, Kaniyambadi, Katpadi, Madanur, Nattrampalli, Pemampet, Sholinghur, Timin, Tiruppathur, Vellore, Nemili, Amakonam, Kavenpakkam, Wallalah) Yes_ N__Yes_No_No_No_-_-_-_N______BL_BL_No |Iivrxxonnnmoloi Yes No1 Ye No No No No DL EL No I i I i

I I Annexure -4

(Chengam, Kalasapakkam, (Palar and Chengam) +1 Kilpennathur, Polur, Pudupalayam, Thandarampattu, Thinivannamalai, Thunnjapuram. Vandavasi, Ami West, Javadi Hills, Anakavur, Ami East, Chetpet, Cheyyar, Vembakkam) Dharmapun Yes Yes Yes No No No No BL BL No Excess flounde at Harur, (Hosur, Dharmapun, Harur, +2 Dharmapun and Knshnagin) Knshnagin) Coimbatore Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No BL BL No (Annur, Avinashi, G W Pollution due to Agr. Quality is Poor around +3 Kinathukadavu, Madukarai, Activities in Pollachiand excess Tiruppur) P N Palayam, Pollachi North flouride in Pollachi, Udumalpet, and South, Sarkarsamakulam, Palladam and salinity due to Sultanpet, Sulur, sea water intnrsion at Thondamuthur, Palladam, Udumalpet, Gudimangalam, Karamadai, Tiruppur) Palladam, Udumalpet, Anamalai, Madathukulam, Ponqalur. TirunPur) The Nilgirs No No No No No No BL BL No

Erode Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes BL BL No (Ammapet, Andhiyur, Quality is Poor Surface Water Pollution of 0 Bhavani Sagar Reservoir Nambiyur, Ehavanisagar, River Cauvery at Erode, Satyamangalam, Thalavadi, Bhavani Bhavani, Dharapuram, Gobichettipalayam, Kangeyam, Kundadam, Modakunchi, Mulanur, Penundurai, T N Palayam,

_Vellakoil) Salem Yes No No Yes No No No BL BL No (Attur, Ayotiapattinam, +1 Gangavatli, Konganapuram, Magudanchavadi, Mechen, Nangavalli. Omalur, P N Palayam, PanamaRuthupatti, Salem, Talaivasal, Valapadi, Veerapandi, Kadayampatti, Edapadi, Kolathur, Sankan, Tharamangalam) Namokkal Yes No No Yes N I No No BL BL No (Enumaipatti, Namaginpettai, Water Pollution in River Namakkal, Pallipalayam, Cauvery at Pallipalayam Puduchatram, Rasipuram, Sendamangalam, Vennandur, Mallasamudram, Paramathi, Kabilarmalal, Mohanur, Tirchengodu) tiruchchirpali Yes Yes No Yes No No No BL BL No (Tattayangarpettai, Thuraiyur, Excess flouride at Manaparai Water Pollution in River +6 Uppiliyapuram, Manaparai, Cauvery at Tiruchchirapalli Musin, Manachanallur, and Pallipalayam Murungapun, Pullambadi, Thiruverumbur, Vaiyampatti) Karur Yes No Yes No N I No No BL BL No (Kadavur, Thanthoni, Qaulity is Poor Aravakunchi, Karur, Knshnarayapuram, Kulithalai, Thogamalai) Per.mboliir Yes No No No N.l No No BL BL No

2 i~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tl Annexure -4

(Alathur, Perambalur, Veppanthattai, Veppur, Anyalur) Pudukkotta A Yes No Yes No N I No Yes BL BL No (Thirumayam, Wetland (Thiruvarankulam) Ganthavakottai) Dindigul Yes Yes No Yes N I No No BL BL No (Attur, Batlagundu, Dindigul, Flounde around Nilakkottai, Guzliamparai, Oddanchattiram, Nitrate conc High in Natham, Reddiarchattiram, Sanarpatti, G.W pollution due to agn Thoppampatti, Vadamadurai, Actvities at Vembarpatti) Vedasandur, Nilakkottai, Palani, Natham) fluonlovur Yes No No No No No Yes BL BL No (Thiruppanandal, +6 Wetland Thiruvidaimanuthur, Ammapet, Kumbakonam, Madukkur, Orathanadu, Peravoorani, Thiruvaiyaru, Thirivonam) t-iivorur Yes Yes No No N I No Yes BL BL No (Valangaiman, Kodavasal, Sea water intrusion in east Wetland Mannargudi, Nannilam, area of Tiruvarur Needamangalam, Thiruvarur) Nogapottinom Yes Yes No No NA No Yes BL BL Yes (Salinity due to sea wate Muthupet Mangroves, Nagapattinam (Kollidam, Kuttalam, intrusion at Keelaiyur, Kilvelur, Point Calimare and Sembanarkoil, Sirazhi, Nagapattinam, Thalainayar, Vedaranmyam salt swamp Myladuthurai) Thirumarugal, Vedaranyam) Mad.rol Yes Yes Yes No No No No BL BL No (Chellampatti, Sedapatti, Areas around Madurai City (Usilampatti) +7 Usilampatti, Alanganallur, Kallikudi, T Kallupatti, Thirumangalam, Thiruparankundram) Theni Yes Yes Yes No N I No No BL BL No (Andipatti, Chinnamanur, Nitrate Conc is high in (Uthamapalayam, Vaigai Myladumparai, Penyakulam, Cumbum, Bodinaikkanur and Dam) Uthamapalayam, excess flounde at Bodinaikkanur, Cumbum, Penyakulamm) Theni) Ramonathapuram Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes BL BL No (Thirupullani, Mandapam, Excess Flonde at Paramakudi (Thiruvadanai, -11 Manne National Park, Paramakudi, Ramanathapuram) coral reef, Wetland Ramanathapuram) Sivagongoi Yes Yes No NI No No BL BL No Nitrate conc at Sivagangai (Devakottai, Singampunan, (Kaliyarkoli, Sivagangal, Sivagangai, llayankudi, S Pudur, ) Kallupatti Vill ) Virudhunogar Yes Yes No No NAi No No BL BL No (High conc. of Magnesium, Bicarbonates, EC and Chloride (Rajapalyam, Watrap, in Sivakasi, Nitrate Conc Is Kanappatti, Sivakasi, high in Snvilliputhur, Srivilliputhur, Vembakottal) Ratapalyam) tirunelveli Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes BL BL No (Melneelithanallur, Poor Quality, Nitrate conc Is (Sankarankoil, +6 Wetland Radhapuram, Sankarankoil, high in Kadayanallur, Valliyur, Radhapuram) Valliyur, Alankulam, Sea water intrusion in Kuttam Kadayanallur, Keelapavoor, Kurunrkulam, Vasudevanallur) Thoothakudi Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes BL BL Yes

3 I I

i I Annexure -4

(Kovilpatti, Tiruchendur) +6 Coastal Pollution Wetland Thoothuldi (High conc of Magnesium, due to effluent Bicarbonates, EC and Chlonde discharge from and nitrate conc is high in Thermal power plant Kovilpatti, nitrate conc is high in Vilathilkulam, Snvaikundam, (Kovilpatti, Ottapidaram, Sathankulam, sea wate Sathankulam, Vilathikulam, intrusion in Athisayapuram and Snvaikundam, Tiruchendur) Puthantharuvai) Ksnnsyakummri No No Yes No No No Yes BL B[ No (Thovalai, Agasteeswaram) O Wetland

+ve means increose in forest area -ve means decreosein forest area N.I.- No Irnformah,onAvailable Yes- Significant No -Insignificant Residential: BLSPM levt below 200mg/cu.rn industsial : Bi SPMLevel below 5Su mng/cu.m

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Blocks with Stage of Ground Water Development (as on January 2003)

Over Exploited (greater Critical (Between 90 Semi Critical (70 to Safe (less than 70%) than 100%) | and 100%) 90%) Coimbatore District 1. Annur 1. Gudimangalam 1. Anamalai 2. Avinashi 2. Karamadai 2. Madathukulam 3. Kinathukadavu 3. Palladam 3. Pongaiur 4. Madukkarai 4. Udumalpet 4. Tiruppur 5. Periyanaicken Palayam 6. Pollachi (North) 7. Pollachi (South) 8. Sarkarsama Kulam 9. Sultanpet 10. Sulur 11. Thondamuthur Cuddalore District 1. Annagramam 1. Keerapalayam 2. Cuddalore 2. Kumaratchi 3. Kammapuram 3. Portonova 4. Kattumannarkoil 5. Kurinjipadi 6. Mangalore 7. Melbhuvanagiri 8. Nallur 9. Panruti 10. Vridhachalam Dharamapuri District 1. Burgur 1. Pennagaram 1. Hosur 1. Kelamangalam 2. Dharmapuri 2. Kaveripattinam 2. Thalli 3. Harur 3. Krishnagiri 4. Karimangalam 4. Shoolagiri 5. Mathur 6. Morappur 7. Nallampalli 8. Palacode 9. Pappireddipatti 10. Uthangarai 11. Veppanapalli Dinigul District 1. Attur 1. Nilakkottai 1. Natham 1. Kodaikanal 2. Vattalakundu 2. Palani 3. Dindiigul 4. Guzlliamparai 5. Oddanchattiram 6. Reddiarchattiram 7. Sanarpatti 8. Thoppampatti 9. Vadamadurai 10. Vedasandur Erode District 1. Ammapet 1. Bhavanisagar 1. Bhavani 1. Chennimalai 2. Andhiyur 2. Satyamangalam 2. Dharapuram 2. Erode 3. Nambiyur 3. Thalavadi 3. Gobichettipalayam 3. Kodumudi 4. Kangeyam 4. Uthukuli 5. Kungadam 6. Modakurichi 7. Mulanur 8. Perundurai 9. T.N. Palayam 10. Vellakoil Kancheepuram District 1. Lattur 1. Sittamur 1. Acharapakkam 1. Kancheepuram 2. Uthiramerur 2. Thirukalukundram 2. Kattankulathur 2. Sriperumbudur 3. Kunrathur 4. Maduranthagam 5. St. Thomas Mount 6. Thiruporur 7. Wallajabad Kanyakumari District 1. Agastheeswaram 2. Killiyur 3. Kurunthancode 4. Melpuram 5. Munchirai 6. Rajakkamangalam 7. Thiruvattar 8. Thovalai 9. Thucklay Karur District 1. Kadavur 1. Aravakurichi 1. K. Paramathy 2. Thanthoni 2. Karur 3. Krishnarayapuram 4. Kulithalai 5. Thogamalai Madurai District 1. Chellampatti 1. Alanganallur 1. Kallikudi 1. Kottampatti 2. Sedapatti 2. T.Kallupatti 2. Madurai (East) 3. Usilampatti 3. Thirumangalam 3. Madurai (West) 4. Thiruparankundram 4. Melur 5. Vadipatti Nagapattinam District 1. Kollidam 1. Myladuthurai 2. Kuttalam 3. Sembanarkoil 4. Sirkazhi Namakkal District 1. Erumaipatti |1. Mallasamudram 1. Kabilarmalai 1. Elachipalayam w 2.Namagiripettai 2. Paramathi 2. Mohanur 2. KolliHilis 3. Namakkal 3. Tiruchengodu 4. Pallipalayam 5. Puduchatram 6. Rasipuram 7. Sendamangalam 8. Vennandur The Nilgiris District 1. Coonoor 2. Gudalur 3. Kotagiri 4. Udagamandalam Perambalur District 1. Alathur 1. Ariyalur 1. Andimadam 2. Perambalur 2. Jayamkondam 3. Veppanthattai 3. Sendurai 4. Veppur 4. Thirumanur 5. T.Palur Pudukottai District 1. Thiruvarankulam 1. Annavasal 2. Aranthangi 3. Arimalam 4. Avudiarkoil 5. Gandharvakottai 6. Karambakudi 7. Kunnandarkoil 8. Manamelkudi 9. Ponnamaravathi 10. Pudukkottai 11. Thirumayam 12. Viralimalai Ramanathapuram District 1. Thirupullani 1. Mandapam 1. Bogalur 2. Paramakudi 2. Kadaladi 3. Ramanathapuram 3. Kamuthi 4. Mudhukulathur 5. Nainarkoil 6. R. S. Mangalam 7. Thiruvadanai Salem District 1. Atthur 1. Kadayampatti 1. Edapadi 1. Yercaud 2. Ayothiapattinam 2. Kolathur 3. Gangavalli 3. Sankari 4. Konganapuram 4. Tharamangalam 5. Magudanchavadi 6. Mecheri 7. Nangavalli 8. Omalur 9. Peddhanaickenpalayam 10. Panamarathupatti 11. Salem 12. Thalaivasal 13. Valapadi 14. Veerapandi Sivagangai District 1. Kalalarkoil 1. Devakottai 2. Sivagangai 2. Ilyangudi 3. S. Pudur 3. Kallai 4. Kannankudi 5. Manamadurai 6. Sakkottai 7. Singampunari 8. Thiruppathur 9. Thiruppuvanam Thanjavur District 1. Thiruppananodi 1. Ammapet 1. Madukkur 1. Budalur 2. Thiruvidaimaruthur 2. Kumbakonam 2. Orathanadu 2. Papanasam 3. Peravoorani 3. Pattukottai 4. Thiruvaiyaru 4. Sethubhavachattiram 5. Thiruvonam 5. Thanjavur Theni District 1. Andipatti 1. Bodinaickanur 2. Chinnamanur 2. Cumbum 3. Maylladumparai 3. Theni 4. Periyakulam 5. Uttamapalayam Thiruchirappalli District 1. Thatthyangar pettai 1. Manapparai 1. Manachanellur 1. Andanallur 2. Thuraiyur 2. Musiri 2. Marungapuri 2. Lalgudi 3. Uppilyapuram 3. Pullambadi 3. Manikandam 4. Thiruverumbur 4. Thottiam _5. vaiyampatti Thirunelveli District 1. Melneelithanallur 1. Alankulam 1. Ambasamudram 2. Radhapuram 2. Kadayanallur 2. Cheranmadevi 3. Sankarankoil 3. Keelapavoor 3. Kadayam 4. Valliyur 4. Kuruvikulam 4. Kalakkadu 5. Vasudevanallur 5. Manur 6. Nanguneri 7. Palayamkottai 8. Pappakudi 9. Senkottai 10. Thenkasi Thiruvallur District 1. Ellapuram 1. Kadambathur 1. Gummidipoondi 1. Villivakkam 2. Minjur 2. Poonamallee 2. Madhavaram 3. Pallipattu 3. Poondi 4. R. K. Pet 4. Sholavaram 5. Thiruvalankadu 5. Thiruvallur 6. Thiruthani Thiruvannamalal District 1. Chengam 1. Arni (west) 1. Anakavur 1. Per namallur 2. Kalasapakkam 2. Javadi Hills 2. Arni (East) 2. Thellar 3. Kilpennathurai 3. Chetpet 4. Polur 4. Cheyyar 5. Pudupalayam 5. Vembakiram 6. Thandarampattu 7. Thiruvannamalai 8. Thurinjapuram 9. Vandavasi Thiruvarur District 1. Valangaimaan 1. Kodavasal 1. Mannargudi 1. Koradachery 2. Nannilam 2. Kottur 3. Needamangalam 4. Thiruvarur Thoothukudi District 1. Kayathar 1. Pudur 1. Alwarthirunagar 2. Kovlipatti 2. Karunkulam 3. Ottapidaram 3. Srivaikundam 4. Sathankulam 4. Thiruchendur 5. Thoothukudi 6. Udangudi 7. Viathikulam Vellore District 1. Alangayam 1. Nemili 1. Arakonam 2. Anaicut 2. Kaveripakkam 3. Arcot 3. Wallajah 4. Gudiyatham 5. Jolarpet 6. K.V.Kuppam 7. Kandili 8. Kaniyambadi 9. Katpadi 10. Madanur 11. Nattrampalli 12. Pernampet 13. Sholinghur 14. Timiri 15. Thiruppathur 16. Vellore Villuppuram District 1. Gingee 1. Kallakurichi 1. Chinnasalem 1. Kalrayan Hills 2. Kandamangalam 2. Thirunavalur 2. Kanai 3. Kolianur 3. Vanur 3. Thiyagadurgam 4. Mailam 4. Vikravandi 4. Tirukovillur 5. Marakkanam 6. Melmaiyanur 7. Mugaiyur 8. Oiakkur 9. Rishivandhiyam 10. Sankarapuram 11. Thiruvennainallur 12. Ulundurpet 13. Vailam

Viruthunagar District______1. Rajapalayam 1. Kanapatti 1. Aruppukkottai 2. Watrap 2. Sivakasi 2. Narikudi 3. Srivilliputhur 3. Sattur 4. Vembakottai 4. Thiruchuli ______5. V iruthunagar Annexure 7

Ground Water Resource ;illl r Source: Environmental Atlas of India I am

REFERENCES Totat Replenishaole Gorund Water Resource Per Thousand Persons ' O"h Z,VrfCr-w .b abc 'rfl Nilgins E Abla '40DD0 I -. Pe

12000 1-140 --l4ccm. , ~~~Coimbabec4iiacnratm ¢ 5 p v a

i0001 '20000

400 0' cC000 ji

202 01- e0o00

200'- I aIY)0

Nat Assesied

DOstict where ret draftns

greatefr I rrehtar recharge fron, ioai sur;e Kanyaku m

Ground Water Quality Source: Environmental Atlas of India

REFERENCES Shallow Groundlwater Ouab tly Drs1nib0u dofEteincZat Co:XudL

Li] BS&eiW o1 O iOO-2000 m 220004000 [II] Above 4000 711] Data sarce D0StntuOnt'of Fliuwtde .am

. . A bavrr- 5 g' _ Distribubotrno mtrate Trunel * Above 1DO rr.l Dhstnibuto ol Ct,rmoe I] nAbovetOOC rr'QV Kanyakum Annexure 7

Areas with Specialized Skills If Source. Environmental Atlas of India '_

Dharmapu

REFERENCES Texttle tAandloom, Hand.Pnnting, Embroidery a... Shawts, Blankets, Carpets. Cane and Bamboo... C Leather...... 64 Pottery, Clay Objects ...... -... U Wood Carving and Inlay ......

Slone Work ...

Metal Craft ...... VI lt ra Jewellery. lvory,Horn and Bone ...... ,r T nelU co Conehshell .0 Musical Instruments - ...... Folk Paintng and terracotta, t Kinnyakuma

Pollution Generating Potential o_ Source: Environmental Atlas of India

~~\gsew~aned

Per 5000 sq. km. area (in kglday) h i g - ~~~~~~~~~coiimlg< 2,00,000 1.00,000

40,000

20,000

l50,000 _ __ _j 10,000 Tlimunelvdii g TuvO1in

5,000Kmlrakum~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Annexure 7

Soil Types Source: Environmental Atlas of India

REFERENCES Average Depth of Soil Soil Type$ in cm Above 300 Alluvial Sod ~~~~~~Ceimnbacee am 300 De -XSo# L00u3Dl B1M Sl1 Dindigul- 100 340 MixdlRe af A <

25-50 | Red SoI hphuram Below 25 E=| GrJ SC), T rruel Below 25 Laterite Sonn

Below 25 Mountfan Soo Knja,kuma

Soil Degradation Source: Environmental Atlas of India m

REFERENCES S

Slable tinmhehnis all Watuer eosior wib7moderate oss of top so Coimfi4ba cii

Water erosion with severe loss of top SoilDiiuu) v

Wnd ersion with moderate loss of top soill

Wind eroson wito semYeleiSSo Oiftop 4ga

Chemical deteoration die to salinzation

Chemical detenoration due to aossof nutnert V n hapuumn

Physical detenoration cue te water ogn.n)

Areas not ht for aqrfcuiturC Trunelv ir on Areas affected Ovsaain;t a-id otherwatera related proo(eems Kanya kuma

.. Annexure 7

Water Quality Status Source: Environmental Atlas of India

D Haapunram River Water Qualiy

Veiy Good seveall POialp Good

-oAd 5

Water Oualty Monitoring StafitTiul o

Coastal Water Quality Inorganic Phosphate Phosphorus Concentration. .... 0-50 gl (low)

. , -- M d51-100 g/l (moderate) 101 -150 pg/t (moderately high) >150,iug/I (high) Nirate Nitrogen Concentration 0-. o0ug/l(low) 101-200pg/A (moderate )

> -200iug/i (high) Dissolved Oxygen Concentration <4 mg/i (critical state) 4-6 mg/l (satisfactory) > 6 mg/l (very good) Salinity Variation

- - - 5-30 ppt moderately saline zone >30 ppt highly saline zone

iv Annexure-8

Identified Hotspots of Tamil Nadu by TNPCB

Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has identified most industrialized and environmentally polluted areas and referred them as 'Hotspots' of Tamil Nadu. The following six areas are the identified hotspots:

* Cuddalore - Industrial Estate * Tuticorin - Sterilite Industries * Manali - MRL, Industrial Estate * Vellore - Tanneries * Tirupur (Coimbatore) - Textile dyeing units * Salem - Mettur Dam and Chemplast Industry

Cuddalore - This coastal belt has 54 large industries, 43 medium-scale and 136 small- scale under Red Category units. While under Orange Category only one large-scale, 28 medium-scale and 273 small-scale industries are located. Green Category consists of none in large-scale, only one in medium-scale and 15 under small-scale category.

Cuddalore has tanning park (leather tanning units) which comes under Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development (TNCID).

SIPCOT has developed three industrial complexes at Cuddalore, called Cuddalore Phase 1,11 and 1II.Phase I comprises of 58 units which include SPIC, J.K. Pharma, Asian Paints, Tanfac, Square D & Biotech. Cuddalore Phase II comprises Orchid Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. While in Cuddalore Phase IlIl acquisition of Land is under progress.

Tuticorin - This coastal city has 17 large-scale, 19 medium-scale and 185 small-scale units under Red Category. While 9 large, 41 medium and 187 Orange Category units and 41 medium and 32 small-scale units under Green Category exist.

SIPCOT has developed an industrial complex comprising of 65 industrial units, which comprises Sterilite industries, Southern Fuels, Amulya sea goods, Euro-Marine products and Kilburn Chemicals, a few names to mention.

Manali Industrial Area - Madras Refineries Ltd. is the major large industry situated in the Manali Industrial Area. Industrial estate comprises of many other industries, which include 40 large, 40 medium & 335 small-scale industries under Red Category. While Orange Category comprises 15 large, 68 medium and 196 small-scale industries. Green Category comprises 2 large, 26 medium and 102 small-scale industries.

Vellore - This is a tannery belt comprising many common effluent treatment plants for the treatment of tannery effluent namely Pernambet, Udayendirum, Melvisharam, Amboor and Vaniambedi.

Apart from these CETP's SIPCOT and Talco have also put up CETP's at Ranipet. Vellore district comprises 6 large, 34 medium and 361 small Red Category units. While Orange Category comprises 9 large, 25 medium and 208 small units. Green Category comprises 3 large 21 medium and 29 small-scale industries.

Tirupur - It is situated on the banks of river Noyyal and is famous for its hosiery and dying units. It is a great export centre of hosiery, bedsheets and towels, which are exported to European nations.

Tirupur has 14 large, 67 medium and 662 small-scale units under Red Category, and 47 large, 129 medium and 414 small units under Orange Category. While Green Category units comprise 4 medium and 10 small-scale units.

Effluent discharge from the dying units has polluted river Noyyal and also the Orathupalayam dam. Water from this dam is let out into river Noyyal that joins Cauvery and pollutes river Cauvery near TNPL in Pugalur.

Due to dyeing wastewater discharge mass fish kills are observed in Orathupalayam dam.

Salem - Mettur Dam and Chemplast industries are the two major industries. Apart from these, a number of Sago industries exist in this belt. A common effluent treatment plant for the treatment of Sago industry effluent was put up almost a decade ago.

Salem has 29 large, 59 medium and 452 small-scale units under Red Category while 20 large, 125 medium and 1321 small-scale units under Orange Category and only 76 small-scale units under Green Category.

The above six areas are environmentally declared "Hot Spots" due to the existence of large number of Red Category industries and the pollution Level are on the higher side in these six areas.

References: 1. Environmental Profile of Tamil Nadu by Sir Dr. C.P. Ramaswamy lyer Environmental Education Centre, Eldam's Road, Chennai 2. Personal meeting with TNPCB Annexure -9 Cumulative Ranking into El, E2 and E3 categories of the activities

Air Water Solid Total Rank Waste Score

Activities SCORE SCORE pH BOD TSS O/G SCORE - gwBas88N .3~' #!}'st,\:g. :- _,t. :gbj+; .KJ .9 1-- =-,i >$ Floriculture / 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0.00 El Nursery _ Vegetable growing 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El

Fruit Cultivation 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El Pepper processing 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0.5 El Spirulina Culturing 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.25 El Vermi 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El composting/Bio fertilizers Betel / Sea wood 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El cultivation Cashew cultivation, 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El flower cultivation/Cash crops Tea 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Plantations/Cash Crops Land reclamation, 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El waste land cultivation

Idli and Tiffin 0.25 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.75 El Canteen/Tea Stall 0 0.5 NS S NS NS 0.5 1 E2

Jam making 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Pickle making 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El

Pappad 0 0.25 NS S NS NS 0 0.25 El Making/Potato chips Arca nut bark 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El processing Soap Making 0 1 S S S S 0 1 E2

Detergent Powder 0 1 S S S S 0.5 1.5 E2 Making Mutton stall 0 0.5 S S NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Match Factory 0 0.5 S NS S NS 0 0.5 El

Papier-mache toys 0 0.5 S S NS NS 0 0.5 El Oil extraction from 0 1 S S S S 0 1 E2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducbon Project Technical Environmental Guidelines (Word Bank) Air Water Solid Total Rank Waste Score

Activities SCORE SCORES S S NS 0.5 15 Neem nuts/leaves Pottery (Without 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El glazing & colouring)

Milch Animal 0 1 S S S NS 0.5 1. E2 rearing Pig Rearing 0 0.5 5 SH NOTS NSG0.5 1RE

Goat Rearing 0 1 S S S NS 0.5 1.5 E2

Pig Rearing 0 0.5 S S NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Poultry Rearing 0 0.5 S S S NS 0.5 1 E2 Sericulture 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El Milk animals Milk 0 0.5 S S NS NS 0.5 1 E2 vending m Wwmo3 h.DV- O 4WM Bamboo Basket 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Weaving __ Hiring of Utensils 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El Terracodta toys 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Gem stone cutting 0.25 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.5 El

Rice mill 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0.5 El Leather chappals 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El and other leather .products Tailoring 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El

Jute Bag Stitching 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El Carpentry 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E 2 Camphor making NS NS NS NS 0 E( Wood Carvings 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Garland from waste 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El cocoons Stuffed Toys 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El

Coir Rope Making 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El

Greeting card 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.25 El Preparation Book Binding/Paper 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.25 El cover making. Beedi Making 0 0 NS NS NS NS ,0.5 0.5 El

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reducton Project 2 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Air Water Solid Total Rank Waste Score

Activities SCORE SCORE pH BOD TSS O/G SCORE Public Distribution 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El system Vegetable vending 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.25 El Petty Shops 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El

Tamarind 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.25 El Processing/ Sales Spices Powder 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.75 El (Masala) Plates made of 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Leaves, Leaf Thaching Sea Shell 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El ornaments Candle Making 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.25 0.75 El

Provision Stores 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El Mat Weaving 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El

Agarbatti 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El

Silk thread twisting 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Silk Sari Weaving 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Herbal Plant 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0 0 El collection and Herbal medicine preparation Fish Drying/Dry fish 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El vending

Brick kiln 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Coal Making 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Creamic 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 dolls/potPery P Lime kiln 0.5 B 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 E2 Fish net makinc, 0 0 NS, NS NS NS O El

Detergents/soap, 0 1 S S S S 0.5 15 E2 Paints & Varnishes, Dyes & Dye intermediates, Glue_ Pesticidies (storage 0.25 1 S S S S 0.5 1.75 E2 & production) Inland coastal 0 1 S S S S 0.5 1.5 E2 fishery activities, fish meal products_. Prawn cultivation IS IS IS IS 0.5 11.5 E2

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project3 Technical Environmental Guideiines (World Bank) Air Water Solid Total Rank Waste Score

Activities SCORE SCORE pH BOD TSS O/G SCORE Diary/Animal 0 1 S S S S 0.5 1.5 E2 Rearing Piggery (including 0 1 S S S S 0.5 1.5 E3 slaughter houses) Plaster of Paris 0.5 0.5 S NS S NS 0.5 1.5 E2 Cement pipe 0.5 0.5 S NS S S 0.5 1.5 E2 making Bio fertilizer 0 0.5 S S NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Fabric dyeing 0 0 0.5 0.5 El Paper & Tissue 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Paper making Alluminum Foil 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Making Spring steel wire 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El making Tyre Retreading 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Plastic recycling 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El Plastic _ 0.5 0.5 El Activated carbon 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 from paddy Husk Cleaning powder 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 from fly ash/cleaning powder Rice and grain 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 milling Glass 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Cracker 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 E2 Leather processing 0 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 0.5 El (Footwear/Article making) _- Charcol making 0.5 0 NS NS NS NS 0.5 1 El Oil extraction 0.5 1 S S S S 0.5 2 E3 Brick making 0.5 0.5 S NS S S 0.5 1.5 E2 Fuel briquetting 0.5 0.5 NS NS S S 0.5 1.5 E2 Synthetic Adhesive 0.5 0.5 S NS S NS 0.5 1.5 E2 Gypsum based units Poultry ( including 0.5 1 S S S S 0.5 2 E3 Slaughtering) Mushroom 0 1 5 S S NS 0.5 1.5 E2 Cultivation _ _ _ NS ______0 to 0.9 El environmentally benign 1 tol.9 E2 minor potential environmental impacts 2 to 3 E3 significant potential impacts Note: RANKING HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT FROM 0 - TO -1

Tamil Nadu Poverty Reduction Project 4 Technical Environmental Guidelines (World Bank) Annexure-1 0 Environmental Friendly Activities

These activities are eco-friendly in nature; they are also cost effective and lead to production of pollution free products. In Tamil Nadu under poverty reduction scheme many micro-level activities have been encouraged. Among these activities, following activities are environmental friendly and profitable, and needs encouragement.

* Vermi Composting * Spirulina Culturing * Mushroom Culturing * Arca Bark Processing * Plastic Recycling

Vermi Composting: This activity is based on concept of harnessing ecosystem for effective utilization of organic residues like biomass, cattle dung, vegetable wastes, agricultural residues and also industrial wastewaters, with the help of earthworms. Earthworms act as natural bioreactors, use soil micro-flora and effectively convert the organic waste into vermi-composts. Due to the earthworms' activity, good aeration of soil takes place and porosity of soil improves.

Vermi-composting has dual advantage of waste disposal and also manufacture of good manure / soil conditioners. Vermi-compost is very rich in important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This process requires lesser time for composting organic residues. Vermi-composting can be done on any organic waste of plant and animal origin except poultry droppings.

The mixing of secretions of earthworms with the composted material enhances the water holding capacity of the manure and also enhances the plant growth. Vermi-composting have immobilized culture of beneficial bacteria, which eradicates pathogens, odour and fly nuisance.

This technique is also very beneficial and very effective in management of all organic residues both solid and liquid wastes which create odour and fly nuisance. Earthworms also act as powerful bio-pesticide and protect the useful micro-flora of the soil. The vermicompost produced by the earthworms has an enhanced ability to absorb atmospheric moisture and supply the plants with needed wetness.

Application of Vermicompost on agricultural lands increases the crop yield by more than double. Organic wastes such as sugarcane baggase, banana stem and peels, vegetable peels and skins, paddy, wheat straw, coir waste, etc. can be fruiffully converted into good soil conditioners by vermicomposting. All the raw materials needed can be easily procured free of cost.

This activity is very cost effective, pollution free and very sustainable in nature.

Spirulina Culturing: Spirulina is high chlorophyll containing algae which is rich in protein and nutrients. It is a good source of nutrient to infants and invalids. It is also reported that regular intake of Spirulina helps in improving body immune system to fight against cancer. Spirulina culturing is being carried out on commercial level world over. After the inoculation of Spirulina it takes one month for the good growth of the algae; but then after every alternate day, harvesting can be achieved. Spirulina culturing is very effective in summer due to enough sunlight. Productivity of spirulina reduces during rainy season.

During spirulina culturing, nutrients like urea, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate, ferrous sulphate and phosphoric acid are required. Proper agitation of the contents in the tank is also required, which can be achieved by simple stirring using wooden ladle. In commercial venture, aerators are provided in the tank for agitation. Once peak growth is achieved, spirulina is screened using stainless steel sieves. In the tanks, 100% of the nutrient water is reused after the harvest and next batch is cultured in the same tank. So no nutrient rich water is discharged. Only fresh makeup water is added to maintain the water level in the tanks. Prior to drying, spirulina is washed 2 to 3 times with fresh water and then sun dried. Sun dried Spirulina is powdered and ready for packing.

Mushroom Culturing: Mushrooms are high protein containing edible fungus as they also contain high nutrients. There are many varieties of mushrooms which have medicinal properties. It has been proved to be useful for the treatment of obesity, cancer and problems related to menopause in females.

Training on mushroom culturing is being imparted by the Agricultural Institutions to entrepreneurs. It is a good activity with sufficient income generating potential. Complete growth cycle of mushrooms takes 28 days. Mushroom reaches full growth by 22nd day after the sowing and can be harvested from the 22nd day onwards till the 28th day on daily plucking basis. When 200gms of seeds are sown, the yield is 2 kg. fresh full grown mushrooms. Raw material required are minimal like seeds, straw, plastic bags and water. It is very water intensive in nature but the wastewater not being toxic can be treated by a simple conventional treatment process consisting of physico-chemical treatment (Alum / Lime addition) followed by simple settling. This treated water can be conserved by using for fire fighting, floor washing and horticulturing.

Arca Bark Processing: Arca bark is purchased from the tree owners at the rate of 100bark pieces or mattai per 600 rupees. The barks are soaked in fresh water for 24 hours to make it soft and pliable. After 24 hours they are removed from the water and dried in shade away from direct sunlight. The good quality, barks are selected and used for the production of plates, (12", 10", 8" and 6" diameter) and also shallow bowls. Different dies for different shapes are used and the barks are pressed in a machine at a warm temperature and plates and bowls are manufactured.

This activity needs large volumes of water for bark soaking process. But this water can be easily treated by addition of bleaching powder and then passing the wastewater through sand filters. Treated effluent can be used for recharge of the ground water, for floor cleaning, horticulture etc. solid waste comprises unused, broken barks, trimmings.

Plastic Recycling: Plastic recycling has been successfully demonstrated in Tamil Nadu. Plastic recycling is much cheaper than land filling and incineration of the plastic. Waste generation is only the wastewater, which can be reused after simple settling. Solid waste generated is reused in the process. Air emission during plastic melting can be controlled easily by installing scrubbers. Annexure 11

Negative List of Sub-projects

The following list has been compiled based on the laws and regulations of the Governments of India and Tamil Naduand the Safeguard Policies of the World Bank.

It is recommended that the following sub-projects must not be supported inTNEPRP:

Concerning Environmental Assessment

Any sub-project that is not screened for environmental assessment.

Concerning Forests, Forest Produce, Trees

Any sub-project that involves destruction, exploitation or removal of any wildlife from a sanctuary or destroys or damages the habitat of any wild animal or deprives any wild animal of its habitat within such sanctuary (except with a permit granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden).

Any project that involves setting fire to a sanctuary, or kindling any fire or leaving any in a sanctuary, in such manner as to endanger such sanctuary.

Any sub-project that involves the use of chemicals, explosives, or any other substances which may cause injury to, or endanger, any wildlife in a sanctuary.

Any sub-project involving procurement of livestock to be kept in or within five kilometers of a sanctuary without immunization of the animals against communicable diseases.

Any sub-project that involves taking for grazing any livestock in a sanctuary without getting it immunized.

Any sub-project that involves grazing of animals in the plantation area in the sanctuary.

Any sub-project that involves grazing of goats in a sanctuary.

Any sub-project that is located in or involves a National Park.

Any sub-project that involves the following in a reserved forest without the written permission of the Divisional Forest Officer: * Set fire, kindle fire or leave any fire burning in such manner as to endanger such forest * Kindle, keep or carry any fire except at seasons and conditions specified by the Divisional Forest Officer * Trespass, pasture cattle or allow cattle to trespass in the plantation areas * Grazing of goats * Cause any damage, either willfully or negligently in felling or cutting any trees or dragging any timber * Fell, girdle, lop, tap or burn any tree or strip off the bark or leaves from or otherwise damage the same * Quarry stone, burn lime or charcoal * Collect or subject to any manufacturing process, any forest produce

110 Annexure 11

* Clear or break up or plough any land for cultivation or for any other purpose * Hunt, shoot, fish, poison water or set traps or snares * Damage, alter or remove any wall, ditch embankment, fence, hedge, or railing, or * Remove any forest produce

Any sub-project that involves the following in reserved and protected forests: * Brick making involving extraction (for soil or fuel) from reserved or protected forests * Agriculture involving chemical pesticide use without an IPM approach * All infrastructure activities without permission from the Forest Department and all activities that require permission from the Forest Department for which such permission has not been taken

Any sub-project that involves the collection, moving and sale of forest produce without a permit from the Divisional Forest Officer and without a plan for sustainable extraction.

Any sub-project that involves selling or purchasing or curing or otherwise processing or collection or storage or transport of any minor forest produce without the required registration and permission from the Divisional Forest Officer.

Any sub-project that involves any of the following without prior written permission of the Forest Officer in public premises (any area under the control of Government Department and includes road sides; premises of institutions and public buildings, public gardens, porambokes, beroon lands, Panchayat lands, irrigation project sites and canal banks, tank bunds, tank spread and foreshores, etc.): * Felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning of any trees * Stripping off the bark or collecting leaves or otherwise damaging a tree * Removing any produce from such trees existing in public premises * Damaging, altering, removing any fence or live hedge fence

Any sub-project that involves the felling of the following 'prohibited trees' without a permit: 1. Veppam (Azadirachta indica) 2. Nattu illuppai (Madhuka latifolia) 3. Mamaram (Mangifera indica) 4. Naikottai (Sapindus emarginatus) 5. Ettimaran (Strychnos nuxvomica) 6. Puli (Tamarindus indica) 7. Pala (Artocarpus integrifolia and Artocarpus hirsuta) 8. Kdukkai (Termalia chebula) 9. Krumthumba (Diospyros malonaxylon) 10. Notchi (Vitex negundo) 11. Punnai (Calophyllum inophyllum)

Any sub-project that involves the cutting of the following reserved trees, if the tree does not exceed 120 cm. in girth at 1.3 metres height from ground level: 1. Mancha kadambu (Adina cordifolia) 2. Baimaram (Chloroxylon swietenia) 3. Ittimaram (Dalbergia latifolia) 4. Malai atti (Hardwickia binata)

111 Annexure 11

5. Raktachandanam (Pterocarpus santalinus) 6. Vengai (Pterocarpus marsupium) * 7. Sandanam (Santalum album) 8. Sal (Shorea robusta) 9. Poovatti (Schleichera trijuga) 10. Tekku (Tectona grandis) 11. Karaimarattu (Terminalia tomentosa) 12. Irul (Xylya dolabriformis) 13. Lavanga pattai (Cinnamon momum zeylanicum) 14. Jadikkai (Vinema attenuala) 15. Masathekkau (Premna Tomentosa) 16. Palai (Wrightoria tinetoria)

Any sub-project involving logging operations or purchase of logging equipment.

Any sub-project that involves the installation, erection or operation of a saw mill (a mechanical contrivance for sawing, cutting or conversion of timber with the aid of electrical or mechanical power) for cutting, converting or sawing of timber without a licence from the Divisional Forest Officer. Also, any sub-project that involves the setting up fresh saw mills within a distance of 5 km. from the boundary of any forest under the control of the Forest Department shall be granted.

Any sub-project which involves making charcoal, or cutting or cause to cut trees for the purposes of making charcoal, without the previous written permission of the Divisional Forest Officer concerned.

Concerning Coastal Areas

Any sub-project that involves setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery and natural fish drying in permitted areas) in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) (The Government of India declares the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 metres from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as CRZ).

Any sub-project that involves discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries and human settlements in the CRZ.

Any sub-project in the CRZ that involves land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of sea water with similar obstructions, except those required for control of coastal erosion and maintenance or cleaning of waterways and channels; for prevention of sandbars; and except for structures for prevention of salinity ingress and for sweet water recharge.

Any sub-project that involves mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials in the CRZ areas, except those raw materials not available outside the CRZ areas.

Any sub-project that involves harvesting or withdrawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms for the same within 200 metres of the high tide line. In the 200 metres to 500 metres zone it shall be permitted only when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries.

112 Annexure 11

Any construction activity between the low tide line and the high tide line.

Concerning Dams

Any sub-project involving a dam (existing or new) of 10 metres high or more.

Concerning Agriculture

Any agriculture sub-project that does not incorporate Integrated Pest Management (iPM) approaches.

Any agriculture sub-project that intends to use banned pesticides, agrochemicals in WHO Classes IA, IB and 11.Annexure 11

Any sub-projects that involve manufacture or sale, stocking or exhibiting for sale or distribution of any insecticide, without a licence.

Any sub-project involving intensive aquaculture involving harvest of fish/shrimp seed from the wild, pumping of saline water, conversion of prime agricultural land into aquaculture ponds, use of chemical inputs in natural wetlands and coastal habitats.

Concerning Cultural Property

No sub-projects that will damage non-replicable cultural property will be permitted.

Concerning Water

Any sub-project that involves sinking any well (other than any well for public drinking purpose and hand pump for public or private drinking water purpose) in the vicinity of a public drinking water source within a distance of 250 meters, without permission from the Tamil Nadu Water supply and Drainage Board (TWSDB) for all the districts except Chennai. For Chennai, Chennai Metro Water supply and Sanitation Board if the well is to be used with a power driven pump, without permission from TNEB for all the districts except Chennai.

Any sub-project that involves sinking a well without the permission of the State ground and Surface water resources data center of water resources organization in PWD.

Any sub-project that involves sinking of a bore well in a dark Block unless it is for the purpose of providing drinking water. Annexure 16

Concerning Land

Any sub-project that involves brick manufacturing in areas where the soil is prone to erosion and depletion.

Any sub-project for constructions within a radius of 10 kilometres of coal based thermal power plants not involving use of bricks made of fly ash.

113 Annexure- 12

Banned Pesticide Classification List - WHO

Table 1. Extremely hazardous (Class la) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) - not permissible in the project

Aldicarb Difethialone Parathion-methyl Brodifacoum Diphacinone Phenylmercury acetate Bromadiolone Disulfoton Phorate Bromethalin Ethoprophos Phosphamidon Calcium cyanide Flocoumafen Sodium fluoroacetate Captafol Fonofos Sulfotep Chlorethoxyfos Hexachlorobenzene Tebupirimfos Chlormephos Mercuric chloride Terbufos Chlorophacinone Mevinphos Difenacoum Parathion

Table 2. Highly hazardous (Class lb) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (Common name) - not permissible in the project

Acrolein Ethiofencarb Oxamyl Allyl alcohol Famphur Oxydemeton-methyl Azinphos-ethyl Fenamiphos Paris green [C] Azinphos-methyl Flucythrinate Pentachlorophenol Blasticidin-S Fluoroacetamide Pindone Butocarboxim Formetanate Pirimiphos-ethyl Butoxycarboxim Furathiocarb Propaphos Cadusafos Heptenophos Propetamphos Calcium arsenate Isazofos Sodium arsenite Carbofuran Isofenphos Sodium cyanide Chlorfenvinphos Isoxathion Strychnine 3-Chloro-1,2- Lead arsenate Tefluthrin propanediol Mecarbam Thallium sulfate Coumaphos Mercuric oxide Thiofanox Coumatetralyl Methamidophos Thiometon Zeta-cypermethrin Methidathion Triazophos Demeton-S-methyl Methiocarb Vamidothion Dichlorvos Methomyl Warfarin Dicrotophos Monocrotophos Zinc phosphide Dinoterb Nicotine Edifenphos Omethoate Annexure- 12

Table 3. Moderately hazardous (Class 11)technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (Common name) - not permissible in the project

Alanycarb Endosulfan Paraquat Anilofos Endothal-sodium Pebulate Azaconazole Esfenvalerate Permethrin Azocyclotin Ethion Phenthoate Bendiocarb Etrimfos Phosalone Benfuracarb Fenazaquin Phosmet Bensulide Fenitrothion Phoxim Bifenthrin Fenobucarb Piperophos Bilanafos Fenpropidin Pirimicarb Bioallethrin Fenpropathrin Prallethrin Bromoxynil Fenthion Profenofos Bromuconazole Fentin acetate Propiconazole Bronopol Fentin hydroxide Propoxur Butamifos Fenvalerate Prosulfocarb Butylamine Fipronil Prothiofos Carbaryl Fluxofenim Pyraclofos Carbosulfan Formothion Pyrazophos Cartap Fuberidazole Pyrethrins Chloralose Gamma-HCH Pyroquilon Chlordane Guazatine Quinalphos Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Chlorphonium chloride Heptachlor Rotenone Chlorpyrifos Imazalil Sodium fluoride Clomazone Imidacloprid Sodium Copper sulfate Iminoctadine hexafluorosilicate Cuprous oxide loxynil Spiroxamine Cyanazine loxynil octanoate Sulprofos Cyanophos lsoprocarb Terbumeton Cyfluthrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Tetraconazole Beta-cyfluthrin Mercurous chloride Thiacloprid Cyhalothrin Metaldehyde Thiobencarb Cypermethrin Metam-sodium Thiocyclam Alpha-cypermethrin Methacrifos Thiodicarb Cyphenothrin Methasulfocarb Triazamate Deltamethrin Methyl isothiocyanate Trichlorfon Diazinon Metolcarb Tricyclazole Difenzoquat Metribuzin Tridemorph Dimethoate Molinate Vernolate Dinobuton Nabam Xylylcarb Diquat Naled

ii Annexure- 12

Table 4. Slightly hazardous (Class 111) technical grade ingredients of pesticides (Common name) - permissible under [PM

Acephate Fluchloralin Resmethrin Acetochlor Flufenacet Sethoxydim Acifluorfen Fluoroglycofen Simetryn Alachlor Flurprimidol Sodium chlorate Allethrin Flusilazole Sulfiuramid Ametryn Flutriafol Tebuconazole Amitraz Fomesafen Tebufenpyrad Azamethiphos Furalaxyl Tebuthiuron Bensultap Glufosinate Thiram Bentazone Hexazinone Tralkoxydim Bromofenoxim Hydramethyinon Triadimefon Butroxydim Iprobenfos Triadimenol Chinomethionat Isoprothiolane Tri-allate Chlormequat (chloride) Isoproturon Triclopyr Chloroacetic acid Isouron Triflumizole Chlorthiamid Malathion Undecan-2-one Copper hydroxide MCPA-thioethyl Uniconazole Copper oxychloride Mecoprop Ziram Cycloate Mecoprop-P Cyhexatin Mefluidide Cymoxanil Mepiquat Cyproconazole Metalaxyl Dazomet Metamitron Desmetryn Metconazole Dicamba Methylarsonic acid Dichlormid Metolachlor Dichlorobenzene Myclobutanil Dichlorophen 2-Napthyloxyacetic acid Dichlorprop Nitrapyrin Diclofop Nuarimol Dienochlor Octhilinone Diethyltoluamide N-octylbicycloheptene Difenoconazole dicarboximide Dimepiperate Oxadixyl Dimethachlor Paclobutrazol Dimethametryn Pendimethalin Dimethipin Pimaricin Dimethylarsinic acid Pirimiphos-methyl Diniconazole Prochloraz Dinocap Propachlor Diphenamid Propanil Dithianon Propargite Dodine Pyrazoxyfen Empenthrin Pyridaben Esprocarb Pyridaphenthion Etridiazole Pyridate Fenothiocarb Pyrifenox Ferimzone Quinoclamine Fluazifop-p-butyl Quizalofop

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii Annexure - 12

Table 5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use (Common name) - permissible Chlorothalonil Ethirimol Aclonifen Chlorotoluron Ethofumesate Acrinathrin Chlorpropham Etofenprox Alloxydim Chlorpyrifos methyl Famoxadone Amitrole Chlorsulfuron Fenarimol Ammonium sulfamate Chlorthal-dimethyl Fenbutatin oxide Ancymidol Chlozolinate Fenchlorazole Anthraquinone Cinmethylin Fenclorim Asulam Cinosulfuron Fenfuram Atrazine Clofentezine Fenhexamid Azimsulfuron Clomeprop Fenoxycarb Azoxystrobine Clopyralid Fenpiclonil Benalaxyl Cloxyfonac Fenpropimorph Benazolin Cryolite [C] Fenuron Benfluralin Cycloprothrin Fenuron-TCA Benfuresate Cyclosulfamuron Ferbam Benomyl Cycloxydim Flamprop Benoxacor Cyhalofop Flucarbazone-sodium Bensulfuron-methyl Cyromazine Flucycloxuron Bifenox Daimuron Flufenoxuron Bioresmethrin Dalapon Flumetralin Biphenyl Daminozide Flumetsulam Bispyribac Desmedipham Fluometuron Bitertanol Diafenthiuron Flupropanate Borax Dichlobenil Flupyrsulfuron Bromacil Dichlofluanid Flurenol Bromobutide Diclomezine Fluridone Bromopropylate Dicloran Flurochloridone Bupirimate Diclosulam Fluroxypyr Buprofezin Diethofencarb Fluthiacet Butachlor Diflubenzuron Flutolanil Butralin Diflufenican tau-Fluvalinate Butylate Dikegulac Folpet Captan Dimefuron Fosamine Carbendazim Dimethirimol Fosetyl Carbetamide Dimethomorph Gibberellic acid Carboxin Dimethyl phthalate Glyphosate Carpropamid Dinitramine Hexaconazole Chlomethoxyfen Dipropyl Hexaflumuron Chloramben isocinchomerate Hexythiazox Chloransulam methyl Dithiopyr Hydroprene Chlorbromuron Diuron Hymexazol Chlorfluazuron Dodemorph Imazamethabenzmethy Chloridazon Ethalfluralin I Chlorimuron Ethephon Imazapyr

iv Annexure - 12

Imazaquin Phenylphenol Tolclofos-methyl Imazethapyr Phosphorus acid Tolylfluanid Imibenconazole Phthalide Transfluthrin Inabenfide Picloram Triasulfuron Iprodione Piperonyl butoxide Tribenuron lprovalicarb Pretilachlor Trietazine Isoxaben Primisulfuron Triflumuron Kasugamycin Probenazole Trifluralin Lenacil Procymidone Triflusulfuron-methyl Linuron Prodiamine Triforine Maleic hydrazide Prometon Triticonazole Mancozeb Prometryn Validamycin Maneb Propamocarb Vinclozolin Mefenacet Propaquizafop Zine Mepanipyrim Propazine Mepronil Propham Metazachlor Propineb Methabenzthiazuron Propyzamide Methoprene Pyrazolynate Methoxychlor Pyrazosulfuron Methyldymron Pyrimethanil Metiram Pyriminobac Metobromuron Pyriproxyfen Metosulam Pyrithiobac sodium Metoxuron Quinclorac Metsulfuron methyl Quinmerac Monolinuron Quinoxyfen 2-(1-Naphthyl) Quintozene acetamide Rimsulfuron 1-Naphthylacetic acid Siduron Napropamide Simazine Naptalam Spinosad Neburon Sulfometuron Niclosamide Sulphur Nicosulfuron Tebutam Nitrothal-isopropyl Tecnazene Norflurazon Teflubenzuron Ofurace Temephos Oryzalin Terbacil Oxabetrinil Terbuthylazine Oxadiazon Terbutryn Oxine-copper Tetrachlorvinphos Oxycarboxin Tetradifon Oxyfluorfen Tetramethrin Penconazole Thiabendazole Pencycuron Thidiazuron Pentanochlor Thifensulfuron-methyl Phenmedipham Thiophanate-methyl Phenothrin Tiocarbazil

v I Ii

i Ii

T Annexure - 13 Questionnaire Name of the Industry Total area covered

Year of establishment

Number of employees

Raw materials required

Place from where procured, its handling

Quantity of different raw materials

Source of water

Volume of water required

Wastewater generation (Volume) * Process * Sanitary I domestic

Mode of effluent disposal

Whether ETP / STP present

Treatment scheme

By product generation (both solid & liquid) * Its Utilization

Solid I hazardous waste * Handling * Quantity * Mode of disposal Energy requirement Energy requirement * Diesel I Electricity I Coal I Fire wood * Connected load in case of electricity * Quantity of Diesel required, coal or fire wood

Noise: Sources, Preventive measures, Protective gadgets Air pollution: Source, control devices if any

Health Aspect (provided) * Fist aid box * Routine medicines * Ambulance

Risk Management I

I I I i i I Annexure 14

List of Stakeholders

Si. List of Stakeholders Date Visited No. 1 Infrastructure Development Finance Co. Ltd. (IDFC) 09/01/04 2 TNCDW, Guindy, Chennai 31/12/2003 3 TNPCB, Guindy, Chennai 31/12/2003 4 NEERI Zonal Office, Taramani, Chennai 31/12/2003 07/01, 08/01, 10/01 and 11/01/04 5 Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University 08/01, 09/01 and 10/01/04 6 Tamil Nadu Urban Development Corporation, Chennai 08/01/ and 09/01/04 7 Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development 08/01/ and 09/01/04 Corporation Ltd., 84, TTK Road, Alwarpet, Chennai 8 National Information Centre, Besantnagar, Chennai 10/01/04 9 Integrated Rural Community Development Society (IRCDS), 03/01/04 Tiruvallur 10 Chennai district small scale industries association, GST Road, 11/01/04 Guindy (CDSSIA) 11 Sir Dr. C.P. Ramaswamy lyer Environmental Education 02/01/04 Centre, Eldam's Road, Chennai Project Offices 1 . Mrs. V. Indira, PO 03/01 and 04/01/04 Collectorate building, Thiruvallur 2 * Mr. S. Sudarshanam, PO 05/01 and 06/01/04 Valudureddy, Villupuram 3 * Ms. Madhavi, PO 06/02 and 07/02/04 . Mr. Tirupati, APO Collectorate Campus, Dharmapuri 4 . Mr. N. Idimannan, PO 08/02/04 Idari Road, Salem 5 . Mr. G. Ramiah, PO 09/02/04 . Mr. Arumugam, APO Spencer Comppound, Dindigul 6 * Mr. P. Murugesan, PO 10/02/04 . Ms. Vijaya Sarathi, APO Gandhi Road, NRT Nagar, Theni NGOs 1 Madras Social Services Society, Thiruvallur 03/01/04 2 Varsha Federation, Villuppuram 05/01 and 06/01/04 3 Kalvi Kendra, Villupuram 05/02 and 06/02/04 4 Members of District Project Implementation Unit, Villupuram 06/01/04 5 Integrated Village Development Project (IVDP), Dharmapuri 06/02 and 07/02/04 6 Society for People's Environment and Economic Development 06/02 and 07/02/04 (SPEED), Dharmapuri 7 Kingsley Community Centre (KCC), Dharmapuri 06/02 and 07/02/04 8 Search - Dharmapuri 06/02/ and 07/02/04 9 Power - Dharmapuri 06/02/ and 07/02/04 10 Bharathiyar Makkal Nalvazhun Sangam (BMNS), Salem 08/02/04 11 Community Services Guild (CSG), Veeranum, Salem 08/02/04 12 Deepam People's Society, Aarovilla, Main Road, Yercaud 06/02/04 13 Semmanatham, Yercaud, Salem 08/02/04 14 Peoples Voluntary Integration Services Organization 08/02/04 (PEVISO), Salem

i Annexure 14

15 Peace Trust - Dindigul 09/02/04 16 Gandhigram Trust, Dindigul 09/02/04 17 Sirpi, Theni 10/02/04 18 Chanard, Theni 10/02/04 19 Green, Theni 10/02/04 20 Vaigai, Theni 10/02/04 21 Inanindakaikal, Theni 10/02/04 22 Chinnamanur, Theni 10/02/04 23 More than 50 SHG Groups from the above six districts 05/02 to 09/02/04 24 Village Panchayat Representation 06/02/04

11 ANNEXURE 15

JFORM A-1 Deleted: - [To be filled by the Environmental Appraiser of the Village Livelihood Plan (VLP)]

1. Name of the Village

2. Date of submission of VLP

3. Description of the Activity

4. Whether the Activity is included in the list of Environmentally critical ("Negative") activities'

5. Evaluation of Environmental impacts based on the following items - Is the Activity listed in the ERM? - If yes, which category to be referred (El, E2, E3) - If no, kindly categorize the activity as follows2

Impact SCORE Air Water Solid Waste Total

6. Relevant TEGs for the activities to be taken up (Quote page number from ERM, also attach photocopy from ERM)

7. Any other specific suggestions for mitigating o Negative Environmental Impacts o Enhancement of Environmental benefits

8. Required conditions for final approval 3

9. Activity initially Approved/ Not Approved

Signature Signature

Name of Appraiser DLBBSG Project Officer

' Refer list of Environmentally Critical Activities in Environment Resource Manual (ERM). 2 Refer Annexure 9 of ERM. 3For E3 category activities, an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) required Form A-2 [To be submitted by subproject proponent]

1. Name of the SHG

2. Name of the Village

3. Activity Description a Attach copy of FORM 1":

4. Location of subproject

5. Have the suggested TEGs been incorporated in the proposal? (See FORM 1)

6. Have the prescribed conditions for final approval been met?

7. If FORM 1 indicates E3 activity, has the EIA been conducted? (The EIA report should be enclosed with the activity proposal)

8. Site-specific Environmental information

CATEGORY EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION Yes/No Are there known air quality problems in the area? Air Water Does the location fall under groundwater dark zone? Is the water highly saline? Does the project involve sinking a well near public water source within a distance of 250 meters? Land/Soil Is soil erosion/ depletion observed? Whether pesticides would be used? Whether aquaculture is envisaged in agriculture land? Will saline water be used for the project envisaged? Agriculture Whether the project incorporates IPM ?

Name and Signature

Representative of SHG

Refer Annexure-16 IPM 4 Integrated Pest Management FORM A-3 [To be filled by Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC) subproject subcommittee representative]

1. Name of the SHG

2. Name of the Village

3. Activity Description "Attach copy of FORM 1":

4. Location of subproject

5. Have the suggested TEGs been incorporated in the proposal? (See FORM 1)

7. In case of E3 and specialized subprojects, has an EIA report been submitted (The EIA report should be enclosed with the Activity proposal)

8. Have the subproject proposals been sent for scrutiny to DLBSG in case of E3 or specialized category activities

9. Based on the provided Site-specific environmental information, are there any additional serious environmental concerns? If yes, is the list sent to DLBSG for review?

10. For E3 class sub-projects, recommendation of the Environmental Appraiser: Is the sub-project recommended for clearance? Yes/No

| 1. Final Environmental Clearance: Is the proposal cleared? Yes/No tFormatted: Bullets and Numbering

(If not cleared, provide reasons. El and E2 class subprojects will be cleared by the VPRC. E3 class sub-projects can only be cleared by DLBSG, on recommendation of the Environmental Appraiser)

Name and Signature VPRC Subproject Subcommittee Representative

Name and Signature* Environmental Appraiser*

Name and Signature* DLBSG Project Officer*

* Only for E3 class sub-projects i i i i

i

I t Annexure 16

* I - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Deleted:-Section Break (etPg) * Guidelines for Environment Impact Assessment

A. Title and Executive Summary (include addresses and telephone numbers of the applicant(s))

B. Project Description 1. Purpose and Justification 2. Location (including maps) 3. Proposed actions

C. Existing Environmental Setting (Baseline information including historical data)

1. Natural Environment a. Physical features (e.g. climate, topographic maps, geology) b. Natural Resources * Water * Soils * Biological * Unique Feature (e.g. wetlands, etc.) c. Habitat d. Plants e. Animals

2. Human Environment a. Land Use (e.g. zoning, land use plans, etc.) b. Existing Infrastructure * Water * Sewer * Power * Roads (access) * Drainage c. Unique Features (e.g. archaeological/cultural)

D. Alternatives (Considered/Selected) 1. Alternative locations 2. Alternative designs/site layouts 3. Preferred alternative (and reasons for selection)

E. Alternatives compared (impact analysis/comparative matrix)

F. Project Impacts (preferred alternative) 1. Construction impacts a. Permanent b. Temporary 2. Operational a. Direct b. Indirect 3. Social/Cultural impacts 4. Cumulative Impacts 5. Estimate the significance or magnitude of environmental impacts and identify relevant criteria utilized to determine significance. a. Based on existing statute, regulation or standard b. Based on information specific to this study c. Compared to existing studies

G. Mitigation/Technical Environmental Guidelines - (Measures proposed to avoid, reduce or compensate for project impacts which are not significant) 1. Construction mitigation a. Description of each proposed mitigation technique b. Effectiveness of mitigation c. Environmental monitoring

2. Operational mitigation a. Description of each proposed technique b. Effectiveness c. Environmental monitoring

H. Compliance with environmental statutes and regulations 1. Water 2. Air 3. Pesticides 4. Solid and Hazardous Wastes 5. Protected or endangered species 6. Protected habitat

1.Conclusions

J. Appendices (supporting data) 1. Baseline Studies/Surveys 2. Other Data/Reports