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OCCASIO I AL PAPER O. 36 RECORDS of the ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY of INDIA MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION OCCASIO I AL PAPER o. 36 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 36 A SURVEY OF THE CAUVERY RIVER SYSTEM WITH A MAJOR ACCOUNT OF ITS FISH FAUNA BY K. C. Jayaram Zoological Survey C!! India, Oalcutta-700 016 AND T~ Venkateswarlu" M. B. Ragunathan S.kern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Madras 600 028 Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey. of India 1982 ® Copyright 1982, Government of India Published in August, 1982 PRICE: 1 nlana : Rs. 4~.OO Foreign : £ 6.00 $ 9,50 PRINTED ~N INDIA BY THB BANI PRESS, 16 HBMENDRA SBN STRBBT, CALCUTTA-700 006 AND PUBLISHED BY THB DIRBCTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVBY OP INDIA, CALCUTTA. RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Miscellaneous Publication Occasional Paper No. 36 1982 Pages 1-115 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 WORK PROGRAMME ... 1 AUTHORSHIP ASSIGNMENTS 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 THE CAUVERY RIVER 3 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 5 TRIBUTARIES 5 COLLECTING STATIONS WITH ECOLOGICAL NOTES 7 MARGINAL AND AQUATIC BIOTA 18 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF CAUVERY FISHES 20 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT ••• 28 DISCUSSION 107 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 REFERENCES • • . , •• 112 INTRODUCTION Cauvery, Krishna and Godavary rivers constitute the major three ,1.er systems in South India. Geologically they are much older than die Oanga, Indus and Brahmaputra rivers of Northen India. The eco­ nomic prosperity of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Kerala and Karnataka is closely intertwined with the water-supply and potentialities of these three rivers. Since historical times their. waters have been extensively utilised for agriculture, fisheries, irrigation and tllYigation purposes. In recent years they have been further subjected tD' many multi-purpose hydro-electric and other utilitarian projects. sA number of old and new barrages, w~irs, anaicuts or dams, big and amall, have been constructed across these rivers. New channels have been dug out and taken in different directions for diverse purposes. Their entire form and structure, content and quality have changed with passage of time and have also been altered by human interference and agencies. Innumerable factories, workshops, human habitations, new townships have sprung up along their banks discharging their effluents' and ~a~t~s into these rivers thereby polluting the waters. 'The quality of the water ~us markedly changed have impinged upon their. aquatic inhabitants such as fin fish and shell-fish. Moreover the introduction of many exotic fish species, plantation of cash-crops and economically valuable plants along the banks have also considerably affected the biota. Despite all such importance, unfortunately not much attention has been given to these rivers especially in respect of their bio-res0l:1rces. Their faunistic content and conlposition is very poorly known. Except some scattered piece-meal work no consolidated account of their aquatic fauna is known. WORK PROGRAMME Under a long-term programme of an assessment of the bio-resources of these three rivers, a survey of the Cauvery river, was undertaken first. The survey was planned and exe.cuted in four stages as mentioned below. The river was divided into two stretches (i) from its confluenze with the Bay of Bengal at Kaveripattinam to Hogenaikal in Tamil Nadu and.' (ii) from its otigin at Talaicauvery to .Chikalur (Kollegal Taluq) in Karnataka. Each one of these ~ectors .was &urveyed for. two. ~~asons., 2 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. 36 one during the premonsoon period and another during the post-mon­ soon period. The period and personnel were as below.- Sector I. Stretch of the Cauvery in Tamil Nadu (from Kaveripattinam to Hogenaikal). Premonsoon perioa.-March 17, 1973 to April 18, 1Q73. Dr. K. C. Jayaram, Shri M. B. Raghunathan, Shri S. N. Nayak, Shri M. Arumugam. Postmonsoon pl}riod.-January 25, 1974 to February 24, 1974. Dr. K. C. J3:yaram, Shri T. Venkateswarlu, Shri N. Govindan, Shri P. ~gambaram. Sector II. Stretch of the Cauvery river in Karnataka (frorn Talaicauvery to Chikalur). Postmonsoon period. -September 28, 1975 to October 23, 1975. Dr. K. C. ]ayaram, Shri M. B. Raghunathan, Shri K. T. Dhanapal, Shri P. Egambaram. Premonsoon period. -May 3, 1977 to May 14, 1977. Dr. K. C. Jayaram, Shri P. Ponnurangam, Shri N. Janakiraman. Besides collections of fishes in principal, other aquatic inhabitants such as tadpoles, prawns, crabs, molluscs \\'ere also· obtained. Marginal biota, temperature of air and \vater and other characterstics of the river Were noted. Relevant meterological data such as rainfall, humidity, etc. were obtained from the India Meterological department of the Govt. of India. This paper presents for the first time a comprehensive account of the fish fauna of the Cauvery river system in its entirety, besides a summary of other biota. AUTHORSHIP ASSIGNMENTS The idea to undertake an ichthyological survey of the Cauvery river system in its entirety was mooted, planned and executed by the first author. Excepting for a short period (10.2.74 to 24.2.74) all the four field survey programmes were undertaken by the senior author. The identification and writing up of this paper was al~o done by him. The second author (Sri T. Venkateswarlu) could accompany the party only during the postmonsoon survey of the river in Tamil Nadu (25.1.74 to 24.2.74) and also acted as the leader of the team for a brief period (10.2.74 to 24.2.74). He also made a preliminary identification, and took certain counts and measurements. The third author Shri M. B. Raghunathan was a member of the party during the premonsoon survey · . ]AYARAM : CAUVERY FISHES of the Cauvery in Tamil Nadu (17.3.73 to 18.4.73) and also during the postmonsoon work in Karnataka (28.9.75 to 23.10.75). He also assisted in the identification, measurements and in the write up of the details of the river and its tributaries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Such a survey as undertaken by us would not have been possible but for the willing cooperation and active participation of the concerned state and' district fishery officials of the Tamil Nadu and Karnataka governments. We are indebted to the Directors of the two State Fishery departments, especially to Sarvashri Jaya Raj, Muddanna, C. G, Krishnamurthy, Malliapps Urs of Karnataka fisheries, Sarvashri Choodamani, Krishnaswami, Govindaswamy, Govindaraju of Tamil Nadu fisheries, for making all arrangements and assistance in the field. We are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India for facilities. Some fin ray counts of a few Puntiu8 species wer'e taken by Smt. T. J. Indra, Museum Assistant, Z. S. I., S. R. S., Madras. The marginal biota were identified by our colleagues in the Z. S. I. at Calcutta. We are thankful to all of them for their help. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONDENSATIONS USED A=Anal fin, BD=Body depth, BM (NH) = British Museum (Natural History), London, D=Dorsal fin, Ex = Example, examples, HCPD= Least height of caudal peduncle, lOW = Interorbital width, LCPD= Length of caudal peduncle, LH=Head length, LL=Lateral line, PDS=Predorsal scales, SL=Standard length, S. R. S=Southern Regio" nal Station, Stn == Station (== locality of collection), TL= Total length, ZSI=Zoological Suryey of India. THE CAUVERY RIVER Affectionately called by the tamils the "Ponni" meaning the gold giver or gold bearer, the Cauvery river is India's fourth largest and Tamil Nadu's biggest. It takes its origin at the Brahmagiri hills (12°25'N, 75°34 E) in the Sahayadri range in the Wes~ern ghats at Coorg district, Karnataka State at an elevation of 1355 m altitude. It traverses nearly 850 km draining approximately an area of 89, 600 km 9 en route. The Hirenge hole with its tributaries qrain the entire northern plateau of Mercara and contribute an immense bulk of waters to the Cauvery. The average rainfall of the catchment area is certainly not less than 500 ems and is spread over eight months of the year. At its origin at Talai Cauvery, it·is a small channel emanating from a perennial spring. (Plates VI, Fig. 41, VIII, Fig. 53). It runs through a deep gorge of thick 4 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA,.OCC~ PAPER NO. 36 evergreen jungle for about 19 km in a narrow channel of hardly thre'e meters width up to Bhagamandala where it is joined by its first tributary the Kannige river. The upper course of the river exhibits all the chara­ cterstics of the typical Malanad zone of the Mysore plateau, namely the river being very swift, flowing through deep gorges and steep ravines developing a number of rapids and small falls. Such a course is wit­ nessed up to Krishna Raja Sagar dam (K. R. S. dam, 12°20'N, 76°32'E), 16 km near Mysore town. This dam incidentally is the first man made barrier across its course. The river is joined by Hemavathi and Lakshmanathirtha, important tributaries both having their sources in the rainy Malanad and sub"arid eastern Mysore plateau. At Srirangapatnam the river bifurcates into two branches because .of the structural peculiarities of the bedrock and the two branches reunite again at a place called Sangam about 5 km from Srirang­ .apatnam town. Just below this dam and abovs its confluence with Shimsha the river crosses the 610 m. contour at Sivasamudram Island (12°16'N, 77°13'E) on either side of which it branches off in a succession of falls and rapids to a total drop of about 85 meters. Below Sivasam~dram the river plunges through a succession of wild gorges with right angle bends conforming to the NWjSE and SWINE stress of the plateau edge. Pannandu chakravani (= 12 whirl pools) Megatadu (== goat leap) are some of the landmarks in this course.
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