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Contextual Water Targets Pilot Study Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, India

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Contextual Water Targets Pilot Study Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, India CONTEXTUAL WATER TARGETS PILOT STUDY NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN, INDIA May 2019 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) 1 Bangalore, India This publication is based on the project report submitted to the Pacific Institute, USA as the result of the study on contextual water targets in the Noyyal-Bhavani river basin, India. Study duration: October 2018 to April 2019 Financial support: Pacific Institute, USA Additional financial support: World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF-India). Authors: Apoorva R., Rashmi Kulranjan, Choppakatla Lakshmi Pranuti, Vivek M., Veena Srinivasan Suggested Citation: R. Apoorva, Kulranjan, R., Pranuti, C. L., Vivek, M., and Srinivasan, V. 2019. Contextual Water Targets Pilot Study: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin. Bengaluru. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE). Front-cover Photo Caption: Noyyal outflows from the Orathupalayam dam, which had become a reservoir of polluted water for years. Front-cover Photo Credit: Apoorva R. (2019) Back-cover Photo Caption: Untreated sewage in a drain flows towards the River Noyyal near Tiruppur city, Tamil Nadu Back-cover Photo Credit: Rashmi Kulranjan (2019) Acknowledgement: We are grateful to Mr. Ganesh Shinde from ATREE for his help and guidance related to land use classification and GIS maps in this project. We would like to thank all the participants of the project consultative meeting held in Coimbatore in March 2019 for sharing their ideas and contributing to the discussion. We are thankful to Ms. Upasana Sarraju for proofreading and formatting this report. 2 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 CHAPTER 1 CONTEXT-BASED WATER TARGETS -------------------------------------------------------- 5 MOTIVATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR SHARED WATER CHALLENGES --------------------------------------------------------- 5 STUDY REGION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 BASELINE CONDITIONS AND DESIRED END STATE -------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 SUMMARY OF SHARED WATER CHALLENGES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 CHAPTER 2 ACCESS TO WATER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 CONTEXT: ACCESS TO WATER IN INDIA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 CONTEXT: ACCESS TO WATER IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI BASIN --------------------------------------------------- 13 ACCESS TO WATER IN URBAN AREAS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 ACCESS TO WATER IN RURAL AREAS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 WATER SUPPLY-RELATED GOVERNANCE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: ACCESS TO WATER --------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 CHAPTER 3 ACCESS TO SANITATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 CONTEXT: ACCESS TO SANITATION IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT ------------------------------------------------------ 22 ACCESS TO SANITATION IN URBAN AREAS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 ACCESS TO SANITATION IN RURAL AREAS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 SANITATION-RELATED GOVERNANCE – FAECAL SLUDGE POLICY -------------------------------------------------- 24 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: ACCESS TO SANITATION ---------------------------------------------------------------- 25 CHAPTER 4 WATER QUANTITY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 WATER QUANTITY CHALLENGES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 WATER DEMAND IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN ---------------------------------------------------------- 29 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: WATER QUANTITY----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 CHAPTER 5 WATER QUALITY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 SUB-BASIN CONTEXTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 CASE STUDY: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION BY THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY ------------------------------------------------- 35 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE NOYYAL SUB-BASIN ------------------------------------------------------------- 37 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE BHAVANI SUB-BASIN ------------------------------------------------------------ 39 GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI BASIN -------------------------------------------------------- 40 KEY ISSUES RELATED TO WATER QUALITY IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN ------------------------------- 41 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: WATER QUALITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 1 CHAPTER 6 WATER-ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS -------------------------------------------------------------- 47 WATER – ECOSYSTEM RELATED CHALLENGES IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN -------------------------- 47 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: WATER – ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS -------------------------------------------------------- 50 CHAPTER 7 WATER-CRISIS PREPAREDNESS ------------------------------------------------------------- 52 DROUGHTS IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI SUB-BASINS ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 FLOODS IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI SUB-BASINS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 OTHER WATER-RELATED RISKS IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI SUB-BASINS ------------------------------------------- 55 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: WATER-CRISIS PREPAREDNESS --------------------------------------------------------- 55 CHAPTER 8 WATER GOVERNANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 WATER GOVERNANCE-RELATED CHALLENGES --------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 PREVENTION AND REGULATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER POLLUTION --------------------------------- 58 BASIN CONTEXT METRICS: WATER GOVERNANCE ------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 CHAPTER 9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -------------------------------------------- 60 WATER CHALLENGES IN THE NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN------------------------------------------------------ 60 RECOMMENDATIONS TOWARDS ADDRESSING SHARED WATER CHALLENGES ------------------------------------ 64 COIMBATORE CONSULTATIVE MEETING: PARTICIPANT COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS --------------------------- 67 REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 APPENDIX A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 APPENDIX B ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 APPENDIX C ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 APPENDIX D ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 APPENDIX E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 APPENDIX F ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 APPENDIX G ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 2 List of Abbreviations BIS Bureau of Indian Standards NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand Programme CETP Common Effluent Treatment NTADCL New Tiruppur Area Plants Development Corporation CGWA Central Ground Water Limited Authority PIL Public Interest Litigation CGWB Central Ground Water Board PPP Public-Private Partnership CII Commercial, Industrial and SBM Swachh Bharat Mission Institutional SEZ Special Economic Zone CPCB Central Pollution Control SLB Service Level Benchmark Board STP Sewage Treatment Plant CWC Central Water Commission TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control CWMA Cauvery Water Management Board Authority TNSDMA Tamil Nadu State Disaster CWSS Combined Water Supply Management Authority Scheme TWAD Tamil Nadu Water and DACP District Agricultural Drainage Board Contingency Plan ULB Urban Local Body DBU Designated Best Use UNFCCC United Nations Framework EC Electrical Conductivity Convention on Climate FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage Change Management ZLD Zero Liquid Discharge ICESCR International Covenant on WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Economic, Social and Cultural ETP Effluent Treatment Plant Rights FC Faecal
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