Introduction to Third Edition 1

Notes

Introduction to Third Edition 1. See HarryBrod, (1987), (ed.), The Making of Masculinities: The New Men’s Studies, Boston, Allen &Unwin. 2. Lionel Tiger, (1999), The Decline of Males, New York, St. Martin’s. 3. Anthony Clare, (2000), On Men: TheCrisis of Masculinitty,p.3, Chatto & Windus. 4. R.W.Connell, (2005), ‘Change amongthe Gatekeepers: Men, Masculinities, and Gender Equalityin theGlobal Arena’, Siggns,30:3, Spring, p.1805 5. What About Boys? A Literature Review on the Health and Development of Adoles- cent Boys, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; F. Cleaver, (2000), ‘Do Men Matter? New Horizons in Genderand Development’, Insigghts Development Research, December pp.35–6; D. Williams, (2003), ‘The Health of Men: Structured Inequalitiesand Opportunities’, American Journal of Public Health, May, vol. 93, no. 5, pp.24–31. 6.Organisation for Economic Co-operationand Development (OECD)(2003), available at http://www.oecd.org/document. 7. Michael Roper, (1994), Masculinitty and the British Organization Man since 1945, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 8. Archive for Daryl Williams Attorney-General for Australia 1996–2003, www.ag. gov.au/agd/WWW/attorneygeneralHome.nsf/Page/Media_Releases_1998_ June_ Telephone_Service_for_Men_in_Crisis, accessed January 18, 2006. 9. ‘Singlesex classes to help failingboys’, (2000), Observerr, August 20, p.6. 10. See Katherine Rake, (2000), ‘Men first: women are missing out on the New Deal programme forthe unemployed’, Guarrdian, June 20,p.7. 11. See, for example, TheMen’s Health Forum, Gettinng It Sorted: A New Policcyffor Men’s Health, A Consultative Document, Email: [email protected] Web: www.menshealthforum.org.uk, June 2002. 12.ReportedbyEd Vulliamy, ‘Boyswill be boys ’, (2001), Observerr, March 4, p.3. 13.ibid. 14. Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons From theMMyths of Boyhood, (2000),New York,Random House. 15. Christina Hoff Sommers, (2000), The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harminng Our Younng Men, New York, Simon &Schuster. 16. David Blunkett, quoted in Yvonne Roberts, ‘Blaming the Girls’, (2000), Guardian, August 22, p.16. 17. MichèleCohen, (1998), ‘“A habit of healthyideleness”: boy’sunderachieve- ment in historical perspective’ in Epstein et al. (eds), FailingBoys: Issues inGender and Achievementt, Basingstoke, Open University Press; Tony Sewell, (1997), Black Masculinities and Schooling: How Black Boys Survive Modern Schoolingg, Stoke-on- Trent, Trentham Books. 18. John Charlton et al. (1993), ‘Suicide deathsinEngland and Wales: trends in factors associated with suicide deaths’, Populattion Trends, no. 71, Spring.

261 262 Notes

19. The Commission on Children and Violence, (1995), Children and Violence, London, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. 20. Transcript of BBC Radio 4, January 1996, ’Clever Girlsand Lost Boys: TheProblem of Co-Education’,p.25. 21. See, for example, Mary Evans, (1991), ‘TheProblem of Gender for Women’s Studies’, in Out of the Margins: Women’sSudies in the Nineties, pp.67–75, London, Falmer Press. In the USA, the male gender theorist, Calvin Thomas did a survey at theclose of the 1990stodiscover how many men hadbeen hired inpositions advertised as ‘gender studies’ in Englishdepartments and found indeed that some appointments hadbeenmade, in one case a ‘women’s studies’ position transmuting into ‘gender studies’ in order to hire a man. See Calvin Thomas, (2002), ‘Reenfleshing theBrightBoys; or How MaleBodies Matter to Feminist Theory’, in Judith KeganGardiner (ed.), Masculinitty Studies and Feminist Theorry: New Directtions, New York, Columbia University Press. 22. Sally Robinson, (2003), ‘Pedagogy of the Opaque:Teaching Masculinity Studies’, in Judith Kegan Gardiner (ed.), Masculinitty Studies and FeministT heorry: New Direc- tions, pp.141–60, NewYork. 23. Melanie Moore, (1997), ‘Biased and Political: Student Perceptions of Females Teaching about Gender’, College Student Journal, 31.4, p.434. 24. R.W.Connell, (1987), Gender and Powerr, Cambridge, Polity,; Michael Kimmel, (1987), (ed.), Channginng Men: New Directions in Researrch on Men and Masculinitty, London and California, Sage,; Michael Kaufman, (1987), (ed.), Beyond Patriarchy: Essays by Men on Powerr, Toronto, Oxford University Press; Harry Brod, op.cit.; Jeff Hearn, (1992), Men in thePublicEye, London and New York,Routledge; Michael Messner, (1997), Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movementts, London andCalifornia, Sage; Fred Pfiel, (1995), White Guys: Sttudies in Postmodern Domination and Difffer- ence,London and New York, Verso; Calvin Thomas, op.cit.; John Beynon, (2002), Masculinities and Culture, Buckingham and Philadelphia,Open University Press. 25. Joseph A. Boone and Michael Cadden, (1990), ‘Of Me(n) and Feminism’ in Engen- dering Men: The Questionu of Male Feminist Criticism, p.24, London and New York. 26. Robert Bly, (1990), Iron John, Boston, Addison-Wesley. 27. See Judith Newton, (2005), From Pantthers to Promise Keepers: Retthinkingt he Men’s Movementt, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield. 28. Micahel Kimmel, (1995), (ed.), ThePolitics of Manhood:Profeminist Men Respond to theMMythopoeticMMen’s Movement (and theMMythopoeticLeaders Answer), Philadelphia, Temple UniversityPress; Michael Messner, op.cit.; Michael Schwalbe, (1996), Unlockinng the Iron Caage: The Men’s Movement, Gender Politics, and American Culture, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 29. Tania Modleski, (1991), Feminism Witthout Women: Culture and Criticism in aPostfeminist Agge, London and New York,Routledge; Biddy Martin, (1994), ‘Extraordinary Homosexualsand theFear of Being Ordinary’, Diffferences, Summer–Fall, p.103. 30. Sally Robinson, (2000), Marrked Men: White Masculinitty in Crisis, New York, Columbia University Press. 31. George L. Mosse, (1996), The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinitty, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 32. Michael Kimmel, (1996), Manhood in America: A Cultural Historry, New York, The Free Press. 33. See Michèle Barrett and Anne Phillips,(1992), (eds), Introduction, Destabilizinng Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates, Cambridge, Polity Press. 34. (1990), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identitty, London, Routledge. 35. Judith Butler, (2004), ‘TheQQuestion of Social Transformation’,in Undoing Genderr, p.213, London and New York,Routledge. Notes 263

36. Judith Butler, (1994)‘Against Proper Objects’, Diffferences: AJJournal of Feminist Culturala Studies, vol. 6,no. 2/3, p.20. 37. Eve KosofskySedgwick, (1995), ‘“Gosh Boy George, You Must Be awfully Secure in Your Masculinity”’, in Maurice Berger etal. (eds), Constructing Masculinity, pp.12,13, London, Routledge. 38. Judith Halberstam, (1998), Female Masculinitty, p.2,Durham and London, Duke University Press. 39. Cindy Patton, (1991), ‘Unmediated Lust’, in Tessa Boffin and Jean Fraser (eds), Stolen Glances: Lesbians Take Photographs, pp.238, 239,London, Pandora Press. 40. Calvin Thomas, (2000), ‘Straight with aTwist’, in Calvin Thomas (ed.) Straigght with a Twist: Queer Theorry and the Subject of Heterosexualitty,pp.14, 24, Illinois, Universityof Illinois Press. 41.ibid, p.32. 42.Helene Cixous, (1998), ‘Sorties’,in J. Rivkinand M.R yan (eds), Literarry Theorry:An Anthologgy, p.583, Oxford,Blackwell; Brian Pronger, (1998)‘OnYour Knees: Carnal Knowledge, MasculineDissolution, DoingFeminism’, in Tom Digby (ed.), Mene Doinng Feminism,p.72, London,Routledge. 43.See Peter Redman, (2000), ‘“Tarred with the sameBrush” ’: “Homophobia” and the Role of the Unconscious in School-based Culturesof Masculinity’, Sexualities, vol.3, no. 4; pp.483–99; DebbieEpstein and Richard Johnson, Schoolinng Sexu- alities, (1998),Buckingham,Open University Press; Ann Phoenixand Stephen Frosh, (2001), ‘Positionedby“Hegemonic” Masculinities: A Study of London Boys’ Narratives of Identity’, Austrralian Psychologist. 44. Jay Prosser, (1998), Second Skins:T heBody Narrratives of Transsexualitty,p.11, New York, Columbia UniversityPress. 45. Margaret Wetherall and Nigel Edley, (1999), ‘NegotiatingHegemonic Masculinity: Imaginary Positionsand Psycho-Discursive Practices’, Feminism and Psychologgy, 9: pp.335–56. 46. Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherall, (1995), Men in Persspecttive: Practtice,Power and Identitty, London, Prentice Hall, Harvester Wheatsheaf; A. Cornwall and N. Lindis- farne, (eds), (1994), Dislocatting Masculinitty: Commparattive Etnograaphies, London and New York,Routledge. 47. Phoenix and Frosh, op.cit. 48. Bethan Benwell, (2004), ‘Ironic Discourse: Evasive Masculinity in Men’s Life- style Magazines’, Men and Masculinities, vol. 7, no. 1, 3–21, p.3. See also Bethan Benwell, (2003), (ed.), Masculinitty and Men’sLifestyleMaagazines, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. 49. See John Beynon, (2002), Masculinities and Culture, Buckingham, Open University Press; Stephen M. (2002),Whitehead, Men and Masculinities: Keey Themes and New Directions, Cambridge,Polity Press; Michael Kimmel,Jeff Hearn and R.W. Connell (2005), (eds), The Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. 50. See Jeff Hearn, (1999), ‘ACrisis in Masculinity or New AgendasorMen?’,in Sylvia Walby (ed.), Newe Agendas for Women, London, Macmillan; R.W. Connell, ‘Globalization, Imperialism and Masculinities’, in Kimmel, etal., op.cit.; Michael Messner, ‘Still aMan’sWorld?: Studying Masculinities andSport’, in Kimmel, et al., op.cit. 51. Lynne Segal, (1997), ‘Menat Bay: The Contemporary Crisis of Masculinity’, Intro- duction to the 1997 edition of Slow Motion: Channginng Masculinities, Channginng Men, p.xxv, London, Virago. 52. (2006), ‘Sexand Power: WhoRuns Britain?’,Equal Opportunity Commission. 53. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild, (2003), (eds), Global Woman: Nannies, Maidsand Sex Worrkers in the New Economy, London, Granta Books. 264 Notes

54. See John Cooley, (2000), UnholyWWars: Afghanistan, Americaand Internattional Terrrorism, London, Pluto Press; Paul Hirst, (2001), War and Power in the 21st Centurry, Cambridge, Polity; Dilip Hiro, (2002), War Witthout End:TTheRise of Islamist Terrorism and the Global Ressponse, London and New York,Routledge; Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, (2002), WorlddsinCollision: Terror and the Future of Global Orderr, Basingstoke, Palgrave. 55. Quoted in Bob Woodward, (2004), Planof Atttack, p.178,New York,Simon & Schuster. 56. Chalmers Johnson, (2006), The Sorrows of Empire: How the American People Lostt, London, Verso. 57. See her latest book,Cynthia Enloe, (2004), The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in The New Age of Empiree, Berkeley, Universityof California Press. 58. See CynthiaCockburn, (2003), The Line: Women, Partition and the Gender Order in Cyprus, London, Zed. 59. See, Ingeborg Breines,RobertConnell and Ingrid Eide, (2000), (eds) MaleRoles, Mascua linities and Violence: A Cultureof Peace Persspective, Paris, UNESCO. 60. See, Human Rights Watch World Report 2006, http://hrw.org/podcast/ wr2k6pod.xml; (2001), Women, Genderr, and HumanRights,New Jersey, Rutgers University Press. 61. Adam Jones (2004), (ed.), Gendercide and Genocide, p.2, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press. 62.ibid., pp.98–9. 63. Judith Butler, (2004), Precarious Life: The Power of Mourninng and Violencee, London, Verso.

Introduction to the OriginalEdition 1.Virginia Woolf, (1977), A Room of One’sOwn, p.28, London, Granada. 2. Peter Schwenger, (1989), ‘TheMasculine Mode’, in Elaine Showalter, (ed.), Speaking of Genderr, p.110, London, Routledge. 3. Deirdre English, (1980), ‘ThePolitics of Porn’, Motther Jones, San Francisco, Mother Jones Reprint.

1 Look Backin Anger: Men in the Fifties 1. FayWeldon, (1971), Down Amonng the Women, p.106, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 2. Walter Allen, (1960),Review of Lucky Jim, (first published 1954), reprinted in G. Feldman and M. Gartenberg (eds), Protest, p.286, London, Panther. 3. Kenneth Allsop, (1964), The AngrryDecade, p.203, London, Peter Owen. 4. Storm Jameson in Allsop,ibid, p.201. 5. Jean McCrindle, (1987), ‘TheLeft as Social Movement’ talk given at Out of Apathy Conference, on 30 years of the British New Left, organised by Oxford University Socialist Discussion Group. 14th November. 6. Quoted in Denise Riley, (1983), War in the Nurserry, p.193,London, Virago. 7. Michael Young and Peter Willmott, (1962), Family and Kinship in East London, p.30, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 8. Johnand Elizabeth Newson, (1963), Patterns of Infant Care in an Urban Communitty, p.145, London, Allen & Unwin. 9. Anthony Sampson, (1962), Anatomy of Britain, p.73,London, Hodder & Stoughton. 10. Peter Biskind, (1983), Seeing is Believing, p.252, New York, Pantheon Books. Notes 265

11. Elizabeth Wilson, (1980), Only Halffway to Parradise: Women in PostwarBritain 1945–68, p.69,London, Tavistock. 12. Colin Willock, (1958), TheMMan’s Book, London, Edward Hulton. 13. Geoffrey Gorer, (1955), Exploring English Characterr, p.153, London, Nelson. 14.ibid, p.66. 15. Richard Hoggart, (1957), The Uses of Literaccy, p.49,Harmondsworth, Penguin. 16. ibid, p.50. 17. Young and Willmott, op.cit., p.24. 18. ibid, p.27. 19. ibid, p.145. 20. ibid, p.150. 21. ibid. 22. ibid, p.132–3. 23. N. Dennis, F. Henriquesand C. Slaughter, (1969), ‘Introduction to the Second edition’,in Coal is OurLife,p.8, London, Tavistock. 24. ibid, p.183. 25. ibid. 26. Elizabeth Bott, (1957), Family and Social Networrk, London, Tavistock. 27.Olivia Harris, (1984), ‘HeavenlyFathers’ in Ursual Owen (ed.) Fatthers, p.61. 28. Sheila Rowbotham, ‘Our Lance’ in Owen, ibid, p.209. 29. Quoted in Jonathan Rutherford, (unpub.)‘Dads can doit’. 30. ibid. 31. ibid. 32.Sara Maitland, ‘TwoFor the Price of One’, in Owen op.cit., p.35. 33. Allsop,op.cit., p.204. 34. Judith Hubback, (1957), Wiives Who Wente to College,p.75, London,Heinemann. 35. AlvaMyrdal and ViolaKlein, (1956), Women’s Two Roles, London,Routledge & Kegan Paul. 36. Denise Riley, (1983), War in the Nurserry, London, Virago. 37. John Bowlby, (1953), Childcare and theGrowtth of Love, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 38. Peter Lewis, (1978), The Fifties, p.45, London,Heinemann. 39. in Riley, ibid., p.88. 40. Peter Rabe, (1955), From Here to Maternitty, London, Frederick Muller. 41. Jane Hope, (1957), Happy Eventt, London, Frederick Muller. 42.Betty Thorne, (1987), ‘Life in Our Street (1960)’ in Mary Stott (ed.), Women Talking – An Antthologyffrom The Guarrdian’s Women’s Pagge, p.85, London,Pandora. 43. ‘J.B.H.’‘Bored Mum and“Talkback”’, (1959) in Stott ibid., pp.240–1. 44. ibid. 45. J.D. Salinger, (1951), The Catcher in the Rye, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 46.Alan Sillitoe, (1961), ‘WhatComes on Monday’ in Newe Left Review, 4,July/August, p.59. 47. Alan Sillitoe, (1960), Saturday Night and Sunday Morningg, p.36, London,Pan. 48. ibid, p.65. 49. ibid, p.126. 50. Nigel Grey, (1974), TheSilent Majority – A Study of the Working Class in Post-War British Fiction, p.129,London, Vision Critical Studies. 51. Alan Sinfield, (1983), (ed.), Societty and Literature 1945–1970,p.2. 52. Quoted in ibid, p.4. 53. David Lodge, (1982),Afterword to Ginnger You’re Barmy, pp.215–16, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 54. John Osborne, ‘Sex and Failure’,in G.Feldman and M. Gartenberg (eds), op.cit. 266 Notes

55. Quoted in Sinfield, op.cit. p.27. 56. ibid. 57. Colin MacInnes, (1959), Absolute Beeginners, London, MacGibbon & Kee. 58. Quoted in Sinfield, op.cit., p.177. 59. Hoggart, op.cit., p.246. 60. Geoffrey Gorer, ‘ThePerilsof Hypergamy’, in G.Feldman and M. Gartenberg, op.cit., p.315. 61. In Sinfield,op.cit., p.26. 62. Eve Kosofskky Sedgwick, (1985), Between Men: Ennglish Literature and Male Homo- sexual Desire, New York, Columbia University Press. 63.Craig Owens, (1987),‘Outlaws: Gay Men in Feminism’ in A. Jardine and P. Smith (eds), Men in Feminism, p.221,London, Methuen. 64. B. Seebohm Rowntree and G.R. Lavers, (1951), English Life and Leisure, p.212, London,Longmans. 65. ibid, p.215. 66.See Jonathan Dollimore, ‘The Challenge of Sexuality’, inSinfield op.cit., p.52. 67.See Tony Gould, (1983), Inside Outsider – The Lifeand Times of Colin MacInnes, p.64, London,Chatto & Windus. 68. ibid, p.99. 69. Quentin Crisp, (1968), The Naked Civil Servantt, London, Jonathan Cape. 70. Quoted in Dollimore, op.cit., p.74. 71. James Baldwin, (1963), Anotther Countrry, London,Michael Joseph; (1957) Giovanni s Room,London,Michael Joseph. 72. In Gould, op.cit., p.89. 73. Trevor Royle, (1986), The Best Years of Their Lives,p.XIII, London,Michael Joseph. 74. B.S. Johnson, (1973), All Bull, London, Quartet; see also Lodge, op.cit. and Sillitoe, (1960),op.cit. 75. Colin MacInnes, (1966), ‘Pacific Warriors’, in New Societty, 30June. 76. Royle,op.cit., p.116. 77. Ray Gosling, (1960), ‘Dream Boy’, New Left Review,May//June, 3, p.31. 78. David Morgan, (1987), ‘It Will Make a Man of You: Notes on National Service, Masculinity and Autobiography’, Studies in Sexual Politics, no.17, p.48, University of Manchester. 79. ibid, p.82. 80. Ken Walpole, (1983), Dockers and Detectives, London, Verso. 81.ibid, p.62. 82. Helen Hacker, (1957), ‘TheNew Burdens of Masculinity’ in Marriage and Family Livingg, 19, p.229. 83.Willock, op.cit., p.viii. 84. ibid, pp.352–354. 85. In Lewis, op.cit., p.63. 86. Quoted in Jean McCrindle, (1982), ‘Reading The Golden Nottebook in 1962’ in J. Taylor (ed.), Notebooks/Memoirs/Archives: Reading and Rereading Doris Lessingg, p.499,London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 87. Doris Lessing, (1972), The Golden Notebooo k, p.395, St Albans, Panther. 88. Quoted in Jean McCrindle, op.cit., p.53. 89.ibid, p.50. 90.ibid, p.51. 91. Margaret Drabble, (1963),ASummer Birrd-Caage, p.29,Harmondsworth, Penguin. 92. David Cooper, (1964), ‘Sartre on Genet’, Newe Left Review, 25 May/ June, p.71. 93. Stuart Hall, (1987),Introductory talk at Out of Apathy Conference, op.cit. Notes 267

94. Raphael Samuel, (1987), ‘Class and Classlessness’ talk given at Out of Apathy Conference, op.cit. 95. Jean McCrindle, (1982), op.cit., p.55. 96. ibid. 97. ibid. 98. ibid, p.53.

Preamble to Chapter 2–The View from 2007 1. See Anthony,McMahon, (1999), Taking Carre of Men: Sexual Politics in the Public Mind, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress; William Marsiglio, Kevin Roy and Greer Litton Fox, (2005), (eds), Situated Fatthering: AFocus on Physical and Social Spaces, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield; M. Lamb, (1997), The Roleof the Father in Child Developmentt, New York, Wiley; Janeen Baxter, (2002), ‘Patterns of Change and Stability in the Gender Division of Household LabourinAustralia, 1986–1997’, Journal of Sociologgy 38(4), 399–424. 2. Susan G.S.McGee, (2004), 20 Reasons Why SheSttays: A Guide for ThoseW ho Want to Help Battered Womeno , California, Minerva, Inc.; (2003),‘Domestic Violence Toward Women: Recognize thePatternsand Seek Help’, Mayo Clinic,Rochester, MN, May 21; Jo Revill and JudyHobson, (2004), ‘Pregnancy Can Spark Violence by Partners’, Observerr, London, May 23. 3. See David Blakenhorn, (1995), Fattherless America: Confrontinng Our Most Urrgent Social Problem, NewYork,Basic Books; Stephen Baskerville, (2002), ‘ThePolitics of Fatherhood’, Political Science and Politics, vol. 35, no. 4December; James Dudley and Glenn Stone, (2004), Fattherinng at Risk, Amherst, New York, Promotheus Books. 4. See William Marsiglio,W.(ed.) Fattherrhood: Contemporary Theorry, Research, and Social Policcy, Thousand Oaks, California, Sage; R.D. Day,V.J. Evans and M. Lamb, (1998), ‘Social fatherhood and paternal involvement: conceptualdata, and policymakingissues’, Chapter 4of Nurturing Fattherhood:Immproving data and research on male ferttility, family formation andffattherhood: Report on the conference on Fatthering and Male Fertilitty March 13-14 1997.(http://aspe.os.dhhs. gov/fathers/cfsforum/c4.htm) 5. D.K. Flaks,I. Ficher, F. Masterpasqua and G. Joseph, (1990), ‘Lesbians choosing motherhood. A comparative study of lesbian andheterosexual parents and their children’, Developmental Psychologgy, 31, pp.105–14; P.H. Turner, L. Scaddenand M.B. Harris, (1995), ‘Parenting in gay and lesbian families’, Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1(3) pp.55–66;Judith Stacey, (1996), Intthename of the family: Retthinking family values in the post-modern agge,Boston, Beacon.

2 The GoodFather: Reconstructing Fatherhood 1. Angela Carter, (1983), ‘Sugar Daddy’, in Ursual Owen (ed.), Fathers: Reflections by Daughters, p.25, London,Virago. 2.Eileen Fairweather, (1983), ‘TheMan in theOrange Box’, in Owen, ibid, p.194. 3. Simone de Beauvoir, Quoted in Owen, ibid, p.31. 4.Sheila Rowbotham, (1983), ‘Our Lance’ in Owen, ibid, p.212. 5. ibid, p.219. 6. Margot Farnham, (1986), ‘In theName of the Father–Fathers and Class’ Trour ble and Strife’, no. 8,p.6. 7. ibid,p.9. 268 Notes

8. See, for example, Toni Morrison, (1979), The Bluest Eye, London, Grafton; Alice Walker, (1970), The Thirrd Lifeof Grange Copeland, London, Women’s Press, or The Colour Purple,(1982), London, Women’sPress and Joan Riley, (1985), The Unbelongingg, London, Women’sPress. 9. Quoted in Elaine Showalter, (1987), ‘Critical Cross-Dressing’ in Alice Jardine and Paul Smith(eds), Men inFeminism, p.122,London, Methuen. 10. ibid. 11. Judith Williamson, (1987), Newe Sttatesman, 3October, p.12. 12. Reported in Brian Jackson, (1983), Fatherrhood,p.9,London, Allen & Unwin. 13.ibid. 14. IanMcEwan, (1987), TheChild in Time, p.216, London, JonathanCape. 15. Yvonne Roberts, (1984), Man Enough: Men of 35 Speak Out, p.111, London, Chatto & Windus. 16. ibid, pp.124–5. 17.Peter Moss and Julia Brannen, (1987), ‘Fathersand Employment’ in Charlie Lewisand Margaret O’Brien (eds), Reassessing Fattherrhood,p.87, London, Sage. 18. Madeleine Simmsand Christopher Smith, (1982), ‘YoungFathers: Attitudes to Marriage and Family Life’, in Lorna McKee and MargaretO’Brien, TheFather Figure, London, Tavistock. 19. Lorna McKee, (1982), ‘Fathers’ Participation in Infant Care: A Critique’ in ibid. 20. Graeme Russell, (1987), ‘ProblemsinRole-Reversed Families’,in Reassessing Fatth- errhood,op.cit., p.176. 21.MelanieHenwood,Lesley Rimmer and Malcolm Wicks, (1987), InsidettheFamily: Channginng Roles of Men and Women, p.7, London,Family Policy Studies Centre. 22. Fraser Harrison, (1985), A Fatther’s Diarry, London, Fontana. 23. Lou Becker, (1987), ‘An Older Father’s Letter to His Young Son’ in Franklin Abbot (ed.), Newe Men, New Minds, pp.32–3, Canada,The Crossing Press/Freedom. 24. Quoted in Diane Ehrensaft, (1987), Parentinng Toogetther: Men and Womeno Sharinng the Parentinng of Their Children,p.252, New York,TheFree Press. 25. Quoted in Henwood,Rimmer and Wicks, op.cit., p.20. 26. See, forexample, Tony Eardley,Martin Humphries and Paul Morrison, (1983), About Mene , London,Broadcasting Support Services. 27. in Yvonne Roberts,op.cit., p.266. 28. Tony Bradman, (1985), The Essential Fatherr, London, Unwin Paperbacks and Peter Moss, (1981), Quoted in Anne Wiltsher, (1981), ‘Fatherhood’ The Guardian, March 6, p.21. 29.Bradman,ibid,pp.37–8. 30. ibid, p.261. 31. Quoted Ehrensaft, op.cit., p.251 32. See, for example, Sue Sharpe, (1985), Double Identitty, Harmondsworth, Penguin, for the importance of paid work inthe lives of women with children. 33. W. Miller, (1958), ‘Lower-Class Culture as a Generating Milieu for Gang Delin- quency’ in Journalo of Social Issues, vol. 14, pp.5–19; Thomas Pettigrew, (1964), A Profileof theNeegro American, New Jersey: Van Notrand;J.Silverman and S. Dinitz, (1974), ‘Compulsive Masculinity and Delinquency’, in Criminologgy, pp.499–515. 34. H.R. Schaffer and P. Emerson, (1964), The Development of Social Attachment in Infanccy, Monograph No. 29. Society for Research in Child Development; Charlie Lewis, (1982), ‘TheObservation of Father-Infant Relationships: An “Attach- ment” to Outmoded Concepts’ in The Father Fiigure, op.cit. 35. Lewis, ibid; Ross Parke, (1981), Fathering, London, Fontana Paperbacks. Notes 269

36. Lewis, ibid. 37. Quoted in Reassessinng Fattherrhood, op.cit. p.3,and Polly Toynbee, (1987), ‘The Incredible Shrinking New Man’, The Guardian, April 6,p.10. 38. Charlie Lewis, (1986), Becoming a Fatherr, Milton Keynes, Open University Press; Kathryn Backett, (1982), Motthers and Fathers, London, Macmillan. 39.In Bradman, op.cit., p.166. 40. In Inside the Family, op.cit., p.12. 41.ibid, p.25. 42.Bradman, op.cit., pp.223–4. 43. Lorna McKee and Colin Bell, (1986), ‘His Unemployment, Her Problem’,in Sheila Allen, et al., The Experience of Unemploymentt, London, Macmillan. 44. Lorna McKee, (1987), ‘Fathers’, The Guardian,19January, p.12. 45. Colin Bell, et al.,(1983), Fatthers, Childbirth and Worrk,Manchester, Equal Oppor- tunities Commission. 46. Polly Toynbee, (1987),op.cit. 47. ibid. 48. ibid. 49. PeterMoss and Julia Brannen, in Reassessinng Fattherrhood, op.cit., p.40. 50. ibid. 51. LornaMcKee in The Fatther Fiigure, op.cit., p.124. 52.ibid. 53. ibid. 54. RhonaRapoportand Robert Rapoport, (1971), Dual-Career Families, Harmondsworth,Penguin; Rhona Rapoportand Robert Rapoport (1976), Dual- Career Families re-Examined, New York,Harper & Row. 55. Caroline Bird, (1979), The Two-Paycheck Marriage, New York, Pocket Books; Rebecca Bryson et al., (1978), ‘Family Size, Satisfactionand Productivity in Dual- Career Couples’,in Psychologgyof Women Quarterly,3:pp. 167–77. 56. Rosanna Hertz, (1986), MoreEqual Than Otthers: Women and Men in Dual-Carrer Marriagese , p.67, London, University of California Press. 57. ibid, p.198. 58. Bebe Moore Campbell, (1988), Successful Women, Angrry Men,p.17, London, Arrow Books. 59. ibid. 60. Graeme Russell, (1983), The Channging Role of Fatthers, London, University of Queensland Press. 61. ‘Living Your Politics: a discussion on communalliving ten years on’ in Revolu- tionarry Socialism, Big Flame Magazine, no. 4, p.7, 1981. 62. McKee and Bell, op.cit., p.142. 63. Stephanie Dowrick and Sibyl Grundberg, (1980), (eds), Why Children?, London, Women’s Press. 64. Peter Bradbury, (1985), ‘Desire and Pregnancy’, in Andy Metcalfe and Martin Humphries (eds), The Sexualitty of Men, London, Pluto Press. 65. Gavin Smith, (1987), ‘TheCrisis of Fatherhood’, in Free Associattions, no. 9, p.73. 66. Jonathan Rutherford, (unpub.), ‘Dads can do it’. 67. Fay Weldon, (1975), Female Friends, p.164, London, Pan. 68. In Graeme Russell, (1983), op.cit., p.8. 69. ibid, p.46. 70. Graeme Russell, (1987), p.120. 71. See Ehrensaft, op.cit., p.120. 72.ibid, p.126. 270 Notes

73. Quoted in Jonathan Trustram, (1985), ‘ACo-Operative Creche’, in Caroline New and Miriam David(eds), For the Children’sSake, p.305, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 74. Tony Bradman, op.cit. 75. Trustram, op.cit., p.305. 76. ibid, p.289. 77. ibid, p.292. 78. Russell, (1987), op.cit., p.171. 79. ibid, p.167. 80. ibid, p.162. 81. Tony Hipgrave, (1982), ‘Lone Fatherhood:AProblematic Status’, in McKee and O’Brien, op.cit., p.179. 82. Russell, op.cit., p.69. 83. Quoted in For the Children’sSake, op.cit., p.225. 84. Russell, (1983), op.cit., p.114. 85. ibid. 86. See Ehrensaft,op.cit., pp.56–75. 87. Russell, (1987), op.cit., p.168. 88. RochelleWortis, (1972), ‘Child-rearing and women’s liberation’ in Michelene Wandor (ed.), TheBody Politic: Women’sLiberation in Britain 1969–19772, pp.127–30. 89. SheilaRowbotham, (1972), ‘Women’sLiberation and theNew Politics’ in Wandor,ibid, p.18. 90. NancyChodorow, (1978), The Reproduction of Mottherinng, London, University of California Press;Luise Eichenbaum and Susie Orbach, (1982), OutsideIn, Inside Out, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 91. G. Staines et al.,(1978), ‘Wives’ Employment Status and Marital Adjustment: Yet Another Look’, Psychologgy of Women Quarterly, 3: pp.90–120. 92.Michael Lamb, Joseph Pleck and James Levine, (1987), ‘Effects of increased paternal involvement on fathers and mothers’ in McKee and O’Brien op.cit., p.112. 93. ibid, p.122. 94. Kathryn Backett,op.cit. 95. Ehrensaft, op.cit. 96. See Lynne Segal, (1987), Istthe Futture Female?, ch. 4, London,Virago; or Sheila Rowbotham, (1989), The Past is Before Us, London,Pandora. 97. Cynthia Cockburn, (1981), ‘TheMaterial of Male Dominance’ in Feminist Review, no.9. 98. Lorna McKee and Margaret O’Brien, (1982), ‘The father figure: Some current orientations andhistorical perspectives’, in McKeeand O’Brien op.cit., p.29. 99. Carol Smart, (1987), ‘There is of course the distinction dictated by nature’:Law and the Problem of Paternity’ in Michele Stanworth(ed.), Reproductive Techno- loogies, Cambridge,Polity Press. 100. ibid, p.111. 101. Gillian Hanscombeand Jackie Forster, (1982), Rockinng the Crradle: LesbianMothers, p.69, London, ShebaPress. 102. ibid. 103. See Sheila Rowbotham, (1989), op.cit. 104. Sue Allen and Lynne Harne, (1988), ‘Lesbian mothers: the fight forchild custody’, in Bob Cantand Susan Hemmings (eds), Radical Recorrds,p.193, London, Routledge. 105. ibid. Notes 271

106. Quoted in Lynne Harne, (1984), ‘Lesbian Custody and thenew mythoffather- hood’, in Trouble and Strife, no.3, p.14. 107. Judith Williamson, (1987), Newe Sttatesman, 12 February, p.24. 108. See, for example, Patricia Beezley Mrazek and Arnon Bentovim, (1981), ‘Incest and the Dysfunctional Family System’ in Mrazek and Kempe (eds), Sexually Abused Children and theirFamilies, Oxford, Pergamon Press; Arnon Bentovim et al. (1988), (eds), Child Sexual Abuse Witthin the Family, London, Wright. 109. See David Will, (1989), ‘Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and theDemise of Systems Mysticism’,in Context: ANews Magazine of FamilyTTherapy,Spring, vol. 19, no. 1. 110. Mary McIntosh, (1988), ‘Family Secrets: Child Sexual Abuse’ in The Chartistt, January. 111. Mary MacLeod and Esther Saraga, (1988), ‘Challenging the Orthodoxy:Towards a Feminist Theory and Practice’, in Feminist Review, no. 28. 112. Linda Gordon, (1989), Heroes of Their Own Lives, London, Virago. 113. Mary McIntosh, op.cit. 114. The Observerr, January 17, 1988, p.1; TheGuarrdian, January 18,p.1. 115. Michelle Stanworth, (1987), ‘TheDeconstruction of Motherhood’, in Repro- ductive Tece hnologies, op.cit., p.33. 116. Jeff Hearn, (1987), The Gender of Oppression, p.150, Brighton, Wheatsheaf. 117. Yvonne Roberts, (1984),op.cit., p.13. 118. Anne Machung,(1989), ‘Talking Career, Thinking Job: Gender Differences in Career and Family Expectations of Berkeley Seniors’in Feminist Studies, p.53, vol.15, no. 1, Spring. 119. ibid, p.54.

PreambletoChapter3–The View from 2007 1. Janet Shibley Hyde, (2005), ‘The Gender Similarities Hypothesis,’ American Psychologist, vol.60, no. 6. 2. Mary Gergen and John Davis, (1997), Towards A New Psychology of Genderr, London, Routledge; Michael Kaufman, (1993), Crackinng the Armour: Powerr, Painand the Lives of Men, Toronto, Ontario, Penguin; Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherell, (1995), Men in Persspecttive: Practtice,Power and Identitty, London,Prentice-Hall; Michael Kimmel, (2000), The Gendered Societty, New York and Oxford, Oxford Univer- sity Press. 3.Michael S. Kimmel,Jeff Hearn and R.W. Connell, (2005), (eds) Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Thousand Oaks,CA, Sage.See also Bob Pease and Keith Pringle, (2001), (eds) A Man’s World’? Channginng Men’s Practices in a Globalized World, London,Zed; R.W. Connell, (2003), ‘Masculinities, Change and Conflict in Global Society: Thinking about the Future of Men’s Studies’, Journal of Men’s Studies 11(3), pp.249–66. 4. John Brenkman, (1994), StraigghtMale Modern: A Cultural Critique of Psychoana- lysis, London and New York,Routledge; Stephen Frosh, (1995), ‘Unpacking Masculinity: From Rationality to Fragmentation’, in Charlotte Burck and Bebe Speed (eds), Gender,Power and Relationships, Londonand New York,Rout- ledge; Karl Karl, (2001), Psychoanalysis, Science and Masculinity, Philadelphia, PA, Brunner-Routledge. 5. See J. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, (1992), (eds), The Adaapted Mind:Evol- utionarry Psychologgy and the Generation of Culturre, New York,Oxford University Press; David Buss, (1995), ‘Evolutionary Psychology: A New Paradigm for Social Science’, Psychological Inquirry, 6, pp.1–30; Henry Plotkin, (1997), Evolution in Mind: An Intrroduction to Evolutionary Psychology,London, Penguin; Anne Camp- bell, (2002), AMMind of Her Own: The EvolutionaryPsychologyof Women, Oxford and New York,Oxford University Press. 272 Notes

6.Richard C. Lewontin, (1993), The Doctrine of DNA: Biology asI deologgy, London: Penguin, 1993; S. Steven Rose, (1997), Lifelines, London, Penguin. See also Steven Gould, (1996), Life’s Grandeur: TheSSpread of Excellence from Plato to Darrwin, London, Jonathan Cape; Anne Fausto-Sterling, (2000), Sexing the Body:Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexualitty, New York, Basic Books.

3 Shrinking the Phallus: Contemporary Research on Masculinity (I) 1. Quoted in Elaine Showalter, (1987), ‘Critical Cross-Dressing;MaleFeminists and the Woman of theYear’, in Alice Jardine and Paul Smith(eds), Men in Feminism, p.120,London, Methuen. 2. Compare, Sigmund Freud, (1933), ‘Femininity’ reprinted in Standard Edition, vol. 22, London,Hogarth Press; Jacques Lacan, quoted in Stephen Heath, (1987), ‘MaleFeminism’ in Men in Feminism, p.13, London,Methuen;Freud’squestion appears in a letter to Marie Bonaparte as quoted in Ernest Jones, (1955), Siigmund Freud: Lifeand Worrk, vol. 2, p.468, London,Hogarth Press. 3. YvetteWalczak, (1988), He and She,p.1, London,Routledge. 4. See J.E. Gerai and A. Sheinfeld, (1968), ‘Sex Differences in Mental and Behavi- oural Traits’, Genetic Psychological Monograaphs, no. 77; J. Archer, (1976), ‘Biological explanationsof psychological sex differences’.InB.Lloyd and J. Archer (eds), Explorinng Sex Diffferences, London, Academic Press. 5. See, for example,Naomi Weisstein, (1971), ‘Psychology Constructs theFemale’ in Vivian Gornick and BarbaraMoran (eds), Woman in Sexist Societty, New York,Basic Books; Judith Bardwick and Elizabeth Douvan, (1971), ‘Ambivalence: The Social- ization of Women’, in Gornick and Moran, ibid; Michele Hoffnung Garskoff, (1971), (ed.), Roles Women Play, California, ColePublishing Company. 6. Walczak, op.cit. p.37. Interestingly, even in the early daysof sex-difference research there were just a few women psychologists, like Jessie Taft in the US in the 1930s, who foundlittle evidence of difference and attributed what there was mainly to social circumstances, to what she referred to as women’s ‘cultural marginalisation’. See R.W. Connell, (1987), Gender and Power, p.30, London, Polity Press. 7. Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin, (1975), The Psychologgy of Sex Diffferences, London, Oxford University Press. 8. For example, Corinne Hutt, (1972), Males and Females, Harmondsworth,Penguin; Jeffrey A.Gray and A.W.H. Buffery, (1971), ‘Sex differences in emotional and cognitive behaviour including man: adaptiveand neuralbases’, ActtaPsychologica, 35, pp.89–111. 9. Camilla Benbow and Julian Stanley, (1980), ‘Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact?’ Science, 210, pp.1262–4. 10.Hugh Fairweather, (1976), ‘Sex differences in cognition’, Cognition,4, pp.231–80. 11. Janet Sayers, (1986), Sexual Contradicttions: Psychologgy,Psychoanalyysis, and Feminism, pp.6–10,London, Tavistock. 12. R.W. Connell, (1987), op.cit., p.170. 13. Stephen Katz, (1988), ‘Sexualization and the lateralized Brain: From Craniometry to Pornography’, in Women’s Studies International Forum, vol.11, no. 1, pp.29–41. 14. See Jerre Levy, (1978), ‘Lateral differencesinthe human brain in cognition and behavioral control’ in P. Buser and A. Rougeul-Buser (eds), Cerebral correlates of Conscious Experience, New York,North London Publishing. 15. Hugh Fairweather, (1982), ‘Sex Differences: LittleReason for FemalestoPlay Midfield’, in J.G. Beaumont, (1985), (ed.), Divided Visual Field Studies of Cerebral Orgganisattion, London, Academic Press. Notes 273

16. A.W.H. Buffely and Jeffrey A. Gray, (1972), ‘Sex differences in the development of spatial andlinguisticskills’ in C. Ounstead and D.C. Taylor (eds), Gender Diffferences: Their Ontoogeny and Siggnificance, Edinburgh,Churchill Livingstone. 17. Katz, op.cit., p.36. 18. Ruth Bleier, (1984), Science and Gender: A critique ofbiologgy and its theories on women, p.94, London, Pergamon Press. 19. Lynne Segal, (1987), Is the Future Female,p.186, London, Virago. 20. Kate Soper, (1979),Marxism,Materialism and Biology’, in John Mepham and D.H. Ruben, Issues in Marxist Philosoophy, p.73, vol. 2. 21. Talcott Parsons, (1942), ‘Age andSexinthe Social Structure of the United States’ in American Socioloogical Review, 7, pp.604–6; T. Parsonsand R.F. Bales, (1956), Family Socialization and Interaction Process, London, Routledge&Kegan Paul. 22. D.H..J.Morgan, (1975), Social Theorry and the Family, pp.43–7, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 23.See R.W.Connell, (1983), Which WayIIs Up? EssaysonClass, Sex and Culturre, pp.189–284, London, Allen&Unwin. 24. See Parsonsand Bales, op.cit. 25. Mary McIntosh, (unpub.),Notes on gender. 26. For example,W. Miller, (1958), ‘Lower-Class Culture as a Generating Milieu for Gang Delinquency’,inJournal of Social Issues, 14, pp.5–19;Thomas Pettigrew, (1964), A Profileof theNeegro American, New Jersey,Van Nostrand. 27. A. Bandura, (1965), ‘Influence of Model Reinforcement Contingencieson the Acquisition ofImitative Response’ in Journal of Personalitty and Social Psychologgy, 1, pp.589–95; D.W. Birnbaum and W.L. Croll, (1984), ‘TheEtiology of Children’s Stereotypes about Sex Differences in Emotionality’,in Sex Roles, vol. 10, no. 9/10, pp.677–91; K. Durkin, (1985), Television, Sex Roles and Children: A Developmenttal Social Psychological Accountt, Milton Keynes,Open University Press. 28. See Sayers, (1986),op cit, p.25. 29. Ann Oakley, (1972), Sex, Gender and Societty, London, Temple Smith. 30. Robert Stoller, (1968), Sex and Genderr, London, Hogarth Press. 31. Ann Oakley, op.cit. 32.P.Rosenkrantz etal., (1968), ‘Sex role stereotypesand self-concepts incollege students’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychologgy, vol. 32, pp.287–95. 33. See A. Constantinople, (1979), ‘Sex Role Acquisition: In Search of theElephant’ in Sex Roles,vol. 5, no. 2, pp.121–33. 34. Sandra Bem, (1974), ‘The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny’ in Journal of Consultinng and ClinicalP sychologgy, vol. 42, no. 2, pp.155–62. 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. Constantinopleop.cit; R.W. Connell, (1987), op.cit., p.171–5. 38. Sandra Bem, (1981), ‘Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing’ in Psychological Review, 66, pp.354–64; see also Margaret Wetherell, (1986), ‘Linguistic Repertoires and Literary Criticism: New Directions for a Social Psycho- logy of Gender’ in Feminist Social Psychology, Sue Wilkinson (ed.),Milton Keynes, Open University Press. 39. See chapter 10 for a fuller discussion of thepolitics of men’s liberation. 40. Herb Goldberg, (1976), The Hazardsof Being Male, New York,Nash. 41. For example, see Joseph Pleck and Jack Sawyer, (1974), (eds), Men and Masculinity, Englewood Cliffs,Prentice Hall. 42.ibid, p.95. 43. Joseph Pleck, (1981), The Myth of Masculinitty, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. 274 Notes

44. ibid. 45. Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell and John Lee, (1987), ‘TowardsaNew Sociology of Masculinity’ in Harry Brod(ed.), The Making of Masculinities: The New Men’s Studies, p.78, London, Allen & Unwin. 46.ibid, p.79. 47. See R.W. Connell, (1983), op.cit., p.195. 48. Sigmund Freud, (1900), The Interpretattion of Dreams, Standard Edition of the Commplete Psychological Worrks, vols.4–5, London, Hogarth; (1933), New Introductorry Lectures on Psycho--Analyysis, Standarrd Edition, vol. 22, London, Hogarth. 49. Sigmund Freud, (1925), ‘SomePsychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinc- tion Between the Sexes’, Sttandard Edition, vol. 21,London, Hogarth; (1931), ‘Female Sexuality’, Standard Edition, vol. 21, ibid. 50. Sigmund Freud, (1905), Three Essays on the Theorryof Sexualitty, Standard Edition, vol. 7, London, Hogarth. 51.Sigmund Freud, (1909), ‘Analysis of a Phobia in aFive-Year-Old Boy’ Sttandarrd Edition, vol. 10, London, Hogarth; T.J. Carrigan and R.U. Connell (1984), Freud and Masculinitty, Sydney, Macquarie University. 52.Sigmund Freud, (1905),op.cit. 145n. 53.Sigmund Freud, ‘From theHistory of anInfantile Neurosis’ in Sttandard Edition, vol. 17, London,Hogarth. 54. ibid, p.118 55. D.W. Winnicott, (1986), ‘This Feminism’,inHome is Where We Sttart From, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 56. ibid, p.186. 57.Sigmund Freud, (1925), op.cit. 58. Ralph Greenson, (1968), ‘Dis-Identifying from Mother: Its Special Importance for theBoy’ in International Psycho--Analytic Journal, vol. 49, p.270. 59. ibid, p.271. 60.GregorioKohon (ed.), The British School of Psychoanalyysis: TheIndependent Tradi- tion, pp.19–23, London, Free Association Books; Stephen Frosch, (1987), The Politics of Psychoanalyysis: An Inttroduction to Frreudian and Postt-Freudian Theorry, pp.96–107, London,Macmillan. 61. Kohon,ibid,p.22. 62. Frosch,ibid,p.109. 63. Arnold Cooper, (1986), ‘What Men Fear: The Facade of Castration Anxiety’,in Gerald Fogel etal., The Psychologgy of Men: New Psychoanalytic Perspecttive, p.129, New York,Basic Books. 64. Gerald Fogel, (1986), ‘Being aMan’, in Fogel et al., ibid, p.6. 65. ibid, p.9. 66.John Munder Ross, (1986), ‘Beyond the Phallic Illusion: Notes on Man’s Hetero- sexuality’, in ibid. 67. Ethel S. Person, (1986), ‘The Omni-Available Woman and Lesbian Sex’,ibid, p.84. 68. ibid. 69. Personal communication from several Kleinian therapists. 70. Jane Temperley, (1984), ‘Our Own Worst Enemies: Unconscious Factors in Female Disadvantage’ in Free Associattions, (Pilot Issue), p.29. 71. ibid. 72. Joyce McDougall, (1986), Theatres of the Mind: Illusion and Truth on the Psychoana- lytic Staage, p.xi, London, Free Association Books. 73.Joel Kovel, (1981), The Age of Desire: Case Histories of a Radical Psychoanalystt,p.17, New York, Basic Books. Notes 275

74. George Stade, (1986), ‘Dracula’sWomen, and Why Men Love to Hate Them’ in Fogel, op.cit., p.25. 75. Ross, op.cit., p.50. 76. ibid. 77. Dorothy Dinnerstein, (1978), The Rocking of the Cradle,p.102, London, Souvenir Press. 78. NancyChodorow, (1978), The Reprroducttion of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Genderr, London, University of California Press. 79. ibid, p.181. 80. ibid. 81.Nancy Chodorow, (1980), ‘Gender, Relation, and Difference in Psychoanalytic Perspective’, in Hester Eisenstein and Alice Jardine (eds), The Future of Diffference, p.14, Boston,MA, G.K. Hall &Co. 82.Chodorow, (1978),op.cit., p.218. 83. Andy Metcalfe and Martin Humphries, (1985), (eds), The Sexualitty of Men, pp.13–14, London,Pluto Press. 84. Vic Siedler, ‘Fear and Intimacy’, in ibid, p.157. 85. TomR yan, ‘Roots of Masculinity’, in ibid, p.27. 86. Peter Bradbury, ‘Desire and Pregnancy’, in ibid, p.149. 87. Chodorow, (1978), op.cit. p.218; Luise Eichenbaum and Susie Orbach, (1984), What Do Women Want?,p.193, London,Fontana. 88. Lynne Segal, (1987), Istthe Future Female?, pp.156–61, London, Virago. 89. ibid, p.144. 90. Jessica Benjamin, (1986), ‘A Desire of One’s Own: Psychoanalytic Feminism and Intersubjective Space’ in Teresa deLauretis (ed.), Feminist Studies: Critical Studies, p.81, Bloomington, Indiana UniversityPress.

PreambletoChapter 4—The View from 2007 1. Jane Flax, (1990), Thinkinng Fraagments: Psychoanalyysis, Feminism and Postmodernism in the Contemporarry Westt, Berkeley,University of California Press; Elizabeth Grosz, (1994),Volatile Bodies, London and New York,Routledge; Muriel Dimen, (2003), Sexuality, Inttimaccy, Power, Hillsdale, NJ, London, Analytic Press. 2. R.W. Connell, (2001), ‘Introduction and Overview’, Feminism & Psychologgy, 11 (1), p.8. 3. For summaries see Harry Brod, (1994), (ed.) Theorizing Masculinities, London, Sage; Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, (2000), Men’s Lives (5th edn),Sydney, Allen and Unwin; David Collinson, (1992), Managingt he Shopffloor: Subjectivitty, Masculinity,a and Workplace Culture, Berlinand New York, Walter deGruyter; Scott Coltrane, (1996), Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equitty, New York, Oxford University Press; Connell, The Men and the Boys, op. cit.; Claire E. Alexander, (1996), The Art of Being Black: The Creation of Black British Youth Identities, Oxford,Oxford University Press.

4 Asserting Phallic Mastery: Contemporary Research on Masculinity (II) 1.Richard Dyer, (1982), ‘Don’t Look Now – The Male Pin-Up’ in Screen, vol. 23, no. 3–4, Sept/Oct, p.71. 2.Sherry Turkle, (1979), PsychoanalyticPolitics: Freud’’sFrench Revolution, p.98, and pp.106–8, London, Andre Deutsch. 3. Jane Gallop, (1982), Feminism and Psychoanalyysis: The Daugghter’sSeducttion,p.18, London, Macmillan. 276 Notes

4. Juliet Mitchell, (1974), Psychoanalysis and Feminism, p.96,London, Allen Lane. 5. See Jacqueline Rose, (1982), ‘Introduction II’ in Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose (eds), Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the Ecole Freudienne, p.41,London, Macmillan. 6. Jacques Lacan, (1977), Ecrits: A Selection, p.67, London, Tavistock. 7. Jacques Lacan, (1982), [Paper presented 1958]‘The Meaning of thePhallus’,in Mitchell and Rose, op.cit., p.82. 8. Quoted in David Macey, (1988), Lacan in Context, p.137, London, Verso. 9. ibid, p.175. 10.Mitchell and Rose, op.cit. p.84; Stephen Heath, ‘MaleFeminism’, in Alice Jardine and Paul Smith (eds), Men in Feminism, p.8, London, Methuen. 11.Mandy Merck, (1987), ‘Difference and Its Discontents’, in ‘Deconstructing Difference’, Screen, vol.28, no. 1,Winter, p.3. 12. Bice Benvenuto and Roger Kennedy, TheWorrksof Jacques Lacan: An Intrroduction, p.186, London, Free Association Books. 13. Jacques Lacan, (1982), [First published asSeminar XX in Encore,lectures given 1972–3], ‘God and the Jouissance of Woman. ALove Letter’, in Mitchell and Rose op.cit., pp.137–60. 14.See Mitchell and Rose,ibid, p.30. 15. Lacan, (1977), op.cit., p.61. 16. Benvenuto and Kennedy, op.cit., p.61. 17.See Colin MacCabe, (1978), James Joyce and the Revolution of the Worrd, pp.49–50, andpp.108–9, London,Macmillan. 18. Mitchell and Rose,op.cit., p.44. 19. Lacan quoted in David Macey, (1978), ‘Review Article: Jacques Lacan’ in Ideologgy & Consciousness, no. 4, p.126. 20. Mitchell and Rose,op.cit, p.45. 21. Richard Dyer, op.cit. 22. Margaret Walters, (1979), TheMMaleNude, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 23. Dyer,op.cit., p.67. 24.ibid, p.72. 25. Francoise Gadet, (1989), Saussure and Contemporarry Culture, p.136, London, Hutchinson Radius. See also Macey, (1988),op.cit. pp.121–77; John Bird(1982) ‘Jacques Lacan – TheFrench Freud’,inRadical Philosoophy, no. 30, Spring. 26. Peter Dews, (1987), Logics of Disinteegrattion: Post Structurralism and theClaims of Critical Theorry,ch. 2, London,Verso. 27. ibid. 28. See Macey, (1988), p.200. 29. Dews,op.cit., p.106. 30. Quoted in Dews, p.106. 31.ibid. 32. See Deborah Cameron, (1985), Feminism & Linguistic Theorry, pp.122–9,London, Macmillan. 33. Lynne Segal, (1987), op.cit., pp.132–4. 34. Luce Irigaray, (1985), The Sex Whichh Is Noto One,p.28,New York,Cornell University. 35. Mary McIntosh, (unpub.), ‘The Concept of Gender’. 36.Margaret Wetherell, (1986), ‘Linguistic Repertoires and Literary Criticism: New Directions for a Social Psychology of Gender’, in Sue Wilkinson (ed.), Feminist Social Psychologgy, Milton Keynes, Open University Press; Valerie Walkerdine, (1988), The Masterry of Reason, London, Methuen. Notes 277

37.Wendy Hollway, (1984), ‘Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity’ in Julian Henriques etal., Changingt he Subject: Psychology, Social Regulattion and Subjectivity, ch. 10, London, Methuen. 38. ibid. 39. Parveen Adams, (1979), ‘A Note on Sexual Division and Sexual Differences’ in m/ff, no. 3, p.52. 40. Andrew Tolson, (1977), The Limits of Masculinitty, London, Tavistock. 41. ibid, p.25. 42. Paul Willis, (1977), Learning to Labour, p.159, Farnborough, Saxon House. 43. R.W. Connell, (1987), Gender and Powerr, Cambridge, Polity Press. 44.ibid, pp.99–107. 45. For example, Sheila Rowbotham, (1973), Women’s Consciousness, Man’sWorld, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 46. Connell,op.cit. pp.107–11; Cynthia Cockburn, (1986), Machinery of Dominance, London,Pluto Press. 47. For example, Elizabeth Wilson, (1977), Women and theWelffare Sttate, London, Tavistock;Mary McIntosh, (1978), ‘The State and theOppression of Women’in Annette Kuhn and Anne-Marie Wolpe (eds), Feminism and Materialism,London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 48. Barbara Rogers, (1988), Men Only: An Investiigation into Men’s Organisations, London,Pandora. 49. Lynne Segal, op.cit., p.168. 50. Joan Smith, (1989), Misoggynies, London,Faber. 51. Michelle Stanworth, (1987), ‘ReproductiveTechnologies and theDeconstruction of Motherhood’, in Michelle Stanworth(ed.), Reproductive Technologies: Genderr, Mottherrhood and Medicine, Cambridge, PolityPress. 52. See ‘Women and Work’, TheGuarrdian, January 18, 1989. 53. For example, theincreasing success offeminist publishers – Virago,Women’s Press,Sheba Press in Britain. 54. Andrew Hacker, (1982), ‘Farewell to the Family?’,in New Yorrk Review of Books, vol. xxix, no. 4, March 18, p.37. 55. Andrew Cherlin, (1982), MarriageDivorce Remarriage, Boston,Harvard University Press. 56.Hacker,op.cit., p.44. 57. Connell, (1987),op.cit., pp.111–16. 58. Edmund White, (1982), ABoy’’s Own Storry, p.172, London, Picador. 59. ibid, p.118. 60. See chapter 6. 61.Joel Kovel, (1981), The Age of Desirre, p.47, New York,Pantheon. 62. Daniel Levinson, (1978), The Seasons of aMan’sLife, New York, Ballantine; R. Bell, (1981), Worlds of Friendshiip, California, Sage. 63. Antony Easthope, (1985), WhatAMMan’s Gottta Do, p.166, London, Paladin.

Preamble to Chapter 5 –The View from 2007 1. See in particular Michael Roper and John Tosh, (1991), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Brittain since 1800, Londonand New York, Routledge; Cath- erine Hall, (1992), White, Male and Middle-Class: Exxplorrations inFeminism and Historry, Oxford,Polity Press; Mary Poovey, (1993), ‘Exploring Masculinities’, Victtorian Studies, Winter, 36(2); Graham Dawson, (1994), Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Emmpireand the Imaginingof Masculinities, London and New York, Routledge; David Henry Slavin, (2001), Colonial Cinema and Immperial France, 278 Notes

19199–1939: White Blind Spots,p Male Fantasies, Setttler Mytths, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press. 2. Joanna Bourke, (1995), Dismemberingt he Male: Men’sBodies, Britain and the Great Warr, London, Reaktion Books and (1999), An Intimate Historry of Killing: Facet o Face Killing in Twentietth Century Warrfarre, London, Granta. 3. See Judith Allen, (2002), ‘Men Interminably in Crisis? Historianson Masculinity, Sexual Boundaries, and Manhood’, Radical History Review; Toby L. Ditz, (2004), ‘The New Men’s History and thePeculiar Absence of Gendered Power: Some Remedies from Early American Gender History’, Gender & Historry, April, vol. 16, no. 1, pp.1–35.

5 Competing Masculinities (II): Manliness – The Masculine Ideal 1. Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, (1987), Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the Ennglish Middle Class, 17800–1850, p.29,London, Hutchison. 2. Norman Mailer, (1959), Advertisements for Myselff,p.222, New York,Putnam. 3.Norman Mailer, (1971), Prisoner of Sex, p.168, Boston, Little, Brown &Co. 4. Michael Kimmel, (1987), ‘Teaching a Course on Men’ in Michael Kimmel(ed.), Channginng Men: New Directions in Researrch on Men and Masculinitty,p.280, London, Sage Publications. 5. See J.A. Mangan and James Walvin, (1987), (eds), Manliness and Morralitty, Manchester,Manchester University Press; Christine Heward, (1988), Makinnga Man of Him, London, Routledge; Davidoff and Hall, op.cit. 6.Norman Vance, (1985), The sinews of the spiritt, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; Mangan and Walvin,op.cit. 7. Davidoff and Hall,op.cit. 8. ibid, p.21. 9. Quoted in ibid, p.111. 10. ibid, p.28and p.399. 11.Walter Houghton, (1957), TheVVictorianFrrame of Mind,p.197, London,Yale University Press. 12. Quoted in Vance, op.cit., p.93. 13. ibid, p.104. 14. Quoted in Houghton, p.203. 15. Vance,op.cit., p.195. 16. James Walvin, (1987), ‘Symbols of Moral Superiority: Slavery, Sport and the Chan- ging World Order 1800–1950’, in Mangan and Walvin (eds), op.cit. note 2. 17. Jeffrey Hantover, (1980), ‘TheBoy Scouts and the Validation of Masculinity’ in Elizabeth Pleck and Joseph Pleck (eds), The AmericanMMan, New Jersey,Englewood Cliffs. 18. ibid. 19. Jeffrey Weeks, (1981), Sex, Politics and Societty: The Regulation of Sexualitty Since 1800, p.40,London, Longman. 20. Edward Carpenter, (1948), [First edition 1896], Love’s Coming of Age, p.34, London, George Allen & Unwin. 21. See Vance, op.cit., p.70. 22. Christine Heward, op.cit. p.55; J.A.Mangan, (1987), ‘Social Darwinism and Upper-Class Education in Late Victorian and Edwardian England’ in Mangan and Walvin, op.cit. p.152;Brian Simon, (1965), Educattion and the Labour Movement 1870–1918, p.109,London, Lawrence & Wishart. 24. Simon, ibid, p.110. Notes 279

25. Vance, op.cit., p.190. 26. Simon, op.cit., p.111. 27. Roberta Park, (1987), ‘Biological thought, athleticsand the formation of “the man of character”: 1830–1900’ in Mangan and Walvin, op.cit. 28. Quoted in Timothy Ashplant, (unpub.), ‘Autobiography,Identity and Gender’. 29. ibid. 30.Vance, op.cit., p.206. 31. In DannyDanziger, (1988), (ed.), Eton Voices, p.198,London, Viking. 32. ibid, p.265. 33.ibid, p.261. 34. Keith McClelland, (1989), ‘Some Thoughts on Masculinity and the “Represent- ative Artisan” in Britain, 1850–1880’, in Gender and Historry, vol.1, issue no. 2, Summer. 35. See Keith McClelland, (1987), ‘Time to Work, Time to Live: Some Aspects of Workandthe Re-formation of Class in Britain, 1850–1880’ in PatrickJoyce (ed.), The Historical Meaninng of Worrk, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press. 36.Vance,op.cit., p.139. 37. J. Springhall, (1987), ‘Building Character in theBritish Boy: The Attempt to Extend Christian Manliness to Working-Class Adolescents, 1880–1914’ in Mangan and Walvin, op.cit. 38. Geoffrey Pearson, (1983), Hooligan: A Historry of Resspecttable Fears, p.75, London, Macmillan. 39. ibid, p.110. 40. ibid, p.112. 41. Quoted in Kenneth Lynn, (1987), Hemingway, p.648, London, Simon &Schuster. 42. ibid, p.399. 43. ibid, p.107. 44. Ernest Hemingway, (1987), TheGarrden of Eden,p.12, London, Grafton Books. 45. Kenneth Lynn,op.cit., p.533. 46. ibid, p.515. 47. Quoted in ibid, p.476. 48. ibid, p.27. 49. ibid, p.110. 50. Quoted in ibid, p.391. 51. Quoted in ibid, p.286. 52. See Peter Schwenger, (1984), Phallic Critiques, chapter 1,London,Routledge & Kegan Paul. 53. See ibid, chapter 3. 54. Theodore Adorno, (1978), [first published 1951], Minima Moralia,p.45, London, Verso. 55. ibid, p.46. 56. Theodore Adorno, etal., (1964), The AuthoritarianPersonality, New York,John Wiley. 57. ibid. 58. Sheila Ruth, (1983), ‘A Feminist Analysisof the New Right’in Women’s Studies International Forum, vol.6, no. 4. 59. A similar argument isadvancedby Cynthia Cockburn, (1988),in‘Masculinity, the Left and Feminism’ in Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford, (eds), Male Orderr, London, Lawrence & Wishart. 60. Klaus Theweleit, (1987), Male Fanttasies, vol. 1, p.27, Cambridge,Polity Press. 61. ibid, chapter 1. 280 Notes

62. ibid, chapter 2. 63. ibid, p.45. 64. ibid, p.61 and p.196. 65. ibid, p.367. 66. ibid, p.414. 67. ibid, vol. 2,p.298. 68. ibid, p.17. 69. Lutz Niethammer, (1979), ‘Male Fantasies: an Argument for and withan Important New Study in History and Psychoanalysis’ in Historry Worrkshop, no. 7. 70. BarbaraEhrenreich, Foreword to Theweleit,op.cit., p.xvi. 71. Theweleit, ibid,p.37. 72.ibid, p.377. 73. ibid, p.379. 74. ibid. 75. Claudia Koonz, (1988), MotthersinttheFatherland, London, Methuen. 76. ibid, p.56. 77.ibid, p.14. 78.ibid, p.512. 79.ibid, pp.416–17. 80. ibid, p.65. 81. Quoted ibid,p.66. 82. See, for example, Jill Stephenson, (1980), The Nazi Orrganization of Women, New York, Barnes & Noble. 83. Quoted, ibid, p.110. 84. Yvonne Roberts, (1984), Man Enough: Men of 35 Speak Outt, p.185, London, Chatto & Windus. 85. ibid, p.184. 86. R.W. Connell, (unpub.), ‘AnIron Man:The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity’. 87.ibid, p.5. Connell subsequently used this material in R.W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1995, pp.63–64. 88. Derek Hatton, (1988), InsideLeftt, p.117, London, Bloomsbury. 89. ibid, p.xiii. 90. ibid, p.6. 91. ibid, p.13. 92. ibid. 93. ibid, p.20. 94.ibid, p.xiv, p.61. 95. ibid, p.34. 96. Quoted in Bruce Woodcock, (1984), Male Mythologies: John Fowles and theM yth of Masculinitty, p.11, Sussex,Harvester Press. 97.ibid. 98. ibid, p.18. 99. John Fowles, (1976),[first published 1965], The Maagus, London, Cape, (1977), Dantel Martin, London, Grafton. 100. Daniel Marttin, ibid, p.255. 101. ibid,p.289. 102.ibid. 103. Sarah Benton, (1983), talks tonovelist John Fowles in ‘Adam and Eve’ New Socialistt, no. 11, May/June, p.19. 104. John Fowles, (1963), The Collecterr, London, Pan. Notes 281

105.ibid, p.252. 106. Quoted Woodcock,op.cit., p.16. 107. In Benton, op.cit., p.19. 108. John Fowles, (1964), Aristos,p.15, London, Grafton. 109. John Fowles, TheMaagus, op.cit., p.31. 110. Woodcock,op.cit., p.76. 111. Ray Raphael, (1988), The Men from the Boys: Rites of Passage inMMale America, p.3, London, University of NebraskaPress. 112. ibid. 113. Robert Ardrey, (1977), The Hunting Hypotthesis, London, Fontana; George Gilder, (1975), Sexual Suicide, NewYork, Bantam. 114. Raphael,op.cit., p.138. 115. ibid, p.118. 116. ibid, p.124. 117. See B.S. Johnson, (1973), (ed.), All Bull:TTheNNational Servicemen, London, Quartet. 118. David Morgan, (1987), ItWill Make aMan of You: Notes of National Servicee, Masculinitty and Autobiograaphy, p.2, Studies in Sexual Politics, no. 17, Manchester, Manchester University. 119. ibid, p.38. 120. ibid, p.48. 121.ibid, p.79. 122. ibid, p.81. 123. ibid.

PreambletoChapter 6 – The View from 2007 1. Ken Plummer, (1992), ‘Speaking Its Name’ in Ken Plummer (ed.), Modern Homo- sexualities: Fraagments of Lesbian and Gay Experience, London,Routledge; Henry Abelove, Michèle Barale and David Halperin, (1993), Lesbian and Gay Studies Readerr, London and New York, Routledge. 2. Judith Butler, (1990), Gender Trouble: Feminism and theSubversion of Identitty, p.31, London and New York,Routledge; See also Eve Kosofskky Sedgewick, (1994), Tendencies,London,Routledge. 3. Judith Butler, (1993), BodiesT hat Matter: The Discursive Limits of Sex, London and New York,Routledge; Kate Bornstein, (1994), Gender Outtlaw: OnMen, Women, and the Rest of Us,p.118, London, Routledge. 4. Dennis Altman, (1998), ‘The Uses and Abuses of Queer Studies’ in Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon (eds), Gay and Lesbian Persspectives IV: Studies in Austrralian Culturre, Australian Centre for Lesbian andGay Research, The Univer- sity of Sydney.

6 Competing Masculinities (II): Traitors to the Cause 1. Angus Suttie, (1976), ‘From Latentto Blatant: a Personal Account’ in Gay Leftt, no. 2, Spring, p.5. 2. ibid, p.7. 3. In Yvonne Roberts, (1984), Man Enough: Men of 35 Speak Out, p.170, London, Chatto & Windus. 4. See Dennis Altman, (1983), The Homosexualization of America,p.4, Boston, Beacon Press; Jeffrey Weeks, (1977), Cominng Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Presentt, p.2,London, Quartet. Both Altman Weeks describeBenkert, it hassinceemerged inaccurately, as a doctor. For debate about thesignificance of this issue see Frederic Silverstolpe, (1987), ‘Benkert 282 Notes

was not a doctor: On the non medical origins of the homosexual category in thenineteenth century’,inHomosexuality,W hich Homosexuality, International Conference on Gay and Lesbian Studies, vol. 1, Amsterdam, Free University. 5. Randolph Trumbach, (1989), ‘Gender and theHomosexual Role in Modern Western Culture: the 18th and 19th Centuries Compared’, in D. Altman et al., Which Homosexuality?:Essays from the Internattional ScientificConference on Lesbian and Gay Studies, p.156,London, GMP. 6. Weeks, (1977), op.cit., p.12. 7. Michel Foucault, (1979), The Historry of Sexualitty, p.43,London, Allen Lane. 8.Weeks, (1977), op.cit., p.3. 9. Silverstolpe,op.cit. Trunbach, op.cit. 10. Silverstolpe, op.cit. p.216. 11. Anja van Kooten Niekerk,Theovan der Meer, (1989),Introduction to D. Altman et al.,op.cit. 12.Silverstolpe, op.cit. 13. Jonathan Dollimore, (1986), ‘Homophobiaand Sexual Difference’ in Sexual Diffferencee, Oxforrd Literarry Review, vol. 8, nos. 1–2, p.5. 14. For example, Kenneth Plummer, (1981), (ed.), The Makinngof theModern Homo- sexual, London, Hutchinson. 15. Mary McIntosh, (1968), ‘TheHomosexual Role’,inSocial Problems, vol. 16, no. 2. 16. ibid. 17. Kenneth Plummer, (1975), Sexual Stigma: An Interactionist Accountt, London, Routledge&Kegan Paul. 18. Jeffrey Weeks, (1981), ‘Discourse,Desire and Sexual Deviance’ in Plummer, (1981),op.cit. p.83. 19. ibid. 20. Jeffrey Weeks, (1980), ‘Capitalism and the Organisation of Sex’ in Gay Left Collective, (ed.), Homosexualitty:Power and Politics,p.15, London, Allison & Busby. 21. ibid. 22. John Marshall, (1981), ‘Pansies,Perverts and MachoMen: changing conceptions of male homosexuality’, in Plummer, (1981), op.cit. 23. ibid, p.153. 24. Eve Kosofskky Sedgwick, (1985), Between Men: Ennglish Literrature and Male Homo- sexual Desire, New York, Columbia University Press. 25. Craig Owen, (1987), ‘Outlaws: Gay Men in Feminism’, in Alice Jardine and Paul Smith (eds), Men inFeminism, London,Methuen. 26. Quoted in Jeffrey Weeks, (1981), op.cit., p.111. 27. Jeffrey Weeks, (1977), op.cit., p.21. 28. Jeffrey Weeks, (1981), op.cit., p.117. 29. ibid, p.114. 30. ibid. 31. ibid, p.220. 32. Marshall,op.cit., p.149. 33. Quoted in ibid, p.148. 34. Alfred Kinsey etal.,(1948), Sexual Behaviour in theHHuman Male, pp.614–15, p.623,and pp.636–8, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders. 35. Tony Gould, (1983), Insiden Outsider: The Life and Times of ColinMacInnes, pp.97–8, London, Chatto & Windus. 36. John Marshall, (1980), ‘ThePolitics of Teaand Sympathy’ in Gay LeftCollective, (ed.), op.cit., p.78. Notes 283

37. John D’Emilioand EstelleFreedman, (1988), Intimate Matters: A Historry of Sexuality in America, p.294, New York,Harper Row. 38. Barbara Ehrenreich, (1983), The Hearts of Men, p.26, 24, London, Pluto Press. 39. G.A. Studdert Kennedy,(1989), ‘Passing theLove of Women’, in Martin Taylor, (ed.), Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, p.148,London, Constable; See also Paul Fussell, (1975), The Great War inMModern Memorry, ch. VIII, London, Oxford University Press. 40. Sedgwick, op.cit., p.89. 41. Trevor Royle, (1986), The Best Years of Their Lives, p.117, London, Michael Joseph. 42.David Morgan, (1987), ‘It Will Make a Man of You’, pp.34–5, Studies in Sexual Politics, no. 17, Manchester, Manchester University. 43. ibid, p.53. 44. Quoted in ibid, p.54. 45. ibid. 46. Quoted in Ray Raphael, (1988), The Men fromt he Boys,p.134, London,University of Nebraska Press. 47. ibid. 48. Michel Foucault,op.cit., p.43. 49. ibid, p.101. 50. Christopher Ishervood, (1954), The World in the Eveningg, pp.125–6, London, Methuen. 51. Jack Babuscio, (1977), ‘Camp and Gay Sensibility’,in Gaysand Film,p.40, London, British Film Institute. 52. Derek Cohenand Richard Dyer, (1980), ‘The Politics of Gay Culture’ in Gay Left Collective, (eds),pp.176–7. 53.David Fernbach, (1981), TheSSpiral Patth, p.206, London, Gay Men’s Press. 54. Richard Dyer, (1979), Sttars,pp.67–8, London,British Film Institute. 55. Babuscio,op.cit., p.41. 56. Andrew Britton, (1978/9), ‘For Interpretation – Notes Against Camp’, p.11, Gay Leftt, no. 7. 57. ibid. 58. Jeffrey Weeks, (1980), op.cit., p.19. 59. Simon Watney, (1980), ‘TheIdeology of GLF’ in Gay LeftCollective (ed.),op.cit., p.73. 60. GLF Manifesto, (1971), Principles of GLF, p.15. 61. Simon Watney, op.cit., p.72. 62. Quoted ibid,p.70. 63. D’Emilio and Freedman,op.cit., p.319. 64. For example, see David Fernbach,op.cit., p.20. 65. ibid, p.83, p.1997. 66. ibid, p.199. 67. ibid, p.100. 68. GLF Manifesto, pp.8–9. 69. See forexample Keith Birch, (1980), ‘ThePolitics of Autonomy’ in Gay Left Collective (ed.) op.cit. or SheilaRowbotham et al., (1980), Beyond the Fraagments: Feminism and the Makinngof Socialism, London, Merlin. 70. Gay Left Collective, (1976), Editorial Gay Leftt, 2, Spring, p.1. 71. Jeffrey Weeks, (1979), ‘Personal Politics – Ten Years On’, in Gay Leftt,8, Summer, pp.7–8. 72. Information from ‘Nothing Personal’,unpublished notes written bygay men and women who atthe time of these events belonged to theInternational Marxist Group (IMG). 284 Notes

73. David Fernbach, op.cit., p.198. 74. Dennis Altman, (1983), op.cit., p.211. 75. ibid, p.1. 76. Martin Humphries, (1985), in Andy Metcalfe and Martin Humphries (eds), The Sexualitty of Men,p.72,London, Pluto Press. 77. Quoted in George Stambolian, (1984), Male Fantasies/Gay Realities: Interviews witth Ten Men, New York, Sea Horse Press. 78. Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.56. 79. ibid, p.58. 80. Richard Dyer, (1981), ‘Getting Over theRainbow’ in GeorgeBridgesand Rosalind Brunt (eds), Silver Lininngs, p.61,London, Lawrence & Wishart. 81.In Yvonne Roberts,op.cit., pp.165–6. 82. ibid. 83. ibid, p.169. 84. George Stambolian,op.cit., p.155. 85. ibid, p.11. 86.ibid, p.154. 87. ibid, pp.159–60. 88. Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.180. 89. Shere Hite, (1981), The Hite Reeport on Male Sexualitty,London,MacDonald;Nancy Friday, (1981), Men in Love: Men’s Sexual Fanttasies, London, ArrowBooks. 90. Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.193. 91. See Scott McIntosh, in Yvone Roberts op.cit. or ‘A Masochist’, in George Stambolian,op.cit. 92. Dennis Altman,op.cit., p.195. 93. ibid, p.197. 94. ibid, p.198. 95. Richard Dyer, (1983), ‘Coming to Terms’,in Fump Cutt,30, p.27. 96. ibid. 97. ibid, p.29. 98. Martin Humphries,op.cit., p.85. 99. Nigel Young, (1979), ‘Past Present’,in Gay Leftt, 8, Summer, p.35. 100. Quoted in Dennis Altman,op.cit., p.18. 101. Edmund White, (1980), Sttates of Desire, p.259, New York,E.P. Dutton. 102. See Michael Smith, (1983), (ed.), Black Men/White Men: A Gay Antthologgy, San Francisco, Gay Sunshine Press; Joseph Beam, (1986), (ed.), Intthe Life: ABlack Gay Antthologgy, Boston, Alyson Publications Inc. 103. Joe DeMarco, (1983), ‘Gay Racism’ in Michael Smith,ibid, p.111. 104.ibid, p.118. 105. Quoted in Altman, op.cit., p.177. 106. Ellen Willis, (1981), Beginning to See the Lightt, p.163, Boston, South End Press. 107. Andrew Hacker, (1982), ‘Farewell tothe Family? New Yorrk Review of Books, vol. xxix,4,March 18, p.37. 108. ibid. 109. ibid and also Neil Kinnock, (1983), ‘A Labour viewpoint’ in Family Policy: altern- ative viewpoints in Povertty: Child Povertty Action Group Journal, 55, August. 110. Martin Weinberg and Colin Williams, (1975), Male Homosexuals,p.20, New York, Penguin Books. 111. JohnD’Emilioand EstelleFreedman,op.cit, chapter 15. 112. Gayle Rubin, (1987), ‘Thinking Sex: Notes foraRadical Theory of thePolitics of Sexuality’,inCarol Vance, (1984), Pleasure and Dangerr, p.271, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. Notes 285

113. George Weinberg, (1972), Societty and the Healthy Homosexual,p.4, New York, StMartin’sPress. See also Martin Hoffman, (1968), The Gay World, pp.181–2, New York, Basic Books. 114. Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.65. 115. Sigmund Freud, (1933), ‘Some Neurotic Manifestations in Jealousy,Paranoia and Homosexuality’,in Commplete Worrks, vol. 18, p.232, London, Hogarth. 116. Andrew Kopkind, (1979), ‘TheBoys in theBarracks’, in KarlaJay and Allen Young (eds), Lavender Culture, New York, Jove HBJ; Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.61. 117. Paul Hoch, (1979), White Hero, Black Beastt, p.85, London, Pluto Press. 118. David Morgan, op.cit. 119. Dennis Altman, op.cit., p.62. 120. ‘The Vilest Men in Britain’, headlines in Sunday Peoople, 25May, 1975. 121. In Altman, op.cit. p.173. 122. ibid, p.198. 123.Gay Left Collective (1978/9), ‘Happy Families?: Paedophilia Examined’ in Gay Leftt, 7, Winter, p.2. 124. ibid, p.5. 125. Roger Jowell and Colin Airey, (1984), British Social Attitudes: the 1984 Reportt, pp.136–43, London, Gower. 126. Quoted in Jeffrey Weeks, (1987), ‘Love in a Cold Climate’ in Marxism Today, January, p.13. 127. Richard Goldstein, (1985), ‘TheUses of Aids’ in Village Voice, December 5, p.27. 128. Jeffrey Weeks, (1987), op.cit., p.13. 129. Elizabeth Wilson, (1989) in TheGuarrdian, March 14, p.21. 130. LesleyDike, (1987), ‘AIDS: What women should know’ in Outwrite, 54, January, pp.10–11; Lynne Segal (1989) ‘Lessons from the Past: Feminism, Sexual Politics and the Challenge of Aids’, in Erica Carter and Simon Watney (eds), Takinng Liberties: Aids and Culturral Politics, London, Serpent’sTail. 131. The Economistt, August 23, 1986, p.33. 132. Cindy Patton, (1988), ‘AIDS: Lessons from the Gay Community’ in Feminist Review, no. 30, Autumn, p.108. 133. Dennis Altman, (1986), AIDS And The New Purittanism, London,Pluto Press. 134. ibid. 135. Simon Watney, (1987), Policinng Desire, London, Comedia. 136.Bill Thorneycroft, Jeffrey Weeks and Mark Stevens, (1988), ‘TheLiberation of Affection’, in Bob Cant and Susan Hemmings (eds), Radical Records: Thirtty Years of Lesbian and Gay Historry, p.167, London,Routledge. 137. Jeffrey Weeks, in ibid, p.168. 138. Leaflets from the Terrence Higgins Trust. 139. David Rampton, (1986),in You: Mail on Sunday, November 26. 140. The Economistt, August 23, 1986, p.33. 141. Cindy Patton, op.cit., p.106. 142. ibid. 143. ibid. 144. Sylvia Strauss, (1982), “Traitors tot he Masculine Cause”.TThe Men’s Campaigns for Women’sRiighg ts, London, Greenwood Press. 145. Edward Carpenter, (1948), [First edition 1896] Love’s Cominngof Agge, London, Allen & Unwin. 146. See Jeffrey Weeks, (1977), op.cit., p.75. 147. ibid. 286 Notes

148. Sheila Rowbotham, (1977), ‘Edward Carpenter: Prophet of theNew Life’ in Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and theNNew Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edwarrd Carpenter and Havelock Ellis, London, Pluto Press. 149. ibid.

Preamble to Chapter 7 – The View from 2007 1. Tony Sewell, (1996), Black Masculinities and Schoolingg, Trentham Books, London; Louise Archer, (2003), ‘Race’, Masculinitty and Schooling: Muslim Boys and Educa- tion, Buckingham, Open University Press. 2. Stuart Hall, (1992), ‘New Ethnicities’ in James Donald and Ali Rattansi (eds) ‘Race’,Culture and Diffference, London, Sage andOpen University; Homi Bhabha, (1994), The Locattion of Culturre, London and New York,Routledge; Paul Gilroy, (1993), The Black Attlantic: Modernitty and Double Consciousness, London, Verso. 3.Michael Awkward, (1995), Negotiatinng Diffference: Racee, Gender and thePolitics of Positionalitty, Chicago, University of Chicago Press; Daniel Boyarin, (1997), Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexualitty and the Invention of the Jewish Man, Berkeley,Universityof California Press;Warren Rosenberg, (2001), Legaccy of Rage:e Jewish Masculinitty, Violencee, and Culturre, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Press. 4. Venise T. Berry and Carmen L. Manning-Miller, (1996), (eds) Mediated Messaages and African-AmericanCulture: Contemporarry Issues, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications;Phillip Brian Harper, (1996), Are We Not Men? Masculine Anxietty and theProblem of African-American Identitty, New York, Oxford University Press; Sheila J. Wise, (2001), ‘Redefining Black Masculinity and Manhood: Successful Black Gay Men Speak Out’, Journal of African American Men 5,Spring, pp. 3–22; Maurice O.Wallace, (2002), Constructingt heBlack Masculine: Identitty and Idealitty in African AmericanMen’s Literature and Culturee, 1775–1995, Durham, NC, Duke UniversityPress; Patricia Hill, (2004), Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Genderr, and the New Racism, New York,Routledge. 5. See especiallyHazel Carby, (1998), Race Men, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. 6. Samuel R. Delany, (1993), The Motiono of Ligght inWWater: Sex and Science Fiction Writing int he East Village 1960–1965, New York,MasqueradeBooks; Essex Hemphill, (1991), (ed.), Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men,Boston, Alyson. 7. R.W. Connell, (2005), ‘Change among the Gatekeepers: Men,Masculinities, and Gender Equalityin theGlobal Arena’, Siigns,30:3, Spring, pp.1801–25. 8. Connell, ibid, p.1811; see also Robert Morrell, (1998), ‘OfBoys and Men: Masculinity and GenderinSouthern African Studies’, Journal of Southerrn African Studies, 24(4), pp.605–30; Mai Ghoussoub, (2000), ‘Chewing Gum, Insatiable Women and Foreign Enemies: Male Fears and the Arab Media’, in Mai Ghous- soub and Emma Sinclair-Webb, (ed.) Imaagined Masculinities:M ale Identity and Culture in the Middle East, pp.227–35, London, Saqi; Matthew C. Gutmann’s, (2002), The Romance of Democraccy: Compliant Defiancei in Contemporary Mexico, Berkeley, University of California Press. 9. Nasra Hassan, (2001), ‘An Arsenal of Believers: The men who became “human bombs”’,The New Yorker, November 19, pp.36-41; Mark Juergensmeyer, (2000), Terror in theMindof God:TThe Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley, University of California Press. Notes 287

7 Competing Masculinities (III): BlackMasculinity and the White Man’s BlackMan 1.James Baldwin, as quoted in Fern Maya Eckman, (1968), The Furious Passaage of James Balddwiw n,pp.32–3,London, Michael Joseph. 2. Joseph Conrad, (1986), [First published 1902], Heart of Darrkness, p.105–6, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 3. Chinua Achebe, (1988), Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays 1965–87, p.11, London, Heinemann. 4. Quoted in Dorothy Hammond and Alta Jablow, (1970), The AfricaT hat Never Was: Four Centuries of British Writings About Afrir ca, p.23, New York,Twayne Press. 5. William Blake, (1965), [First published 1789], ‘The Little Black Boy’ in (ed.), Max Plowman, William Blake: Poems and Prophecies,p.10,London, Everyman. 6.Hammond and Jablow,op.cit., p.26. 7. Patrick Brantlinger, (1987), ‘Victorians and Africans: The Geneology of the Myth of theDark Continent’ in Henry Louis Gates Jr (ed.), Race, Writinng and Diffference, p.186, London,Univ. of ChicagoPress. 8. Robin Blackburn, (1988), The Overthrow of Colonial Slaverry 1776–1848, p.436, London, Verso. 9. See Brantlinger,op.cit., pp.186–92. 10. James Walvin, (1987), ‘Symbolsof Moral Superiority:slavery,sportand the changing world order, 1800–1950’ in J.A. Mangan and James Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morrality, London,Manchester UniversityPress. 11. Rudyard Kipling. 12. Walvin,op.cit., p.243. 13. Quoted in Brantlinger,op.cit., p.192. 14. Quoted ibid,p.187. 15. Quoted in Hammond and Jablow, op.cit., p.54. 16. Men like Alfred W. Cole and W. Winrood Reade were part of the former group, and men like Sir William Harris a part of the latter group of men. ibid, p.45. 17. ibid. 18. As quoted in Catherine Hall, (1989), ‘The Economy of Intellectual Prestige: Thomas Carlyle, JohnStuart Mill and the Case of Governor Eyre’ in Culturral Critique, Summer. 19. See Hall, ibid. 20. Thomas Huxley, quoted in Brantlinger, op.cit. p.203;Mary Kingsley, quoted in Hammond and Jablow,op.cit., p.98. 21.ibid,p.98. 22. ibid. 23. Ronald Robinson et al., (1961), Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperr- ialism, pp.465–75, London, Macmillan. Britain had entered the ‘Scramble’ for Africa to defend existing free trade relations in Africa, Egypt and Asia against the growing strength of competing European nations now threatening her former easy world dominance, alongside other threatsarising from uprisings in Egypt, South Africa and Ireland. 24. H.R. Haggard, (1979) [First published 1885], Kinng Solomon’s Mines from Kinng Solomon’s Mines, She, Allan Quatermain, London, Octopus Press. 25. ibid, p.14. 26. Hammond and Jablow, op.cit., p.108. 27. Brantlinger, op.cit., p.211. 288 Notes

28. Quoted ibid. 29.Joel Kovel, (1988), [First published 1970], White Racism: APPsycho-historry, p.xcix, London, Free Association Books. 30. Achebe, op.cit., p.2. 31. Conrad, op.cit., p.16. 32. ibid, p.50. 33. Graham Greene, (1948), Journey Witthout Maps, London, Pan. 34.ibid, p.114. 35. ibid, p.33. 36. Hammond and Jablow, op.cit., p.182. 37. Mrinalini Sinha, (1987), ‘Genderand Imperialism:Colonial Policy and theIdeo- logy of Moral Imperialism in late nineteenth-century Bengal’ Michael Kimmel (ed.), Channginng Men, London, Sage. 38. ibid, p.226. 39. RudieBleys, ‘The geography of perversion/desire: 18th and 19th century inter- pretations of primitive homosexuality’ in International Scientific Conferenceof Gay and Lesbian Studies, Homosexuality, Which Homosexualitty?, vol.1, (History), p.13, Amsterdam,Free University Amsterdam. 40. James Baldwin, (1985), [First published 1963], The Fire Next Time in The Price of the Tickett, p.375, London, Michael Joseph. 41. Quoted in Robert Altman, (1981), Coming Out int he Seventies, p.158,Boston, Alyson Publications;Robert Altman, (1981), Cominng Out in the Seventies, p.158, Boston, Alyson Publications. 42. Frantz Fanon, (1970), [First published 1952], Black Skins, White Masks,p.118, London, Paladin. 43. Roger Bastide, (1972), ‘Dusky Venus, Black Apollo’ in Paul Baxter and Basil Sansom (eds), Race and Social Diffference, p.187, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 44. James Baldwin, (1985), [First published 1961], ‘TheBlack Boy Looksatthe White Boy’,op.cit., p.290. 45. James Baldwin, (1985), [First published 1972], ‘No Name in theStreet’,ibid, p.482. 46. James Baldwin, (1985), ‘Here Be Dragons’,ibid,pp.684–5. 47. James Baldwin, (1985), ‘No Name in the Street’,op.cit., p.477. 48. Geoffrey Summerfield, (1984), Introduction to Richard Wright, Black Boy,p.v, London,Longman. 49. B.W. Beacroft and M.A. Smale, (1982), The Makingof America, p.104, London, Longman. 50. Quoted in Hazel Carby, (1987), ‘ “On the Threshold of Women’s Era”: Lynching, Empire,and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory’, in Gates, op.cit. 51. Quoted in Jane Gaines, (1988), ‘White Privilege and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist Film Theory’ in Screen, vol. 29,4, p.24. 52. ibid. 53. See Helen Taylor, ‘Gone With The Wind: the mammy of them all’ in Jean Radford (ed.), The Progress of Romance: The Politics of Poopular Ficttion,p.125, p.130, London, Routledge&Kegan Paul. 54. Robert Staples, (1982), Black Masculinity:T he Black Male’sRole in American Societty, p.62, San Francisco, Black Scholar Press. 55. Quoted in Baldwin, op.cit., p.299. 56. Norman Mailer, (1960), ‘TheWhite Negro’,inProtestt, p.304, London, Panther. 57. ibid, p.291. 58. Fanon, op.cit. Notes 289

59. Kobena Mercer, (1988), ‘Racism and the Polities of Masculinity’ in Kobena Mercerand Isaac Julien, ‘Race, Sexual Polities and Black Masculinity:ADossier’, in Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford(eds), MaleOrder, p.112, London, Lawrence & Wishart. 60. Bastide, op.cit., p.191. 61. See Johnson, op.cit., p.18. 62.ibid, p.19. 63. Lynne Segal, (1987), Is the Futture Female?:TTroubled Thougghts on Contemporarry Feminism, chapter 1,London, Virago. 64. Johnson, op.cit., p.19. 65. Segal,op.cit., p.198. 66.Segal, op.cit., chapter 1. 67. Eldridge Cleaver, (1969), Soul on Ice, p.125, London, Cape. 68. Mtutuzeli Matshoba, (1979), Call Me Not a Man, p.18, London, Rex Collings. 69. ibid. 70. Quoted in Johnson,op.cit., p.119. 71. Richard Wright, (1984),op.cit., p.209. 72.ibid, p.222. 73.Chester Himes, (1986), [First published 1945], If He Hollers Let Hiim Go, p.2,p.4, London, Pluto Press. 74. ibid, p.35. 75. Kenneth Clark, (1965), Darrk Ghetto, p.64, New York,Harper. 76. William Grier and Price Cobbs, (1968), Black Raage,p.149, New York,Bantam Books. 77.Charles Silberman, (1964), Crisis in Black and White, p.155, New York,Random House. 78. ibid, p.189. 79. ibid, p.235. 80. Daniel Moyniham, (1965), TheNeegro Family:T he Case forNNational Action, Washington, U.S. Department of Labor. 81. Quoted in David Widgery, (1979), ‘Baldwin’ in Achilles Heel, 3, p.34. 82. Robert Staples, op.cit., p.88. 83. ibid, p.136. 84. ibid, p.2. 85. ibid, p.8. 86. ibid, p.13, emphasis added. 87.ibid. 88. ibid, p.68. 89. ibid,p.69. 90. ibid, p.80. 91. ibid, p.143 92. Lillian Rubin, (1987), Quiet Rage, p.242,London, Faber & Faber. 93. bell hooks, (1989), Talkinng Back: Thinkinng Feminist – Thinkinng Black,p.242, London, Sheba. 94. ibid, p.178. 95. Staples,op.cit., p.89. 96. Greer and Cobb, op.cit., p.179. 97. Rubin,op.cit., p.242. 98. William Strickland, (1989),‘Sleaze: How Bipartisan Racism Defiled the1988 Presidential Campaign’, in Zeta Maagazine, Jan. p.10. 99.Rubin, op.cit., p.38. 290 Notes

100. ibid, p.249 101. ibid, p.104. 102. Bobby Seale, (1970), Seize the Time: The Storry of the Black Pantther Partty, London, Arrow Books. 103. Joel Kovel, op.cit., p.cix. 104. LeRoi Jones, (1966), Home, p.164, New York,William Morrow &Co. 105. Quoted in Eckman, op.cit., p.136. 106. LeRoi Jones, op.cit., p.110. 107. Johnson, op.cit., p.85. 108. LeRoi Jones, op.cit., p.188. 109. Quoted in Eckman,op.cit., p.23. 110. Stuart Hall et al., (1978), Policinng the Crisis, London, Macmillan. 111.ibid, p.357. 112. Dick Hebdige, (1979), Subculture: The Meaninng of Sttyle,p.37, London,Methuen. 113. Paul Gilroy, (1987), There Ain’t NoBlack in the Union Jack,pp.164–5, London, Hutchinson. 114. ibid, p.171. 115. ibid, p.241. 116. ibid. 117. Beverley Bryan, Stella Dadzie and Suzanne Scafe, (1985), The Heart of the Race: Black Women’s Lives in Britain, p.219, London, Virago. 118. Ken Pryce, (1979), Endless Pressure, p.53, Bristol,Bristol Classical Press. 119. Errol Lawrence, (1982), ‘In the Abundance of Water theFool isThirsty: Soci- ology and Black Pathology’, in CCCS (eds), TheEmmpireSttrikes Back, London; Hutchinson;Paul Gilroy and Errol Lawrence, ‘Two-ToneBritain: White and Black Youth and thePolitics of Anti-Racism’ in Philip Cohen and HarwantBains (eds) Multi-Racist Brittain, London,Macmillan. 120. Toni Cade, (1970), ‘On the Issue of Roles’, in Toni Cade (ed.), TheBlack Woman, p.102, New York, Signet. 121. ibid, p.103. 122.ibid, p.106. 123. Toni Cade Bambara, (1972), Gorilla, My Love, New York,Random House; (1977), TheSea Birrds areSttill Alive, New York,Random House; and(1980), TheSalt Eaters, New York, Random House. 124. Toni Cade,op.cit., p.268. 125. Paule Marshall, (1981), [First published 1959], Brown Girl, Brownstones, New York, The Feminist Press. 126. Paule Marshall, (1970), ‘Reena’ in Cade, op.cit. 127. Toni Morrison, (1971), ‘What the Black Woman thinks About Women’sLib’ in The New York Times Maagazine, August 22. 128. Zora Neale Hurston, (1986), [First published 1937], Their Eyes Were Watchinng God, XIII, London, Virago; Elaine Feinstein, (1985), Bessie Smitth, p.97, London, Viking. 129. Rubin, op.cit., p.242. 130. Quoted in Johnson, p.109. 131. Alice Walker, (1970), The Thirrd Lifeof Grange Copeland, London, Women’sPress, p.94. 132. Alice Walker, (1982), The Colour Purple, London, Women’sPress. 133. Michele Wallace, (1979), Black Machoand TheMMyth of the Superwoman, London, John Calder. 134.ibid, p.109. Notes 291

135. ibid, p.32, p.48. 136. EldridgeCleaver, op.cit., p.49. 137. LeRoi Jones, op.cit., p.227. 138. Wallace, op.cit., chapter 1. 139. Audre Lorde, (1983), ‘My WordsWill Be There’,in (ed.) Mari Evans, Black Women Writers, p.267, London, Pluto. 140. Combahee River Collective, (1983), ‘Collective Statement’ in Barbara Smith(ed.), Home Girls: ABlack Feminist Anthology, New York,Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press. 141. NtozakeShange, (1980), ‘coming to terms’ in Mary Helen Washington (ed.), Midnighg t Birrds, p.254, New York,Anchor Books. 142. Lauretta Ngcobo (ed.), Let It Be Told:Black Women Writers in Brittain, p.31, London, Virago Press. 143. ibid, p.30. 144. RhondaCobham and Merle Collins, (1986), Watchers and Seekers: Creative Writt- inngs by Black Women in Brittain,p.30, London,Women’s Press. 145. Joan Riley, (1985), The Unbelongingg, London, Women’sPress. 146. Grace Nicholls, (1986), ‘Even Tho’, in Cobham and Collins, op.cit., p.65. 147.BeverleyBryan et al., op.cit., p.214. 148. Washington,op.cit., p.xvi. 149. Staples,op.cit., p.159. 150. Ishmael Reed, (1989), Reckless Eyeballingg, London, Allison & Busby. 151. Johnson, op.cit., p.107. 152. Langston Hughes, (1986), [First published 1940], TheBiig Sea:An Autobiography, London,Pluto Press; James Baldwin, (1984), [First published 1962], Anotther Countrry,London,Black Swan. 153. Joseph Beam, (1986), ‘Brother to Brother: WordsFrom theHeart’, in Joseph Beam (ed.),p.239, In the Life:ABlack Gay Antthologgy. 154. Kobena Mercer and Isaac Julien,op.cit., p.99. 155. ibid. 156. ibid, p.105. 157. ibid, pp.139–40. 158. ibid, p.141. 159.Richard Pryor, (1971), In Concert, (Video). 160. See, for example, Lenny Henry, (1989), ‘My Hero: Lenny Henry on Richard Pryor’, The Independent Maagazine, 22 July, p.54. 161. Isaac Julien, Lookinng For Lanngston, Film shown on ITV Channel 4as partof the series Out on Tuesday,(March 27 1989). 162. Hughes, op.cit., p.156. 163. Stuart Hall, (1987), ‘Minimal Selves’ in Indentitty: The Real Me, London, ICA Documents 6; Stuart Hall, (1987), ‘New Ethnicities in Black Film British Cinema, p.27, London, ICA Documents. 164. Essex Hemphill, (1986), Conditions: Poem by Essex Hemphill, Washington,BeBop Books. 165. Isaac Julien, (1988), ‘Gary’sTale’, in Mercer and Julien, op.cit., p.128.

Preambleto Chapter 8–The View from 2007 1.Lynne Segal, (1994), Straiight Sex, London, Virago; see also Margaretta Jolly, (2005), ‘Feminist Heterosexuality’, Critical Quarterly, October, 47:3, pp.17–29 2. Jonathan Rutherford, (1993), I Am No Longer Myself Witthout You: An Anatomy of Love, p.3, London, Flamingo. 292 Notes

3. Victor J. Seidler, (1991), (ed.), The Achilles Heel Reader: Men, Sexual Politics and Socialism, London, Routledge; Victor J. Seidler, (1997), Man Enouggh? Embodyinng Masculinities, London, Sage; Jeff Hearn, (1992), ‘The personal, thepolitical,the theoretical:the case of men’ssexuality and sexual violence’,inDavid Porter (ed.) Between Men and Feminism,London and New York,Routledge. See also Laurence Mordekhai Thomas, (1998), ‘Feminist Ambiguity in Heterosexual Lives: Reflection on Andrea Dworkin’, in Tom Digby (ed.), Men Doing Feminism, London and New York. 4. Anthony Giddens, (1992), The Transformattion of Intimaccy:Sexualitty, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies, Cambridge, Polity Press. 5. Stevie Jackson, (1995), ‘Women and Heterosexual Love: Complicity, Resistance and Change’, in L. Pearce and J. Stacey (eds), Romance Revisited, New York, London, New York University Press; Jean Duncombeand Dennis Marsden, (1999), ‘Love and Intimacy:The Gender Division of Emotion and“EmotionWork” ’, Sociologgy, 27:2, pp.221–41. 6. See Calvin Thomas (2000), (ed.), Straigght witth a Twist: Queer Theorry and theSubject of Heterosexue alitty, Illinois,University of Illinois. 7. Marjorie Kirby and Brigid Costello, (2004), ‘Displaying the Phallus: Masculinity and the Performanceof Sexuality on theInternet’, in Peter Murphy (ed.), Feminism and Masculinities, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 8. Panos Institute, (2001), YounngMMen and HIVV:Culturee, Povertty and Sexual Risk, London,Joint United NationsProgramme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),ThePanos Institute; Michael Flood, (2003), ‘Lust,Trust and Latex: WhyYoungHeterosexual Men Do Not Use Condoms’, Culture,HHealth, & Sexualitty, 5; Liz Kelly, (2000), ‘WarsAgainst Women: Sexual Violence, Sexual Politics and theMilitarised State’, in S. Jacobs,R. Jacobson and J. Marchbank(eds), States of Conflictt, London and New York,Zed Books; Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic, (2002), Social Channge, Gender and Vioi lence: Postt-Communist and War--Afffected Societies, Boston,Kluwer. 9. Kaufman, Michael, (2003), The AIM Frameworrk:Addressinng and Involvinng Men and Boys To Promote Gender Equalitty and End Gender Discrimination and Violence, UNICEF, March. 10. See, for example, Manuel Castells, (1996), The Power of Identitty,p.165, Cambridge, MA,Blackwell Publishers.

8 The Belly of the Beast (I): Sex as Male Domination? 1.Nancy Friday, interview in Spare Rib, p.45, February 1976. 2. DaleSpender, (1984), ‘NO MATTER WHAT Theoretical IssuesinContem- poraryFeminism,in JoyHolland (ed.), Feminist Action, pp.11–12, London, Battle Axe Books. 3. Catherine Stimpson, (1987),Foreword to HarryBrod (ed.), The Making of Masculin- ities, p.xl, London, Allen&Unwin. 4. Anon. (circa 1971), Whhy Miss World?, Pamphlet, London (n.d.). 5. See Michelene Wandor, (1972), (ed.), The BodyPolitic: Writings from the Women’s Liberration Movement in Brittain 1969–72, London, Stage One. 6. See Sheila Rowbotham, (1989), The Past is Before Us: Feminism in Action Since the 1960s, p.64, London, Pandora. 7. See Lynne Segal, (1987), Is the Future Female? Troubled Thoughts on Contemporarry Feminism, chapter 2, London, Virago Press. 8. Catherine MacKinnon, (1982), ‘Feminism, Marxism, Method and theState’,in Signs, vol. 7, 3, p.529. Notes 293

9. Catherine MacKinnon, (1984), Comments in Signs, vol. 10, 1, p.182 10. Roger Scruton, (1983),in The Observerr, 22 May. 11. Roger Scruton, (1983), The Times, 15February. 12. Quoted in Jeffrey Weeks, (1985), Sexualityand Its Discontents, p.69, London, Routledge&Kegan Paul. 13. Quoted in Peter Schwenger, (1984), Phallic Critiques, p.76,London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 14. Alberto Moravia, (1972), The Two of Us, p.111,London, Secker & Warburg. 15. Randy Thornhill et al., (1986), ‘TheBiology of Rape’,inSylvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter (eds), Rape, p.113, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. 16. Rosalind Coward, (1984), ‘TheSex Life of Stick Insects’,in Female Desire, London, Paladin. 17. Barbara Ehrenreich et al.,(1986), Re-Makinng Love: The Feminizattion of Sex,p.203, New York, AnchorPress. 18. For example, according to studies of NewGuineaHighlands societiesaperson’s gender ‘does not lielocked in hisorher genitals but canflow and change with contactassubstancesseep into and out ofhisorher body’. This quotation iscited in Fitz John Porter Poole,‘Transforming“natural” woman’ in Sherry Ortner and HarrietWhitehead, (1981), (eds), Sexual Meaninngs, p.118, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. See also G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, (1980), ‘The Female Lingam’,in Currrent Antthroopologgy, vol. 21, 1; Shirley Ardener, (1987), ‘A noteon gender iconography: the vagina’ in (ed.) Pat Caplan, TheCulturral Consttruction of Sexualitty; Olivia Harris, (1981), ‘The powerofsigns: gender, culture and the wild in theBolivian Andes’ in MacCormack and Strathern (eds), Naturee, Culture and Gender, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. For one of the most recent anthropological texts assessing universalist fallacies surrounding Western notions ofmen, women and ‘gender’ see Marilyn Strathern, (1989), The Gender of theGift: Problems witth Womeno and Problems witth Societty in Melanesia, California, University of California Press. 19. Quoted in Andrew Tolson, (1977), The Limits of Masculinity, p.60, London, Tavistock. 20. Ethel Spector Person, (1980), ‘Sexuality as the Mainstay of Identity: Psychoana- lytic Perspectives’,inSiggns, vol.5,4,p.619. 21. Gad Horowitz and Michael Kaufman, (1987), ‘Male Sexuality: Toward A Theory of Liberation’ in Michael Kaufman (ed.), Beyond Patriarchy, Toronto, Oxford Univer- sity Press. 22.Norman Mailer, (1972), ThePrisoner of Sex, p.12,London,Sphere. 23. ibid, p.126. 24. ibid, p.127. 25. See, for example, H.R. Hays, (1964), The Danngerous Sex, New York, Putnam; Wolfgana Lederer, (1968), The Fear of Women,New York,Harcourt Brace; Mervyn Meggitt, (1976), ‘A Duplicity of Demons’, in Man and Woman in the New Guinea Hiighlands, Special publication, American Anthropological Association, no. 8. 26. Ian McEwan, (1978), In Between the Sheets, pp.19–21, London, Pan. 27. Nancy Friday, (1980), Men in Love: Men’s Sexual Fanttasies, p.471,New York, Arrow Books. 28. Eileen McLeod, (1982), Women Worrkinng: Prostitution Now,p.59,London, Croom Helm. 29. ibid, p.69. 30. ibid, p.70. 31. British andUS figures quoted in ibid, pp.70–72. 294 Notes

32. David Feintwick, (1979), ‘Men’s Lives: extract from an autobiography’ in Achilles Heel, 2, p.38. 33. Friday, op.cit. 34. Wendy Hollway, (1984), ‘Women’s Power in Heterosexual Sex’ in Women’s Studies Int. Forum, vol. 7, 1, pp.63–8. 35. ibid, pp.65–6. 36. ibid, p.68. 37. Carole Vance and Ann Snitow, (1984), ‘TowardsaConversation about Sex in Feminism’, in Siigns, vol. 10, 1, p.131. 38.Editorial collective, (1979), ‘Notes from the collective’ in Achilles Heel, 3, p.5. 39. London Feminist History Group, (1983), The Sexual Dynamic of Historry, p.4, London, Pluto Press. 40. Angela Carter, (1979), The SadeianWWoman, p.14, London, Virago Press. 41. Andy Moye, (1985), ‘Pornography’ in Andy Metcalfe and Martin Humphries (eds), The Sexualitty of Men,p.63, London,Pluto Press. 42.ibid, pp.59–60. 43. Jeffrey Fracher and Michael Kimmel, (1987), ‘Hard Issuesand SoftSpots: Coun- selling Men About Sexuality’, in Murray Scher et al.,(eds), Handbook of Counsellinng & Psychottherrapy witth Men, London, Sage. 44. ibid, p.84. 45. ibid, p.89. 46. ibid. 47. LeonoreTiefer, (1987), ‘ThePursuit of the Perfect Penis: The Medicalization of Male Sexuality’ in Michael Kimmel(ed.), Channginng Men,p.170, London, Sage. 48. ibid, p.166. 49. Sheila Jeffreys, (1983), ‘Sexreform andanti-feminism in the 1920s’ in London History Group, op.cit., p.187. 50. ibid, p.193. 51.Deirdre English, (1980), ‘The Politics of Porn: Can Feminists Walk the Line?’ in Sex, Porn and MaleRaage, San Francisco, Mother Jones Reprint. 52. Henry Schipper, ‘Filthy Lucre: A Tour of America’s Most ProfitableFrontier’, in ibid. 53. ibid. 54. Caroline Harris and Jennifer Moore, (1988),‘Altered Images’, in Marxism Today, November, p.25. 55. Nan Hunter, (1986), ‘ThePornography Debate in Context: A Chronology of sexuality, media and violenceissues in feminism’, in Kate Ellis et al., (eds), Caugght Looking: feminism, pornography and censorship, p.26, New York, Caught Looking Inc. 56. Andrea Dworkin in Pornography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of Links,(Public Hearings Minneapolis City Council), p.11, London, Everywoman. 57. Andrea Dworkin, (1981), Pornography: Men Possessing Women, London, Women’s Press. 58. ibid, p.128. 59. As quoted in John Forrester, (1985), ‘Rape, Seduction and Psychoanalysis’ in Tomaselli and Porter, op.cit., p.62. 60. See Nancy Friday,(1980),op.cit., Lynne Segal, (1983), ‘Sensual Uncertainty, or Why the Clitoris is Not Enough’, in Sue Cartledge and Joanna Ryan (eds), Sex and Love, London, Women’s Press. 61. See Lynne Segal, (1987), Is the Future Female?: Troubled Thoughts on Contemporarry Feminism, chapter 3,London, Virago. Notes 295

62. Richard Green, (1986), testimony as reported in Philip Nobileand Eric Nadler, United States of AmericavsSex, pp.89–92,New York,Minotaur Press. 63. Michael Goldsteinand Harold Kant, (1973), Pornograaphy and Sexual Deviance, p.73, Berkeley, University of California Press. 64. Robert Staples, (1986), Commentary written for Nobileand Nadler, op.cit., p.363. 65. Lori Onstenk, (1980),addendumto English,op.cit. 66. See N. Malamuth and E. Donnerstein, (1984), (eds), Pornography and Sexual Aggres- sion, Orlando, Academic Press; Edward Donnerstein and Daniel Linz, (1987), ‘Mass-Media Sexual Violence and Male Viewers: Current Theory and Research’ in Kimmel, op.cit. 67. Evidence given in Pornography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of Links, op.cit., p.16. 68. Quoted in Nobile and Nadler, op.cit., p.83. 69. Daniel Linz, Edward Donnerstein and Steven Penrod, (1987), ‘Sexual Violence in the Mass Media: Social Psychological Implications’ in Phillip Shaver and Clyde Hendrick(eds), Sex and Genderr, p.118, London, Sage. 70. Donald Mosher, (1970), ‘Psychological Reactionsto PornographicFilms’ in Technical Reports of the Commission on Obscenitty and Pornoography, vol.8, Washington, U.S. Government Report;Mosher, (1986), Quoted in Nobile and Nadler,op.cit., p.93. 71.See KateEllis et al.,(1986), Caught Lookingg, op.cit., p.26. 72. Larry Baron and Murray Straus, (1986), Commentary in Nobile and Nadler,op.cit., pp.351–353 73. Quoted in Ellis et al., op.cit., p.65. 74. Ellen Levine, (1986), Commentary in Nobile and Nadler, op.cit., p.311. 75. Lisa Duggan, (1986), ‘Censorship in the Name of Feminism’ in Ellis et al.,p.67. 76. Everywoman, (1988),Introduction to Pornoography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of Links,op.cit.; Catherine Itzin, (1987),inLondon Daily News, April 20. For further arguments for and against promoting aMinneapolisOrdinance in Britain see Gail Chester and Julienne Dickey (eds), (1988), Feminism and Censorship, London, Prism Press. 77. Quoted in Ellis, etal., op.cit., p.77. 78. Andrea Dworkin, (1987), Rigght-Wing Women: ThePolitics of Domesticated Females, London, Women’s Press. 79. See Judith Ennew, (1986), The Sexual Exxploittation of Children,pp.145–7, Cambridge, Polity Press. 80. See Seph Weene, (1981), ‘Venus’ in Sex Issues: Heresies, no. 2, who discusses her feelings of power when sheis performing;orNickie Roberts, (1986), The Front Line: Women int he Sex Industrry Speak, London, Grafton Books, who describes her decision, likethatof other women sheinterviews, to escape theunhealthy drearyjobsawaiting her for work as a stripper; or Judith Walkovitz, (1984), ‘Male Vice and Female Virtue: Feminism and the Politics of Prostitution in Nineteenth- Century Britain’, in Ann Snitow et al. (eds), Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexualitty, London, Virago, for historical tensions between prostitutes and their would-be feminist liberators. 81. Ann Snitow et al.,(1975). op. cit., p.460. 82. Ann Snitow, (1986), ‘Retrenchment Vs Transformation: the politics of theanti- pornography movement’ in Ellis et al., op.cit., p.12. 83. For example, see Tony Eardley,(1980), ‘Pin-Ups Come Down on Building Sites’, in Achilles Heel, 4. 84. Deirdre English, op.cit., p.46. 296 Notes

85. Pat Califia, (1986), ‘Among Us, Against Us: theNew Puritans’ in Ellis et al., op.cit., p.20. 86. Mariana Valverde, (1985), Sex, Power and Pleasure,p.138,Toronto, Women’s Press. 87. ibid, p.140. 88. Susan Brownmiller, (1976), Against Our Will, p.359, (emphasisoriginal), Harmondsworth,Penguin. 89. Ellen Willis, (1985), ‘Feminism, Moralism and Pornography’ in Snitow et al., Powersof Desirre, op.cit., p.462.

PreambletoChapter 9 – The View from2007 1. See, for example, David Denborough, (1996), ‘Step by Step: Developing Respectful and Effective Waysof Working with Young Men to Reduce Violence’, in Chris McLean, Maggie Carey and Cheryl White (eds), Men’s Ways of Beingg,pp.91–115, Boulder, CO, Westview; Michael Kaufman, (1993), Crrackinng the Armour: Powerr, Pain and the Lives of Men, Toronto, Ontario, Penguin. Michael Kaufman was the co-founder of theWhiteRibbon Campaign, launched in Toronto in November, 2001, to put a stop to all formsof men’s violence against women following the massacreof 14 women students in Montreal. 2. See J. John Archer, (2000) ‘Sex differencesinaggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review’, Psychological Bulletin, 126, pp.651–80; Sandra Lundy, (1993), ‘Abuse That Dare Not Speak Its Name: Assisting Victims of Lesbian and Gay Domestic Violence in Massachusetts’, New Eng. Law Rev. 28, Winter, p.273; Teresa Scherzer, (1998), ‘Domestic Violence in Lesbian Relationships: Find- ings of the Lesbian Relationship Research Project’, Journal of Lesbian Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.29–47; Lori B. Girschick, (2002), Woman-to-Woman Sexual Viiolence. Does SheCall it Raape? Boston,Northeastern University Press. 3. Rachel Simmons, (2002), Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Cultureof Agggression in Girls, New York,Harcourt; Mary G.Harris, (1994), ‘Cholas, Mexican-American Girls and Gangs’, Sex Roles: AJJournal of Research, vol. 30 no. 3–4, pp. 289–301, Febuary; Barbara Victor, (2003), Army of Roses: Insidetthe World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers, Pennsylvania,Rodale Books. 4. For example,RandyThornhill and Craig Palmer, (2002), ANaturral Hiistorry of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion, London and Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. For my critique of this contentious book, see Lynne Segal, ‘Nature’sWay: Responding to and Thornhill and Palmer’, Psychologgy, Evolution & Genderr, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.87–94. 5. B. Pressman, (1998), ‘Violence against women: Ramifications ofgender, class and race inequality’, in M. P. Mirkin (ed.), Women in Context: Towarrd a Feminist Recon- struction of Psychotherapy, New York, Guilford Press; R. Carilloand J. Tello, (1998), (eds), Family Violence and Men of Color: Healing the Wounded MaleSSpirit. New York, Springer Publishing Company; C.K. Ho, (1996), ‘An analysis of domestic violence in Asian American communities: Amulticultural approach to counseling’ in P. Brown and M.P. Root (eds), Diversitty and Complexitty in Feminist Theraapy, New York, Haworth Press, Inc. 6. See forexample, David Morran and Monica Wilson (1999), ‘Working with Men who are Violent to Partners – Striving for Good Practice’ in Hazel Kemshall and Jacki Pritchard(eds), Good Practice in Workinng with Violence, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Philadelphia; Ruth Hayward, (1999), ‘Needed:Anew model of masculinity tostop violence against girls and women’, WHOGlobal Symposium on Violence and Health, 12–15 October; Margaret Cameron, (2000), ‘Young men and Violence Prevention’, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 154, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology. Notes 297

7. Christine Adler, (1991), ‘Explaining violence: Socioeconomics and masculinity’, in D.Chappell, P. Grabosky and H. Strang(eds), Australian Violence: Contemporarry Perspecttives, Canberra: Australian Instituteof Criminology. 8. Carolyn Nordstrom, (2004), Shadows of War: Violencee, Powerr,and Internattional Profiteering int he Twentty-First Centurry, Berkeley,University of California Press. 9. Susan Jeffords, (1989), Remasculinizattion of America: Gender and Vietnam, Bloomington, Indiana University Press; Cynthia Enloe, (2000), Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, Berkeley,University of Cali- fornia Press; Ingeborg Breines, Robert Connell and Ingrid Eide, (2000), (eds), Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence: A Culture of Peace Persspective, Paris, UNESCO. 10. R.W. Connell, (2003c), ‘Scrambling in theRuins of Patriarchy: Neo-liberalism and Men’s Divided Interests in Gender Change’, in Ursula Pasero (ed.), Gender – From Costs to Benefits,pp.58–69, Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher.

9 The Belly of the Beast (II): Explaining Male Violence 1. Susan Griffin, (1971),Reprint from ‘Rape: TheAll-American Crime’, Rammparts, September, pp.26–35. 2. ibid. 3. ibid, p.35. 4.Shulamith Firestone, (1971) The Dialectic of Sex, London, Paladin;Kate Millet, (1972), Sexual Politics, London, Abacus. 5. Germaine Greer, (1970), The Female Eunuch, London, MacGibbon&Kee. 6. Sheila Rowbotham, (1973), Women’s Consciousness, Man’sWorld, Harmondsworth, Penguin; Juliet Mitchell, (1971), Women’s Estate, Harmondsworth,Penguin. 7. Susan Brownmiller, (1976), Aggainst Our Will:MMen,WWomen and Raape, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 8. Elizabeth Stanko, (1985), Intimate Intrusions: Women’sExxperience of Male Violence, London,Routledge & Kegan Paul. 9. For example, see Rape Crisis Centre, (1977), First Annual Reportt, London, Rape Counselling and Research Project. 10. Susan Griffin, op.cit., p.22. 11.Brownmiller,op.cit., p.14. 12. As portrayed in the British film, Disttant Voices, Still Lives, Terrence Davies, 1988. 13. Brownmiller,op.cit., p.209. 14. ibid, p.15. 15. See John Forrester, (1985), ‘Rape, Seduction and Psychoanalysis’ in Tomaselliand Porter (eds), Rape,p.62, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. 16. See Alfred Kinsey etal., (1953), Sexual Behaviour in the HumanFemale, p.410, pp.116–22, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders. 17. Peggy Reeves Sanday, (1985), ‘Rape and theSilencing of the Feminine’ in Tomaselli and Porter, op.cit., p.85. 18. Margaret Mead, (1935), Sex and Temmperament in Three Primitive Societies, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 19. For these and other examples see Julia Schwendinger and Herman Schwendinger, (1983), Rape and Inequalitty, London, Sage. 20.Roy Porter, (1985), ‘Rape – Does it Have a Historical Meaning?’ in Tomaselli and Porter, op.cit. 21. ibid, p.223. 22. Barbara Lindemann, (1984), ‘“To Ravish and Carnally Know”:Rapein Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts’,in Siggnsn , Autumn, vol. 10, 1. 298 Notes

23. ibid, p.72. 24. ibid, p.81. 25. Ellen Ross, (1982), ‘“Fierce Questions and Taunts”:Married Life in Working-class London, 1870–1914’, in Feminist Studies, vol.8,3, Fall. 26. ibid, p.596. 27. Figures quoted in Donald West, (1984), ‘TheVictim’s Contribution to Sexual Offences’ in June Hopkins (ed.), Perspectives on Rape and Sexual Assaultt, p.2, London, Harper & Row. See also Jennifer Temkin, (1987), Rape and the Leggal Process, p.9, London, Sweet & Maxwell. 28. Porter,op.cit., p.223. 29. Brownmiller,op.cit., p.9. 30. Ruth Hall et al. (1981), The Rapist Who Paystthe Rent: Evidence SubmittedbyWomen Against Rape, Britain to theCriminal Law Revision Committee, Bristol,Falling Wall Press; Ruth Hall, (1985), Ask Any Women: A London Inquirry into Raape and Sexual Assaultt, Bristol, Falling Wall Press. 31. Ann Snitow, (1985), ‘Retrenchment Vs Transformation:the politics of the anti- pornography movement’ in KateEllis et al., Caught Lookingg, New York, Caught LookingInc. 32. Menachim Amir, (1971), Patterns in ForcibleRaape, Chicago,University of Chicago Press. 33. ibid, p.320. 34. ibid. 35. Diana Russell, (1984), Sexual Exploitation – Raape, Child Sexual Abuse and Worrkplace Harassment, pp.34–48, Beverley Hills, Sage. 36. Tempkin, op.cit., p.11. 37. Ruth Hall, (1985), op.cit. 38. Brian MacLean, (1985),Review of Ask AnyWWoman in British Journal Criminologgy, vol. 25, p.390. 39. ibid, p.391. 40. Hall, (1985), op.cit. 41. Ian Blair, (1985), Investigating Rape: A New Approachffor Police, London, Croom Helm; Harry O’Reilly, (1984), ‘Crisis Intervention with Victims of ForcibleRape: A Police Perspective’, in Hopkins (ed.),op.cit. 42. See, for example, Susan Edwards, (1981), Female Sexualitty and the Law, ch.2, Oxford, Martin Roberts; Carol Smart, (1976), Women, Crime and Criminologgy, London,Routledge & Kegan Paul. 43.Jalna Hanmerand MaryMaynard, (1987), (eds), Women, Violence and Social Control, p.11,London, Macmillan. 44. Elizabeth Stanko, (1985),op.cit., p.1. 45. Liz Kelly, (1988), Survivinng Sexual Violence, p.11, Cambridge, Polity Press. 46. ibid, p.27. 47. ibid. 48. P.H. Gebhard et al., (1965), Sexual Offenders: An Analysis of Types, London, Heinemann; Amir, op.cit.; Schwendingerand Schwendinger, op.cit.; Barbara Toner, (1982), The Facts of Raape, London, Arrow. 49. Robert Staples, (1982), Black Masculinity, San Francisco, Black Scholar Press. 50.Richard Wright, (1980), The English Rapist, New Society, 17 July, p.124. 51. Robert Staples, (1985),Commentary in Philip Nobileand Eric Nadler (eds), Uniten d States of America Vs Sex,p.363, New York, Minotaur Press. 52. Amir,op.cit. 53. Porter, op.cit., p.235. Notes 299

54. Ken Plummer, (1984), ‘TheSocial Uses of Power: Symbolic Interaction, Power and Rape’, in Hopkins (ed.),op.cit., p.46. 55. West, (1984),in ibid, p.41. 56. A.M. Scacco Jr, (1975), Rape inPrison, Springfield,Illinois, Charles C. Thomas. 57. ibid, p.86. 58. Plummer, op.cit., p.49. 59. Paul Wilson, (1978), The Otther Sideof Rape,St Lucia, University of Queensland Press. 60. ibid. 61. West,op.cit., p.11. 62. Asreported in Kelly,op.cit., p.53. 63. West, op.cit., p.11. 64.ibid, p.13. 65. ibid, p.11. 66. Maria Balinska, (1989), ‘Australian Rules’ in TheGuarrdian,17January, p.17. 67. In arecent British survey theWomen’sCommittee of the South East Region of the TUC (SERTUC) reports: ‘Roughly a decade since the issue was first raised in union circles it finally seemstobe universally accepted asaserious concern – as evidencedbythe number of publications on the subject and its profile on union coursesin both female and male dominated unions.’ SERTUC Women’s Committee, (1988), Still Moving Towarrds Equalitty, (no page no.),London, SERTUC. 68. D.J. West, C. Roy and Florence Nichols, (1978), Understtandinng Sexual Atttacks, London, Heinemann; Sylvia Levine and Joseph Koenig (eds), WhyMMen Rape, (1983),London, Star. 69. Levine and Koenig, ibid, p.3. 70. West et al., op.cit., p.35. 71. Levine and Koenig, p.41. 72. ibid, p.50. 73. Reported in Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, (1987), The Lust to Kill, p.69, Cambridge, PolityPress. 74.Gordon Burn, (1984), Somebody’’s Husband, Somebody’’s Son: The Storry of the Yorkshire Ripper, p.99, London, Pan Books. 75. Nicole Ward Jouve, (1986), ‘TheSttreetcleaner’:TThe Yorrkshire Ripper Case onT rial, p.149, London, Marion Boyars. 76. ibid, p.72. 77. ibid, p.100. 78. ibid, p.102. 79. Burn, op.cit., pp.58–9. 80. Quoted in Wendy Hollway, (1981), ‘ “I Just Wanted to Kill a Woman”. Why? The Ripperand MaleSexuality’ in Feminist Review, no.9, Autumn, p.39. 81. Quoted in Eileen Fairweather, (1982), ‘Leeds: Curfew on Men’ in Marsha Rowe (ed.), Spare Rib Readerr, p.441, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 82. Quoted in David Robins, (1984), We Hate Humans,p.110,Harmondsworth, Penguin. 83. Judith Walkovitz, (1982), ‘Jack the Ripper and the Mythof MaleViolence’ in Feminist Studies, vol. 8, 3,Fall, p.570. 84. A recent survey by GranadaTelevision found that nearly70 % of women said they either would not go out alone after dark or would go outonly if absolutely necessary. 34 %of these women hadbeen sworn at in the street, 18 % had exper- ienced unwelcome physical contact and 17 % hadbeen flashed at. (World In Action, Granada TV 9.1.89.) 300 Notes

85. Irene Hanson Frieze, (1983), ‘Investigating theCausesand Consequences of Marital Rape’ in Siggns, vol. 8, 3. 86. Jan Pahl, (1985), Private Violence and PublicPoliccy, p.8,London, Routledge& Kegan Paul. 87. Richard Gelles, (1979), FamilyVViolence, London, Sage. 88. William Goode, (1971), ‘Forceand Violence in the Family’ in Journal of Marriagge and the Family, vol. 33, no. 4; Murray Straus, (1980), ‘ASociological Perspective on the Prevention of Wife-beating’ in Murray Strauss and Gerald Hotaling (eds), Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence, Minneapolis, University of Minneapolis Press. 89. Gelles, op.cit., p.139. 90. ibid, p.171. 91. Jean Thompson in Linda Gordon, (1988), Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and Historry of Family Violence, p.291, New York, Viking. 92. Pahl,op.cit., p.47. 93. ibid. 94. ibid, p.48. 95. Bell Hooks, (1989), Talkinng Back;TThinkinng Feminist – Thinkinng Black, p.89, London, Sheba. 96. ibid, p.87. 97. ibid, p.86. 98. Gordon,op.cit., p.8. 99. ibid, p.292. 100. ibid, p.286. 101. Linda Gordon, (1988b), ‘The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Notes from American History’ in Feminist Review, no. 28, Spring, p.57. 102. S. Weinberg, (1955), Incest Behaviourr, New York, Citadel Press; Norman Bell and EzraVogel, (1963), (eds), AModern Inttroduction to theFamily, New York, Free Press; Paul Gebhardt et al.,(1965), Sexual Offfenders, New York,Harper & Row. 103. Figures reported in Kelly,op.cit., p.89. 104. Figures adopted, for example,by Islington Council in London. See Margaret Boushel and Sara Noakes, (1988), ‘Islington Social Services: Developing a Policy on Child Sexual Abuse’,inFeminist Review, no. 28, Spring, p.154. 105. Ruth Kempe and C.HenryKempe, (1978), Child Abuse, London,Fontana/Open Books; Patricia Mrazek and C.Henry Kempe, (1981), Sexually Abused Children and Their Families, Oxford,Pergamon Press. 106. Kempe and Kempe, ibid, p.66. 107.Gordon, (1988a), p.288. 108. See, for example, Judith Williamson, (1986), ‘Prisoner of Love’, in Consuming Passions,London, Marion Boyars. 109. Gordon, (1988a),op.cit., p.290. 110. ibid, p.276. 111. ibid. 112.Sara Maguire, (1988), ‘ “Sorry Love” – violence against women in the home and the state response’ in Critical Social Policcy, issue 23, Autumn, p.36. 113. ibid,p.37. 114. Gordon, (1988a), op.cit., p.288. 115. Anthony Giddens, (1984), The Consttitution of Societty,p.175, Cambridge, Polity Press. 116. Kathy Davis, (1987), ‘The Janus-Face of Power: Some theoretical considera- tions involved in the study of genderand power’, p.13.Paper presented at the symposium, The Gender of Powerr, Leiden. Notes 301

117. See Pahl, op.cit. 118. Barbara Hart, (1986), in Kerry Lobel(ed.), Namingt he Violence: Speaking Out About Lesbian Battery, p.9, Washington: Seal Press. 119. p.11. 120. ibid, p.24. 121. ibid, p.46. 122. ibid, p.52. 123. Anne Campbell, (1981), Girl Delinquents, p.133, Oxford,Basil Blackwell. 124. ibid. p.150. 125. ibid, p.181. 126. ibid, p.196. 127.ibid, p.237. 128.David Robins,op.cit., p.95. 129. Andrew Tolson, (1977), The Limits of Masculinitty, London, Tavistock. 130. Robins, op.cit., p.153. 131. ibid, p.152. 132. Peter Marsh,Elizabeth Rosserand Rom Harre, (1978), The Rules of Disorderr, London,Routledge &Kegan Paul. 133. Eric Dunning,Patrick Murphy and John Williams, (1988), The Roots of Foottball Hooliganism: An Historical and Sociological Study, p.187, London,Routledge. 134. ibid, p.206. 135. Marsh et al., op. cit. 136. See Janet Sayers, (1986), Sexual Contrradictions: Psychologgy,Psychoanalyysis, and Feminism, p.142, London,Tavistock. 137. ibid, p.157; Jane Temperley, (1984), ‘Our Own Worst Enemies: Unconscious Factors in FemaleDisadvantage’ in Free Associations, Pilot Issue. 138. Temperley, ibid. 139. Sarah Benton, (unpub.), ‘Notes on sex and violence’. 140. ibid. 141. Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer,op.cit., p.47. 142. David Morgan, (unpub.),Research Proposals for a Study of Masculinity and Violence. 143. Russel Dobash,R. Emerson Dobash, Sue Gutteridge, (1986), TheImmprisonment of Women, p.86, p.147,Oxford, Blackwell. 144. Lynne Segal, (1987), Ists the Future Female?, chapter 5, London,Virago. 145. Kum Kum Bhavnani, (1987), ‘Turning the World UpsideDown’ in Chartinng the Journeey, p.264, London,Sheba. 146.ibid, p.268. 147. Bell Hooks, (1989), ‘Feminism and Militarism; AComment’ in Hooks, op.cit., p.93. 148. Morgan, op.cit. 149. Martin Walker, (1989),in The Guardian, January 16. 150. Spike Lee talks to Steve Goldman, (1989), ‘Heat of the Moment’ in The Weekend Guarrdian, June 24–5,p.15.

Preambleto Chapter 10 - The View from 2007 1. Jeff, Hearn, Keith Pringle, UrsulaMüller, Elzbeieta Oleksy, et al., (2002), ‘Critical StudiesonMen in Ten European Countries: (1) The State of Academic Research’ in Men and Masculinities 4(4) pp. 380–408. 2. See Ruth Lister, (2004), Povertty, pp.55–61, Cambridge,Polity Press. 3. Alan Marsh and Sandra Vegeris, (2004), ‘Employment and child poverty’ in P. Dornan (ed.) Ending Child Poverty by 2020,London, Child Poverty Action Group. 302 Notes

4. See Couze Venn, (2006), The Postcolonial Challenge: TowarrdsAlternattive Worldds, pp.157–8, London, Sage. 5. Kayla Williams, (2006), Love My Rifle More Than You: Young, Female and in the Army, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

10 Beyond Gender Hierarchy: Can Men Change? 1. Elizabeth Janeway, (1982), Cross Sections: from a decadeof changge,p.17, New York, William Morrow &Co. 2. ibid, p.13. 3.ibid, p.19. 4. Ann Oakley, (1984), Takinng itLike a Woman, London, Jonathan Cape. 5. ibid, p.78. 6. ibid, p.78, p.80. 7. ibid, p.116. 8. ibid, p.121. 9. ibid, p.13. 10. ibid, p.74. 11.ibid, p.156. 12.ibid, p.190. 13. ibid, p.201. 14. ibid, p.116. 15. Ann Barr Snitow, (1985), ‘Mass Market Romance: Pornography for women Is Different’ in Ann Snitow et al.,(eds), Powersof Desire: ThePolitics of Sexualitty,New York,MonthlyReview Press. 16.See Lynne Segal, (1983), ‘Smash the Family?’ in Lynne Segal(ed.), Whatistobe done about the family? Harmondsworth,Penguin. 17.See, for example, AngelaHamblin, (1972), ‘The Suppressed Power of Female Sexu- ality’ in Shrew: Women’s Liberation Workshop Paperr, vol.4, 6, December. 18. Sheila MacLeod, (1988), ‘A Fairy Story’, in Sara Maitland(ed.), Very Heaven, p.182, London,Virago. 19. Angela Carter, (1988), ‘Truly, It FeltLike Year One’ in ibid,p.214. 20. Quoted in ibid, p.4. 21.Sara Maitland, (1988), ‘“IBelieve in Yesterday” – AnIntroduction’ in ibid,p.15. 22. Marsha Rowe, (1988), ‘Up from Down Under’ in ibid, p.166. 23. See, for example, the reflections of journalist and agony aunt Carol Lee, (1989), The Blind Sideof Eden, pp.6–7, London,Bloomsbury. 24. Alix Kates Shulman, (1988), ‘Sex and Power: Sexual Bases of Radical Feminism’ in Signs, vol. 5, 4, p.604. 25. Shere Hite, (1981), The Hite Report on Male Sexualitty, London, MacDonald. 26.Wendy Cope, (1987), Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis, p.39, London, Faber. 27. Shere Hite, (1988), Women and Love, p.xxvi, London, Viking. 28. ibid, p.4. 29. ibid, p.5. 30. ibid, p.125. 31. ibid, p.867, p.10. 32. ibid, p.654. 33. Sara Maitland, (1988), ‘And two for tea’, review of Shere Hite Women and Love in New Sttatesman, 26 February, p.21. 34. ibid. 35. Shere Hite, op.cit., back cover. Notes 303

36. ibid, p.42. 37. Naomi Weisstein, (1988), ‘The Hite Reports: Charting an Ideological Revolution in Progress’ in ibid, p.xlii. 38. Hite, op.cit., p.458. 39. ibid, p.431. 40. ibid, p.457. 41. ibid, p.761. 42.Richard Sennett, (1976), The Fall of Public Man, p.28,London, Faber & Faber. 43. Sheila Rowbotham, (1987), ‘Feminism and its discontents’, in New Socialistt, 53, December, p.40. 44. As heard on BBC1, Sue Lawley on ‘Wogan’, 28 September 1988. 45. Jon Snodgrass, (1977), ‘Introduction: Men and the Feminist Movement’ in Jon Snodgrass (ed.), For Men Against Sexism, p.7, Albion, California, Times Change Press. 46. From a report bytheIslington Men’s Group written in 1974, published in Dalston Men’sGroup (eds), Men’s News, 5May 1977, p.12. 47. Dalston Men’sGroup, ‘A History’ in ibid. p.2. 48. South London Men Against Sexism, (1974), ‘Why Men’s Liberation?’ in Brotthers Aggainst Sexism, Spring 3, p.7. 49. John Rowan, (1987), TheHorned God, p.17, London,Routledge & Kegan Paul. 50. Heard at the Islington Socialist CentreChristmas party, December 1978. 51. In Interview by East London Men’s group of Islington Men’sGroup (unpub.). 52. Conversations with various feminists. 53. Danny Cohen, (1978), ‘“MenAgainst Sexism” or “Men’sLiberation”’ in Men Against Sexism National Conference, 2nd Newsletter, p.2.Similar arguments describing all men as ‘the enemies of women’ were made by many other men against sexism, for example, Brad Kress, (1975), ‘Chosing’ [sic] in Men Aggainst sexism or The Pig’s Last Gruntt, Spring, p.15. 54. Report byIslington Men’sGroup, op.cit., p.13. 55. South London Men Against Sexism, (1974), ‘Where dowe go from here?’ in BrotthersAgainst Sexism,Spring, no. 3, p.3. 56. Nigel Armistead, (1975), ‘Men’sLiberation and Men Against Sexism’, in Men Against Sexism or The Pig’s Last Gruntt, op.cit., p.6. 57. Interview by East London Men’sGroupof Islington Men’sGroup,op.cit. 58. Steve Gould, (1978), The London Men’s Conference inIslington GutterPrress, May, p.8. 59. John Rowan,op.cit., p.21. 60. Martin Humphries, (1987), ‘Choosingwith Care:working with non-gay men’,in Gillian Hanscombe and Martin Humphries (eds), Heterosexualitty,p.90, London, Gay Men’s Press. 61. Jan Bradshaw, (1982), ‘Now What Are They Up To? Men inthe “Men’s Move- ment”!’,inScarlet Friedman and Elizabeth Sarah (eds), On the Problem of Men, p.184, London,Women’s Press. 62. Armistead, op.cit., p.6. 63.Jeff Hearn, (1987), The Gender of Oppression: Men,MMasculinitty and the Critique of Marxism, p.171, Brighton, Wheatsheaf. 64. ibid. 65. See, Can I stop being a tree soon?, an account of menminding 200 children atthe 1977 Women’s Liberation Conference, London, Men’s Free Press. 66. Harry Brod, ‘TheCase for Men’s Studies’ in Harry Brod(ed.), Thhe Makinngof Masculinities, p.51,London, Allen & Unwin. 67. See Hearn, op.cit., p.173. 304 Notes

68. Sue O’Sullivan, (1988), ‘From 1969’, in AmandaSebestyen (ed.), ’68, ’78, ’88: From Women’sLiberration to Feminism, London, Prism. 69. Andrew Tolson, (1977), The Limitsof Masculinitty, p.143,London, Tavistock. 70. Reported in Men Against Sexism, Spring,1975. 71. ibid. 72. See editorial, Achilles Heel, no. 3, p.4. 73. Achilles Heel,published articles about sexualpolitics and socialism. 74. Keith Motherson, (1979), ‘Developing Our Power’ in Anti-Sexist Men’s Newsletterr, 5, pp.3–4. 75. Dan Muir, (1975), ‘Review of The Danngerous Sex by H.R. Hayes’ in Men Against Sexism, Spring. 76.Editorial, (1978), in Achilles Heel, 1, Summer, p.5. 77. Martin Humphries, op.cit., p.88. 78. Editorial, (circe 1980), Achilles Heel, 5, p.1. 79. ibid. 80. Tolson,op.cit., p.144. 81. Kevin Devaney, (circa 1982), ‘Mining –AWorld Apart’ in Achilles Heel,6&7, p.12. 82. ibid, p.13. 83.ibid, p14. 84. Vic Seidler, (circa 1980), ‘RagingBull’ in Achilles Heel, 5, pp.8–9. 85. R.W.Connell, (1987), Gender and Powerr, p.234, Cambridge, Polity Press. 86. R.W.Connell, (1983), Which Way is UP?: EssaysonClass, Sex and Culturre, p.22 London, Allen &Unwin. 87. See J. Kagan and H.A. Moss, (1962), Birth to Maturitty, New York,Wiley; Daniel Levinson et al., (1978), TheSeasons of aMan’sLife,New York,Ballantine; Alison Thomas, (1988), ‘Men’s Accounts of Their “Gender Identity”: AConstructionist Approach’, Paper presented to the annual conference of the Social Psychology Section of theBritish Psychological Society,Universityof Kent, at Canterbury 23–25 September. 88. For example,Thomas,ibid. 89. ibid. 90. By 1990 there were no regularly appearing national Men Against Sexism publications in Britain 91. See A RoundtableDiscussion, (1988), ‘Mendingthe broken heart of Socialism’ in Rowena Chapmanand Jonathan Rutherford(eds), Male Order: Unwraappinng Masculinity,London, Lawrence &Wishart. 92.For example, Tony Eardley et al.,(1983), About Men, Broadcasting Support Services, London. 93. See Linkman, (British Newsletter on Men’s Studies), Harry Gray, Department of Educational Research, Cartmel College, University of Lancaster, UK. 94. See Don Long, (1987), ‘Working With Men Who Batter’ in Murray Scher et al., (eds), Handbookof Counselling & Psychotherapy witth Men, London, Sage. 95. Hearn, op.cit., p.178. 96. Frank Mort, (1988), ‘BoysOwn? Masculinity,Style and Popular Culture’ in Chapman and Rutherford (eds), op.cit., p.193. 97. Ibid, p.194. 98. Prince, (1988),Anna Stesia, LoveSexy, New York, Paisley Park Records. 99. See, for example, John Fiske et al., (1987), Mythsof Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture, London, Allen & Unwin. Notes 305

100. Mirra Komarovsky, (1976), Dilemmasof Masculinitty:Astudy of college men, New York, Norton; Joseph Pleck, (1987), ‘TheContemporary Man’ in Murray Scher et al.,(eds), op.cit.; Thomas, op.cit. 101. Pleck, ibid; Graeme Russell, (1983), The ChangingRoleof Fattherrs, Queensland, University of Queensland Press. 102. Yvonne Roberts, (1984), Man Enough: Men of 35 Speak Out,p.11, London, Chatto & Windus. 103. Pleck, op.cit., p.20. 104. ibid, p.24. 105. Cynthia Cockburn, (1988), ‘Masculinity, theLeft and Feminism’ in Chapman and Rutherford(eds), op.cit., p.308. 106. See ‘Women & Work’ in The Guardian, January 18, 1989.In the US in 1988 the Boss of the Yearwas a woman; in the UK the owner of the Body Shop chain of stores, a woman, was named Businessman of the Year at around that time. For the rising numberof middle-class women in the US moving into professional and middle-management jobs (including the judiciary), and the rapid growth in businessesownedbywomen, see Sara Rix (ed.)(for the Women’s Research &Education Instituteof the Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues), (1989), The American Woman 1987–88; A Reeport in Deepth,pp.187–8, London, W.W. Norton. 107. Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford, (1988),in ibid, p.13. 108. Quoted in HilaryLand, (1980), ‘TheFamilyWage’ in Feminist Review, no. 6, p.161. 109. See Jane Humphries, (1981), ‘Protective Legislation, the Capitalist State, and Working-Class Men: The Case of the 1842 Mines Regulation Act’ in Feminist Review, no. 7. 110. Sarah Boston, (1987), Women Worrkers and theTrrade Unions,p.25, London, Lawrence & Wishart. 111.ibid, p.28. 112. Martha May, (1982), ‘The Historical Problem of the Family Wage:TheFord Motor Company and theFive Dollar Day’ in Feminist Review, vol.8, no. 2, Summer. 113. See Boston,op.cit., p.24. 114. AnnePhillipsand BarbaraTaylor, (1980), ‘Sex and Skill:Notes Towards a Feminist Economics’ in Feminist Review, no. 6. 115. Quoted in ibid. 116. Paul Thompson, (1983), The Nature of Worrk: An Inttroduction to Debates ont he Labour Process,pp.203–6, London,Macmillan. 117. For example, Ruth Cavendish, (1982), Women on the Line, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 118. Anna Pollert, (1981), Girls, Wives, Factorry Lives, p.84, London, Macmillan. 119.Ruth Milkman, (1987), Gender at Worrk:TThe Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex durinng World War II, p.6, Chicago, University of Illinois Press. 120. Boston, op.cit., p.25. 121. ibid,p.74. 122. ibid, p.40. 123. ibid. 124. ibid,p.81. 125. Womenintheearlyyearsof the trade union movement organised themselves separately from men intheWomen’sTradeUnion League,theNational Feder- ation of Women Workers and theWomen’sCo-operative Guild.See Boston, op.cit. 306 Notes

126. See Lynne Segal, (1989), ‘Slow Changeor No Change: Feminism, Socialism and the Problem of Men’ in Feminist Review, no. 31, Spring. 127. See Ruth Elliot, (1984), ‘How Far Have We Come? Women’sOrganization in theUnions in theUnited Kingdom’ in Cockburn (ed.), ‘TradeUnions and the Radicalizing of Socialist Feminism’ in Feminist Review, no. 16. 128. Ruth Elliot, ibid, p.69, p.71. 129. ibid, p.72. 130. Inez McCormack, in Roundtable Discussion, in Chapman and Rutherford, op.cit., p.258. 131. Jenny Beale, (1982), Gettinng It Toogetther: Women as Trade Unionistts,p.86, London, Pluto Press. 132. ibid, p.92. 133. ibid, p.89. 134.CynthiaCockburn, (1987), Women, Trade Unions and Political Parties,p.9, London, Fabian Research Series, no. 349. 135. SERTUC Women’s Committee, (1989), Still Moving Towarrds Equality: A surveey of progress towarrds equality in trrade unions, London, SERTUC. 136. Andrew Parker, (1984), ‘Opinion’ in British Printerr, July, p.5. 137. Jack Dromey, in Roundtable Discussion, in Chapman and Rutherford,op.cit., p.256. 138. LindaBurnham, (1985), ‘Has PovertyBeen Feminized in Black America?’ in The Black Scholarr, March/April, p.15. 139. ibid, p.16. 140. Quoted in ‘Womenand Work’ in TheGuardian, January 18, 1989. 141.See Richard Dyer, (1989), ‘Old briefs for new’ in New Statesman and Societty, 24 March, p.43. 142.SheilaRowbotham, (1989), ThePast is Before Us, p.107, London,Pandora. 143.Pippa Norris, (1987), Politics and Sexual Equalitty:TThe Commparattive Position of Women in Western Democrracies,p.11, Brighton, Wheatsheaf. 144.ibid, p.126. 145. ibid, p.129. 146. Anette Borchorst and Birte Siim, (1987), ‘Women and the advance of the welfare state – a new kind of patriarchal power?’ in Anne Showstack Sassoon (ed.), Women and theSttate,p.137, London,Hutchinson. 147. Helena Norberg, (1988), ‘Women on theMove in TradeUnions within the Public Sector’, Paper presented at the European Socialist Feminist Forum,Manchester, United Kingdom,November. 148. Pippa Norris, op.cit., p.61. 149. Mary Ruggie, (1984), The Sttate and Worrkinng Women,Princeton,Princeton UniversityPress. 150. Norris, op.cit., p.153. 151. Parents – of either sex – are entitled to 12 months leave, 9 months paid at 90 per cent of earnings, 3 months paid at a lower, fixed rate. In addition either parent of a child under 12 is entitled to 60 days paidleave to care for a sick child. Parents of pre-school children are entitled to work a6-hour day, but without compensation forloss of earnings. 152. Norris, op.cit., p.116. 153. ibid, p.103. 154. Theclauses of the Swedish Marriage Act assert: ‘Spouses shall jointly care for home andthechildren and promote the well-being of the family on the basis ofjoint consultation’ ‘Spouses shall share the expenses anddischargeof Notes 307

household duties’. In TheWorking Party for theRole of theMale, (1986), ‘The Changing Role of theMale’,Stockholm. 155. Hilda Scott, (1982), Sweden’s “Righg ttto be Human”,p.148, London, Allison & Busby. 156. Norris, op.cit., p.134. 157. The Working Party for the Changing Role of theMale, op.cit. 158. See, for example,Karin Sandqvist, (1987), ‘Swedish family policy and the attempt to change paternal roles’ in Charlie Lewisand Margaret O’Brien (eds), Reassessing Fatherrhood,p.149,London, Sage. 159. Elizabeth Wilson, (1989),‘In aDifferent Key’ in Katherine Gieve (ed.), Balancinng Acts: On Being a Motherr, p.15, London, Virago. 160. ibid. 161. Diane Ehrensaft, (1987), Parentinng Toogetther: Men and Women Sharinng theCare of their Children, New York, Free Press. 162.ibid. 163. Jennifer Uglow, (1989), ‘Medeaand Marmite Sandwiches’ in Gieve,op.cit., p.146 164. Jean Radford, (1989), ‘My Pride and Joy’ in Gieve, ibid, pp.141–2. Index

abortion, 46, 82, 192, 239, 251 Baden-Powell, Robert, 94 Achebe, Chinua, 143, 146, 148 Baldwin, James, 14, 142, 148–50, 155, Achilles Heele , 182, 240, 241–2 160, 161, 168 Action for Lesbian Parents, 43 Balint, Alice, 62 Adams, Parveen, 79 Balint, Michael, 62 Adorno,Theodor, 97–8 Bambara, Toni Cade, 163 Africa, 135, 142–8, 152, 201 Baraka Amiri, 160 aggression see violence Baring, Katie, 105 AIDS, 44, 131, 133–8, 192 Baron,Larry, 188 Algeria, 147 Barstow, Stan, 11 Allen, Walter,1 Bastide, Roger, 148, 151 Allsop,Kenneth, 1 Battered Women’sRefuges, 239 Altman, Dennis, 125, 128, 130 Beam, Joseph, 168 Alton, David, 46 Beat movement, 151 American Civil War, 150 Beauvoir, Simone de, 24 American Psychiatric Association, 131 Becker, Lou, 27 American Psychological Association, 131 Behn, Aphra, 143 Amir,Menachim, 204–5, 207, 211 Bell, Colin, 34 Amis,Kingsley, 1, 11, 13 Bem, Sandra, 56 androgyny, 56, 125 Benbow, Camilla, 53 Angelou,Maya, 166 Bengalis, 147–8 Angry Young Men, 10–13, 14 Benjamin, Jessica, 68 apprenticeships,93 Benkert,Karoly Maria, 114, 115 Arapesh Indians, 201 Benton, Sarah, 107, 223 Archer, Louise, 140 Benvenuto, Bice, 73 Ardrey, Robert, 108 Bethnal Green, 5–6 Armistead, Nigel, 237, 238 Bhabha, Homi, 140 army see military life Bhavnani, Kum-Kum, 224–5 Arnold, Matthew, 90 biological sex differences,54 Arnold, Dr Thomas, 90 Birmingham, 239 artificial insemination by donor (AID), Birnbaum, Ben, 249 42, 43 birth control, 82–3, 192, 251 Asia, 147 Biskind, Peter, 3 Astell,Mary, 202 Black Panthers, 152, 159 Auschwitz, 102 Black Power, 158, 163, 165 Australia, 27, 33, 36, 104, 147, 209, 210 Blacks: AIDS, 135; emasculation, 153–63; Austria, 257 feminism, 163–8; homosexuality, authoritarianism, 97–103 130, 168; literature, 25, 163–7; lynchings, 149, 150; masculinity, babies see childbirth; childcare 141–70; as phallic symbols, 149–53; Babuscio, Jack, 122 race riots, 154; rape, 204–5, 207–8; Backett, Kathryn, 30,40–1 self-hatred, 154–5; sexuality,147,

308 Index 309

148–53, 155, 162, 165, 168–9; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament slavery, 143–4;asunder-class, 226; (CND),18 violence against, 224–5; white Campbell,Anne, 220–1 images of Africa, 143–8 Canada, 210–11 Blake, William, 143 Cantona, Eric, 104 Bleier, Ruth, 54 capitalism, 226, 255, 258 Bleys, Rudi, 148 Cardin, Pierre, 105 Bogart, Humphrey, 3,75 Caribbean, 226 Boise,Idaho, 119 Carling, Will, 104 Bolsheviks, 99 Carlyle, Thomas, 90, 144–3, 145 bonding, male, 177 Carmichael,Stokely, 168 Boston, 216 Carpenter, Edward, 92, 138–9 Boston, Sarah, 249, 250 Carter, Angela, 23, 183, 231 Bott, Elizabeth, 7 cartoons, 17 Bowlby,John,8 Carver, Robert, 46 Boy Scouts,94 castration: fears, 59, 61, 62, 72, 180; in Bradbury,Peter, 35 Lacanian analysis, 73–4 Bradford, 238 CatholicChurch, 257 Bradman,Tony, 28, 30,37 Cecere,Donna, 220 brain, sex differences,53 censorship, 191–2 Braine, John, 11, 13 Central America, 226 Brannigan, Augustine, 188 Césaire, Aimé, 151 Brantlinger,Patrick, 143 Cherlin, Andrew, 83 Brazil, 148, 151 childbirth, 25, 26, 35, 47 breast-feeding, 35 childcare: absent fathers, 29; fathers Breeze, 220 and, 23–6, 36–9; impediments to Brennan, Gerald, 93 shared parenting, 31–6; lackof Bristol, 162, 251 change, 29–31; new fatherhood, British Crime Survey, 205 26–8, 39–41; in 1950s,4–5, 7, 9; in British Empire, 144 objectrelationstheory, 67; in British Printerr, 254 Sweden, 257–8 Brittain, Robert, 211 children: custody rights, 41, 43–4; in Britton, Andrew, 122–3 Lacanian analysis, 73–4; ‘maternal Brownmiller, Susan, 194, 198, 200–1, deprivation’, 8–9; sexual abuse, 202, 203, 204, 205–6 45–6, 133, 216–17; sexuality, 133, 176–7;violence against, 214–15, 216 Bruno, Frank, 169 Chodorow, Nancy, 39, 66–8, 230 Bryan, Beverley, 162, 166 Christian manliness, 89, 90–1 Burgess, Guy, 13 Christianity, 144 Burn, Gordon, 211 Christie, Linford, 104 Burnham, Linda, 255 cinema, 3, 25, 129, 244 Burt, Cyril, 52 Clark, Kenneth, 154, 158 Bush, George, 158 class consciousness, 12 Butler, Judith, 112 class differences see middle class; Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 144 working class Cleaver, Eldridge, 152, 159, 160, Cabey, Darrell, 159 165, 168 Cagney, James, 3 Cleveland child sex abuse cases, 45, 216 Califia, Pat, 128, 193 Clift, Montgomery, 3 camp culture, 121–3, 125 clubs, professional men’s, 3 310 Index

Cobbs, Price, 155, 158 discourse theory, 78–9 Cobham, Rhonda, 166 divorce, 41,42, 83, 131 Cockburn, Cynthia, 41, 81, 247, Dixon, Rev. Greg, 189 253, 254 DIY, 6 Cold War, 15, 18, 98, 118 Dockers Union, 251 Coleman, Ornette, 160 doctors, controlof women’s bodies, Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 90 46–7 colonialism, 147–8, 168 Dollimore, Jonathan, 13, 115 Combahee River Collective, 166 domesticviolence, 174, 214–19 commercialism, gay markets, 130 domestication of men, 2–10, 26–8 Communists, 13, 99, 251 dominance:and homosexuality, 126–8; condoms, 137 male sexuality and,175–8 Connell, Bob, 80–1, 84, 85, 104, Donleavy, J.P., 11 140, 242 Donnerstein, Edward, 187–8 Conrad, Joseph, 142, 146 double standards, sexuality, 116 conscription, 11, 14–15, 109, 110–11 Drabble,Margaret, 18 Conservatives,2 Dromey, Jack, 254 contraception, 82, 192, 251 drugabuse, 156, 159 Cooper,David, 18 dual-career families, 32–3 Cooper, Gary, 3 Duggan, Lisa, 189 Cope,Wendy, 232 Dukakis, Michael, 159 Cotton, G.E.L., 92 Duke,David, 159 Coughenour,Beulagh, 189 Dumas, Leon, 151 Coward,Rosalind, 176 Dundee Jute and Flax Workers Union, crèches, 37–8 250 crime: Blacksand, 159, 161–2; and Dunning, Eric, 221 pornography, 187–9 Dworkin, Andrea, 175, 186–7, 188, Crisp, Quentin,14 189–90, 191, 226 Croft, Mr, 251 Dyer,Richard, 71, 75, 122, 126, 129 custody of children, 41–3 Easthope, Anthony, 86 Dachau, 102 Eastman, Max, 95 Dadzie, Stella, 166 Eastwood, Clint, 222 Darwin, Charles, 91, 145 Eden, Anthony,15 Davidoff, Leonore, 89, 90 education: Blacks, 156;public schools, Davis,Kathy, 219 92–3, 94, 106;sex, 133 Dawkin,Richard, 176 effeminacy, 117, 120, 124, 147–8 Dean, James, 3 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 100, 119 Delaney, Samuel, 140 Ehrensaft, Diane, 37, 39, 41, 259 DeMarco, Joe, 130 Eichenbaum, Luise, 40, 67 Denmark, 257 Eichmann, Adolf, 102 Dennis, N., 6–7 Eisenhart, 120–1 depression, 35, 223, 245 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 15 The Depression, 102 Elliot, Ruth, 252 desire, 84–6, 125, 128, 131 Ellis, Havelock, 114 Devaney, Kevin, 241–2 emasculation, Blacks, 153–63 Devlin, Patrick, 13 emotional life,85, 222–3, 236–7 Dews, Peter, 77 employment: dual-career families, 32–3; Dietrich, Marlene, 122 impediments to shared parenting, Dinnerstein, Dorothy, 66 31–5; sexual hierarchies, 243–50; Index 311

women, 8, 31–3, 83, 248–9; see also femininity: and Black manhood,148, unemployment 152–3, 158, 162; discourse theory, English, Deirdre, xxxv, 185, 193 78–9;Freudian analysis, 60–1; Equal Opportunities Commission, 30 gender identity, 56; and eroticism, gay machismo, 125 homosexuality, 114, 119–20, 122; ethnic minorities, 130; see also Blacks men’s fear of, 132 Eton, 92, 93 feminism: Black, 163–7;and child sexual L’’Etudiant Noirr, 151 abuse, 45; men’s responses to, European Economic Community(EEC), 235–9; and the new fatherhood, 255 39–40; in 1950s, 18–19; and exploration, African, 144, 145 pornography, 185–6, 188–94;and Eyre, Governor, 145 the problem of men, 174–5; and rape, 198–201, 203–6; re-emergence of, 28–9; and sexualliberation, Fairbairn, Ronald, 62 231–2; and violence, 218, 219 Fairweather, Eileen, 23–4 Feminist Anti-Censorship Force (FACT), Fairweather,Hugh, 53 190 Fakenham, 251 Fernbach, David, 122, 124, 125 Falklands war, 103 fertility, controlof, 82–3 Families Need Fathers, 43–4 fighting, women, 220–1 family life:Black families, 164–5; and films, 3, 25, 129, 244 child sexual abuse, 44–6, 217; in Finkelhor, 217 1950s, 2–7; in 1980s, 36–47; Firestone,Shulamith, 198 non-nuclear families, 131; nuclear First World War, 98, 117, 119 families, 44, 85; rapein, 209; Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 97 violence in, 214–19, 219–20 Fitzgerald,Zelda, 95,97 family wage, 248 Fogel, Gerald, 62–3 Fanon, Frantz, 148, 151, 168 football hooliganism, 221 fantasies: and Black sexuality, 148–9; Forster,Jackie, 43 homosexual, 126–7, 128; lesbian, Foucault,Michel, 78, 99, 114, 116, 63; male sexual, 63, 179, 180; 117, 121 pornography and, 186–7, 193–4; Fouque, Antoinette, 77 romantic, 230 Fowles, John, 106–8 Farnham,Margot, 25 Fracher,Jeffrey, 184 fascism, 97–103 France, 25, 147 Fatal Attrraction,45 Frankfurt school, 97 fathers, 23–6;and abortion, 46; absent Freeman, Mike, 185 fathers, 29, 63; child sexual abuse, 45–6, 217; fear of, 35–6; future of Freikorps, 99–101 fatherhood, 47–9; impediments to French West Indies, 151 shared parenting, 31–6; in Lacanian Freud, Sigmund, 16–17, 51, 59–61, 62, analysis, 73–4; lack of change, 71, 72, 77, 132, 147, 149, 180, 29–31; legal rights, 41–3;new 187, 201 fatherhood, 26–9, 39–41; in 1950s, Friday, Nancy, 173, 179, 180 4–5, 7, 8–9; paternityleave, 30, 36; friendship, male, 117 primary care-giving, 36–9; second Frieze, Irene Hanson, 214 families, 27; single parents, 27 frigidity, 184 Fatthers: Reflections by Dauughters, 23 From Here to Materrnity, 9 Feiffer, Jules, 17 Fromm, Erich, 102 Feintwick, Dave, 180 Futy, Billy, 11 312 Index

Gadet, Françoise, 76 Hall,Ruth, 205 Gagnon, 178 Hall,Stuart, 18, 140, 161 Gallop, Jane, 72 Hammond,Dorothy, 147 gang-rape, 208 Hanmer, Jalna, 206 Gaskell, Mrs, 90 Hanscome, Gillian, 43 Gay Black Group, 168 Hantover, Jeffrey, 91 Gay Left, 133 Happy Event, 9 gayliberation, 123–5 harassment, sexual, 205–6, 210, 254 Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 123–5 Harlem Renaissance, 151 gaze, and power, 75 Harne, Lynne, 43 Gelles, Richard, 214 Harre, Rom, 221 gender: andpower,79–86;roles, 34, 38; Harris, Olivia, 7 stereotypes, 55,58 Harris, Sir William, 144 Gentlewind, Cedar, 220 Harrison,Fraser, 27 Germany, 97, 98–103 Hart, Barbara, 220 Giddens, Anthony, 171, 219 Hatton,Derek, 105–6 Gide, André, 13 Havers, Sir Michael, 212 Gilder, George, 108 Hearn,Jeff, 47, 171, 238, 239, 243–4 Gilroy, Paul, 140, 162 Heath, Stephen,72 God, 23–4 Hebdige, Dick, 163 Goering, Hermann, 102 Heidegger, Martin, 76 Goetz, Bernhard, 159 Hemingway, Ernest, 3, 94–7 Goldstein, Michael, 187 Hemingway, Grace, 96 Goldstein, Richard, 134 Hemingway, Mary, 95–6 Gone Witth the Wiind, 150 Hemphill, Essex, 140, 170 The Good Fattherr, 43 Henley, Nancy, 75 Goode, William, 214 Henriques, F., 6–7 Goodenough, F.L., 52 Henry, Lenny, 169 Gordon, Linda, 216–17, 217–18, 219 heroes: Hemingway’sstyle of manliness, Gorer, Geoffrey,4,13 96–7; in 1950s, 10–11 Gosling,Ray, 15 herpes, 134 Gould, Tony, 14 Hertz, Rosanna, 32–3 Graves, Robert, 176 Heward, Christine, 92 Gray,Nigel, 11 Himes, Chester, 154 Greece, 257 Himmler, Heinrich, 102 Greene, Graham, 147, 149 Hite, Shere, 232–3, 234 Greenleigh, 5–6 The Hite Reeport on Male Sexualitty, 232 Greenson, Ralph, 61–2 Hitler, Adolf, 101–2 Greer, Germaine, 198 Hoch, Paul, 133 Grier, William, 155, 158 Hoffman, Dustin, 25, 51 Griffin, Susan, 175, 198, 200 Hoggatt,Richard, 4–5,12 The Manchester Guardian,9 Holiday, Billie, 169 The Guarrdian, 9, 31 Hollway, Wendy, 79, 180–1 Guntrip, Harry, 62 Hollywood,3, 13, 25 homophobia, 13–14, 60, 117, Hacker, Andrew, 83, 131 118–19, 131–7 Hacker, Helen, 16 homosexuality, 113–39; and AIDS, Hackney, 235 133–8; and anti-sexist men, 240; Haggard, H. Ryder, 145, 146 Blacks, 168; camp culture, 121–2, Hall, Catherine, 89, 90 125; anddesire, 84; Freudian Index 313

analysis, 59–60; gayliberation, Ireland, 147 123–4; homophobia, 13–14, 60, 116, Irigaray,Luce, 78 118–19, 131–7; in military life, Isherwood,Christopher, 121–2 120–1;pederasty, 133; pornography, Islington, 235, 236 129, 189; and racism, 130; rape, Israel,36 128, 208; sado-masochism, 126, Itzin, Catherine, 189 128–9; sexuality, 131; state control of, 82–3; super-machostyle, 125–6 Jablow, Alta, 147 hooks, bell, 157, 215, 225 Jack the Ripper, 213 hooliganism, 94, 221 Jacklin, Carol, 53 Hopkins, Pauline, 150 Jackson, Michael, 169 Horton, Willie, 159 Jamaica, 145 House of Commons, 26 Jameson, Storm, 1 Houseman, Laurence, 117 Janeway,Elizabeth, 229 housework: domestic help, 33, 34–5; Japan, 257 lackof change, 29–30; in1950s, Jay, 128 4–5, 9–10; in 1980s, 26–7; in Jenkins, David, 26 Sweden, 258; see also childcare Jews, 102 Hubback, Judith, 8 Johnson, B.S., 14, 120 Hudnut, William, 189 Johnson, Charles, 152, 160, 167–8 Hudson, Rock, 3 Jones,Dennis, 26 Hughes,Langston, 168, 169 Jones, LeRoi, 160–1, 165 Hughes,Thomas, 91, 93 Jouve, NicoleWard, 211 humour, 1950s misogyny, 16–17 Julien, Isaac, 168, 170 Humphries, Martin, 125, 129 Hungary, 18 Kant,Harold, 187 Hurston, Zora Neal, 164 Katz, Stephen,54 Huxley, Thomas, 145 Keats,John, 91 Hyde, Montgomery,14 Kelly, Liz, 206 hypergamy,12 Kelly, Petra, 152 Kempe, C.Henry, 217 I-Roy, 162 Kempe,Ruth, 217 illegitimate children,42 Kennedy,Roger, 73 imagesof men, 75–6, 222 Kernberg, Otto, 62 Imperial Typewriters, 251 Kerouac,Jack, 151 imperialism, 91, 144 Kimmel,Michael, 184 impotence, 184 King, Martin Luther, 226 in vitrro fertilisation, 46–7 Kingsley, Rev. Charles, 90–1 incest,45–6, 63, 216–17 Kingsley,Mary, 145 India, 147 Kinsey, Alfred, 201 Indianapolis, 189 Kinsey Institute, 201 Indians, American, 147, 201 Kinsey Report, 118 initiation rites, 109 Kipling, Rudyard, 144 Institute for Social Studies and Medical Klein, Melanie, 61 Care, 26 Klein, Viola, 8 institutionalisation, masculinity, 79–8 Ku Klux Klan, 150, 159 International Monetary Fund(IMF), 226 Knave, 183 International Psycho-Analytical Koenig,Joseph, 210 Congress, 61 Koonz, Claudia, 101–2 Iran, 187 Koss, Mary, 209 314 Index

Kovel, Joel, 64–5, 85, 146, 148, 159 Look magazine, 17 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 175–6 looking, 75 Kramer Vs Kramerr, 25 Lorde, Audre, 166 Louisiana, 159 labour, divisions of, 96–7; see also Luxemburg, Rosa, 98 childcare; employment; housework lynching, 149, 150 labour movement, 248–53 Lynn, Kenneth,95–6 Labour Party, 2, 19, 105, 106, 252, 253, 254 m/ff, 79 Lacan, Jacques, 51,71–9 Macarthur, Mary,248 Laclau, Ernesto, 168 McCarthyism, 13–14 Ladies’ Home Journal, 28 Maccoby, Eleanor, 53 Laing, R.D., 18 McCormack, Inez, 252 language, Lacanian analysis, 71–2, McCrindle, Jean, 2, 19 74–5, 76–8 McDougall,Joyce, 64 Latin America, 147 McEwan,Ian, 26, 179 Lavers, G.R., 13 McGuigan,Barry, 28 Law Commission, 42 machismo,homosexual, 125–6 Lee,Spike, 226 macho man, 108 Leeds, 238 Machung, Anne, 48 legal rights, fathers, 41–4 Maclnnes, Colin, 12, 14, 19 Lesbian CustodyProject, 43 McIntosh, Mary, 45–6, 55, 78, 115 lesbians: 114; men’ssexual fantasies, 63; McIntosh, Scott, 126, 128 as mothers, 42, 43, sexuality, 130; McKee, Lorna, 27, 30, 34 violence, 220; withdrawal from gay MacKinnon, Catharine, 175, 188, 189, liberation movement, 124 190, 191 Lessing, Doris, 17–18 Maclean, Donald, 13 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 72 McLeod, Eileen, 179 Levine,Sylvia, 210 Macleod, Sheila, 231 Lewis, Charles, 30, 31 Maguire, Sara, 218 Lewis, Peter,9 Mahler,Margaret, 62 libido, 62 Mail on Sundayy, 137 Lindemann,Barbara, 202 Mailer, Norman, 89, 94, 95, 97, 151, 178 literature: Black, 151, 153–4, 160–1, Maitland, Sara, 8, 231–2, 233 163–8; imperialist, 145–7, 149;male Malamuth, Neil, 187–8 adventure stories, 16; romantic Malcolm, Derek, 93 fiction, 193–4 Malcolm X, 155, 226 Littlejohn,David, 153 manhood see manliness Liverpool, 105, 220 manliness: Christian manhood, 90–1; Livingstone,David, 144 Hemingway and,3;historical Livingstone, Ken, 235 perspectives, 89–94; pornography Local Government Bill (1988),Clause and, 183; and racism, 152–3; rites of 28, 131, 134 passage, 108–9; The Man’s Bookk, Lodge, David, 11, 14 4, 17 London, 94, 123, 203, 205, 207, 220 Maoists, 174 London Eveninng News, 43 marital rape, 214 London GLF Manifesto, 123, 124 Marlborough School,92 London Rape Crisis Centre, 205 Marley, Bob, 162 London University, 26 marriage, 83, 131 London’s Men’s Conference (1978),237 Marsh, Peter, 221 Index 315

Marshall, John, 116, 118–21 sexuality, 173–94;trade unions, Marshall, Paule, 164 250–4; unemployment, 34; violence, ‘martial men’, fascism, 97–100 198–226; and women’s Marx, Karl, 12 employment, 248–50; see also Maryland, 159 fatherhood; homosexuality; masculinity:absent fathers, 29; masculinity anti-sexist men and 237–8, 240–4; Men Against Sexism Conferences, army life, 14–16; Black masculinity, 240, 243 142–70; discoursetheory, 78–9; Mercer, Kobena, 151, 168–9 fascism and, 97–103; feminist Merck,Mandy,73 interest in,51–2; Freudian analysis, Metcalfe, Andy, 67 58–61; gender identity, 56–8; Michigan, 29 Hemingway’sstyleof manliness, middle class: co-parenting, 37; 94–7; homosexuality and, 113–39; homosexuality, 130; masculinity, images of, 222; institutionalisation, 79–80; men’s domestication in 79–80; in Lacanian analysis, 72–8; 1950s,5,7–8; nineteenth-century object relationstheory, 61–8; and manhood, 89–92; rape, 209; politics, 105–6; power and, 82–6, violence, 214–15 103–8; as the problem of our time, Middle East, 226 51; and rape, 210–11; rites of Militant, 105–6 passage, 108–11; Victorian militarylife: conscription, 11, 14–15, manliness, 89–94; and violence, 109, 110–11; fascism, 99–100; 221–6; see also men homosexuality andhomophobia, masochism: male sexual fantasies, 179; 120–1; violence, 82 sado-masochism, 126, 128 Milkman,Ruth, 250 Massachusetts, 202 Mill, James Stuart, 145 Masters and Johnson, 130, 178, 183 Mill, John Stuart, 204 masturbation, 116, 184 Millett, Kate, 198 maternity leave, 252–3 mining communities, 6–7 Matshoba,Mtutuzeli, 153 Minneapolis, 189 Maugham, Somerset, 12, 146 misanthropy, 86 May, Martha, 249 Mishima, Yukio, 97 Mayffaia r, 183 misogyny, 11–12, 16–17, 82, 86, 128, Maynard,Mary, 206 133, 138 Mbuti, 201 Miss America, 186 Mead,Margaret, 201 missionaries, 144 Meese, Ed, 189 Mitchell,Juliet, 72, 198 Meese Commission, 188–9 Monroe,Marilyn, 3 men: AngryYoungMen, 10–13, 14; Moorehead, Alan, 145 anti-sexism, 138, 235–44; attempts moral majority, 132, 134, 189, 192 to change themselves, 235–45; Moravia, Alberto, 176 bonding, 177; control of women’s Morgan, David,15–16, 103, 110–11, bodies, 46–7; division of labour, 120, 133, 224 81–2; domestic violence, 174, Morgan, Elaine, 99 214–18, 219; domestication in Morgan, Robin, 175 1950s, 2–10; homophobia, 13–14; Morris, Desmond, 176 images of, 75–6; looking, 75; rape, Morrison, Toni, 25, 164, 166 198–214; sex differences, 52–4; sex Mort, Frank, 244 roles, 53–8; sexual fantasies, 63, 179, Mosher, Donald, 188 180; sexualliberation, 231; Moss, Peter, 28 316 Index

Mothercare, 27, 28 Oakley, Ann, 56, 229–30 mothers: and child sexual abuse, 217; object relations theory, 61–8 fear of, 35; in Lacanian analysis, O’Brien, Margaret, 31 73–4; ‘maternaldeprivation’,8–9; The Observerr, 46 mother–child bond, 62; object Oedipus complex, 59, 60–3,79 relations theory, 61, 64, 66–7; Orbach,Susie, 40, 67 powerlessness, 64 Ordinary People, 25 Motherson, Keith, 240 orgasm, 129, 178 Mouffe, Chantal, 168 Osborne, John, 11–12, 13 Moye, Andy, 183 O’Sullivan, Sue, 239 Moynihan, Daniel, 165 Owen, Craig, 13 Moynihan Report, 155, 165 Oxford, 220 muggers, 159, 161 murder: Blacksand, 154, 156, 157;of PaedophileInformation Exchange, 133 homosexuals, 132; sex murders, paedophilia, 133 210–13, 223 Pahl, Jan, 214, 215, 217 music, Black, 158, 160–1, 162, 163, 169 pain, sado-masochism, 126, 128 Myrdal,Alva, 2,8 parenting see childcare; fathers; mothers Parents magazine, 28, 30 Paris, 148 National Service (conscription), 11, Parke, Ross,38 14–15, 110–11, 120 Parker,Dorothy, 96–7 National Union of Clerks, 250 Parsons, Talcott, 55 National Union of Journalists (NUJ),253 paternity: legal rights, 42–3; paternity National Union of Teachers (NUT), 251 leave, 30, 36 nature/nurture, sexdifferences, 52, patriarchy, 131, 198 53,54 Patton, Cindy, 137 Naylor,Gloria, 164 Payne, Les, 159 Nazism, 97, 100, 101–3 penis: castration fears, 59, 61, 62, 72; Negritude, 151 implants, 184; and male sexual New England, 249 dominance, 177; penisenvy, 61, 72; New Labour, 227–8 pornography, 183; sexual fantasies, New York, 130, 159, 186 67; see also phallus New Yorrkerr, 96 Person,Ethel Spector, 63, 178 Newsday, 159 phallus: Blacks as phallicsymbols, Newson,Elizabeth, 3 148–61; in Lacanian analysis, 72–8; Newson,John, 3 and male sexual dominance, 177–6; Newton, Huey, 159 see also penis Ngcobo, Lauretta, 166 Philadelphia, 130, 204 Nichols, Florence, 210 Phillips, Anne, 249 Nichols, Grace, 166–7 play, 39 Niethammer, Lutz, 100 Pleck,Joseph, 40, 57–8 ‘noblesavage’, 143, 146 Plummer, Kenneth, 116, 208 Norris, Pippa, 257 police, 77, 199, 205, 207–8 North America, 109, 131, 135, 147, 158 politics, and masculinity,105–6 North American National Crime Pollert, Anna, 250 Survey, 205 pornography, 126, 128–9, 176, 183–94 Norway, 36 Porter, Roy, 201–2, 203, 208 nuclear families, 44–5, 84 poverty,216, 255 NUPE, 252 Powell, Jane, 3 Index 317 power: gender and, 79–86; and reggae, 162 homosexuality, 126–7;andlooking, Reich, Wilhelm, 100 75; malesexualdominance, 175–7; Renault, Mary, 14 masculinity as, 103–8; new Republican Party (USA), 132, 134, 159 fatherhood and, 40–1; in object Reynolds, Debbie, 3 relations theory, 63–6; power Riley,Denise, 8 relations, 219–20; and rape, 198–9, Riley,Joan, 25, 166 200, 208;violence and, 214–15 rites of passage, 108–11 pregnancy,35 Roberts, Yvonne, 26, 48, 103, 126, 245 Prince, 169, 244 Robins, David, 221 prisons, 128, 208, 224 roletheory, 55–8 promiscuity, homosexual, 129 romantic fantasies, 230 prostitution, 179–8, 212 romantic fiction, 193–4 Pryce, Ken, 162–3 Roosevelt,Franklin D., 95 Pryor, Richard, 169 Roosevelt,Theodore,94 psych et pol group, 77 Rose,Jacqueline, 72, 74 psychoanalysis: Freudian, 58–61; Ross, Ellen, 203 Lacanian,71–9; objectrelations Ross, John Munder, 63, 65 theory, 61–8 Rosser,Elizabeth, 221 psychology, sex differences, 52–4 Rowan,John, 237 The Psychologgyof Men, 62–3 Rowbotham, Sheila, 7, 24, 39, 198, 234 publicschools, 92–3, 94, 106 Rowe, Marsha, 232 Purves,Libby, 27 Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 13 Roy, C., 210 race riots, 154 Royal Court, 11 racism, 91; Black sexuality, 148–53; in Royle, Trevor, 14, 15, 120 Britain, 161; andhomosexuality, Rubin, Gayle, 132 130;and imperialism, 144–8; Russell, Diana, 205, 217 resurgence of, 158; in USA, 149–50, Russell, Graeme, 27, 33–4, 36, 38–9, 41 154, 156, 158–9 Rutherford, Jonathan, 7, 35, 173 Radford, Jean, 260 Ryan, Tom, 67 Rammparts, 198 Rampton,David, 137 sado-masochism, 126, 128 rape: Blacks, 156, 204–5, 207–8; safe sex, 135, 136, 137 fantasies, 179; feminist attitudes to, Salinger, J.D., 10 198–201, 203–6; homosexual, 128, Salt,Henry, 92 208; and male power, 198, 200, 208; Sampson, Anthony, 3 and murder, 210–13; myths of, Samuel, Raphael,19 199–204; pornography and, 185, San Francisco, 125, 130, 135, 205 187–9; in prison, 128, 209; racism, Sanday, Peggy Reeves, 201 150; by relatives or acquaintances, Saudi Arabia, 187 209–10, 213 Saussure, 72, 76 Rape Crisis Centres, 239 Savvyer, Jack,57 Raphael, Ray, 108–10 Sayers, Janet, 53, 223 Rapoport, Rhona, 32 Scacco, A.M. Jr, 208 Rapoport, Robert, 32 Scafe,Suzanne, 166 Rastafarians, 161–2 Scandinavia, 228, 257–8 Reagan, Ronald, 159, 209, 245 Schaffly, Phyllis, 189 Reed, Ishamel, 167 Schipper, Henry,185 refuges, 215, 239 Schwenger, Peter, xxxiii 318 Index

Scorsese, Martin, 217 single parent families: legal rights, 41–3; Screen, 75 lone fathers, 38 Scruton, Roger, 175 Sinha, Mrinalini, 147–8 Seale, Bobby, 159 Slaughter, C., 6–7 Second World War, 16 slavery, 143–4, 150 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofskky, 116, 120 Smart, Carol,42 Seidler, Vic, 67, 171, 242 Smith, Bessie, 164 Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 151–2 Smith,Gavin, 35 Senior, Rob, 37 Smith, Ken, 28 Sennett, Richard, 234 Snitow, Ann, 181, 191, 203, 230 Sewell, Tony, 140 soccer hooliganism, 221 Social Democratic Party(Sweden), 257 sex differences, 52–4, 79 socialism, 106, 246–56 sex education, 133 sodomy, 114 sex murders, 210–13, 223 Soper, Kate, 54 sex roles, 55–8 South Africa, 153 sex therapy, 184 Soviet Union, 13 sexism:anti-sexistmen, 138, 235–44; Spartacist uprising, 98 Blacks, 156–7; gay liberation Spender,Dale, 173 and, 124 Sperry, Roger, 53 sexology, 175 sport: images of men, 75; and manliness, sexual abuse,children, 45–6, 133, 89, 92; masculine ideals, 104–5 216–18 Stade, George, 65 sexuality:and AIDS, 133–7; Black, 147, Stalinism, 18 148–53, 155, 162, 165, 168; Stallone,Sylvester, 108 childhood, 133, 176–7; desire, 85; Stambolian, George, 127 double standards, 116; Freudian Stanko, Elizabeth, 199, 206, 213 analysis, 58–61; Hemingway’sstyle Stanley, H.M., 144 of manliness, 95–6; homophobia, Stanley,Julian, 53 13–14, 132: homosexuality, 113–39; Stansell, 191 male, 175–94; in 1950s, 6; Staples,Robert, 156–8, 167, 187, 207, pornography, 183–94; rape, 208 199–214; sexualliberation, 231–2; state: regulation of sexuality, 82–3; state and cultural regulation of, violence, 82, 224–5, 226, 271 82–3; violence, 198–214; women’s Steele,Tommy, 11 denialof, 223; see also fantasies Stein, Gertrude, 95 The Sexualitty of Men, 67 Steinmetz, 214 Shakespeare, William, 91 Stekel, Wilhelm, 184 Shange, Ntozake, 166 Stepan, Nancy, 144 Shee, 255 The Stepfather, 45 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 91 Stephen,Leslie, 90–1 shopping, 9 stereotypes, sex roles, 55–6, 58 Shulman, Alix, 232 Stimpson, Catherine, 173 Silberman, Charles, 155, 158 Stoller, Robert, 56, 61 Sillitoe, Alan, 10–11, 14, 18 StopERA (Equal Rights Amendment) Silverstolpe, Frederic, 114, 115 movement, 189 Simmonds, Posy,27 Storey, David, 11 Simon, 178 Strachey, Lytton, 13 Simon, Brian, 92 Straus, Murray, 188, 214 Sinatra, Frank, 11 structuralism, 72 Index 319 submission: andhomosexuality,127–8; trade unions, 80, 248–9, 250–4, 257 malesexuality, 179–81 Transport and General Workers Suez crisis (1956),15, 18 Union, 254 Suffragettes, 138, 225 transsexuals, 61, 235 suicide, 156, 157, 245, 247 transvestism, 117 Sumatra, 201 Treblinka, 102 Summers, Ann, 185 Trico, 251 Sun, 136 Trumbach,Randolph, 114–15 Sunday Express, 134 Trustram, Jonathan, 38 Sunday Peoople, 133 Tynan, Kenneth,11 super-machostyle,homosexuality, 125–6 Uglow, Jennifer, 259 Sutcliffe, John, 211 Ulrichs, Karl, 115 Sutcliffe, Peter, 183, 211–13 unconscious mind, 58–61, 71, 74 Sutcliffe, Sonya, 211 unemployment, 30, 34, 81–2, 155, 157, Suttie, Angus, 113 158, 161, 203, 207, 214, 216, 245, Sweden, 36, 49, 228, 257–8 247, 255 Sydney University, 199 uniforms, 125 Symonds,John Addington, 117 United Nations, 227, 258 syphilis, 136 unmanliness, fear of, 13–16 Updike,John,94 Tate, Mr, 251 UppinghamSchool, 92 Taylor,Barbara, 249 ‘Uranians’, 138–9 Taylor,Elizabeth,3 United States of America: AIDS, 134–7; Taylor,Helen, 150 Black women’s writing, 25, 163–6; Taylor, Martin, 119 Blacksasunder-class, 226; child television, 6, 256 sexual abuse, 216; childcare by Temperley, Jane, 64, 223 fathers, 29–30, 37; Cold War, 15; Terrence HigginsTrust, 137 crisis of masculinity, 91; gay textile industry, 249, 250 liberation, 123, 129–30; Thailand, 191 homophobia, 118, 131, 132–3; Thatcher,Margaret, 106, 209, 227, lesbian violence, 220;McCarthyism, 246, 255 13, 118; non-nuclear family Theweleit,Klaus, 98–101, 102, 103 households, 131; object relations Thomas, David, 93 theory, 61–2; pornography, 185, Thomas Coram Research Unit, 26, 28 187–90; poverty, 255; racism, 148–5, Thompson, 191 154–5, 156, 158–9; rape, 187, 201, Thompson, Jean, 215 202–3, 204, 208, 209; sex therapy, Thompson, Paul, 249 183–4; state violence, 226, 244–5; Thorne, Betty, 9 working women, 48, 257 Thorneycroft,Bill,136 Thornhill, Randy, 176 Van de Velde, 184 Thring, Edward,92 Vance, Carole, 181 Tolson, Andrew, 79–80, 81, 221, Vance, Norman, 91, 93 239, 241 The Villaage Voice, 17 Tootsiee, 25 violence: army life,15; Blacks, 156, Toronto, 130 157–8; child sexual abuse, 45–6, tough guys, 94–7 133, 216–18; domestic, 174, 214–19; Toynbee, Polly, 31 homophobia, 132; lesbian, 220; Trade Union Congress (TUC), 251, 253 lynchings, 149, 150; and 320 Index

masculinity, 221–6; men’s groups of new fatherhood,39–41; Black, working against, 239; and National 154, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163–8; and Service, 110–11; object relations child sexual abuse, 217–18; control theory, 66; pornography and, 186, of their own bodies,46–7; denial of 187–8, 190;rape, 198–214; sexual, sexuality, 223; division of labour, 198–214; state, 82, 223–5, 226; 81; domestic violence, 214–19; women, 214, 218, 220–1, 222–3, employment, 8, 31–3, 83, 248–9; 224–5 fascism and, 98–9, 100–3; and fear of sexuality, 130; frigidity, 184;and Wain, John, 11, 13 homophobia, 132; in imperialist Walczak, Yvette, 52–3 fiction, 145–6; jokesagainst, 16–17; Walker, Alice, 25, 164, 166 in Lacanian analysis, Walkerdine, Valerie,78 73–4, 77–8; looking,75;and Walkowitz, Judith, 213 misogyny, 11–12, 16–17, 82, 86, Wallace, Michele, 165–6 128, 138; in the 1950s, 7–10, 17–20; Walters,Margaret,75 andpornography, 185–6, 188–94; Walvin, James, 91, 144 racism, 150; rape, 198–214; sex Warre, Edmund, 92 differences, 52–4; sex roles, 55–8; Washington,Mary Helen, 167 sexualliberation, 231–2; suffrage Waterhouse,Keith,11 movement, 138, 225;suppression of Watney, Simon,123 aggressiveness, 223; in tradeunions, Wayne,John, 108 250–4; violence, 214, 218, 220–1, Weeks, Jeffrey, 91, 114, 116, 117, 124, 222–3, 224–5; see also femininity; 136 feminism Weimar Republic, 98 Women Against Rape, 205 Weinberg, George, 132 Women and Employmentt, 30 Weisstein, Naomi, 233 Women’s Aid, 215 Weldon,Fay, 1, 36 Women’s Liberation Conference, Oxford Wells, IdaB., 150 (1970), 39 West, Donald, 118, 208, 209, 210 women’s liberation movement, 174, West Indians, 147 231; see also feminism Wetherall,Margaret,78 Woodcock, Bruce, 108 White,Edmund, 84, 130 Woolf, Leonard, 92 Wilberforce, William, 144 Woolf, Virginia, xxxiii, 91 Wilde,Marty, 11 working class: Angry Young Men, 10–13; Wilde, Oscar, 117 family wage, 248; homosexuality, Wilks, Mark, 251 130; masculinity,80, 221–2;men’s Williams, Eric, 16 domestication in 1950s, 4–7; Williams, Kayla, 228 poverty, 255; rape, 204–5, 207; Williams, Tennessee, 11 Victorian manhood, 93–4; violence, Willis, Ellen, 130, 194 202–3, 220–1 Willis, Paul, 80, 81 Working Women’s Charter, 251 Willmott, Peter, 2, 5–6 Worpole, Ken, 16 Wilson, Elizabeth, 4, 134, 259 Wortis, Rochelle, 39 Wilson, Paul, 209 Wright, Charles, 148 Winnicott, Donald, 9, 60, 61–2 Witkin, Herman, 52 Wright, Richard, 153–4, 207 Wolf, Anna, 18 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 202 Young, 128 women: and AIDS, 137; Angry Young Young, Michael,2, 5–6 Men and, 10–13; benefits and costs Young, Nigel, 129