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Council on Foreign Relations

Annual Report

July 1, 1999 – June 30, 2000

Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 434-9800 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984

Website www.cfr.org E-mail [email protected] Officers and Directors, 2000–2001

Officers Directors Term Expiring 2004 Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 2001 John Deutch Chairman of the Board Lee Cullum Carla A. Hills Maurice R. Greenberg Mario L. Baeza Robert D. Hormats Vice Chairman of the Board Thomas R. Donahue William J. McDonough Leslie H. Gelb Maurice R. Greenberg Theodore C. Sorensen President Peter G. Peterson† George Soros Michael P. Peters Robert B. Zoellick Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Term Expiring 2005 Officer, and National Director Term Expiring 2002 Jessica P. Einhorn* Louis V. Gerstner Jr.* Paula J. Dobriansky Paul A. Allaire Vice President, Washington Program Roone Arledge George J. Mitchell Robert E. Rubin* David Kellogg John E. Bryson Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Kenneth W. Dam Warren B. Rudman and Publisher Frank Savage Andrew Young Lawrence J. Korb Laura D’Andrea Tyson Leslie H. Gelb Vice President, Studies ex officio Elise Carlson Lewis Term Expiring 2003 Peggy Dulany Vice President, Membership Honorary Officers and Fellowship Affairs Martin S. Feldstein Abraham F. Lowenthal Bette Bao Lord and Directors Emeriti Vice President Vincent A. Mai Douglas Dillon Caryl P. Haskins Anne R. Luzzatto Michael H. Moskow Vice President, Meetings Garrick Utley Charles McC. Mathias Jr. David Rockefeller Janice L. Murray Vice President and Treasurer Honorary Chairman Robert A. Scalapino Lilita V. Gusts Secretary Cyrus R. Vance Glenn E. Watts

John C. Campbell, Senior Fellow Emeritus, died on July 16, 2000. John first came to the Council in 1941 as a newly minted Ph.D. on a Rockefeller Fellowship. Over the next four decades he alternated between government service and, happily for us, increasingly longer stints at the Council. His main scholarly focus was on eastern Europe, especially the Balkans, and the Middle East, on which he wrote extensively. He was Di- rector of Political Studies (1955–62), Editor of the Council’s Policy Books, and Senior Research Fellow from 1962 until his retirement in 1978, serving in his final year as Director of Studies. He was a first-rate scholar, editor, analyst, and policymaker—all combined with a sense of humor that was the enduring delight of his friends and colleagues. John’s integrity, nonpartisanship, and humanity represented the best traditions of the Council. We will miss him.

*Appointed in 2000 by the Board of Directors. †Elected in 1996 by the Board of Directors to serve a five-year term as Chairman, in accordance with By-Law VII. Note: The list of Officers and Directors is current as of September 1, 2000.

2 CONTENTS

Officers and Directors 2 Mission Statement 5 Letter from the Chairman 6 Letter from the Vice Chairman 8 The President's Report 10 Council Goals 12 Campaign 2000 15 Studies 18 National Security 19 International Economics 22 Asia 24 Africa 27 Europe 28 Latin America 29 Middle East 30 Peace and Conflict 32 Center for Preventive Action 34 Science and Technology 35 U.S. Foreign Policy 36 Other Activities 37 Fellows 38 Special Fellowships 50 International Affairs Fellowships 52 Named Chairs and Fellowships 54 Foreign Affairs 55 Special Activities 60 Meetings 63 Program Highlights 65 Lectureships 71 Washington 73 Program Highlights 74 National 79 National Program Events 82 Pacific Council on International Policy 86 Corporate 87 Program Highlights 88 Corporate Members 92 CONTENTS

Term Member Program 94 Communications 98 Publishing 100 Publications 1999-2000 102 Development 104 Special Gifts 105 Term Grants, Endowment, and Other Restricted Gifts 106 Annual Giving Donors 107 2000 Board Election 113 Committees of the Board, 1999-2000 114 International Advisory Board 116 By-Laws of the Council 117 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 121 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 123 Budget and Finance 126 Staff 134 Membership 139 Membership Selection Procedure 140 Membership Roster 142

The Council's Annual Report is designed to focus atten tion on the intellectual substance of the organization's activities. A detailed listing of all programs and events is available on the Council's website at www.cfr.org. Mission Statement

ounded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Re- ture. Its more than 100 Fellows and research associates Flations is a nonpartisan membership orga- produce research-based, policy-oriented books and ar- nization, research center, and publisher. It is ticles. The Fellows also are often called upon for con- dedicated to strengthening America’s role in and un- gressional testimony, newspaper op-eds, and TV and derstanding of the world by better comprehending radio commentary. global trends and contributing ideas to U.S. foreign Foreign Affairs magazine is the jewel in the Coun- policy. The Council does this through cutting-edge cil’s publishing crown. For over 75 years it has been studies; serious, civil discussions; and rigorous analy- the preeminent international periodical, known as the ses. The Council does not take institutional positions; place to write on world affairs for leaders and however, Council Fellows and independent task thinkers in America and abroad. The Council also forces do advocate certain policies as a result of their publishes a new semiannual periodical, Correspon- work. dence, focused on the links between culture and poli- The Council’s highly diverse membership of over cy. In addition, the Council publishes a number of 3,800 American citizens includes the country’s leaders books yearly under its own imprint. in business, academia, the media, civil society, and Like the great universities, foundations, and other government. Evenly divided among New York, Wash- think tanks in America, the Council aims to uphold ington, D.C., and across the rest of the nation, Council the quality of debate and studies about global issues, members convene to hear world leaders and thinkers, develop new generations of leaders and thinkers, and and meet in small groups to work with one another help meet the problems and challenges of the world and Council staff on particular issues. with concrete and workable ideas. The Council’s Studies Department is now one of The Council is governed by a Board of Directors the largest foreign policy “think tanks” in the nation. chosen by its membership. It is an independent, tax- It consists of experts on every region of the world as exempt organization financed by member dues and well as on particular subjects such as international gifts, foundation and individual grants, corporate con- economics, security, science and technology, and cul- tributions, and revenues from its own endowment.

5 Letter from the Chairman

oard Vice Chairman Hank Greenberg, now since we’ve had anything resembling a serious BCouncil President Les Gelb, and I have exchange of views among those who seek to lead our made it a practice for the seven years we country in the world. To sidestep these international have been working together here to focus Council op- matters is not good for our democracy, and it doesn’t erations on overarching institutional objectives. Begin- make a lot of sense for the candidates who would be ning about a year ago, we chose three such priorities president, either. The person in the Oval Office will where we would concentrate the bulk of Council need public support for difficult foreign policy choic- Board and senior staff time. We pay particular atten- es, and the best place to get that mandate is in an election to our Studies Department, and especially to the tion. That mandate will be given only if candidates objective of the Council’s helping to create the next make a real effort to explain what they propose to do generation of foreign policy experts—that is, people in the White House and why. So we’ve been button- who know both economics and something else. Hank holing and cajoling all the parties, trying to move Greenberg writes this year in the Annual Report about them ahead on this front. Let me stress that we are the good progress we are making on this front. Les doing this not just for Council members but for the Gelb writes about another of his wider public. Almost all our pro- passions, the Center for Preventive grams are intended to reach the Action. For almost a decade now, general public in one way or an- Americans and others have been other, as you will see below. arguing about intervening with Taking on this kind of public re- force in ethnic and civil conflicts. sponsibility is a new role for the This shows that we have done lit- Council. But we believe that we tle or nothing to prevent the con- are in a good position to do so, and flicts in the first place, and Les that it is our responsibility to try. It describes the new Council efforts remains true that no organization to do something. I’m going to be matches our convening power or talking to you this year about our our reputation for good and fair Campaign 2000 enterprise, the work and, above all, for nonparti- Council’s effort to help launch a sanship. For instance, on this last serious public debate on foreign point, we have assembled an Ad- policy issues in this election year. visory Committee for Campaign The need for this kind of public 2000 that includes the top political debate on both broad strategic is- and media consultants and experts sues and specific country ones is for both the Republicans and the all too palpable. It’s been a decade Peter G. Peterson Democrats.

6 Letter from the Chairman

We are trying to accomplish this goal of helping to tion, I think you’ll agree that it is far and away the best produce a serious foreign policy debate in a number foreign policy website; in fact, George magazine of ways, both face-to-face and online at our Cam- named it one of the top ten political sites. paign 2000 website. We have been calling on the can- We’re all getting used to good years at the Council. didates themselves to debate, even sending out a joint The place is so well focused and well run by Les Gelb invitation with Council member Tom Johnson of and his team, and I speak particularly here of Les’s CNN. We have been gathering the political surrogates deputy, Mike Peters, his deputy, Jan Murray, and Cor- of the candidates in Congress, and they have been porate Vice President and Foreign Affairs Publisher quite forthcoming. And we’ve been getting the for- David Kellogg. We look forward to seeing you at the eign policy experts who advise the candidates to Harold Pratt House in New York, in our equally active come and talk about what they believe and how they and productive home in Washington, or in one of our would handle the nation’s problems, since many of diverse venues around the country, as we are becom- them will be in the top jobs if their candidate prevails. ing a truly national organization. We’ve been making good progress toward our goal. I won’t go through the list of legislators who have ap- peared for us in Washington and New York, but it has been a strong list on subjects from trade with China to missile defense. Condi Rice, the leader of Governor George Bush’s foreign policy team, addressed our Term Peter G. Peterson Member Annual Conference. Our Annual Conference Chairman of the Board for the Council’s national members was replete with debates between the two sides, including an important conversation between Vice President Al Gore’s supporter Graham Al- lison and Governor George W. Bush’s stalwart Robert Zoellick. We’ve also been running a number of Campaign 2000 articles in Foreign Affairs. Let me take this opportunity to congratulate Jim Hoge and Fareed Zakaria for the splendid magazine they edit. Les Gelb launched the Council in this Campaign 2000 enterprise and turned over day-to-day responsibilities to our Vice President for Meetings, Anne Luz- zatto. Anne has been working closely with the head of our Washington operations, Paula Dobriansky, to develop lively events in D.C., and with her own staff in New York for a vibrant Campaign 2000 menu here. To handle the website, Anne turned to Lisa Shields, one of our term members who joined our staff full time for this project, and to member Leila Conners Petersen to mount the technical Presider Peter G. Peterson, Speaker Laura D’Andrea Tyson, BankAmerica Dean of the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, and Speaker Morris Gold- and software sides of the project. If you stein, Dennis Weatherstone Senior Fellow in International Finance, Institute for Interna- take a look at that website and explore its tional Economics, at the January 13, 2000, Videoconferenced Meeting, “The Future gold mine of easily retrievable informa- International Financial Architecture” (between San Francisco and New York).

7 Letter from the Vice Chairman

y main goal as vice chairman in the last of our task force reports seem to understand fully Mfew years has been to make sure the that they are solely the responsibility of the task force Council focuses more and more on in- members themselves. ternational economics and the links between eco- More and more of the efforts we have made in the nomic issues and foreign policy questions. Call it task force realm are about economics. Just this year geoeconomics or creating the new foreign policy ex- we had a blue ribbon task force on the future inter- pert—the point is that the major problems in the in- national financial architecture, cochaired by Pete Pe- ternational arena almost always have an economic terson and Carla Hills, with Morris Goldstein as dimension as well as a political, security, technologi- project director. No other organization could have cal, or cultural dimension. We need people and ac- put together that kind of intellectual horsepower tivities here at the Council that will continue to and high-level experience. Their report, I believe, of- bring these combined economic and traditional for- fers a blueprint for practical changes to better man- eign policy matters together in general meetings, age regional financial crises, a plan that can be Council-sponsored independent task forces, and in followed by a Republican or a Democratic adminis- the Studies Department. Council tration. We also set in motion a President Les Gelb and I have task force on the economic future made this a kind of joint venture of the Balkan states, chaired by along with Board Director Laura Steve Rattner, with Mike Froman D’Andrea Tyson, who chairs the as the project director. Everything Board Committee on Studies, and in that sad part of the world is Director of Studies Larry Korb. tied in one way or another to vi- As many of you know by now, able and stable economic growth. the Council sponsors independent Without that, it’s hard to imagine task forces on current policy is- any kind of political stability. The sues. We bring the best people to- task force did a good job of point- gether for three to six months to ing out to governments, as well see if we can help to solve prob- as to the leaders of the Balkan lems through more creative solu- countries, the hard decisions they tions. And even though I was have to make in the coming year concerned at the beginning that to give themselves and their peo- people might mistake the inde- ple a chance for a better future. pendent task force reports for a More and more of our Senior position of the Council itself, this Fellows in the Studies Department has not occurred. The consumers Maurice R. Greenberg are working on economic subjects

8 Letter from the Vice Chairman

work on international financial issues with a whole range of science and technology questions. Beginning this summer, the world-renowned economist Jagdish Bhagwati, professor of economics at Columbia University, will be joining our staff for two years; on a part-time basis, so will Charles Calomiris, professor at Columbia School of Business. Ce- leste Wallander, who has been an associate professor at Harvard for a number of years, will join our Washington office starting this summer to study Russian political and economic problems. Ron Asmus, formerly the chief NATO expert in the State Department, is working at the Council on Europe’s future security problems. But to get at those problems, he’ll also be studying European economic growth, the state of European defense industries and technology, and the growing influence of the European Union. Let me mention one other matter. I have long been convinced that the various foreign policy think tanks need to coordinate and cooperate. This past year we had Maurice R. Greenberg and Speaker Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board of Governors of a breakthrough. Les Gelb, working with the Federal Reserve System, at the July 12–13, 2000, Corporate Program Conference, my associate at the American Internation- “The Next Financial Crisis: Warning Signs, Damage Control, and Impact.” al Group and former career diplomat, Frank Wisner, has persuaded most of the other major foreign policy think tanks to and including economics in their other concerns. meet on a regular basis and look at the possibility of We’ve had two accomplished economists at the joint studies. Frank is now chairing this group, and we Council full time this year—Roger Kubarych and hope it will lead to a real pooling of talent. Benn Steil. Roger has done some fine work on gam- ing financial events worldwide and on tying economic decisions to foreign policy and security decisions. A very interesting conclusion emerged from this exercise: Decision-makers tended to set aside all but the most challenging security matters in favor of financial Maurice R. Greenberg and economic matters. Benn has been connecting his Vice Chairman of the Board

9 The President’s Report

oreign policy experts around the world have tacts and influence of all the groups that might be able Fspent a good deal of time this past decade de- to persuade the parties to these conflicts to settle their bating whether U.S. military forces should in- disputes peacefully. We want to bring together the four tervene in one civil/ethnic conflict or another. There is principal outside actors in these ethnic and civil little agreement on whether to use U.S. military force, tragedies: governments, international organizations, and it’s highly unlikely there will be agreement on this nongovernmental organizations, and businesses. None matter. Some believe that stopping the violence once it can do the job alone. Government officials have to learn erupts is a subject of the highest moral and practical con- to work with international organizations; to use the cern, whereas others see these eruptions of violence as power and standing of religious leaders, human rights the inevitable product of historical hatreds beyond the in- groups, and relief organizations; and to leverage busi- fluence of outsiders. But almost everyone agrees on the ness incentives to have a chance at making prevention need to try to prevent these conflicts from erupting in the work. It’s all well and good, and even necessary, to have first place. Still, it is precisely in the realm of prevention the ethnic adversaries talk to each other across the table, that little or nothing has been done in the last ten years, to get to know each other better. But it’s highly and trag- either by governments or by international organizations. ically unlikely that anything short of tangible incen- Everybody talks about prevention; almost no one does tives—concrete carrots and sticks—will convince those anything about it. with hatred in their hearts and a desire for power to It is our aim and our hope that seek compromise. That’s why all the Council’s reconstituted Center the outside groups with standing for Preventive Action might help and influence in a particular region prevent violent conflicts from occur- must be focused on the situation. ring. In the last five years, our Cen- The means for developing the ter for Preventive Action has been ideas and selling the prevention ably led by Senior Fellow Barnett plans to the proper authorities will Rubin. Its main objectives were to be Council task forces. We began identify which preventive methods using task forces five years ago to worked, which didn’t, and why, bring together experienced people and also to bring together people with diverse perspectives to help from nongovernmental organiza- solve current policy problems. It tions and governments to share in- may be immodest to say, but it is formation and experiences. Now, nonetheless true, that no organiza- we intend to be much more operation has more convening power tional, short of actually having the than the Council. We can bring to- Council involved in negotiations. gether just the right mix of people to The operating principle for our take inventories of the outside Center in its second phase is simple groups that are involved in a partic- and practical: to harness the con- Leslie H. Gelb ular country, to assess their influ-

10 The President’s Report

ence, and then to shape this information into a strategy for preventing conflict by offering tangible incentives to compromise. We expect members of the task forces to work on an issue for an average of six months. Once their strategy is in hand, their objective would be to convince the relevant governments and international organizations to assume responsibility for the strategy, to shape it along po- litically necessary lines, and Speaker William S. Cohen, Secretary, U.S. Department of Defense, Leslie H. Gelb, and Martin S. Feldstein to begin prevention efforts. at the December 7, 1999, Meeting, “U.S. Defense Priorities: Engagement and Isolationism.” We expect this will be done through direct contact between officials and task force members. But we also ex- kill each other. But the stakes are so high that we have to pect our task force members to write op-ed pieces and try. The very magnitude of the challenge has attracted to testify before Congress. one of the most able and qualified people to be the new Even as we move forward on this practical front, we director of the Center for Preventive Action. Fred Tipson need to make progress on broader structural issues to brings with him a solid background in business and the support preventive action. We must work with others communications industry, experience on the Senate For- in educating the public about the importance of pre- eign Relations Committee, and long-standing ties with vention, about how incredibly inexpensive it is com- the Council. The advisory group overseeing Center op- pared to actual military intervention, and about how it erations will continue to be led by the former chairman can contribute to a better world. We also have to work of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Jack Vessey, and we are al- with others to put our own government in a better po- ready working in close partnership with Reynold Levy, sition to deal with these problems. I’m thinking here president of the International Rescue Committee. specifically of the famous “150” line in the federal bud- Over the last decade, I can’t think of another issue get, which deals with matters like economic aid and that has occasioned more argument in the foreign policy payments for peacekeeping operations. Prevention arena than this question of humanitarian intervention. I cannot be done without money; funds are needed to have debated Charles Krauthammer in Washington, put police and military forces into an area before the Richard Allen in Los Angeles, and John Mearsheimer in shooting starts. We also need to help think through Chicago, and I moderated a debate here in New York how to make the U.N. peacekeeping operations more between Fareed Zakaria and Tony Lewis. The feelings viable. Prevention may well cause less dissension and are raw because the answer really does matter. We be- division in the U.N. Security Council than actual mili- lieve we are now focusing on a better question—how to tary intervention. But political differences are not the prevent conflict rather than whether or not to intervene only obstacles to the United Nations’ ability to carry after the killing begins. out a prevention mandate. The United Nations will need forces on call for policing operations before the shooting starts. It will need pledges of logistical support from countries to transport and supply troops. No one involved in this project at the Council thinks prevention is anything but a very difficult enterprise. It Leslie H. Gelb is very hard to dissuade people who are determined to President

11 Council Goals

In keeping with its mission, membership, and heritage, the Council pursues three goals: Add value to the public debate on international affairs. Council Senior Fellows conduct policy-oriented research, write books and articles, provide expert testimony before Congress, write op-eds, and appear on broadcast interviews. Council members provide policy recommendations through independent task force reports sponsored by the Council. Foreign Affairs, the Council’s pre- Speaker Wesley K. Clark, Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Commander mier publication, offers leading in Chief, U.S. European Command, and Presider Robert E. Hunter at the November 17, 1999, Meeting, “Can NATO Ensure European Security?” articles from the best minds around the world.

Hani K. Findakly, Moderator Richard K. Goeltz, Alan Wm. Wolff, Nicholas A. Bratt, and Yves-Andre Istel at the January 22, 2000, Project on Financial Vulnerabilities and Foreign Policy, “Policy Simulation.”

12 Council Goals

Speaker Rachel Bronson, Olin Fellow, National Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations, and Chair Edward P. Djerejian at the October 13, 1999, Videoconferenced Study Group on U.S. Security Policy in the Persian Gulf, “Containment: Can and Should It Be Sustained?” (between Houston and New York).

Energize foreign policy discussions nationwide by making the Council a truly national organization with membership across the country. Senior Fellows regularly meet with Council members around the country for intimate seminars in key U.S. cities. A large percentage of these Council members convene in New York for an annual national conference to discuss key current policy questions. Members from coast to coast are in touch with each other on a regular basis through videoconferencing, webcasting, and the Internet.

Warren Christopher, Presider Ronald L. Olson, and Speaker Leslie H. Gelb, President, Council on Foreign Relations, at the March 24, 2000, Campaign 2000 Debate, “What’s Worth Fighting and Dying For?” (in Los Angeles).

13 Council Goals Identify and nurture the next generation of foreign policy leaders. The Council has always prided itself on finding future talent, bringing these people together to talk and broaden their interests, and providing a basis for future service to the country. The Council’s special five-year term membership program for young people is a keystone of this effort. In addition, the Council seeks outstanding younger scholars and policymakers through its various on-staff Jacob Weisberg and Speaker Fareed Zakaria, Managing Editor, Foreign Affairs, at the April 25, 2000, Conversations with Senior and one-year fellowship programs. Members Dinner, “Humanitarian Interventions: When Are They Justified?”

Speaker James M. Goldgeier, Acting Director of the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies and Associate Professor, George Washington University, Speaker Vinca LaFleur, former Director for Speechwrit- ing, National Security Council, and Speaker Graham T. Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, at the November 19, 1999, Term Member Annual Conference, “Campaign 2000: What’s on the Foreign Policy Agenda?”

Speaker Robert W. Kagan, Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Speaker Marc A. Thiessen, Press Spokesman, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and Speaker John Hillen, Study Group Member, U.S. Commis- sion on National Security, at the November 19, 1999, Term Member Annual Conference, “Campaign 2000: What’s on the Foreign Policy Agenda?”

14 Campaign 2000

• One of the Council’s main institutional priorities for the election year. • Fosters serious public debate among the presidential candidates, their political surrogates in Congress, and their advisers about America’s foreign policy, international economic policy, and national security policy. • Focuses on face-to-face and online foreign policy debates. • Provides the only public website (www.foreignpolicy2000.org) devoted to foreign policy and the presidential election.

efore Americans elect the next president, In March, the Council launched the first website deal- Bthey need to hear the candidates’ positions ing exclusively with foreign policy and the presidential on key international, economic, and security election. In July, the website was listed by George maga- questions. The most important role the Council can play zine as one of the top ten political websites. It was also this election year is to encourage the candidates to focus selected by the Markle Foundation as its featured non- on foreign policy. To foster this dialogue, the Council’s profit on the election hub (www.webwhiteblue.org). De- Campaign 2000 initiative is designed to spur serious signed and developed by Council member Leila public debate between the parties and their candidates. Conners Petersen’s Tree Media Group, this new website features the most comprehensive foreign policy briefing room on the Internet, with issue briefs crafted by Coun- “The candidates and their campaigns owe the cil Fellows. The site’s library also contains all public statements by candidates on key foreign policy issues, American people a serious debate on foreign so voters can quickly compare and contrast the candi- policy—and this is the place to do it.” dates’ foreign policy platforms. Additional features in- —SENATOR WARREN B. RUDMAN clude a compendium of poll results provided by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, a Cam- paign 2000 series of Foreign Affairs articles in full text, and transcripts of important Campaign 2000 meetings The first phase of Campaign 2000 focused on mem- at the Council with guests such as Secretary of State ber meetings and debates. The New York Meetings Pro- Madeleine K. Albright, Bush foreign policy adviser Con- gram, the Washington Program, and the National doleezza Rice, and National Security Adviser Samuel R. Program devoted much of this year to programming Berger. The website also hosted a series of online de- over 50 Campaign 2000 meetings and face-to-face debates and live online interviews with the candidates’ bates across the country. These meetings, along with surrogates and key foreign policy experts. the Term Member Conference and the National Confer- ence, also focusing on Campaign 2000, added real Lisa Shields value to election coverage across the country. Campaign 2000 Director

15 Campaign 2000

Meeting Highlights Speaker Samuel R. Berger, U.S. National Security Adviser, at the THAD COCHRAN October 21, 1999, Elihu Root Member, U.S. Senate (R-Miss.) Lecture, “American Power: CARL M. LEVIN Hegemony, Isolationism, or Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mich.) Engagement?” “National Missile Defense: Two Perspectives from the Senate” PRESIDER: LAWRENCE J. KORB THE JACOB K. JAVITS MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES

WILLIAM S. COHEN Secretary, U.S. Department of Defense “U.S. Defense Priorities: Engagement and Isolationism” PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON

“Top-level insight on the critical foreign policy issues of the day. It’s the go-to site for foreign policy analysis and debate.” —SENATOR JOHN F. KERRY

WILLIAM J. CROWE JOHN F. KERRY U.S. Navy (Ret.); Senior Adviser, Global Options; Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mass.) former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff “U.S.-China Relations: Opportunities DAVID C. JONES and Challenges” U.S. Air Force (Ret.); former Chairman of the Joint PRESIDER: WINSTON LORD Chiefs of Staff COLIN L. POWELL ANTHONY LEWIS U.S. Army (Ret.); Chairman, America’s Promise; former Columnist, New York Times Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff FAREED ZAKARIA JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI Managing Editor, Foreign Affairs U.S. Army (Ret.); former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs “Campaign 2000 Great Debate: Humanitarian of Staff Interventions—When Are They Justified?” JOHN W. VESSEY PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB U.S. Army (Ret.); former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff “National Defense Priorities for the Next Administration” PRESIDER: DONALD KAGAN “Finally the facts at cyberspeed. Just JOHN DESPRES when the campaign rhetoric leaves us Speaking for Senator Bill Bradley starving for what is real, what is RICHARD GARDNER researched, and what matters.” Speaking for Vice President Al Gore —DIANE SAWYER “Campaign 2000 Debate on Foreign Policy: Two Views from the Democratic Party” PRESIDER: GARRICK UTLEY

16 Campaign 2000

Speaker Arthur Waldron, Director of Asian Studies, American Enterprise Institute, and Lauder Professor of International Relations, University of Pennsylvania, Presider Leslie H. Gelb, and Speaker Chas. W. Freeman Jr., Chairman, Projects International, Inc., at the April 19, 2000, Campaign 2000 Debate, “If Taiwan Declares Independence and China Reacts with Force, on Whom Should the United States Lean Harder, China or Taiwan?”

Speaker Condoleezza Rice, Bipartisan Advisory Committee Senior Foreign Policy Adviser to Governor George W. Bush, Lee Cullum, Dallas Morning News at the November 18, 1999, Thomas E. Donilon, Fannie Mae Corporation Term Member Annual Kenneth M. Duberstein, The Duberstein Group, Inc. Conference, “Campaign 2000: What’s on the Foreign Policy Stephen J. Hadley, Shea & Gardner Agenda?” James F. Hoge Jr., Foreign Affairs Morton L. Janklow, Janklow & Nesbit Associates Joseph A. Klein, The New Yorker Andrew Kohut, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press William Kristol, Weekly Standard Frank Luntz, Luntz Research Companies Walter Russell Mead, Council on Foreign Relations Norman J. Ornstein, American Enterprise Institute “The Foreignpolicy2000 site is a commendable for Public Policy Richard L. Plepler, Home Box Office effort to focus attention on what ought to be William Schneider, CNN significant, substantive issues in the campaign. Douglas E. Schoen, Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates It could serve as a model for sites devoted to Daniel K. Tarullo, Georgetown University Law Center other complex policy issues.” —SLATE Robert M. Teeter, Coldwater Corp. Daniel Yankelovich, Public Agenda Fareed Zakaria, Foreign Affairs

Speaker Carl M. Levin, Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mich.), Presider Lawrence J. Korb, and Speaker Thad Cochran, Member, U.S. Senate (R-Miss.), at the February 17, 2000, Jacob K. Javits Memorial Lecture, “National Missile Defense: Two Perspectives from the Senate.”

17 Studies Program

• The largest and most influential foreign policy research organization in the nation. • Consists of approximately 100 scholars and research associates. • Advances understanding of world affairs and contributes ideas to U.S. foreign policymakers. • Conducts cutting-edge research on topics and regions related to U.S. foreign policy. • Produces books and articles based on study group meetings with Council members and other experts. • Encourages member participation in study groups and roundtables. (E-mail [email protected] for further information.)

he Studies Department is the Council’s projects but also gain experience that will enable them T“think tank.” The Studies Department focus- to become future foreign policy analysts or practitioners. es on issues that will shape the international Council Fellows produce research-based, policy-ori- agenda, with an emphasis on three areas: national se- ented books and major articles. In addition, they add curity, international economics, and Asia. Cross-fertil- value to the foreign policy debate in a variety of other ization of ideas across regional and subject areas as ways: they appear as commentators on television and well as input from the Council’s diverse and informed radio shows; write op-ed pieces for major newspapers; membership allows the Studies Department to pro- testify before Congress; and meet with high-ranking duce innovative research that has significant impact executive and legislative branch officials with foreign on the policy debate. policy responsibilities. These activities increase the ex- Staff members of the Studies Department include Se- posure of Senior Fellows in the government and nior Fellows, Visiting Fellows, and Next Generation Fel- among the public, ensuring a broad and influential au- lows (NGFs). Senior Fellows are distinguished scholars dience for the research produced by the Council. and practitioners who have significant experience in Active participation by the Council’s members in academia and/or government. Visiting Fellows, includ- Studies projects adds immeasurable value to the quali- ing Military, State Department, CIA, and Press Fellows, ty of the Studies Program. Council Fellows benefit from spend a year at the Council while on leave from their the informed input of the diverse group of members parent organization. Next Generation Fellows are with various professional backgrounds and political younger scholars and/or practitioners drawn from perspectives. The Studies Department generally spon- academia, government, or the private sector. They nor- sors two types of meetings that connect Fellows and mally spend two or three years at the Council working members: study groups and roundtables. Study groups on specific research projects. Selected NGFs are invited assist Fellows or other designated authors in writing to become Senior Fellows after completing their initial books and articles. Members are asked to review pa- terms. NGFs not only provide fresh insights into Studies pers circulated in advance by the Fellow for discussion. Studies Program

Roundtables are informal discussion groups that allow ty, encourage arms and capacity proliferation, and set members to keep abreast of foreign policy issues on a off an expensive arms race among allies. The potential particular region or topic. Members who would like to for transnational mergers that will create mega-firms participate in these projects should contact the office of complicates the arms export discussion in this era. the director of Studies at 212-434-9631. This study group assembled a broad range of indi- In an effort to stimulate the broadest discussion of viduals, from policymakers and academics to peace relevant foreign policy issues, the Studies Department and human rights activists, to investigate the phenom- conducts study group sessions in key cities around the enon and debate policy responses. Through monthly country in addition to New York and Washington. The meetings over the last year, including a conference held Studies Department supplements this national dialogue in Washington, D.C., study group participants ad- through the Council’s website (www.cfr.org), which dressed the following questions: What security con- provides public access to Council publications and cerns should drive arms export policy? Have arms other intellectual output of the Studies staff, including exports in fact kept production and R&D lines “hot” web-based discussion groups. Such intellectual ex- and available for next-generation systems? If so, is this change between Council Fellows and the entire mem- necessary? Have arms exports lowered the cost of bership is essential to the Council’s broader mission. weapons to the Pentagon? How much do arms exports In the 1999–2000 program year, the Studies Depart- contribute to the U.S. trade balance, net of subsidies ment implemented a comprehensive agenda. A glance and offsets? Are exports creating pressure for arms in- at a few of the projects undertaken demonstrates the novation that would not otherwise exist? What policies scope of Studies activities: the regionalization of can be recommended for U.S. arms export regulation Africa; the impact of domestic politics on the security and conventional arms trade negotiations? policies of the Persian Gulf; global health and foreign policy; Japanese foreign policy and U.S. interests in Study Group on Assessing the Future Asia; the transnationalization of the defense industry; of Chinese Power refugees and the displaced; ethnic conflict and parti- PROJECT DIRECTORS: RICHARD K. BETTS AND THOMAS J. CHRISTENSEN (MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY) tion; and technological innovation and economic per- CHAIR: HARRY HARDING formance. The Studies Department will continue its ambitious agenda in the upcoming program year. Some of the principal issues in international politics in the next century will be how powerful China becomes, Lawrence J. Korb whether its military capabilities will develop commen- Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, Director of Studies surately with its economic output, and what challenges Chinese power will pose to regional and global National Security

PROGRAM DIRECTOR: RICHARD K. BETTS Study Group on the Arms Trade and the Transnationalization of the Defense Industry: Economic versus Security Drivers PROJECT DIRECTOR: ANN R. MARKUSEN CHAIR: RICHARD RAVITCH Since the end of the Cold War, economic and defense industrial-base concerns have become increasingly per- vasive in U.S. arms export policy. The sale of sophisti- Lawrence J. Korb, Randy Beardsworth, and James M. Loy at the cated weapons by U.S. defense companies to countries October 26, 1999, Study Group, “Globalization and the Future of around the world may adversely affect national securi- Border Control.”

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order. Launched in January 1999, this study group held ment and have drawn into question their value to U.S. meetings in New York and Washington, D.C., to dis- interests. The project will recommend specific measures cuss the interrelationships of political, economic, and the United States can take to ensure that it maintains its military developments in the evolution of Chinese leadership in reducing threats to U.S. and international power. Special attention was devoted to considering security. The final product will be a book or a major arti- what might be learned from the experiences of other cle by Jan M. Lodal. rising powers, the roles of other major powers in Asia (Japan, Russia, India), and problems in translating eco- Study Group on Globalization and the Future of nomic progress into modern military effectiveness. Border Control Richard K. Betts and Thomas J. Christensen are pro- PROJECT DIRECTOR: STEPHEN E. FLYNN ducing an article that draws on the discussions. CHAIR: BOB GRAHAM States have traditionally relied on physical inspections W. Averell Harriman Study Group on Contending at the border to police people and goods for the pur- Visions of International Order poses of restricting migration and emigration, collect- PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN ing duties and fees, intercepting contraband, and Current debate about the nature of the emerging inter- satisfying important security interests. Today, the national landscape is disappointingly thin. Contentious speed and volume of modern flows have over- theories about the end of history and the clash of civi- whelmed these traditional means. Drawing upon ex- lizations aside, the analytic community has made little perts from a variety of backgrounds, including progress in mapping out the key elements of a new in- academia, industry, law enforcement, and national se- ternational system. This group will examine contending curity, this national study group assessed the implica- visions of order and generate a more fertile discussion tions of lax or ineffective border controls on crime, of desirable outcomes and methods for policymakers to security, development, and trade. It sought to identify achieve them. Analysts working on these questions and how states might develop new practices and capabili- their implications for American grand strategy will ties to facilitate trade and travel while still filtering the make presentations to the group. The project will lead to bad from the good. Specifically, the study analyzed the a “white paper” for the administration that takes office regulatory and technological prospects for promoting in 2001. In addition, Charles A. Kupchan will produce a greater “transparency” in the commercial transporta- book, as well as shorter articles and op-ed pieces. tion and logistics sectors as a means to deter and help foil customs and immigration violations, organized Study Group on the Future of Arms Control crime, weapons and drug smuggling, and terrorism. PROJECT DIRECTOR: JAN M. LODAL (LODAL & COMPANY) In addition to conducting face-to-face meetings in This study group aims to reassess the impact of arms five cities across the country, study group members control, its methods, and its objectives on U.S. security were invited to discuss and provide feedback to draft interests and to derive a set of recommendations to ensure that arms control continues to serve U.S. interests in the coming decades. Existing arms control agreements are show- ing signs of fracture. The short- comings that plague these initiatives, in conjunction with a changing global environment and rapidly developing technologies, have jeopardized the ability of arms control to Robert Filippone, Speaker Bob Graham, Member, U.S. Senate (D-Fla.), Stephen E. Flynn, and Maryann influence the security environ- K. Cusimano at the October 26, 1999, Study Group, “Globalization and the Future of Border Control.”

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chapters posted online. The final product will be a book by Stephen E. Flynn. Study Group on High-Impact Terrorism PROJECT DIRECTOR: JESSICA STERN Americans are vulnerable to a new form of violence: seemingly purposeless, high-impact attacks, calcu- lated to create fear. The perpetrators are likely to be individuals or small groups who kill in the name of their personal or religious beliefs, rather than traditional states or terrorist organizations that pursue nationalist goals. This study group aims to David A. Duffié, Céline S. Gustavson, David Kellogg, Paul J. Heer, Marie X. Strauss, and Michael P. Peters rethink U.S. foreign policy at the January 22, 2000, Project on Financial Vulnerabilities and Foreign Policy, “Policy Simulation.” and defense priorities in light of the increase in religious terrorism. It addresses the following questions: terests in the Persian Gulf. It examined the increased Who are these new terrorists? What do they hope to U.S. military presence in the region and how the do- achieve? How will they arm themselves? How does mestic political concerns of Gulf states have shaped the growth of religious fundamentalism, and the ter- and have been shaped by it. The goal of this project rorism it inspires, affect U.S. foreign policy and inter- was to answer two questions: How will fluid Gulf Co- ests? What is an appropriate response? Participants operation Council (GCC) countries’ domestic condi- are assessing the effectiveness of current policies for tions, coupled with a continuing U.S. need to remain reducing the threat of high-impact terrorism and will active in the Gulf, shape America’s options in the Per- suggest additional remedies that should be consid- sian Gulf in the early 21st century? More specifically, ered or emphasized. The products of this study can the United States continue its containment policy group will be a book and several shorter articles by in the presence of significant political and economic Jessica Stern. change among its GCC partners? Members were linked in New York and Houston via videoconference Study Group on U.S. Security Policy for each interactive session. The final product will be in the Persian Gulf an article by Rachel Bronson. PROJECT DIRECTOR: RACHEL BRONSON CHAIR: EDWARD DJEREJIAN Roundtable on Major Military Policy Issues PROJECT DIRECTOR: BERNARD E. TRAINOR COSPONSORED WITH THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY, RICE UNIVERSITY This roundtable examined the military and political This videoconferenced study group drew on the exper- lessons drawn from the recent air war over the former tise of members in Houston, Washington, D.C., and Yugoslavia. The sudden end of the Kosovo crisis ham- New York to analyze key factors underpinning the pered serious analysis about the use of force as an ele- long-term ability of the United States to protect its in- ment of diplomacy and foreign policy in future crises,

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leaving crucial questions about the nature of military ment and global security. Discussions focus on policy intervention and coercive diplomacy unanswered. issues such as energy security, nuclear proliferation, The roundtable focused on four major issues sur- high technology, and economic coordination, as well rounding the air war: the role of air power as the new as population pressures on energy requirements, de- American way of war; the true effectiveness of the air velopment, and the environment. Founding chairman campaign; collateral damage and effects of force projec- William D. Rogers of Arnold & Porter and current tion on strategy and tactics; and the future of coalition chairman William F. Martin of Washington Policy and warfare and the use of force for coercive diplomacy. Analysis, Inc., provide leadership in consultation with The roundtable brought together members and experts the Energy Security Group’s Japanese partner, the in Washington, D.C., to discuss these issues. Japan Atomic Industrial Forum. John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting the New National Security Agenda PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD K. BETTS International This ongoing roundtable, which meets in both New Economics York and Washington, D.C., seeks to identify the critical post–Cold War questions that require more de- Study Group on Big Emerging Economies tailed study by the Council. Subjects are chosen as the PROJECT DIRECTOR: MARIE-JOSÉE KRAVIS sessions proceed, to take advantage of ideas that come This study group, based on the premise that some of out of the discussion. Among the topics this past year today’s big emerging economies may also be emerging were the emerging gap between civilian culture and big powers, surveyed the realignment their rise is forc- professional military values; the Department of De- ing in U.S. foreign policy as well as the allocation of U.S. fense’s humanitarian operations in Africa; the conflict foreign aid and diplomatic resources. The study group in Kashmir; and transnational crime networks. emphasized such emerging nations as India, Indonesia, Brazil, South Korea, and Thailand. A major article by Henry A. Kissinger Roundtable on Terrorism Marie-Josée Kravis will be published in late 2000. PROJECT DIRECTOR: GIDEON ROSE As recent events have shown, terrorism is one of the Study Group on a New Paradigm central national security threats the United States faces for U.S.-Japan Economic Relations in the post–Cold War world. This ongoing roundtable PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE STOKES brings together Council members and other experts to CO-CHAIRS: JAY ROCKEFELLER AND AMO HOUGHTON discuss cutting-edge research and ideas related to ter- U.S.-Japan economic relations face growing friction. rorism and counterterrorism policy. Each year approx- Japan’s trade surplus with the United States, always a imately half a dozen meetings in New York and political problem, is at record levels. Yet these two eco- Washington, D.C., feature presentations by leading ex- nomic colossi are becoming ever more integrated, cre- perts or government officials. Among last year’s top- ating systemic friction because of differing regulatory ics were a discussion of cyberattacks and network systems and philosophies about markets. Based on the security and an analysis of the past and present status experience of the Bush administration’s Strategic Im- of Russian biological weapons programs. pediment Initiative and the Clinton administration’s Framework Talks, this study group sought to develop Energy Security Group a new paradigm for U.S.-Japan economic negotiations, PROJECT DIRECTOR: JUDITH KIPPER focusing on macroeconomic issues, regulatory reform, COSPONSORED WITH THE JAPAN ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM, INC. sector-specific problems, and a political dialogue. The Energy Security Group promotes better under- Bruce Stokes published a short paper informed by the standing and exchange of information between the group’s deliberations. United States and Japan about issues in the Middle East and elsewhere that influence economic develop- Study Group on Technological Innovation

22 Studies Program and Economic Performance 1999 publication of International Capital Markets. During PROJECT DIRECTORS: BENN STEIL AND DAVID G. VICTOR this fiscal year, the roundtable further refined these ini- CHAIR: RICHARD FOSTER tial recommendations, focusing on how better to define Studies of economic performance suggest that techno- principles and processes for sovereign bond restructur- logical innovation is a principal engine of the economy. ings, and improve the availability and quality of neces- Recent data show a striking relationship between the sary data and analysis for the investor community. growth of information technology and the sustained robust growth of the U.S. economy. Yet the factors that Roundtable on Democratizing U.S. Trade Policy determine innovation and its links with the wider PROJECT DIRECTORS: BRUCE STOKES AND PAT CHOATE (ECONOMIST) economy are poorly understood. This project analyzes CO-CHAIRS: JIM KOLBE AND SHERROD BROWN the relationship between technological innovation and The purpose of this roundtable was to recommend a economic performance through the commissioning of more inclusive process for developing U.S. trade poli- new assessments of the theoretical and historical litera- cy through broader congressional participation in ture as well as nine industry studies (e.g., Internet, se- trade policymaking and negotiations, through a more curities trading, and energy) and country studies open and effective USTR (United States Trade Repre- (United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, the sentative) advisory system, through greater interac- Nordic group, and Japan). The primary focus is on de- tion between regulatory and trade officials, and riving implications for effective economic policy. The through engagement with state and local govern- final product will be an edited book and several major ments to ensure broader public support for future articles by Benn Steil and David G. Victor. trade policies. Bruce Stokes published a paper based on the roundtable findings. A.T. Kearney Executive Roundtable Series PROJECT DIRECTOR: BENN STEIL C. Peter McColough Roundtable This roundtable covers major issues in international eco- on International Economics nomics of direct concern to American business. Promi- PROJECT DIRECTOR: BENN STEIL nent speakers from industry, government, and academia This ongoing series of monthly lunches features some are featured. Recent roundtables have examined the of the world’s top economists as guest speakers, fo- globalization of securities trading and international cusing on major policy issues in international econom- trade issues emerging from biotechnology advances. ics. Recent speakers included Lawrence Summers, Roundtable on Country Risk Analysis: Identifying Risks, Strategies, and Policy Implications PROJECT DIRECTOR: BARBARA CHRISTIE SAMUELS II (SAMUELS ASSOCIATES) This roundtable’s objective was to set forth recommendations for improving the quality of country risk analysis used by creditors, lenders, and policymakers, thereby reducing the economic and social costs of financial volatility and crisis. Participants included leading country risk practitioners from rating agencies, commercial banks, and the investor community, in addition to multilateral organizations and government offices. After the first round of discussions in the fall of 1999, roundtable participants provided recommendations around three principal categories: analytical Presider Walter Russell Mead and Speaker Joseph E. Stiglitz, Brook- country risk methods; structure of the country risk pro- ings Institution, at the March 20, 2000, Working Group on Develop- fession; and use of country risk analysis in decision- ment, Trade, and International Finance, “Reforming the Reform making, detailed in the International Monetary Fund’s Agenda for Transitional Economies.”

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Joseph E. Stiglitz, Robert Mundell, Charles Calomiris, Project on Financial Vulnerabilities and Robert Gordon. and Foreign Policy PROJECT DIRECTORS: ROGER M. KUBARYCH AND DAVID A. DUFFIÉ Roundtable on Safeguarding Globalization: The objective of this project was to develop research Defining the Role of the Multinational findings and expert advice that policymakers can use to PROJECT DIRECTOR: MARCUS MABRY help prepare for an unexpected financial mishap and The development of a global class of economic movers perhaps to take steps to mitigate its adverse conse- and shakers is challenging the supremacy of the na- quences, at both the domestic and the international lev- tion-state. The most obvious embodiments of the new els. A four-part series of Council events provided the power may be the multinational corporation and the means to examine the links between the financial mar- international class of managers who can move curren- kets and broader economic, foreign policy, and national cies, literally at the speed of light, and undermine gov- security concerns: (1) a roundtable at which the partici- ernments. Their ascendancy seems to have taken even pants, including market practitioners, scholars, and for- the international economic players by surprise. As a mer senior officials, reviewed the lessons learned from result, a movement has arisen to invest companies past stock market disturbances and the policy responses with a new sense of global responsibility beyond to them and identified the economic and financial vul- shareholder profit and the bottom line. The round- nerabilities in the current environment; (2) a scenario- table series examined the nature and place of corpo- building roundtable; (3) a policy simulation in which a rate responsibility in the age of “globality.” What are small number of experienced policy thinkers and for- the powers and duties of international economic play- mer policymakers worked through the options and ers in the post–Cold War era? What are American constraints facing the U.S. government in the aftermath companies doing in extracommercial arenas? How are of a sudden and significant stock market decline; (4) a they supplanting the role of governments in interna- conference to disseminate the findings of the round- tional relations and in the internal affairs of states? table and simulation. The conference, held on July What are the ramifications of this trend for U.S. for- 12–13, provided a forum to raise the broadest possible eign policy? The final product will be a major article perspective on the intersection of financial markets, the by Marcus Mabry. global economy, foreign policy, and national security.

Working Group on Development, Trade, and International Finance PROJECT DIRECTOR: WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Asia PROJECT COORDINATOR: SHERLE SCHWENNINGER The overarching goal of this working group is to iden- PROGRAM DIRECTOR: ROBERT A. MANNING tify restructuring options for the international financial architecture that would stimulate the long-term flow of Study Group on Asian Energy Security private capital to the developing world. More specifi- in the 21st Century cally, the working group is undertaking the develop- PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT A. MANNING ment and promotion of one or more alternative CO-CHAIRS: EDWARD MORSE AND R. JAMES WOOLSEY working models for reform of the world financial ar- This study group analyzed the impact of Asia’s bur- chitecture; the advancement of concrete proposals for geoning demand on global energy markets and re- countries interested in shifting from export-led growth gional security dynamics. The study group assessed to internally driven economic development; and the the energy strategies of, and competition among, development of ideas to make the international finan- China, India, Japan, Korea, and ASEAN countries cial system more open and accountable to the larger over the next quarter century and identified the rele- public interest. One of the final products will be a re- vant foreign policy challenges for the United States. port by Walter Russell Mead and Sherle Schwenninger. Robert A. Manning has written a book, The Asian En- ergy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security

24 Studies Program and the Pacific Future, which examines the issues Study Group on Japanese Foreign Policy raised in the group’s meetings and draws relevant and U.S. Interests in Asia conclusions and recommendations for the policy PROJECT DIRECTOR: MICHAEL J. GREEN community. CO-CHAIRS: RICHARD SAMUELS, NATHANIEL THAYER, RICHARD SOLOMON, DOUGLAS PAAL, GERALD CURTIS, PATRICK CRONIN, Study Group on China and the Environment AND ELLEN FROST PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY While the rhetoric of U.S. policy toward Asia increas- The importance of China’s environmental practices ingly highlights a new “strategic partnership” with both for its domestic stability and for the resolution of China and an “alliance” with Russia, U.S. strategy for global environmental problems is growing. This study the Asia-Pacific region in the next century will only be group will address three core questions that U.S. poli- as credible as the alliance the United States sustains cymakers should consider. First, how are the environ- with Japan. Despite close bilateral ties, Washington re- mental challenges in China leading to the mains unsure how Tokyo might react to a China-Tai- establishment of new political institutions, actors, and wan conflict, an American confrontation with Iran, or alliances that may challenge the political system? Sec- a reoccurrence of the Asian financial crisis. ond, with which Chinese actors should the United This study group worked with a similar Tokyo- States engage in dialogue and cooperative ventures? based group to review case studies that focused on Finally, what do these domestic political changes sug- contemporary aspects of Japanese commercial, strate- gest for China’s interest in and capacity for respond- gic, cooperative, and financial diplomacy, including ing to the U.S. environmental priorities, such as global Japan’s role in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation climate change? Elizabeth Economy will write a book group; Japan’s Eurasian diplomacy; the emerging dy- to assess environmental trends within the broader namics of Sino-Japanese security relations; and context of China’s political and economic reforms and Japan’s policy toward the Korean peninsula. Each case its expanding linkages to the outside world. The study assessed factors such as the domestic determi- analysis will also serve as the basis for a set of policy nants of Japanese policy, the role of the United States recommendations for U.S. officials as they negotiate in Japanese policymaking, the points of bilateral di- Sino-American relations. vergence, and the lessons for the United States and Japan in terms of policy objectives and coordination. Study Group on the Impact of Leadership Politics The study group culminated in a book by Michael J. on Chinese Foreign Policy Green analyzing Japanese foreign policy and its im- PROJECT DIRECTOR: PAUL J. HEER pact on U.S. interests in Asia. Conventional wisdom suggests that factional politics and leadership maneuvering in Beijing are a key Winston Lord Roundtable on Asia, the Rule of Law, source of China’s approach to the rest of the world. In- and U.S. Foreign Policy deed, U.S. policy toward Beijing is based in part on a PROJECT DIRECTORS: JEROME A. COHEN AND MORTON HOLBROOK set of assumptions about the role internal politics This ongoing roundtable series examines the many plays in Chinese foreign policymaking. This study meanings of the term “rule of law” and the role of law group reviewed that conventional wisdom and those and legal culture in Asian countries’ economic assumptions in an effort to assess the validity of the growth, institution building, and protection of human existing framework for understanding the connection rights. Participants discuss the relevance of the rule of between Chinese politics and foreign policy. Key top- law to U.S. foreign policy and what measures the pub- ics that were explored include the parameters of the lic and private sectors in this country might adopt to Chinese political spectrum, the relative weight to as- foster desired developments. In 2000, the group fo- sign leadership politics among the factors influencing cused on the extent to which China adheres to a broad Beijing’s foreign policy decisions, and the efficacy of range of international agreements. The roundtable policies toward China that are based on the conven- sought an overview of the situation in China. Building tional wisdom. The final product was a Foreign Affairs on what is known about PRC treaty behavior in politi- article by Paul J. Heer. cal, military, diplomatic, commercial, and cultural

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areas, experts from government, nongovernmental or- khim Hsiao, director of the Department of Interna- ganizations, and academia were invited to analyze the tional Affairs, Democratic Progressive Party of Tai- record in each field. The goal was to formulate not wan; Peter Kwong, director, Asian American Studies, only more reliable generalizations about China’s and professor of sociology, Hunter College; Sheri treaty conduct but also recommendations that should Xiaoyi Liao, president, Global Village of Beijing, and be useful to U.S. negotiators as well as to Congress, producer, “Time for Environment,” China Central the media, and the public. Television; Ma Ying-Jeou, mayor, Taipei City; Michel Oksenberg, senior fellow, Asia-Pacific Research Cen- Roundtable on China’s Nuclear Weapons ter, Stanford University; Michael Pillsbury, visiting and the Future of Arms Control fellow, National Defense University; James Stapleton PROJECT DIRECTORS: ROBERT A. MANNING AND RICHARD K. BETTS Roy, assistant secretary of defense for intelligence COSPONSORED WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY AND and research; and Song Yongyi, librarian, Dickinson THE INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES College. This ongoing roundtable series brings together leading specialists on China and nuclear weapons to assess China’s nuclear doctrine, strategy, perceptions, Roundtable on India and modernization strategy and their implications for CO-CHAIRS: FRANK G. WISNER II AND MARSHALL BOUTON the United States and the region. These issues will be COSPONSORED WITH THE ASIA SOCIETY assessed with a view toward the prospects of nuclear The Indian nuclear tests in 1998 underscored the arms reductions. A written analysis of the conclusions deep rift in the relationship between the United derived from last year’s roundtable sessions was pro- States and India. As a new century of America’s eco- duced. nomic and strategic interests in Asia begins, it is difficult to see how the United States can pursue its U.S.-China Roundtable ambitions in the region without involving India. In PROJECT DIRECTOR: ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY an effort to examine the potential for improving U.S.- This series provides an opportunity for Council India relations, the Council on Foreign Relations and members to hear prominent speakers and to discuss the Asia Society convened a set of participants from the full range of issues that define the U.S. relation- various fields, bringing fresh perspectives on U.S. ship with China. This year’s speakers included goals and strategies for future relations with India. Stephen E. Flynn, Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Three fundamental questions were examined during Relations, and commander, U.S. Coast Guard; Bi- the roundtable series: What are the basic assumptions, both U.S. and Indian, underlying the relationship? Where do these assumptions converge and diverge? How can leaders formulate better policies to address the areas of divergence and to build on the areas of convergence? The roundtable produced a detailed memorandum of policy for President Clinton for his March visit to India, and its co-chairs participated in the president’s briefing by experts. Op-eds were published in the Los Angeles Times and India Today. The co-chairs also took charge of or participated in a range of briefings for the press and academic and Myung-Soo Lee, Speaker Yasuaki Onuma, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Law and Politics, Presider Jerome A. Cohen, and Helena Kolenda at the April 10, 2000, business audiences. It will continue to Winston Lord Roundtable on Asia, the Rule of Law, and U.S. Foreign Policy, “How to work on developing policy advice for the Overcome the U.S.-China Human Rights War.” next administration.

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James J. Shinn Roundtable on American and African specialists, members of the Southeast Asia group reviewed portions of a manuscript that offered PROJECT DIRECTOR: DOV S. ZAKHEIM a rationale and framework for organizing America’s The purpose of this roundtable is to identify the Africa policy around U.S. interests in each subregion most salient issues that might be suitable for in- and discussed criteria for prioritizing U.S. interests in depth examination by a Council-sponsored indepen- Africa by subregion and function (security; democra- dent task force on this subject. This series addresses cy; and economic development, trade, and invest- a range of issues, including security, economic, envi- ment). ronmental, and social concerns, affecting individual states in the region, the region as a whole, and major Africa Roundtable Series extraregional actors such as China and Japan, as PROJECT DIRECTOR: GWENDOLYN MIKELL well as American policy concerns relating to those Roundtables in New York and Washington, D.C., pro- issues. Each meeting addresses its theme against the vide Council members and others engaged in work on backdrop of U.S. policy and highlights current and Africa with regular opportunities for critical analysis prospective issues and challenges for American poli- of policy issues addressed by domestic and foreign cymakers. policy experts. This ongoing roundtable has a dialogue format that focuses on the examination of differ- Conference on Rethinking Cross-Strait Relations: ent American and African perspectives on the process The Contributions of Comparative and of globalization. Discussion topics include the African International Law to the Taiwan Problem Trade Bill and trade policy; African strategic resources PROJECT DIRECTORS: JEROME A. COHEN AND ROBERT A. MANNING at the core of conflicts; multilateral aspects of African Taiwan remains one of the most volatile flashpoints militarization; enhancing African intellectual produc- in the Asia-Pacific region. A confrontation in the Tai- tion; AIDS and endogenous African diseases; and wan Strait is one of the few post–Cold War scenarios African women in politics and peace. The goal is to as- that could lead the United States into a direct armed sess currently emerging African and American policy conflict with another nuclear weapons state, China. on the above issues and to provide dialogue for future This two-day nonpartisan “track two” conference policy. held in February 2000 brought together leading scholars and analysts from mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the West in a neutral setting. The Roundtable on Capital Flows meeting assessed the issues and explored new ap- to Sub-Saharan Africa proaches to shaping the future of greater China PROJECT DIRECTOR: MAHESH K. KOTECHA based on the contributions of comparative and inter- CHAIR: MAURICE TEMPELSMAN national law. This roundtable assessed the prospects for increasing capital flows to successful African countries. It tapped the views and participation of CEOs and senior executives of American multinational corporations and in- Africa vestment funds, as well as academics, former and current government officials, and others with active Study Group on Thinking Regionally interest in Africa, to focus on the investment prospects about Africa of the African winners, such as Botswana, Mauritius, PROJECT DIRECTOR: SALIH BOOKER and Uganda, among others. Participants assessed the The study group discussed the conceptualization of risks and returns for investors, identified constraints American national interests in Africa and debated to the rapid growth of investment, and determined strategies to promote U.S. relationships with Africa in concrete steps that might be taken by African coun- a manner conducive to building regional economic, tries, multilateral and other official agencies, and the security, and political cooperation with and among private sector to facilitate rising debt and equity capi- nations in each of Africa’s five regions. Consisting of tal flows.

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Europe the evolution of European Union institutions and policies. A guest speaker leads off each session. PROGRAM DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN George F. Kennan Roundtable on Study Group on Overcoming Europe’s Divide: Russia at the Crossroads NATO Enlargement and the Search PROJECT DIRECTOR: PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY for a New European Security Order This ongoing roundtable serves as a forum for com- PROJECT DIRECTOR: RONALD D. ASMUS prehensive scrutiny of all aspects of Russia’s evolv- This project is about American leadership, NATO en- ing political, economic, social, foreign policy, and largement, and the search for a new security order in defense developments. The overall goal is to assess Europe after the collapse of communism and the end the trends underway, with a particular focus on the of the Cold War. Ronald Asmus will examine the current political and economic crisis gripping most far-reaching and controversial debate over Eu- Moscow; to grasp the interrelationships among the rope and the U.S. role in Europe since the North At- factors involved; and to develop a full range of alter- lantic alliance was founded in 1949 under Harry native scenarios for Russia’s future by highlighting Truman and Dean Acheson—the debate over ex- the key policy drivers. This year’s roundtable fo- panding NATO’s membership and missions to build cused in particular on the ramifications and influ- a Europe whole and free in ongoing alliance with the ence of the recent Kosovo crisis on Russian foreign United States. This project will focus on the ideas, policy. It also focused on the developments leading diplomacy, and politics that created the consensus in up to the elections for the Duma and the presidency the United States and across the Atlantic to bring and their impact on U.S.-Russian relations. new democracies in central and eastern Europe into NATO; to intervene militarily in crises in Bosnia and Roundtable on Russian Nationalism Kosovo to halt ethnic cleansing; and to build a new and Foreign Policy cooperative relationship with NATO’s former adver- PROJECT DIRECTOR AND SESSION ONE CHAIR: ASTRID S. TUMINEZ sary, Russia. The project will also examine the impact SESSION TWO CHAIR: KIMBERLY M. ZISK of economics on the debate. It will result in a book SESSION THREE CHAIR: DAVID SPEEDIE that tells the story of this extraordinary period and SESSION FOUR CHAIR: ASTRID S. TUMINEZ shows the lessons learned to help set the future U.S. SESSION FIVE CHAIR: WALTER RUSSELL MEAD policy agenda and an article on economics and secu- This roundtable focuses on the evolution of Russian rity in U.S.-European relations. nationalism, especially in the context of the 1999 Duma elections and the June 2000 presidential elec- Pieter A. Fisher European Studies Roundtable tions. What definitions of Russian national identity PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN and national mission will dominate Russian political Europe has recently crossed several important thresh- discourse, and how will this discourse define the role olds, including the conflict in Kosovo, the introduction of the United States or the collective “West” in Rus- of a single currency, and the initiation of efforts to sia’s further evolution? To what extent do Russian build a more robust and collective defense policy. In nationalist ideas influence, and to what extent are addition, NATO has formally accepted its first new they influenced by, the relationship between ethnic members from central Europe and is contemplating Russians and non-Russians in the Russian Federa- next steps. All these issues have important implica- tion? Is nationalism helping to stabilize or destabilize tions for U.S.-European relations and for the vitality of center-periphery relations in Russia? Finally, the the transatlantic link. To keep pace with a rapidly roundtable assesses the impact of nationalism on changing landscape, this ongoing roundtable meets specific areas of U.S.-Russian relations and explores regularly in New York and Washington, D.C., address- the influence of Western policies on the empower- ing a range of themes, including emerging security is- ment of benign or more aggressive strands of nation- sues, the restructuring of European capitalism, and alism in Russia.

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Project on East-West Relations PROJECT DIRECTOR: MICHAEL MANDELBAUM The Project on East-West Relations takes an in-depth look at areas and issues of central importance to the United States and from which large-scale conflict could arise. Since its inception in 1987, the project has produced twelve books. The most recent book, The New European Diasporas, explores the past, present, and future of four national groups—Hungarians, Rus- sians, Serbs, and Albanians—scattered uneasily among several sovereign states in postcommunist eastern Europe. Edited by Michael Mandelbaum, the book includes chapters by Aurel Braun, Bennett Kovrig, Susan Woodward, and Elez Biberaj. The project’s previous book, The New Russian Foreign Policy, features essays by Leon Aron, Sherman Garnett, Rajan Menon, and Coit Blacker.

Presider Astrid S. Tuminez and Maurice Tempelsman at the April 20, 2000, Roundtable on Russian Nationalism and Foreign Policy, Latin America “Nationalism and Russian National Security Policy under Putin.”

PROGRAM DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL Study Group on U.S.–Latin America Relations Study Group on Brazil PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL One curious consequence of the end of the Cold War for Although Brazil is seen by many as a country that Latin America has been its relegation to a mushy zone has yet to achieve its full potential, it is often forgot- where hard choices seem unnecessary; the great disad- ten that its economy and population are larger than vantage for U.S. policymakers is that this mindset those of Russia. While great disparities of income makes any realistic assessment of interests in the region exist, Brazil has a powerful entrepreneurial class; a virtually impossible. But to begin any fruitful debate substantial industrial base; a middle class comprising about U.S. policy options in the Americas, such an exer- some 40 million with a purchasing power of over cise is absolutely necessary and long overdue. This $500 billion; a vibrant culture; and boisterous mass study group will look at potential “hot spots” and chal- media. The study group will be organized around a lenges to the “Washington consensus” in Latin America, series of sessions using chapters for a book by Ken- as well as the success stories in the region. It will also neth R. Maxwell, to be titled Brazil at 500, as back- assess how U.S. policy might better respond to both po- ground papers. The aim is to examine some of the tential crises and potential opportunities. The result of complex cultural, political, historical, and socioeco- the study group will be a succinct book, Setting Priorities nomic constraints that have conditioned Brazil’s de- for the 21st Century: The United States and Latin America. velopment and to provide an accessible text that will help explain Brazil to those in the policy, academic, Roundtable on Cuba and U.S.-Cuban Relations journalistic, and financial communities who find PROJECT DIRECTOR: JULIA E. SWEIG themselves baffled by the vast and surprisingly little- CO-CHAIRS: BERNARD ARONSON AND WILLIAM D. ROGERS known giant whose successes or failures will pro- This roundtable, held in Washington, D.C., addresses a foundly influence the future of Latin America and range of issues such as the resolution of outstanding the Western Hemisphere as a whole. property claims; bilateral and regional security interests;

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the status of the U.S. military base at Guan- tanamo Bay; the implications for the Western Hemisphere of the restoration of a Cuban sugar quota; the impact on the Caribbean economy of resuming normal bilateral trade relations; Cuban participation in the Caribbean Basin Initiative and the Free Trade Area of the Americas; prospects for Cuba’s reentry into the Organization of American States; and the integration of Cuba into the international financial system. In addition, the roundtable highlights an examination of history, culture, race, and religion as these elements pertain to current conditions on the island and Speaker Ahmed Rashid, Far Eastern Economic Review, Presider Barnett R. Rubin, to policy implications for the United States. and Imran Riffat at the April 10, 2000, Middle East Roundtable, “The Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia.” Latin America Roundtable PROJECT DIRECTORS: KENNETH R. MAXWELL AND JULIA E. SWEIG phasis on the consequences of the democratization of The Latin America Roundtable provides updates on the political system; the presidential elections in 2000; breaking economic and political events in Latin Amer- the increase in the responsibility and size of the Mexi- ica. The seminars are designed to provide prompt, can military; the implications of the emergence of thoughtful analysis of rapidly changing political and guerrilla groups in different regions of Mexico; the economic developments in the region. Although the dramatic increase in drug transfers and money laun- seminars may be treated as discrete topics, taken to- dering along the border; the future of Mexican immi- gether, the series provides a broad overview and a gration to the United States; and the outlook for comparative perspective on the major issues, events, political and economic stability in Mexico. and debates in the Americas. This year’s seminars examined prospects for Colombia’s future; the Chávez The Chase Manhattan Inter-American regime in Venezuela; Argentinean presidential elec- Forthcoming Issues Series tions; the politics of Mexican economic and political PROJECT DIRECTOR: KENNETH R. MAXWELL transition; Latin America’s response to the global eco- The Chase Manhattan Inter-American Forthcoming Is- nomic crisis; and the problems of development and re- sues Series is an annual, in-depth examination of the gional integration in the Caribbean. The roundtable prospects and most important issues facing Inter- also expanded its activities in Washington, D.C., to ex- American relations in the year ahead. The 2000 series amine such topics as the consolidation of democracy, will examine the economic and political outlook in U.S.–Latin American relations, and country focuses on Latin America. Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, and Cuba. Roundtable on U.S.-Mexican Relations PROJECT DIRECTORS: KENNETH R. MAXWELL AND RIORDAN ROETT Middle East (SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, JOHNS HOP- KINS UNIVERSITY) PROGRAM DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY While much has been written about recent political and economic events in Mexico, there has been little Middle East Roundtable analysis of the medium- and long-term policy implica- PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD W. MURPHY tions of trends in Mexico for the United States. The on- This roundtable series analyzes timely issues in the re- going roundtable on U.S.-Mexican relations reviews gion and their impact on Middle Eastern countries. the current atmosphere in Mexico with particular em- Meetings last year included a conversation with Kur-

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dish leader Jalal Talabani on the tensions and shifting winds of the Kurdish situation in Iraq, a debate between an Israeli and a Palestinian academic who are leading the way for a revisionist history of Israel and the Pales- tinians, and a panel of female film directors from Iran on the role of working women in that country.

Middle East Forum PROJECT DIRECTOR: JUDITH KIPPER The Middle East Forum, a regional program established in 1985 in Washington, D.C., engages key policy and opinion makers from many countries to probe vital Middle East political, economic, and strategic issues. The forum promotes analysis of regional devel- Speaker Stuart E. Eizenstat, U.S. Department of the Treasury, and opments and historical perspectives in discussions of Presider Itamar Rabinovich at the December 6-7, 1999, U.S./Middle U.S. policy, as well as current political, economic, and East Project–Tel Aviv University Conference, “The Middle East: strategic realities that influence foreign policy decision- Toward the 21st Century.” making. The forum focuses on American interests in the Middle East in its candid examination of regional developments with key players and a wide spectrum ures such as Ehud Barak, Amre Moussa, and Dennis of area specialists and practitioners. Ross were featured in previous roundtables. This year’s speakers presented a wide array of perspectives on the peace process. They included Yousef bin al- U.S./MIDDLE EAST Alawi, foreign minister of Oman; Yossi Beilin, justice minister of Israel; and Shaikh Jassem Al-Thani, crown U.S./Middle East Project prince and heir apparent of Qatar, with Shaikh PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN Hamad Al-Thani, foreign minister of Qatar. Prominent PROJECT COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS academics who spoke at the U.S./Middle East Project The U.S./Middle East Project organizes study groups, Roundtable include Dominique Moïsi of the French conferences, missions, roundtables, and consultations Institute of International Relations; Khalil Shikaki of to forge new private/public-sector coalitions to ad- the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research; vance the peace process in the Middle East in both its and Ephraim Kleiman and Moshe Maoz of the He- political and its economic dimensions. The Interna- brew University. tional Board of the U.S./Middle East Project, which advises the project, is co-chaired by Osama el Baz, po- Conference on the Middle East in the 21st Century litical adviser to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, PROJECT COORDINATORS: HENRY SIEGMAN AND JONATHAN S. PARIS and Robert K. Lifton, Council member and Chairman COSPONSORED WITH TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY of Medis Technologies, with Saudi Ambassador Ban- The second U.S./Middle East Project–Tel Aviv Univer- dar Bin Sultan as honorary chair; it comprises senior sity conference took place at the Council on December public- and private-sector leaders from the Middle 6–7, 1999. The conference addressed topics critical to East, the United States, and Europe. the future of the Middle East: political transitions and security issues in the region, the implications of the U.S./Middle East Project Roundtable Wye peace accords, the peace process, and the future of CHAIR: HENRY SIEGMAN the region’s economy. Speakers included Stuart E. PROJECT COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS Eizenstat, deputy secretary, U.S. Treasury; Nabil Shaath, The U.S./Middle East Project organizes roundtable minister of planning and international cooperation, discussions featuring major participants in the Middle Palestinian Authority; Jacob Frenkel, former governor East peace process. Senior political and diplomatic fig- of the Bank of Israel; Stanley Fischer, deputy director of

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the International Monetary Fund; Itamar Rabinovich, The October 1999 mission covered six countries, where president of Tel Aviv University; Geoffrey Kemp of the the board held meetings with government and business Nixon Center; and Richard W. Murphy and Henry leaders, including Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Siegman of the Council on Foreign Relations. Arabia; Sultan Qaboos of Oman; Sheikh Hamad, emir of Qatar; President Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen; and Study Group on Middle East Trade King Abdullah of Jordan. In March 2000, the board met STUDY DIRECTOR: BERNARD HOEKMAN (WORLD BANK) Moroccan government and business leaders in a mis- PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN sion to Rabat and Casablanca. Led by Senior Fellow PROJECT COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS Henry Siegman, the delegation included International The U.S./Middle East Project has formed a study Board members from the United States, France, Israel, group on trade and investment in the Middle East in Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. the context of a general state of peace in the region. The study group identifies the comparative advan- tages of various geographic and structural arrange- ments and examines political and economic obstacles Peace and Conflict to greater economic integration. To undergird the study’s policy recommendations, a representative sam- PROGRAM DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN ple of the private sector in the Middle East and North Africa region was surveyed to generate information on Study Group on Ethnic Conflict, Partition, obstacles to expanding intraregional trade (exports and and Postconflict Reconstruction imports) and investments. The study also conducted a PROJECT DIRECTOR: RADHA KUMAR computable general equilibrium analysis (including a CO-CHAIRS: MAHNAZ ISPAHANI AND ANTHONY LAKE gravity model) of the impact of removing barriers on This study group is assessing the pros and cons of overall trade and investment between Egypt and partition as a solution to the growing number of eth- Tunisia. Following the final meeting of the group, nic conflicts around the world, with a special empha- Bernard Hoekman will complete a short book. sis on peace processes to bypass or overcome the hostilities of partition. The participating scholars and U.S.-European Consultation on the Middle East practitioners are undertaking a comparative study of PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN PROJECT COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS COSPONSORED WITH THE GERMAN FOREIGN MINISTRY The fourth annual U.S.-European Consultation on the Middle East was held in Berlin on March 14–15, 2000. The consultation brought together senior government officials in the U.S. Departments of State and Defense and the U.S. intelligence community with their coun- terparts from seven European Union countries and the European Commission to conduct informal and confi- dential discussions on developments in the Middle East. The Berlin program included panels on the peace process, Iran and Iraq, regional cooperation, and the future of the Middle East in a state of peace. International Board Missions to the Middle East PROJECT DIRECTOR: HENRY SIEGMAN PROJECT COORDINATOR: JONATHAN S. PARIS Speaker Richard Butler, Council on Foreign Relations, at the Septem- The International Board of the U.S./Middle East Project ber 21, 1999, Meeting, “Iraq: The Role of the Security Council.” undertook two missions to the Middle East this year.

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five cases of de facto or de jure ethnic partition—India-Pakistan, Northern Ireland, Cyprus, Israel-Palestine, and Bosnia-Herze- govina—to determine what lessons can be drawn for future conflict prevention, resolution, stabilization, and reconstruction. The group’s analysis and recommendations will be highlighted in a book by Radha Kumar as well as on a website and possibly a CD-ROM. Study Group on Refugee Policy PROJECT DIRECTOR: ARTHUR C. HELTON CHAIR: STEPHEN J. FRIEDMAN This study group analyzes recent international responses to forced migration emergencies. Particular emphasis is placed on Speaker Pierre Sané, Amnesty International, Presider Arthur C. Helton, and Speaker responses to complex humanitarian crises Kirill Speransky, Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, that unfolded over the past decade in the at the November 2, 1999, Roundtable on Refugees and the Displaced, “Crisis in Chech- former Yugoslavia and East Timor. To illu- nya: Selectivity in International Responses.” minate broader points, comparisons are undertaken with other recent cases, including Cambodia, northern Iraq, Haiti, and Rwanda. among governments, the United Nations, humanitari- Specifically, the study group reviews and com- an relief organizations, and human rights groups. The ments upon drafts of a book-length manuscript by roundtable targets members and staff who have a spe- Arthur C. Helton. The book will treat issues for deci- cial interest in refugees, the displaced, and humanitar- sion-makers of managing forced migration, including ian issues. The roundtable continues to monitor encouraging preventive policy approaches, identify- ongoing and emerging complex humanitarian emer- ing criteria for humanitarian intervention and for in- gencies and provides a forum for discussion and ex- volving the military, evaluating the efficacy of change of information. Roundtable summaries, responses to humanitarian catastrophes, and recom- including policy recommendations, are posted on the mending a set of calibrated tools to protect refugees Council’s website. and the displaced. Ways to strengthen the emerging international framework to build sustainable peace Roundtable on Partnering for Peace: A Unified- after a crisis abates will also be treated in the book. Field Approach for the New Millennium: The United Nations, the World Bank, NGOs, Roundtable on Refugees and the Displaced and the Private Sector PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT P. DEVECCHI PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALLAN GERSON This roundtable brings together policymakers, practi- This roundtable reviewed the dilemmas of peace tioners, journalists, academics, and other concerned building through an examination, in particular, of individuals for face-to-face dialogue on specific issues events in Bosnia, West Bank/Gaza, and Mozambique. concerning refugees and the internally displaced. Re- It analyzed the efforts being made at the United Na- cent subjects have included East Timor, Kosovo, tions under Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and at the Chechnya, the continuing refugee emergencies in World Bank under President James D. Wolfensohn. Africa, the internally displaced in Haiti, the problem Drawing on this analysis, it recommended creation of of land mines as an impediment to refugee repatria- a new entity—a Peace Transitions Council—to engage tion, the role of the illicit diamond trade in perpetuat- the United Nations, the World Bank, nongovernmen- ing civil strife, and ways to improve collaboration tal organizations, and the private sector in coordina-

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tivity and effectiveness on the part of women’s nongovernmental organizations has helped put in place a new human rights framework for advancing the claims of women internationally. This roundtable explored the ways the increased economic and political participation of women within their various societies and at the international level may further U.S. international security goals. While women’s rights have been viewed hereto- fore chiefly as a moral concern, the project aims to help situate the issue within the discussion of U.S. interests for both scholars and officials. Sessions focused on the impact of women’s agendas on international norms and interaction, the effectiveness of grassroots women’s groups as building blocks for civil society, the role of Speaker George Whitesides, Harvard University, Rodney W. Nichols, women’s capacity in economic growth, and the impli- Jesse H. Ausubel, and Kerri-Ann Jones at the March 31, 2000, Round- cations of these developments for U.S. goals of democ- table, “Advances in Science and Technology: How Will They Affect ratization and stable governance. The end product will U.S. Foreign Policy?” be a monograph and several op-ed pieces.

tion of functions and implementation of strategy. If successful, resurgence of popular and governmental Center for support for relief, reconstruction, and creation of “civil” societies could be expected. The product was a Preventive Action* report submitted to the World Bank in April 2000. DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN U.N. Roundtable PROJECT DIRECTOR: RUTH WEDGWOOD The Center for Preventive Action (CPA) was estab- The U.N. roundtable discusses the international secu- lished in 1994 to study and test conflict prevention. rity crises and political problems that can be ad- Many of today’s most serious international prob- dressed by U.S. foreign policy through the United lems—ethnic conflicts, failing states, and humanitarian Nations. The roundtable has looked at East Timor, disasters—could have been averted or ameliorated Kosovo, Iraq, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with effective early attention. In order to investigate and nuclear nonproliferation, as well as U.N. reform. the prevention of such crises, the CPA selected four Roundtable discussants are drawn from the senior case studies through which to test the viability of con- ranks of U.N. diplomatic missions, nongovernmental flict prevention: the Great Lakes region of Africa, the organizations, the U.N. Secretariat, academia, busi- Ferghana Valley of Central Asia, Nigeria, and the south ness, and journalism, as well as the U.S. government. Balkans. The CPA draws on the knowledge gained from all four case studies, the experience of others, and Roundtable on Women’s Human Rights previous studies to determine what strategies are the and U.S. Interests most effective in the field of conflict prevention. In col- PROJECT DIRECTOR: JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER laboration with the Century Foundation, the CPA has CO-CHAIRS: JACK SNYDER AND ADELE SIMMONS established a series of preventive action reports to dis- During the past decade, the extraordinary growth of ac- seminate its recommendations and other findings.

*In July 2000, the Center for Preventive Action was relaunched with a more operational focus under the leadership of a new director, Freder- ick S. Tipson. See page 62 for more details.

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Study Group on Preventing Deadly Conflict governments. This forum meets in Washington, D.C., PROJECT DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN and is open to all. Other activities include the confi- CO-CHAIRS: ANTONIA HANDLER CHAYES AND JOHN W. VESSEY dential Security Working Group, which also meets This study group is considering the Center for Preven- monthly. tive Action’s work on its four case studies—the Great Lakes region of Africa, the Ferghana Valley, Nigeria, Ferghana Valley Working Group and the south Balkans—to draw broader lessons PROJECT DIRECTORS: BARNETT R. RUBIN AND NANCY LUBIN (JNA ASSOCIATES) about conflict prevention. The group brought together CHAIR: SAM NUNN experts in the field to discuss draft chapters of a forthcoming book on conflict prevention by Barnett R. The Ferghana Valley region of Central Asia cuts across Rubin. the three newly independent states of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan and is one of the most Great Lakes Policy Forum densely populated and volatile areas of the former So- PROJECT DIRECTOR: BARNETT R. RUBIN viet Union. Regional tensions arise from ethnic, reli- In 1994, Rwanda suffered an outbreak of ethnic con- gious, environmental, and economic problems. The flict that ended with the military defeat of the regime CPA Ferghana Valley Working Group was formed to that initiated the violence. After the end of the geno- assess the potential for future conflict in the region cide, tension remained and violence subsequently and to suggest ways to move the region toward eco- spread throughout the region, especially to neighbor- nomic and political reform and stability. A delegation ing Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. of the working group visited the region in March The CPA, along with Refugees International, Search 1997, met with a wide range of actors, and prepared a for Common Ground, and the Johns Hopkins School report based on its findings. The report, “Stabilizing of Advanced International Studies, established the the Ferghana Valley: Promoting Peace in Central Great Lakes Policy Forum to address the problems in Asia,” was released in November 1999 at a conference the region. The Great Lakes Policy Forum meets in Washington, D.C., cosponsored with the Open Soci- monthly to enable international actors working to ety Institute of the Soros Foundation. prevent further violence in the region to exchange information, coordinate strategies, evaluate activities, Science and and advocate policies to the United States and other Technology

PROGRAM DIRECTOR: RICHARD L. GARWIN Study Group on Global Warming Technology Policy for the United States PROJECT DIRECTOR: DAVID G. VICTOR CHAIR: RODNEY NICHOLS With U.S. industry accounting for one-fifth of annual global emissions of carbon dioxide—the leading cause of global warming—this study group explores U.S. policies that directly target the development and de- ployment of less-carbon-intensive energy technologies. Since cutting emissions will require massive technological change toward clean, carbon-free fuels, Presider Gideon Rose and Speaker Jeffrey A. Hunker, National Security the group sets its sights on long-term technological so- Council, at the May 4, 2000, Henry A. Kissinger Roundtable on Terror- lutions for the United States and other industrial ism, “Cyber Self-Defense: Protecting America’s Critical Infrastructure.” countries as well as for the developing world. The end

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product will be a book by David G. Victor on U.S. pol- for doing so. The project will hold at least four ses- icy options. sions, with final products that will include a global health agenda in line with U.S. national interests. Study Group on the Great Restoration: Protecting the World’s Forests to 2050 Roundtable on Advances in Science and PROJECT DIRECTOR: DAVID G. VICTOR Technology: How Will They Affect U.S. CO-CHAIRS: JESSE AUSUBEL AND JOHN SPEARS Foreign Policy? Despite widespread concern about the world’s dwin- PROJECT DIRECTORS: DAVID G. VICTOR AND RICHARD L. GARWIN dling forestland, major international efforts to protect Advances in science and technology are transform- forests have not been very effective. This project iden- ing people’s lives, but are they affecting U.S. foreign tifies the technical potential for protecting forests policy—how the United States establishes its inter- around the world over the next half century. It focuses ests and perceives dangers as well as opportunities? on the role of high-yield forests, such as plantations, Experienced U.S. foreign policy leaders were brought which make it possible to shrink the area of forests together with leaders in science and technology to that are used for supplying timber to world markets, address this question during a one-day roundtable leaving the rest of forests for other purposes such as on March 31, 2000. The group explored three impor- protection of biological diversity and watersheds. Al- tant fields of science and technology—information ready there is evidence that this shift is under way—in technology, molecular biology and its applications, all temperate and boreal forests, a “restoration” is oc- and national security technology—which will be re- curring as forests expand into abandoned croplands visited individually in three follow-up sessions over and foresters find ways to increase the yield they the next year. squeeze from production forests. The project is explor- ing the technical and political obstacles to accelerating this restoration. Products include a major article on ef- U.S. Foreign Policy fective long-term strategies for forest protection, as well as numerous technical papers on the project web- Study Group on the Effect of U.S. Hegemony on site (greatrestoration.rockefeller.edu). The project has Relations with Russia, China, France, and Japan led to follow-up efforts at the Food and Agriculture PROJECT DIRECTOR: VICTORIA NULAND Organization and at the Liu Center (University of The purpose of this project was to examine changing British Columbia), and the “vision” for future forests attitudes of Russia, China, France, and Japan toward developed by the project is now being used in region- the United States. The goal was to assess the effect of al forestry planning meetings and in planning efforts increasing U.S. international dominance on these by business and environmental groups. countries’ willingness and ability to cooperate with the United States. The study looked at public and gov- Study Group on U.S. Foreign Policy and the ernment attitudes toward the United States in the four Challenges of Improving the Health of Populations countries and U.S. interaction with them on recent PROJECT DIRECTOR: JORDAN S. KASSALOW major issues, including Kosovo, Iraq, the Asian finan- CO-CHAIRS: PRINCETON LYMAN AND JO IVEY BOUFFORD cial crisis, and Taiwan. The final product will be an ar- In the post–Cold War world, the forces of globaliza- ticle by Victoria Nuland. tion are making countries increasingly interdepen- dent. Thus, transnational issues like global health Study Group on the History of U.S. Foreign Policy threats will pose greater dangers to national security, PROJECT DIRECTOR: WALTER RUSSELL MEAD economics, trade, and human development. Despite CHAIR: MARIO BAEZA this new reality, the U.S. foreign policy infrastructure The goal of this project is to support the completion of is not well equipped to take a leadership position in a book by Walter Mead, Understanding the American this field. This project will create the rationale for plac- Foreign Policy Tradition. The book will explain how for- ing global health threats more squarely on the U.S. eign policy has played a major role in domestic Amer- foreign policy agenda and identify effective strategies ican politics throughout the country’s history; how

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foreign policy and domestic politics are much more deeply connected than the conventional wisdom acknowledges; how interest in international relations has long been a major concern of nonelite, nonmercan- tile elements of the American polity; and how persis- tent schools of thought about American foreign policy have shaped and continue to shape public debates and government policy. Roundtable on U.S. Foreign Policy at the Millennium: Moving from Political Theory to Political Engineering PROJECT DIRECTOR: KIRON K. SKINNER This roundtable examines the relationship between domestic considerations and U.S. foreign policy during the upcoming presidential election year. The goal Speaker Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Presider Kiron K. Skinner at the March 6, 2000, Round- of the roundtable is to provide a systematic set of poli- table, “U.S. Foreign Policy at the Millennium: Moving from Political cy lessons about how to interpret and manage the do- Theory to Political Engineering.” mestic political terrain of U.S. foreign policy. Topics for discussion include the policy implications of democratic peace theory, the identification of foreign Richard Butler has been studying the implications policy leadership in the United States and abroad, and of these developments while writing a book based on the perception of domestic-international connections his recent position as UNSCOM’s executive chairman. in the United States by other countries. The end prod- This recently published book, The Greatest Threat: Iraq, uct of this roundtable will be an article by Kiron K. Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Crisis of Global Se- Skinner. curity, presents an analysis of specific events from his two-year tenure as the organization’s chief disarmament expert and negotiator. He specifically draws Other Activities upon his experiences in guiding all UNSCOM operations; directing negotiations with the government of Managing Global Security and Rogue States: Iraq; leading discussions with heads of government, Lessons from UNSCOM foreign and defense ministers, and intelligence chiefs; PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD BUTLER and advising the Security Council on relevant policy Eight years after the establishment of the United Na- matters. tions Special Commission (UNSCOM) to “destroy, re- move, or render harmless” Iraq’s weapons of mass Global Kids Roundtable destruction (WMD), Saddam Hussein declared that PROJECT DIRECTORS: TRACEY A. DUNN AND ROBERT THOMSON UNSCOM would no longer be permitted to conduct COSPONSORED WITH GLOBAL KIDS, INC. its disarmament work. In the face of such overt defi- The Global Kids Roundtable is a community outreach ance, the Security Council has been paralyzed by the initiative that introduces high school students to inter- conflicting national interests of its permanent mem- national relations issues with the hope that some will bers. Iraq’s continuing refusal to fulfill its disarma- pursue degrees or careers in this area. In conjunction ment obligations has thus not only undermined the with Global Kids, Inc., the roundtable brings together Security Council’s capacity to enforce its resolutions as a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse international law but may also jeopardize the interna- group of students from all five boroughs of New York tional commitment to the WMD nonproliferation City and younger Council staff to explore broad for- regime. eign policy issues.

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Next Generation Fellow Roundtable EXPERIENCE: Associate Professor, U.S. Naval War Col- PROJECT DIRECTOR: LAWRENCE J. KORB lege (1996–2000); Deputy Director, International Pro- CHAIR: ALLAN E. GOODMAN grams, Center for Security Studies and Operations, COSPONSORED WITH THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL Techmatics, Inc. (1995–96); Research Analyst, Institute EDUCATION for Defense Analyses (1988–95). This roundtable brings together the Council’s Next SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Managing Instability: A Pre- Generation Fellows and term members with a group of Crisis Approach (coauthor, 2000); “The Future of the Fulbright scholars and students in New York and Trans-Atlantic Link in the Aftermath of the Madrid Washington, D.C., to discuss breaking issues on the for- Summit” (coauthor, 1999); Formative Peacetime En- eign policy agenda. The Council’s younger scholars are gagement (coauthor, 1999); NATO Naval Workshop: the featured speakers in this series, which aims to foster Change and Stability in the Southern Region (coauthor, networks among the next generation of foreign policy 1997). professionals as they debate the questions that drive the international agenda today and in the years to come. EDUCATION: M.P.I.A., B.A., University of Pittsburgh.

RONALD D. ASMUS Fellows Senior Fellow, Europe Studies EXPERTISE: U.S.-European relations and European secu- LAWRENCE J. KORB rity; central, eastern, and northern Europe; and U.S. Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, foreign policy. Director of Studies EXPERIENCE: Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for EXPERTISE: National security organization, policy, and Europe (1997–2000); Senior Analyst, RAND Corpora- process; U.S. foreign policy, arms control, and defense tion (1988–97); Research Associate, Free University, budget; NATO. Berlin (1986–87); Senior Analyst, Radio Free Europe (1981–86). EXPERIENCE: Director, Center for Public Policy Educa- tion, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies Pro- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Book chapters on U.S.-Euro- gram, Brookings Institution (1988–98); Adjunct pean relations, European security, European-Russian Professor, National Security Studies, Georgetown relations, as well as central and northern European University (1981–93); Dean, Graduate School of Pub- politics; journal articles in Foreign Affairs, Survival, lic and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Washington Quarterly, Politique Etrangère, Europa (1986–88); Vice President, Corporate Operations, Archiv, and Aussenpolitik; and op-eds in the New York Raytheon Company (1985–86); Assistant Secretary of Times, the International Herald Tribune, and Frankfurter Defense (1981–85); Professor of Management, U.S. Allgemeine Zeitung. Naval War College (1975–80). HONORS: U.S. Department of State’s Order of Merit; SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: American National Security: Policy the Republic of Poland’s Commander’s Cross, Order and Process (1993); The Fall and Rise of the Pentagon (1979); of Merit; and the Republic of Lithuania’s Order of the The Joint Chiefs of Staff: The First Twenty-five Years (1976). Grand Duke Gediminas (Second Class). HONORS: Department of Defense’s Medal for Distin- EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Johns Hopkins School of Ad- guished Public Service. vanced International Studies; B.A., University of Wis- consin, Madison. EDUCATION: Ph.D., State University of New York; M.A., St. John’s University. RICHARD K. BETTS THEOPHILOS C. GEMELAS Adjunct Senior Fellow and Director, National Security Associate Director of Studies Studies EXPERTISE: European security; U.S. foreign and security EXPERTISE: International conflict; U.S. defense policy; policy; arms control; NATO. military strategy; political and military intelligence.

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EXPERIENCE: Professor of Political Science and Director (1994–96); Adjunct Professor, Columbia University of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, Columbia (1995). University (current); Member, National Commission SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “NATO’s Expanding Presence on Terrorism (1999–2000); Senior Fellow, Brookings In- in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” in Stephen J. stitution (1981–90); Staff Member, National Security Blank, ed., NATO after Enlargement: New Challenges, Council (1977); Staff Member, Senate Select Commit- New Missions, New Forces (1998); “Diplomatic Conse- tee on Intelligence (1975–76); Lecturer in Government, quences of the Coming RMA,” Foreign Service Journal Harvard University (1975–76). (1998); “Cycles of Conflict in the Middle East,” in SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Military Readiness (1995); Con- Michael E. Brown, ed., The International Dimensions of flict after the Cold War (editor, 1994); Soldiers, Statesmen, Internal Conflict (1995). and Cold War Crises, 2d ed. (1991); Nuclear Blackmail HONORS: Smith Richardson research grant (1996–97); and Nuclear Balance (1987); Surprise Attack (1982); Alice Paul Dissertation Award (1995). Cruise Missiles (editor, 1981); The Irony of Vietnam (edi- EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Columbia University; B.A., tor, 1979). University of Pennsylvania. EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., B.A., Harvard University. RICHARD BUTLER SALIH BOOKER Diplomat in Residence Senior Fellow, Africa Studies EXPERTISE: Arms control; international security issues; EXPERTISE: Economic, political, and security issues in United Nations; Middle East. Africa; Congress and U.S. foreign policy; diversity in EXPERIENCE: Executive Chairman, United Nations Spe- U.S. international relations; international development cial Commission (UNSCOM) (1997–99); Permanent cooperation in Africa. Representative of Australia to the United Nations EXPERIENCE: Consultant to Africare, Ford Foundation, (1992–97); Permanent Representative of Australia, African Development Foundation, Bernard van Leer Supreme National Council of Cambodia (1991); Am- Foundation, United Nations Development Program, bassador of Australia to Thailand (1989–92); Australian Carnegie Corporation (1992–96); Associate Director, Ambassador for Disarmament (1983–88); various posi- Catholic Relief Services, Southern Africa (1991); Pro- tions in the Australian Foreign Service (1966–82). fessional Staff Member, House Committee on Foreign APPOINTMENTS: Chairman, United Nations Preparatory Affairs (1983–86, 1990); Program Officer, Eastern and Committee for the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Southern Africa, Ford Foundation (1986–88); Legisla- Nations (1995); Chairman, Canberra Commission on tive Assistant, TransAfrica (1980–83). the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (1995); Vice SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Promoting U.S. Economic Rela- Chairman, Copenhagen World Summit on Social De- tions with Africa (1998). velopment (1995); President, Economic and Social EDUCATION: London School of Economics; University Council, United Nations (1994). of Ghana (Legon); B.A., Wesleyan University. HONORS: Order of Australia, for services to international peace and disarmament (1988). RACHEL BRONSON EDUCATION: D.Univ., University of New England; Olin Fellow, National Security Studies, and Next Genera- M.Ec., Australian National University; B.Ec., Universi- tion Fellow ty of Sydney. EXPERTISE: National security; Middle East. JEROME A. COHEN EXPERIENCE: Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and In- ternational Studies (1997–99); Consultant, Center for Senior Fellow, Asia Studies Naval Analyses (1998–99); Fellow, Center for Science EXPERTISE: Legal and business transactions in Asia; in- and International Affairs, Harvard University ternational law; international relations of East Asia.

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EXPERIENCE: Professor, New York University Law on Security and Cooperation in Europe; Director of Eu- School (current); Senior Partner, Paul, Weiss, ropean and Soviet Affairs, National Security Council Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison (current); Professor, (1980–87). Director of East Asian Legal Studies, and Associate SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Book chapters on U.S. foreign Dean, Harvard University Law School (1964–81); policy, NATO, Ukraine, and Russia; articles in the Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley Washington Quarterly, National Interest, Washington (1959–64). Post, Los Angeles Times, and Wall Street Journal. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Investment Laws in Vietnam HONORS: State Department’s Superior Honor Award; (1990); Contract Laws of the People’s Republic of China Poland’s highest medal of merit. (1988); People’s China and International Law (coauthor, EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Harvard University; B.S.F.S., 1974); Taiwan and American Policy: The Dilemma in U.S.- Georgetown University. China Relations (1971); The Criminal Process in the P.R.C.: 1949–1968 (1968). DAVID A. DUFFIÉ EDUCATION: J.D., A.B., Yale University. 1999–2000 Military Fellow ROBERT P. DEVECCHI EXPERTISE: Naval warfare; employment of naval forces Adjunct Senior Fellow, Refugees and the Displaced in Europe; submarines; Europe and Central America; NAFTA; international security studies. EXPERTISE: Refugee policy issues; emergency relief operations; humanitarian assistance programs; refugee EXPERIENCE: Commanding Officer, USS Simon Lake movements and resettlement. (AS-33), La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy (1997–99); Joint Secretariat to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of EXPERIENCE: President Emeritus (current), President/Ex- ecutive Director (1985–97), Program Director (1980–85), Staff, Pentagon (1995–97); Prospective Commanding Indochina Refugee Program Coordinator (1975–80), In- Officer Instructor, COMSUBPAC Staff, Pearl Harbor ternational Rescue Committee; New York and Inner (1992–94); Commanding Officer, USS Helena (SSN Cities Program Director, Save the Children Federation 725) (1990–92). (1972–75); European Director, The Conference Board EDUCATION: M.S., National Defense University; B.S., (1968–72); Foreign Service Officer (1956–67) posted in United States Naval Academy. Washington, Paris, Warsaw, and Rome. ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY EDUCATION: M.B.A., Harvard University; B.A., Yale University. Senior Fellow, China Studies, and Deputy Director, Asia Studies PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY EXPERTISE: Chinese domestic and foreign policy; global George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian environmental issues. Studies, Vice President, and Washington Program Director EXPERIENCE: Co-chair, Woodrow Wilson Center Work- EXPERTISE: European political and military affairs; Rus- ing Group on China and the Environment (1997–99); sia and Ukraine; democracy and human rights; U.S. Professorial Lecturer, Johns Hopkins University foreign policy. School of Advanced International Studies (1997); Re- EXPERIENCE: Senior International Affairs and Trade Ad- search Fellow, Columbia University (1994); Visiting viser, Hunton & Williams (1994–97); Co-host, WorldWise Assistant Professor of Chinese Foreign Policy, Univer- (1997); Foreign Policy Coordinator for Robert Dole’s sity of Washington (1993–94). 1996 presidential campaign; Host, Freedom’s Challenge SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “Reforming China,” Survival (1994–96); Associate Director for Policy and Programs, (1999); “Painting China Green,” Foreign Affairs (1999); U.S. Information Agency (1990–93); Deputy Assistant China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects (co-editor, Secretary of State for Human Rights (1987–90); Deputy 1999); Reforms and Resources: The Implications for State Head, 1990 U.S. Delegation, Copenhagen Conference Capacity in the People’s Republic of China (1997); The In-

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ternationalization of Environmental Protection (co-edi- legislative and executive branches of the U.S. gov- tor, 1997). ernment. HONORS: University of Michigan Outstanding Teach- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Toward an International Criminal ing Award (1990); SSRC–MacArthur Foundation Fel- Court? (editor, 1999); “Banning Ballistic Missiles,” For- lowship in International Peace and Security Studies. eign Affairs (1996); A Responsible Congress: The Politics of EDUCATION: Ph.D., University of Michigan; A.M., Stan- National Security (1975). ford University; B.A., Swarthmore College. EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Yale University; B.S., St. Louis University. STEPHEN E. FLYNN Senior Fellow, National Security Studies RICHARD L. GARWIN EXPERTISE: Border control; international crime and the Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology, drug trade; transportation security. and Director, Science and Technology Studies EXPERIENCE: Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (current); EXPERTISE: Science and technology for communication; Associate Professor, U.S. Coast Guard Academy computation; transportation; national security; and (current); Director, Office of Global Issues, National health care. Security Council (1997); Guest Scholar, Foreign Poli- EXPERIENCE: IBM Fellow Emeritus, IBM Research Divi- cy Studies, Brookings Institution (1991–93); Com- sion (current); Adjunct Professor of Physics, Columbia manding Officer, U.S. Coast Guard (1992–93, University (current); Chair, Arms Control and Non- 1984–86). proliferation Advisory Board, Department of State SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “The Global Drug Trade vs. the (current). Nation State: Why the Thugs Are Winning,” in SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Future of U.S. Nuclear Maryann Cusimano, ed., Beyond Sovereignty (1999); Weapons Policy (1997); Feux Follets et Champignons Nu- numerous articles and book chapters on the illicit cléaires (1997); Management and Disposition of Excess drug trade and organized crime. Weapons Plutonium (1994); The Future of the U.S.–Soviet HONORS: Distinguished Graduate, Fletcher School of Nuclear Relationship (1991). Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University (1998); Annen- HONORS: 1996 Enrico Fermi Award of the President and berg Scholar-in-Residence, University of Pennsylvania the Department of Energy; 1996 R.V. Jones Intelligence (1993–94); International Affairs Fellowship, Council on Award of the U.S. Government Foreign Intelligence Foreign Relations (1991–92). Community; Member, National Academy of Sciences, EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A.L.D., Fletcher School of Law National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. and Diplomacy, Tufts University; B.S., U.S. Coast EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., University of Chicago; B.S., Guard Academy. Case Institute of Technology.

ALTON FRYE ALLAN GERSON Presidential Senior Fellow, and Director, Congress and U.S. Senior Fellow, International Law and Organizations Foreign Policy EXPERTISE: International law and international organi- EXPERTISE: National security strategy; arms control; zations; Middle East and North Africa; terrorism; gov- legislative-executive branch relations. ernment accountability and immunity. EXPERIENCE: Visiting Professor of Political Science, EXPERIENCE: Executive Director, Morocco-U.S. Council Harvard University (1996); President, Council on on Trade and Investment (1997–98); Distinguished Foreign Relations (1993); Visiting Professor of Politi- Professor of International Law and Transactions, cal Science, University of California, Los Angeles George Mason University (1991–97); Resident Scholar, (1964); Staff member for strategic analysis, RAND American Enterprise Institute (1987–91); Deputy As- Corporation (1961–68); frequent consultant to both sistant Attorney General, International and National

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Security Affairs (1986–87); Counsel to the U.S. Perma- ARTHUR C. HELTON nent Representative to the United Nations (1981–85). Senior Fellow, Refugee Studies and Preventive Action SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Kirkpatrick Mission: Diploma- EXPERTISE: Human rights; refugee and asylum policy; cy without Apology—America at the United Nations, 1981 to complex emergencies; humanitarianism; immigration; 1985 (1991); Lawyers’ Ethics: Contemporary Dilemmas crisis prevention; international law and organizations. (1980); Israel, the West Bank, and International Law (1978). EXPERIENCE: Visiting Professor, International Relations EDUCATION: J.S.D., Yale Law School; LL.M., Hebrew and European Studies Department, Central European University of Jerusalem; J.D., New York University University (current); Adjunct Professor, New York School of Law; B.A., University of Buffalo. University School of Law (1986–99); Founder and Di- rector, Forced Migration Projects, the Open Society In- MICHAEL J. GREEN stitute (1994–99); Director, Refugee Project of the Olin Senior Fellow, Asia Security Studies Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (1982–94). EXPERTISE: Japan; Korea; East Asian security; U.S. for- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Over 80 scholarly articles and eign policy toward Asia. several books concerning refugees and the displaced; op-eds in several major newspapers. EXPERIENCE: Acting Director, Edwin O. Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies, Johns Hopkins Univer- HONORS: The President of the Republic of the Philip- sity School of Advanced International Studies (cur- pines’ Ninoy Aquino Refugee Recognition Award; rent); Consultant, Office of the Secretary of Defense NYU Law Alumni Association’s Public Interest (current); Professional Research Staff Member, Strate- Award. gy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for De- EDUCATION: J.D., New York University School of Law; fense Analyses (1995–97); Visiting Assistant Professor A.B., Columbia College. of Asian Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (1994–95); Senior Re- MORTON HOLBROOK search Associate, Massachusetts Institute of Technolo- 1999–2000 State Department Fellow gy (1990–1997); Special Assistant, Japanese National EXPERTISE: U.S.-China relations; Chinese foreign policy; Diet (1987–89). Chinese domestic events. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Past, EXPERIENCE: Foreign Service Officer since 1975: Com- Present, and Future (co-editor, 1999); State of the Field: mercial Officer, Beijing (1998–99); Deputy Chief, Politi- Japanese Security Policy (1998); Arming Japan: Defense cal Section, Beijing (1996–98); Deputy Chief, Political Production, Alliance Politics, and the Post-War Search for Section, Tokyo (1993–96); Consul General, Shenyang, Autonomy (1995); contributor to Survival, Korean Jour- China (1990–93); Attorney Adviser, Legal Adviser’s nal of Defense Analysis, and other journals on security Office, U.S. Department of State (1986–87); Country and Asia studies. Officer, Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs, U.S. EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Johns Hopkins University Department of State (1984–86); Political Officer and School of Advanced International Studies; B.A., Keny- Special Assistant to the Ambassador, Beijing (1979–83); on College. Economics Officer, Taipei (1977–78). EDUCATION: LL.M., Columbia University; J.D., Univer- PAUL J. HEER sity of Chicago; M.A., University of Michigan; B.A., 1999–2000 Intelligence Fellow Vanderbilt University. EXPERTISE: Chinese foreign policy and internal politics; East Asian regional relations; U.S. diplomatic history. JORDAN S. KASSALOW EXPERIENCE: Senior Analyst, Central Intelligence Adjunct Senior Fellow, Global Health Policy Agency; former chief, Chinese political assessments. EXPERTISE: International global health policy; interna- EDUCATION: Ph.D., George Washington University; tional development; humanitarian assistance pro- M.A., University of Iowa; B.A., Loras College. grams; multilateral institutions.

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EXPERIENCE: Partner, Drs. Farkas, Kassalow, Farkas PC SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Numerous articles in profes- (current); Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, Columbia sional publications and journals; contributes to several University (current); Chairman, Nongovernmental investment handbooks concerning credit ratings, sov- Development Organization for Ivermectin Distribu- ereign risks, and international securitization. tion (1998–99); Senior Adviser (current) and Director, HONORS: Member, International Advisory Panel, East Onchocerciasis Division (1993–99), Helen Keller Inter- African Development Bank. national; Technical Adviser, World Health Organiza- EDUCATION: S.M., Alfred P. Sloan School of Manage- tion (1996–99); Consultant, River Blindness ment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; B.S., Foundation (1990–91). Harvey Mudd College. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Various articles and manuals in the public health literature. MARIE-JOSÉE KRAVIS EDUCATION: M.P.H., Johns Hopkins University; O.D., Adjunct Senior Fellow, Economics New England College of Optometry; B.A., University EXPERTISE: International economics; public policy of Vermont. analysis; strategic planning.

JUDITH KIPPER EXPERIENCE: Columnist, National Post (current); Member of the Board and Senior Fellow (current), and Executive Director, Middle East Forum Director (1973–94), Hudson Institute, Inc.; Director, EXPERTISE: Regional developments and threats; Arab-Is- Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Ford Motor raeli peace process; Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria; Persian Company, Hasbro, Inc., Hollinger International, Inc., and Gulf; Iran; Iraq; Islamic trends; U.S. Middle East policy. Seagram Company Ltd.; Trustee, Institute for Advanced EXPERIENCE: Codirector, Middle East Studies Pro- Study, Princeton; Director, StarMedia Networks, Inc.; gram, Center for Strategic and International Studies Trustee, Museum of Modern Art, New York. (current); consultant to ABC News (current); Guest SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Western European Adjustment to Scholar, Brookings Institution (1987–95); Resident Structural Economic Problems (coauthor, 1987); Canada Fellow, American Enterprise Institute (1980–86); for- HAS a Future (1978). mer consultant to the RAND Corporation on interna- EDUCATION: LL.D., University of Windsor; Ph.D., Uni- tional affairs. versity of Sudbury; M.A., B.A., University of Ottawa. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Middle East in Global Per- spective (co-editor, 1991). ROGER M. KUBARYCH EDUCATION: B.A., University of California, Los Angeles. Henry Kaufman Senior Fellow, International Economics and Finance MAHESH K. KOTECHA EXPERTISE: International finance and economics. Adjunct Senior Fellow EXPERIENCE: Managing Member and C.I.O., Kaufman EXPERTISE: International capital markets; securitization; & Kubarych Advisors, LLC (1997–99); General Man- credit ratings; investment banking; multilateral lend- ager, Henry Kaufman & Company, Inc. (1988–97); Se- ing institutions. nior Vice President and Chief Economist, New York EXPERIENCE: President, Structured Credit International Stock Exchange (1986–88); Vice President and Chief Corp. (current); International Security Adviser, Thai- Economist, Conference Board (1985–86); Senior Vice land (current); Managing Director, MBIA Insurance President and Deputy Director of Research, Federal Corp. and Capital Markets Assurance Corp. (1989–98); Reserve Bank of New York (1972–85); Special Assis- Senior Vice President, Kidder, Peabody & Co. tant to the Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs, U.S. (1987–89); Senior Vice President, Standard & Poor’s Department of the Treasury (1978–79). (1979–87); Senior Investment Officer, Federal Reserve SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Foreign Exchange Markets in the Bank of New York (1975–79); Planning Officer, United United States (1978); numerous papers and articles in Nations Development Program (1973–75). leading journals and newspapers.

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EDUCATION: A.M., Harvard University; M.A., Oxford EDUCATION: D.Phil., M.Phil., Oxford University; B.A., University; B.A., Williams College. Harvard University.

RADHA KUMAR MARCUS MABRY Fellow, Peace and Conflict Studies 1999–2000 Edward R. Murrow Press Fellow Expertise: Ethnic conflict; partition; civil society; South EXPERTISE: Africa; France; European Union; corporate Asia; the Balkans. responsibility; genocide and ethnic conflict. EXPERIENCE: Weaver Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation EXPERIENCE: Africa Bureau Chief (1996–99), Paris Cor- (1996–97); Associate Fellow, Institute of War and Peace respondent (1993–95), State Department Correspon- Studies, Columbia University (1994–96); Executive Di- dent (1991–92), Associate Editor (1989–90), Newsweek. rector, Helsinki’s Citizen’s Assembly, Prague SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: White Bucks and Black-eyed Peas: (1992–94); Research Fellow, World Institute of Eco- Coming of Age Black in White America (1995); articles in nomics Research, Helsinki (1989–91); Research Fellow, the New Republic, EMERGE, The Source, the online Institute of Development Studies, Sussex University magazine Cirius-B, and the Yearbook of the South African (1988). Institute on International Affairs. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Divide and Fall? Bosnia in the EDUCATION: M.A., B.A., Stanford University; Certificat, Annals of Partition (1997); Bosnia-Herzegovina: Between Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris. War and Peace (editor, 1993); A History of Doing: An Il- lustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India, 1800–1900 (1993); and articles in MICHAEL MANDELBAUM such publications as Foreign Affairs, Feminist Review, 1999–2000 Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow The Times of India, and The Nation (Pakistan). EXPERTISE: Eastern Europe; Russia; CIS; U.S. foreign HONORS: U.S. Committee, Index on Censorship. policy. EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.Phil, Jawaharlal Nehru Universi- EXPERIENCE: Christian A. Herter Professor of American ty; M.A., B.A., Cambridge University. Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (current); faculty CHARLES A. KUPCHAN member at Harvard University, Columbia University, and the U.S. Naval Academy. Senior Fellow and Director, Europe Studies SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The New European Diasporas EXPERTISE: U.S.-European relations; NATO; European (editor, 2000); The New Russian Foreign Policy (editor, Union; economics; national security; regionalism; na- 1998); The Social Safety Net in Postcommunist Europe (ed- tionalism; the Balkans. itor, 1997); Postcommunism: Four Perspectives (editor, EXPERIENCE: Associate Professor of International Rela- 1996); The Strategic Quadrangle: Russia, China, Japan, and tions, Georgetown University (current); Director for the United States in East Asia (editor, 1995); Central Asia European Affairs, National Security Council and the World (editor, 1994). (1993–94); Assistant Professor of Politics, Princeton EDUCATION: Ph.D., Harvard University; M.A., King’s University (1986–92). College, Cambridge University; B.A., Yale University. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Civic Engagement in the Atlantic Community (1999); Atlantic Security: Contending Visions ROBERT A. MANNING (1998); Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe (1995); The Vulnerability of Empire (1994); The Persian C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies, and Director, Gulf and the West: The Dilemma of Security (1987); and Asia Studies numerous articles on international and strategic af- EXPERTISE: Nuclear issues; national security; Asia-Pa- fairs in prominent newspapers, magazines, and acade- cific region (Korea, Japan, China, ASEAN); interna- mic journals. tional economics; energy policy.

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EXPERIENCE: Senior Fellow, Progressive Policy Institute KENNETH R. MAXWELL (1994–97); Research Associate, Gaston Sigur Center, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow, Inter-American George Washington University (1993–95); Adviser for Studies, and Director, Latin America Studies Policy, Department of State (1989–93); Adviser, Office EXPERTISE: U.S.–Latin American relations; Brazil; Por- of the Secretary of Defense (1988–89); Diplomatic tuguese-speaking world. Correspondent, U.S. News and World Report (1985–87); Correspondent, Far Eastern Economic Review EXPERIENCE: Book reviewer for Foreign Affairs (current); (1979–85). Director of Studies, Council on Foreign Relations (1996); Program Director, Tinker Foundation SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Asian Energy Factor: Myths (1979–85); Professor at Yale, Princeton, and Columbia and Dilemmas of Energy, Security and the Pacific Future Universities (1976–84). (2000); Rethinking the Transatlantic Partnership: Security and Economics in a New Era (editor, 1996); Back to the SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Chocolate Piratas e outros Malan- Future: Toward a Post-Nuclear Ethic—The New Logic of dros: Ensaios Tropicais (1999); The Making of Portuguese Nonproliferation (1994); Asian Policy: The New Soviet Democracy (1995); Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment Challenge in the Pacific (1988); articles in such publica- (1995); The New Spain: From Isolation to Influence (coau- tions as Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy. thor, 1994); articles in the New York Review of Books, World Policy Journal, Wilson Quarterly, and Folha de São EDUCATION: B.A., State University of California, Paulo. Northridge. HONORS: Corresponding Member, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro (1994–pre- ANN R. MARKUSEN sent); Commander of the Order of Rio Branco, Brazil Senior Fellow, Industrial Policy (1997). EXPERTISE: Defense economics; international economics; EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Princeton University; M.A., arms trade; defense industry; regional development. B.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge University. EXPERIENCE: Professor and Director, Urban and Re- gional Planning Program, Humphrey Institute of STANLEY A. MCCHRYSTAL Public Affairs, University of Minnesota (current); Di- 1999–2000 Military Fellow rector, Project on Regional and Industrial Economics, EXPERTISE: Information age warfare; joint special oper- and State of New Jersey Professor of Urban Planning ations. and Policy Development, Rutgers University (1989–99); economic adviser to the Clinton adminis- EXPERIENCE: Commander, 75th Ranger Regiment, Fort tration (1992–96), to the city of Chicago (1985–87), and Benning, Ga. (1997–99); National Security Fellow, Har- to the states of California (1978–82) and Michigan vard University (1996–97); Commander, 2nd Battalion, (1971–73); faculty positions at Northwestern Univer- 75th Ranger Regiment, Fort Lewis, Wash. (1994–96); sity (1986–89), University of California, Berkeley Commander, 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry (1977–86), and University of Colorado (1973–77). Regiment, 82d Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, N.C. (1993–94); Operations Officer, Joint Special Operations SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Arming the Future: A Defense In- Command, Fort Bragg, N.C. (1990–93). dustry for the 21st Century (co-editor, 1999); Second Tier Cities (co-editor, 1999); Trading Industries, Trading Re- EDUCATION: M.A., Salve Regina University; M.A., gions (1993); articles in such journals as Economic Af- Naval War College; B.S., U.S. Military Academy. fairs and American Prospect. HONORS: Brookings Institution Economic Policy Fel- KIMBER L. MCKENZIE lowship; Fulbright Lectureship in Brazil. 1999–2000 Military Fellow EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Michigan State University; EXPERTISE: Aerospace warfare; global employment of B.A., Georgetown University. aerospace forces.

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EXPERIENCE: Operations Group Commander, Malstrom in Ghana (1992; 1989); and articles in the Yale Journal of Air Force Base, Mont. (1998–99); Chief, Commander’s International Law, African Studies Review, and Interna- Action Group, Air Force Materiel Command, Wright- tional Journal of World Peace. Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (1997–98); Secretary of EDUCATION: Ph.D., Columbia University; M.A., Co- Defense Fellowship, Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, lumbia University; B.A., University of Chicago. N.J. (1996–97); Member, Chief of Staff Air Force Oper- ations Group, Pentagon (1995–96); Commander, 4th STANLEY MOSKOWITZ Space Operations Squadron, Falcon Air Force Base, 1999–2000 Intelligence Fellow Colo. (1993–95); Air Staff Strategy Division and JCS/NSC matters, Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and EXPERTISE: Arab-Israeli affairs; international terrorism; Programs, Pentagon (1985–91). U.S. intelligence system. EDUCATION: M.A., Webster University; B.A., Virginia EXPERIENCE: Associate Deputy Director, Intelligence; Polytechnic Institute. Director of Training; Director of Congressional Affairs; National Intelligence Officer—Soviet Union, Central WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Intelligence Agency. Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Policy EDUCATION: Ph.D., Duke University; M.P.A., Harvard EXPERTISE: U.S. foreign policy; international political University; A.B., Alfred University. economy; Cuba. RICHARD W. MURPHY EXPERIENCE: Senior Contributing Editor, Worth (current); Contributing Editor, Opinion Page, Los Angeles Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Middle East, and Times (current); President’s Fellow, World Policy Insti- Director, Middle East Studies tute at the New School (1987–97); Contributing Editor, EXPERTISE: Middle East; South Asia. Harper’s Magazine (1986–91). EXPERIENCE: President, Chatham House Foundation, SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Mortal Splendor: The American United States (current); Chairman, Middle East Insti- Empire in Transition (1987); and articles in Esquire, tute (current); Trustee, American University of Beirut Worth, New York Times, International Herald Tribune, (current); John Adams Memorial Lecturer in the Unit- Wall Street Journal, and The New Yorker. ed Kingdom on a grant from the Fulbright Commis- EDUCATION: B.A., Yale University. sion (1989); Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (1983–89); U.S. Am- GWENDOLYN MIKELL bassador to Saudi Arabia (1981–83), the Philippines (1978–81), Syria (1974–78), and Mauritania (1971–74). Adjunct Senior Fellow, Africa Studies HONORS: Honorary Doctorates from New England EXPERTISE: Economic and political development; College and Baltimore Hebrew University. African women and development; the politics of peace in Africa. EDUCATION: B.A., Harvard University; A.B., Emmanuel College, Cambridge University. EXPERIENCE: Director of the Africa Studies Program in the School of Foreign Service and Professor of Anthro- VICTORIA NULAND pology, Georgetown University (current); Visiting Fel- low, Institute for Developing Economies (JETRO), Next Generation Fellow Japan (1999); President of the African Studies Associa- EXPERTISE: Russia and the former Soviet Union; Eu- tion (1996–97); Senior Fellow, United States Institute of rope, national security, and arms control; nonprolifera- Peace (1995–96); Chair, Sociology Department, tion; international peacekeeping. Georgetown University (1992–95); Visiting Fellow, EXPERIENCE: Deputy for Russia and Eurasia, Office of University of Natal, South Africa (1992); Visiting Fel- Newly Independent States, Department of State low, University of Ghana, Legon (1985, 1990). (1997–99); State Department Fellow, Council on For- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: African Feminism: The Politics of eign Relations (1996–97); Chief of Staff to the Deputy Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa (1997); Cocoa and Chaos Secretary of State (1994–96); Political Officer, U.S. Em-

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bassy, Moscow (1991–93); Tours of duty for the De- Assistant Editor, National Interest (1986–87); Assistant partment of State in Ulan Bator, Mongolia; the Bu- Editor, Public Interest (1985–86). reaus of European and East Asian and Pacific Affairs; SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “Present Laughter or Utopian and Guangzhou, China (1984–91). Bliss?” National Interest (2000); “It Could Happen SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Russia, Its Neighbors and an Ex- Here: Facing the New Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs panding NATO (1997). (1999); “The Rollback Fantasy,” Foreign Affairs (coau- HONORS: Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award thor, 1999); “The Exit Strategy Delusion,” Foreign Af- (1999); several Department of State Superior and Mer- fairs (1998); “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of itorious honor awards. Foreign Policy,” World Politics (1998). EDUCATION: B.A., Brown University. EDUCATION: Ph.D., Harvard University; B.A., Yale Uni- versity. JONATHAN S. PARIS Fellow, U.S./Middle East Project BARNETT R. RUBIN Senior Fellow, Director, Center for Preventive Action, and EXPERTISE: Arab-Israeli conflict; Palestinian-Israeli relations; Middle East/North Africa; Indonesia and South- Director, Peace and Conflict Studies east Asia; economic development; ethnic conflict. EXPERTISE: Conflict prevention (Afghanistan, Nigeria, Central Africa, Central Asia, South Balkans); human EXPERIENCE: Visiting lecturer, modern Middle East, Yale University (1997–98); Vice President, European rights; failed states. Investors, Inc. (1989–92); investment banker, Salomon EXPERIENCE: Associate Professor of Political Science, Brothers (1983–89); attorney, Coudert Brothers, Singa- and Director of the Center for the Study of Central pore office (1980–83). Asia, Columbia University (1990–96); Assistant Profes- sor of Political Science, Yale University (1982–89); Jen- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “Regional Cooperation and the MENA Economic Summits,” in G. Shafir and Y. Peled, nings Randolph Peace Fellow, United States Institute eds., The New Israel: Peacemaking and Liberalization of Peace (1989–90); consultant to the United Nations (2000); The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia (co-editor, on Afghanistan. 1999); “Minority Rules: How Indonesia’s Chinese Can SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Calming the Ferghana Valley: De- Survive,” New Republic (1998); “Will Democracy Lead velopment and Dialogue in the Heart of Central Asia to Peace in the Middle East?,” Israel Studies Bulletin (coauthor, 1999); Stabilizing Nigeria (coauthor, 1998); (1997); “Step-by-Step Towards Indonesian-Israeli Rela- Cases and Strategies for Preventive Action (editor, 1998); tions,” Israel Affairs (1996); “When to Worry in the Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Europe: Conflict Middle East,” Orbis (1993). Prevention in the South Balkans (editor, 1996); The Frag- mentation of Afghanistan (1995); The Search for Peace in HONORS: Editor, Stanford Law Review (1978). Afghanistan (1995). EDUCATION: J.D., Stanford Law School; B.A., Yale Uni- versity. HONORS: Member, Secretary of State’s Advisory Com- mittee on Religious Freedom Abroad. GIDEON ROSE EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., University of Chicago; B.A., Yale University. Olin Senior Fellow, Deputy Director, National Security Studies HENRY SIEGMAN EXPERTISE: International conflict; Middle East/Persian Gulf/South Asia; terrorism; economic sanctions. Senior Fellow and Director, U.S./Middle East Project EXPERIENCE: Visiting Professor, School of International EXPERTISE: Middle East peace process; Arab-Israeli rela- and Public Affairs, Columbia University (1998–99); tions; U.S.–Middle East policy; interreligious relations. Lecturer, Department of Politics, Princeton University EXPERIENCE: Executive Director, American Jewish Con- (1996–97); Associate Director for Near East and South gress (1978–94); Resident Scholar, Rockefeller Study Asian Affairs, National Security Council (1994–95); Center, Bellagio, Italy (1992); Founder, International

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Jewish Committee for Inter-religious Consultations Securities Trading Industry,” Brookings-Wharton Pa- (1968); Director, American Association for Middle East pers on Financial Services (1999); The European Equity Studies, and Editor, Middle East Studies (1958–63). Markets (1996); International Financial Market Regulation SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Strengthening Palestinian Public (1994); numerous articles in journals and periodicals Institutions (1999); U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace such as Economica, Foreign Affairs, Financial Times, Na- Process (1997); “Arab Unity and Disunity,” in The Con- tional Review, and Wall Street Journal Europe. temporary Middle East (1965); author of over one hun- HONORS: Fellow, British-American Project. dred articles and essays on the Middle East in the New EDUCATION: D.Phil, M.Phil, Oxford University; B.S., York Times, Washington Post, Commentary, International Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Herald Tribune, The Nation, Middle East Journal, Islamic World, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Jerusalem Post, Al- JESSICA STERN Ahram, Al-Hayat, and Ashraq al-Awsat. Adjunct Fellow, Superterrorism EDUCATION: B.A., New School for Social Research. EXPERTISE: Terrorism; weapons of mass destruction; KIRON K. SKINNER chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons; proliferation; Russia. Adjunct Next Generation Fellow EXPERIENCE: National Fellow, Hoover Institution EXPERTISE: International relations and security. (1995–96); Director, Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian EXPERIENCE: Assistant Professor, Carnegie Mellon Uni- Affairs, National Security Council (1994–95); Postdoc- versity (current); Research Fellow, Hoover Institution toral Fellow, Lawrence Livermore National Laborato- (current); Assistant Professor, Hamilton College ry (1991–94); Assistant to the Commercial Attaché, (1998–99); President’s Fellow (1996–98) and Visiting Russia (1983–84). Assistant Professor (1994–95), University of California, SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: “Terrorist Motivations and Un- Los Angeles. conventional Weapons,” in Peter Lavoy, Scott Sagan, SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Turning Points in the Ending of and Jim Wirtz, eds., Planning the Unthinkable (forthcom- the Cold War (co-editor, forthcoming); Linkage and ing); “The Public Health Consequences of Terrorism,” Power: The Demise of Carter’s Détente (forthcoming); in C. Everett Koop, ed., Global Health in the 21st Century and articles in such journals and publications as the (2000); “The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Wall Street Journal and National Interest. Lord,” in Jonathan Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror: Assessing EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Harvard University; B.A., Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (2000); Spelman College. “Larry Wayne Harris,” in Jonathan Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological BENN STEIL Weapons (2000); The Ultimate Terrorists (1999). Linda J. Wachner Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Economic Policy HONORS: MacArthur Foundation, Reading and Writing Grantee; Sigma Xi (engineering honors society). EXPERTISE: International finance and economics: securities trading; financial market regulation; risk manage- EDUCATION: Ph.D., Harvard University; M.S., Massa- ment; decision theory; international trade. chusetts Institute of Technology; B.A., Barnard College. EXPERIENCE: Editor, International Finance (current); Mem- BRUCE STOKES ber, European Shadow Financial Regulatory Commit- tee (current); consultant and analyst, investment banks, Senior Fellow, Economics Studies: Trade securities exchanges, and governments (1985–present); EXPERTISE: International trade; U.S. economic relations Director of the International Economics Programme, with Asia and Europe. Royal Institute of International Affairs (1992–98). EXPERIENCE: Columnist, National Journal (current); in- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Institutional Investors (2000); ternational economics correspondent, National Journal “Automation, Trading Costs, and the Structure of the (1984–94).

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SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: A New Beginning for the New SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Generals’ War (coauthor, Millennium: The Future of U.S.-Japan Economic Relations 1995); After the Storm (1993). (2000); Partners or Competitors? The Prospects for U.S.- HONORS: Member, Presidential Commission on Roles European Cooperation on Asian Trade (1999); Future Vi- and Missions; Member, International Institute of sions for U.S. Trade Strategy (editor, 1998); Trade Strategic Studies; Member of the Board of Visitors, Air Strategies for a New Era: Ensuring U.S. Leadership in a Force Academy; Member of the Board of Directors, Global Economy (coeditor, 1998); Open for Business: Cre- World Affairs Council; Member of the Editorial Board, ating a Transatlantic Marketplace (editor, 1996); The In- Joint Force Quarterly; Editorial Adviser, Naval War Col- evitability of Managed Trade (1990); Japanese Investment lege Review; Adviser, Center for Naval Analysis. in the United States: Its Causes and Consequences (1989). EDUCATION: Graduate, Air War College; M.A., Univer- HONORS: Member, Presidential Commission on United sity of Colorado; B.A., Holy Cross College. States–Pacific Trade and Investment Policy (1996). EDUCATION: M.A., Johns Hopkins University School of ASTRID S. TUMINEZ Advanced International Studies; B.A., Georgetown Adjunct Next Generation Fellow, Europe Studies University. EXPERTISE: Russia and the former Soviet Union; nationalism and conflict prevention; private equity in JULIA E. SWEIG developed markets; corporate, banking, and sover- Fellow and Deputy Director, Latin America Studies eign credit risk. EXPERTISE: U.S.–Latin American relations; Cuba; EXPERIENCE: Associate Director of Research, Alterna- Caribbean basin. tive Investments, AIG Global Investment Corp. (cur- EXPERIENCE: Consultant, American Association of rent); Executive Associate, Credit Risk Management, World Health (1997–98); Adjunct Professor, American AIG (1999); Consultant, Carnegie Corporation of New University (1996); Editor, CubaINFO, Johns Hopkins York (current); Consultant, World Bank (1998–99); In- University (1992–96). stitutional Equity Sales/Research, Brunswick War- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Cuban Insurrection Declassi- burg, Inc. (1998); Program Officer, Carnegie fied (forthcoming); “After Elián, Whither U.S.-Cuba Corporation of New York (1994–98); Director, Moscow Policy?” Los Angeles Times (2000); “Cuba after the Office, Harvard Project on Strengthening Democratic Wall,” Milken Review (2000). Institutions (1991–92). EDUCATION: Ph.D., M.A., Johns Hopkins University SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Russian Nationalism since 1856: School of Advanced International Studies; B.A., Uni- Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy (2000); “Hob- versity of California, Santa Cruz. bling Along: Russian Banking Reform” (2000); “Russ- ian Nationalism and the National Interest in Russian BERNARD E. TRAINOR Foreign Policy,” in Celeste Wallander, ed., The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy (1996). Adjunct Senior Fellow, National Security HONORS: SSRC Fellowships (1988, 1992); Peace Scholar EXPERTISE: Defense and national security. Award, U.S. Institute of Peace (1993). EXPERIENCE: Associate, Center for Science and Interna- EDUCATION: Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technol- tional Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, ogy; A.M., Harvard University; B.A., Brigham Young Harvard University (current); Military Analyst, NBC University. News (current); Director, National Security Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Uni- DAVID G. VICTOR versity (1990–96); Military Analyst, ABC News (1990–91); Military Correspondent, New York Times (1986–90); career Robert W. Johnson Jr. Senior Fellow in Science in the Marine Corps, retiring as Deputy Chief of Staff for and Technology Plans, Policies, and Operations, and Marine Corps EXPERTISE: International environmental law; trade and Deputy to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1951–85). environment; energy technology; global warming.

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EXPERIENCE: Director, project on implementation of in- Codirector, Committee on African Development ternational environmental treaties, the International In- Strategies (1984–86); Associate Editor, Foreign Affairs stitute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (1993–97). (1974–83). SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: The Implementation and Effec- SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Salvaging the Land of Plenty tiveness of International Environmental Commitments (ed- (1994); How Can Africa Survive? (1988). itor, 1998); articles in Nature, Scientific American, HONORS: World Hunger Media Award (1987). International Herald Tribune, Washington Post, and Inter- EDUCATION: M.A., Stanford University; B.A., Trinity national Journal of Hydrogen Energy. College. EDUCATION: Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy; B.A., Harvard University. DOV S. ZAKHEIM Adjunct Senior Fellow, Asia Studies RUTH WEDGWOOD EXPERTISE: National security; arms control; western Eu- Senior Fellow, International Organizations and Law rope; Middle East; East Asia. EXPERTISE: United Nations; peacekeeping and peace EXPERIENCE: Chief Executive Officer, SPC Internation- operations; international law. al and Corporate Vice President, System Planning EXPERIENCE: Professor of Law, Yale University Law Corp. (current); Member, Secretary of Defense Task School, and faculty member, International Security Force on Defense Reform (1997); Deputy Undersec- Studies Program, Yale University (current); Director of retary of Defense (Planning and Resources) Studies, American Society of International Law (cur- (1985–87); Adjunct Professor at Trinity College, rent); Stockton Professor of International Law, U.S. Yeshiva University, Columbia University, and the Naval War College (1998–99); amicus curiae, Yugoslav National War College. War Crimes Tribunal (1997); federal prosecutor SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Congress and National Security (1980–86); Supreme Court law clerk (1977–78). in the Post–Cold War Era (1998); Flight of the Lavi (1996); SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: Toward an International Criminal numerous articles, chapters in books, and op-eds in Court? (coauthor, 1999); American National Interest and major U.S. and overseas newspapers. the United Nations (coauthor, 1996); The Revolutionary HONORS: Member, Defense Science Board Task Force Martyrdom of Jonathan Robbins (1990); articles in the on Health of U.S. Defense Industry (current); American Journal of International Law, International Her- Bronze Palm to the DoD Distinguished Public Ser- ald Tribune, Washington Post, and New York Times. vice Medal (1987); Department of Defense Distin- HONORS: Member, Secretary of State’s Advisory Com- guished Public Service Medal (1986); Congressional mittee on International Law; Member, National Secu- Budget Office Director’s Award for Outstanding rity Study Group Hart-Rudman Commission on Service (1979). Security in 2025. EDUCATION: D.Phil., Oxford University; B.A., Colum- EDUCATION: J.D., Yale University Law School; B.A., bia University. Harvard University. Special Fellowships JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER Adjunct Senior Fellow Next Generation Fellowship EXPERTISE: Women and foreign policy; Africa; interna- The Next Generation Fellowship Program nurtures out- tional environment. standing thinkers and writers from a variety of fields EXPERIENCE: Deputy Director of the National Program, who have the potential to become foreign policy lead- and Senior Fellow (1995–98), Director, Committees on ers. The program recruits individuals whose principal Foreign Relations Program (1987–95), Senior Fellow mission will be frontier policy scholarship, leading to for Africa (1983–87), Council on Foreign Relations; several major published articles or a book during the

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fellowship tenure. Next Generation Fellows (NGFs) are Council studies. They also arrange several military an integral component of the Studies Department staff trips for Council members during the year. and have substantial contact with other Fellows, Coun- The Military Fellowship Selection Board, chaired in cil members, and experts in their field. Working with 1999 by former Secretary of Defense Richard B. Ch- Council term members and International Affairs Fel- eney and in 2000 by former Secretary of Defense lows, NGFs form the heart of a larger community and Harold Brown, chose the following Military Fellows: network of people at the outset of their careers who are for 1999–2000, Navy Capt. David A. Duffié, Air Force interested in international relations. Col. Kimber L. McKenzie, and Army Col. Stanley A. NGFs from the 1999–2000 program year were McChrystal; and for 2000–2001, Marine Col. John M. Rachel Bronson, Victoria Nuland, Kiron Skinner, and Paxton Jr., Navy Capt. William P. Nash Jr., and Army Astrid Tuminez. Rachel Bronson directed a study Col. James Sikes Jr. group on “U.S. Security Policy in the Persian Gulf,” Victoria Nuland ran a study group on “The Effect of Intelligence Fellowship U.S. Hegemony on Relations with Russia, China, Modeled after the Council’s successful Military Fellow- France, and Japan,” Kiron Skinner conducted a round- ships, the Intelligence Fellowship provides an opportu- table series on “U.S. Foreign Policy at the Millenni- nity for an outstanding person from the U.S. intelligence um,” and Astrid Tuminez led a roundtable series on community on the cusp of a senior position to expand “Russian Nationalism and Foreign Policy.” his or her knowledge of international relations through a program of individual study, research and reflection, Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship extensive participation in the Council’s program of The Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship is periodically meetings and study groups, and interaction with the awarded to persons with experience and recognized Council’s diverse and knowledgeable membership. professional stature in public or academic affairs relat- The 1999–2000 Intelligence Fellows are Paul J. Heer ed to the study of international relations. A Shepardson and Stanley Moskowitz. The 2000–2001 Intelligence Fellow is expected to spend about a year affiliated with Fellow is Virginia L. Ehelebe. the Council, participating in Council programs while working on a book or other significant publications re- Edward R. Murrow Fellowship lated to a major foreign policy issue. Each year, the Council offers a resident fellowship for a The 1999–2000 Shepardson Fellowship was award- correspondent serving abroad. Named in honor of leg- ed to Michael Mandelbaum, who is a professor of endary newsman Edward R. Murrow and funded by American foreign policy at Johns Hopkins University the CBS Foundation, the Fellowship gives the recipient School of Advanced International Studies. He directed a period of nine months for sustained study and writ- the Project on East-West Relations and edited a book ing, free from the usual pressure of deadlines that char- titled The New European Diasporas. acterize journalistic life. The 1999–2000 Murrow Fellow was Marcus Mabry, Military Fellowships Africa Bureau Chief, Newsweek. The 2000–2001 Murrow Every year, the chiefs of staff of the Army and the Air Fellow is Jaime FlorCruz, Beijing Bureau Chief, Time. Force, the chief of naval operations, and the commandant of the Marine Corps each nominate an outstand- Department of State Fellowship ing candidate for a Military Fellowship. The Council The Department of State Fellowship is offered to a for- usually awards two or three such fellowships annual- eign service officer chosen by a selection committee ly. The program enables the officers selected to broad- from candidates nominated by the U.S. Department of en their understanding of foreign affairs by spending State. The Fellow spends about a year affiliated with a year in residence at the Council’s headquarters in the Council, with time away from public service to re- New York, or, in special circumstances, at Council of- flect on issues of foreign policy and to participate in fices in Washington, D.C. Fellows participate in pro- Council programs. The recipient of the 1999–2000 Fel- grams, meet with members and staff, and engage in lowship was Morton Holbrook.

51 Studies Program

International KIMBERLY C. FIELD Affairs Fellowships U.S. Military Academy “Toward a U.N. Police Force: Demonstrating the Determination of the World Community” Launched in 1967, the International Affairs Fellow- ship (IAF) Program offers approximately a dozen out- ANNA GELPERN standing young American men and women between U.S. Department of the Treasury the ages of 27 and 35 an opportunity to broaden their “Buying Policy: A Review of Cofinancing understanding of international affairs and to add a Strategies in the New Markets” unique dimension to their careers. The fellowship encourages a cross-fertilization of experience, offering academics and others from the private sector opera- LAURA HAYES HOLGATE tional experience in a policy-oriented environment. U.S. Department of Energy Conversely, the IAF program allows government offi- “Applying Threat Reduction Techniques outside cials to study issues in the scholarly atmosphere of the Former Soviet Union” universities or think tanks. Through this exchange, the Fellows and their projects help to bridge the gap THEODORE OSIUS* between thought and action in foreign policy. The Office of the Vice President main source of funding for the program is an endow- “The Evolving U.S.-Japan Security Alliance” ment of $10 million, sufficient to support ten fellows annually. ADAM POSEN In 1997, the Council established a new International Institute for International Economics Affairs Fellowship in Japan, funded by Hitachi, Ltd., to “Strategies and Limits of G-3 Macroeconomic enable outstanding young Americans to expand their Coordination after Globalization” intellectual and professional horizons by working and living in Japan. The program seeks to cultivate Ameri- SAMANTHA POWER can understanding of Japan and to strengthen commu- Harvard University nication between the emerging leaders of the two “U.S. Genocide Prevention: A Structural, Semantic, nations. The following are the Fellows, their home in- and Domestic Examination” stitution, and their fellowship project. NICHOLAS J. RASMUSSEN 2000–2001 International Affairs Fellows U.S. Department of State ERICA J. BARKS-RUGGLES “Is Cold Peace the Best We Can Do? Lessons from U.S. Department of State the Israel-Egypt Experience and Implications for “HIV/AIDS: Case Studies on the Economic Costs of U.S. Peacemaking in the Middle East” the Epidemic and Implications for National Security” SAMANTHA F. RAVICH DELIA BOYLAN Center for Strategic and International Studies University of Chicago “Crafting the Foundation for a New U.S.-Indonesian “The Political Economy of Bank Regulation in the Relationship” Developing World” DANIEL C. THOMAS SCOTT A. COOPER University of Illinois, Chicago U.S. Marine Corps “Dual or Dueling Institutions? NATO and the EU’s “Carry a Big Stick, but Be Careful about Using It” Common Foreign and Security Policy”

*International Affairs Fellow in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd.

52 Studies Program

ANDREW S. WEISS “The Development of the Community of National Security Council Democracies Project as a Case Study in “The Sources of Russian Behavior in the Bureaucratic Politics” Post-Yeltsin Era” PRESIDER: PUNEET TALWAR (IAF, 1999–2000)

KIMBERLY MARTEN ZISK* BRUCE STOKES Barnard College Senior Fellow, Economics Studies: Trade, Council “Japan’s U.N. Peacekeeping Dilemma” on Foreign Relations “Seattle: The WTO and the Future of World Trade” PRESIDER: MARCUS NOLAND (IAF, 1990–91) Council Fellows LARRY D. WELCH Roundtable Series President and CEO, Institute for Defense Analyses “National Missile Defense: Progress and SALIH BOOKER Challenges” Senior Fellow for Africa Studies, Council on PRESIDER: JON J. ROSENWASSER (IAF, 1999–2000) Foreign Relations “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: U.S. Policy toward Africa” Annual Seminar, PRESIDER: MELANIE BIXBY (IAF, 1996–97) Presented by the STEVE COLL International Affairs Managing Editor, Washington Post “India and Pakistan: Emerging Nuclear Doctrines Fellows and Deterrents” PRESIDER: PAULA NEWBURG GRAHAM T. ALLISON Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, ROSE E. GOTTEMOELLER Harvard University (IAF, 1968–69) Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation and Na- “Everything You Always Wanted to Know about tional Security (IAF, 1989–90) Russia but Were Afraid to Ask” “Changing Nonproliferation Dynamics between PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB the United States and Russia: The Rise of Threat Reduction Cooperation” MICHAEL MANDELBAUM PRESIDER: LEE WOLOSKY ( IAF, 1999–2000) Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations (IAF, 1982–83) MORTON H. HALPERIN “The Post–Cold War World Is a Three-Ring Circus” Director of Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State PRESIDER: LAWRENCE J. KORB

53 Named Chairs and Fellowships

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1) Paula J. Dobriansky, George 6) Robert A. Manning, C.V. F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Russian and Eurasian Studies Studies

2) Richard L. Garwin, Philip D. 7) Kenneth R. Maxwell, Nelson Reed Senior Fellow for Science and David Rockefeller Senior and Technology Fellow for Inter-American Studies

3) James F. Hoge Jr., Peter G. 8) Richard W. Murphy, Hasib J. Peterson Chair, Editor, Foreign Sabbagh Senior Fellow for the Affairs Middle East

4) Lawrence J. Korb, Maurice R. 9) Benn Steil, Linda J. Wachner Greenberg Chair, Director of Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Studies Economic Policy 9 10 5) Roger M. Kubarych, Henry 10) David G. Victor, Robert W. Kaufman Senior Fellow for Inter- Johnson Jr. Senior Fellow in national Economics and Finance Science and Technology

54 Foreign Affairs

• Generally considered to be the world’s preeminent international affairs periodical. • Published by the Council since 1922; worldwide paid circulation of 110,000; distributed in 137 countries; available in Japanese and Portuguese editions; website at www.foreignaffairs.org. • Reviews more than 325 books a year. • Has long been required reading for scholars and students, yet a full 65 percent of the magazine’s readers are in the business and financial communities. • Found to be the most influential of all print media among government decision-makers in a recent survey. • Editor, James F. Hoge Jr.; Managing Editor, Fareed Zakaria.

oreign Affairs opened its pages to a wide Frange of opinions on old and new challenges in 1999–2000. Of the new, a hard-edged assessment of the fight over genetically modified crops was provided by Pro- fessor Robert Paarlberg. He argued that transgenic food has no proven downsides to justify the strong resistance among consumers in the developed world. The real losers, wrote Paarlberg, will be the poor farm- ers and underfed citizens of the tropics, who desper- ately need all the help that gene science can deliver. A companion piece by scholars C. Ford Runge and Ben- jamin Senauer documented the growing need among Southern Hemisphere populations for more varied and nutritious diets, and better access to Northern markets. Another emerging topic—the backlash to globalization—was addressed in the wake of the Seattle WTO meeting by labor leader Jay Mazur. He made a case that freer trade must be accompanied by stronger efforts to Speaker Ellen Laipson, Vice Chairman, National Intelligence Council, protect the environment, human rights, and decent and Presider James F. Hoge Jr. at the February 24, 2000, Screening of working conditions. Economist Jagdish Bhagwati took CNN's "Revolutionary Journey: Christiane Amanpour's Personal strong exception to the specifics of Mazur’s remedies. Odyssey to Re-Discover Modern-Day Life in Iran."

55 Foreign Affairs

China remained the focus of a number of articles. The late scholar Gerald Segal provoked strong pro and con reaction to his downgrading of the Middle Kingdom to middle-power status and his resulting advice to treat it as such. Russia’s prospects under President Vladimir Putin were examined in articles on plutocrat power, the bloodbath in Chechnya, and weakening central rule. An intriguing debate focused on the question of whether Japan is yet again retreating from reform or about to emerge from economic doldrums. The disrupting force of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and its Central Asian neighbors was reflected in a number of articles. So too were the efforts of the United Nations to cope with ethnically based conflicts in Africa and the Balkans, and arms inspections in Iraq. As ever, the performance of the United States in the world was scrutinized by several authors with differing judgments on both the role chosen by and the performance of the Clinton administration. Final- ly, as part of Campaign 2000, Republicans Speaker Susan L. Woodward, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Defence Studies, Condoleezza Rice and Robert B. Zoellick King’s College, University of London, and Charles G. Boyd at the November 9, 1999, and Democrats Laura D’Andrea Tyson, Joan Meeting, “A European ‘New Deal’ for the Balkans.” Spero, and W. Bowman Cutter presented competing views on what should be the international priorities of the next president. For the second year in a row, the magazine devoted Defense analyst Michael O’Hanlon offered a dispas- considerable space to international finance, including sionate primer on the technical and political challenges an eight-point reform proposal from economist Alan of missile defense, a key campaign issue. Blinder and a summary of the Council-sponsored in- James F. Hoge Jr. dependent task force report on the future architecture Peter G. Peterson Chair, Editor of international finance. Foreign Affairs

56 Foreign Affairs

September/October 1999 comments Volume 78, Number 5 A Perfect Failure Michael Mandelbaum Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered Richard Butler The Third Way and Liberty Ralf Dahrendorf Europe’s Next Big Idea Richard Medley essays Does China Matter? Gerald Segal What to do With American Primacy Richard N. Haass Eight Steps to a New Financial Order Alan S. Blinder Russia’s Collapse Anders Åslund Learning to Love the WTO Marcus Noland The (Ab)normalization of U.S.-Chinese Patrick Tyler Relations Civil War by Other Means Michael Lind reviews and responses The Importance of Being English David Fromkin The Grand Bargain Patrick McCarthy Missing the Mark Ben Bernanke, Thomas Laubach, Frederic Mishkin, and Adam Posen

November/December 1999 comments Volume 78, Number 6 The Fall Guy Michael Hirsh Understanding Taiwan Lee Teng-hui Alone or With Others Robert W. Tucker essays The Taliban: Exporting Extremism Ahmed Rashid Kashmir: Fundamentalism Takes Root Jonah Blank Saving NATO’s Foundation John Deutch, Arnold Kanter, and Brent Scowcroft Star Wars Strikes Back Michael O’Hanlon Mbeki’s Uphill Challenge Leonard Thompson A European “New Deal” for the Balkans Benn Steil and Susan L. Woodward Dayton’s Incomplete Peace Ivo H. Daalder and Michael B.G. Froman NATO’s Success in Kosovo Javier Solana reviews and responses Rethinking the Nation-State Josef Joffe A Perfect Polemic James B. Steinberg Dazed and Confused Joris Vos, Joseph A. Califano Jr., et al. The Future of the International Financial Morris Goldstein Architecture: A Report

57 Foreign Affairs

January/February 2000 comments Volume 79, Number 1 The Bullied Pulpit Sebastian Mallaby States’ Rights and Foreign Policy Brannon P. Denning and Jack H. McCall essays The Shocks of a World of Cheap Oil Amy Myers Jaffe and Robert A. Manning The Need for Nuclear Power Richard Rhodes and Denis Beller Promoting the National Interest Condoleezza Rice A Republican Foreign Policy Robert B. Zoellick Labor’s New Internationalism Jay Mazur Rwanda in Retrospect Alan J. Kuperman A Farewell to Arms Inspections Daniel Byman Iran’s New Revolution Robin Wright The Second Nuclear Age Paul Bracken reviews and responses New History for a New Israel Yaron Ezrahi The Road From Serfdom Richard N. Cooper The Dreamer Jack F. Matlock Jr. Strange Bedfellows Mark Gevisser A Chance for Peace in Afghanistan Peter Tomsen A Poor Case for Quitting Chester Crocker

March/April 2000 comments Volume 79, Number 2 Pakistan’s Never-Ending Story Sumit Ganguly Come Together Elizabeth Pond The Immigration Safety Valve Stephan-Götz Richter essays Putin’s Plutocrat Problem Lee S. Wolosky Russia’s Ruinous Chechen War Rajan Menon and Graham E. Fuller The Many Faces of Modern Russia Sam Nunn and Adam N. Stulberg Two Cheers for Clinton’s Foreign Policy Stephen M. Walt New World, New Deal W. Bowman Cutter, Joan Spero, and Laura D’Andrea Tyson The Color of Hot Money Martin N. Baily, Diana Farrell, and Susan Lund The Degeneration of EMU Niall Ferguson and Laurence J. Kotlikoff The Italians in Europe G. Federico Mancini reviews and responses The Empire Strikes Out David Greenberg Paving the Road to Hell Max Boot Money for Nothing Lawrence Korb et al.

58 Foreign Affairs

May/June 2000 comments Volume 79, Number 3 Being Hafiz al-Assad Henry Siegman War Logs On Bruce D. Berkowitz The Party’s Over Robert Gerald Livingston The Politics of Guilt Andrew Nagorski essays The Global Food Fight Robert Paarlberg A Removable Feast C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer Ethnic Warfare on the Wane Ted Robert Gurr Kosovo Seething David Rohde Saudi Arabia Over a Barrel F. Gregory Gause III Will Indonesia Survive? Donald K. Emmerson Brazil’s New Capitalism Juan de Onis China’s Big Mac Attack James L. Watson reviews and responses The Squandered Presidency Richard N. Haass Shame Alison L. Des Forges and Alan J. Kuperman Don’t Panic G. John Ikenberry Sorting Out the Balkans Ivo Banac

July/August 2000 comments Volume 79, Number 4 The One Percent Solution Richard N. Gardner Their Own Army? Philip H. Gordon A House United Paul Heer essays Japan: A Rising Sun? M. Diana Helweg Japan: A Setting Sun? Aurelia George Mulgan China: The Forgotten Nuclear Power Brad Roberts, Robert A. Manning, and Ronald N. Montaperto Colombia’s Two-Front War Rafael Pardo Inventing East Timor James Traub How Does Saddam Hold On? Ofra Bengio The French Exception Sophie Meunier Ending Africa’s Wars John Stremlau reviews and responses Globalization in Your Face Jagdish Bhagwati Full Steam Ahead James D. Robinson III

59 Special Activities

• Include Council-sponsored independent task forces, Council Policy Initiatives (CPIs), the Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy Program, and the Center for Preventive Action. • Use Council members, contacts, and resources to help resolve or manage current major policy problems where there is too little debate and too few concrete ideas being offered.

rom North Korea to the Balkans, in the The task force on “Promoting Sustainable Fhalls of Congress and around the country, Economies in the Balkans,”chaired by Steven L. Rat- Council-sponsored independent task tner, issued a report saying that the countries in the forces, Council Policy Initiatives (CPIs), and the Con- region have only a few years to demonstrate real gress and U.S. Foreign Policy Program have influ- progress before the international community turns enced policymakers and informed the foreign policy its focus elsewhere. Specifically, these countries will debate. A complete list of CPI and Task Force reports have to deal not only with a range of macroeconomic can be found on pages 102 and 103. and structural reforms but with political instability, corruption, legal and regulatory reform, and civil society and institution-building to create an environ- Task Forces ment likely to attract investment. Bob Graham and Brent Scowcroft co-chaired a The Council sponsors an independent task force when (1) task force on “U.S. Policy toward Colombia,” an issue of current and critical importance to U.S. foreign cosponsored with the Inter-American Dialogue. policy arises, and (2) it seems that a group diverse in back- Their interim report urged policymakers to find a grounds and perspectives may, nonetheless, be able to proper balance between providing arms aid and reach a meaningful consensus on a policy through private training to deal with drug and security problems on and nonpartisan deliberations. Once formed, task forces the one hand, and helping Colombia build the legiti- are independent of the Council on Foreign Relations and macy and effectiveness of its government on the solely responsible for their reports. other. In its most recent report, the task force on “U.S. Peter G. Peterson and Carla A. Hills chaired a blue Policy toward North Korea,” co-chaired by James T. ribbon task force on “Safeguarding Prosperity in a Laney and Morton I. Abramowitz, laid out recom- Global Financial System: The Future International Fi- mendations to help reinforce the consensus in Wash- nancial Architecture,” which garnered extensive con- ington and the region for continued conditional gressional and media attention for the ambitious engagement of the North. reform agenda outlined in its report. The task force Following its influential report, the task force on recommended more burden-sharing among private “U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century,” co- lenders and smaller rescue packages from the Inter- chaired by Bernard W. Aronson and William D. national Monetary Fund. Rogers, continued in a standby capacity, meeting at

60 Special Activities

Council Policy Initiatives

The Council undertakes a Council Policy Initiative (CPI) when a foreign policy issue is of current and critical importance but it seems highly unlikely that clashing views can be reconciled in a meaningful consensus by a task force. CPIs aim to spark debate among interested Americans on key foreign policy and international issues by presenting the issues and policy choices in ways that can be easily understood by informed nonexperts. Its aim is to make the best case for each alternative. To this end, the Council will publish a concise text containing the choices, written usually as speeches that a U.S. president could give with a cover memo as if written by a key presidential adviser, summarizing the choices and giving the necessary historical and political background.

Speaker Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Adviser, and Through the National Program, the Council sponsored Speaker Bob Graham, Member, U.S. Senate (D-Fla.), at the March 23, debates in key cities nationwide on the Council Policy 2000, Press Conference for the Independent Task Force on U.S. Policy Initiative “Toward an International Criminal Court?” toward Colombia. CPI authors Ruth Wedgwood, John R. Bolton, Anne- Marie Slaughter, and Kenneth Roth examined whether the United States should endorse, reject, or revise the proposal to create an international criminal court. the call of the chairs in the event of significant devel- Project Director Alton Frye led a new CPI on “Hu- opments in Cuba. manitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doc- At the request of Palestinian National Authority trine,” which clearly laid out the arguments for and Chairman Yasir Arafat, the Council extended the against U.S. military intervention to stop massive hu- Task Force on “Strengthening Palestinian Public In- manitarian abuses. Holly J. Burkhalter, Dov S. Za- stitutions,” chaired by Michel Rocard, to examine the kheim, Stanley A. McChrystal, and Arnold Kanter necessary steps for the proper implementation of the authored the report. recommendations in its initial report. The task force on South Asia, cosponsored with the Brookings Institution and chaired by Richard N. Haass, reconvened in March 2000 and issued an open letter to President Clinton on the eve of his trip to India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The Council’s four task forces on economics will each issue reports in the next few months examining economic policy in specific countries. Stephen Robert chairs the Brazil task force, Robert D. Hormats chairs the China task force, Laura D’Andrea Tyson chairs the Japan task force, and Paul A. Volcker and Gra- ham T. Allison chair the Russia task force. Speaker Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, Presider Griffin Bell, and Speaker John R. Bolton, Senior Vice President, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, at the February 22, 2000, Council Policy Initiative Debate, “Toward an International Criminal Court?” (in Atlanta).

61 Special Activities

Speaker Edwin J. Feulner, President, Heritage Foundation, Speaker Sherrod Brown, Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Ohio), Speaker Carla A. Hills, Chairman and CEO, Hills and Company, Speaker Philip M. Crane, Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Ill.), and Speaker Sander M. Levin, Member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Mich.), at the May 5, 2000, Conference, “China’s Bid for Permanent Normal Trade Relations: A Hearing on the Debate.” Congress and Center for U.S. Foreign Policy Preventive Action Program The Center for Preventive Action has spent the last several years as part of the Studies Department fo- An informed Congress is essential to an effective American cused on assessing efforts at prevention and bringing foreign policy, and an informed congressional staff is essen- various groups involved in this effort together at the tial to an effective Congress. Reaching across party lines, center to exchange information. In its second phase, the Council’s congressional staff roundtables provide a launched in July 2000, the center will move into more forum to discuss major international issues under the operational activities—well short of doing actual ne- Council’s tradition of nonattribution. gotiations. Basically, the center will develop plans to The Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy Program, co- harmonize the contacts and influence of nongovern- chaired by Thomas E. Donilon and Kenneth M. Duber- mental organizations and business with the power of stein, held its seventieth meeting this year. The governments and international organizations, in program continues to provide a neutral setting for key order to make peaceful compromise more appealing congressional staffers from both houses of Congress to to the contending parties than killing. The center will engage in reflective, nonpartisan discussion of Asian then market these plans publicly and to those who politics and security, national security, and international would carry them out. trade and economics. Alton Frye is the Project Director.

62 Meetings Program

• Provides members in New York with the opportunity to exchange ideas with each other and with other influential world leaders. • Brings members together to interact with international and domestic policymakers and opinion shapers, new faces on the international scene, respected experts, and provocative debaters on international affairs and American foreign policy. • Convenes well over 100 programs, including debates, panel discussions, film screenings, author interviews, and single-speaker events. • Spearheads the Council’s Campaign 2000 initiative, including a website (www.foreignpolicy 2000.org) and a series of debates and meetings intended to draw critical foreign policy issues into the presidential campaigns.

he Council’s Meetings Program is the spokespersons for Senator Bill Bradley and Vice Pres- Tquickest, most efficient means of keeping ident Al Gore, a debate on humanitarian interven- members abreast of events all over the tion, a debate on the defense of Taiwan, and a panel world. Members can get a feel for what leaders of of campaign advisers discussing the role of foreign other countries are thinking, for the problems policy- policy in the national election campaign. makers are tackling, for events “on the ground” in This year also marked the launch of two additional areas of conflict, and for the most interesting new new series. First, in Reflections on the Twentieth Cen- scholarship on recent history. tury, the Council paved the way for some very interest- The presidential election year provided a good op- ing looks back over the last 100 years. British historian portunity to launch a serious public discussion of Niall Ferguson talked with Yale’s Paul Kennedy about foreign policy among our country’s presidential can- his provocative new book, The Pity of War, on the ori- didates and political leaders. The country has gone gins of World War I, and veteran Vietnam War re- almost a decade—through and past the Cold War’s porters R.W. Apple Jr., Morley Safer, Stanley Karnow, end—without such a debate. So for this new series, and Frances FitzGerald reflected on America’s first Campaign 2000, the Council formed a distinguished television war. The second series, Science and New bipartisan advisory committee, designed a website Technologies, began with Sun Microsystems’s Chief for online debate and discussion, and held issue-re- Scientist and Corporate Executive Officer Bill Joy lated meetings in the form of debates and panels. warning of the dangers of the emerging technologies: Highlights of these Campaign 2000 meetings have robotics, genetic modification, and nanotechnology; included a national missile defense debate between and a panel with Rockefeller Foundation President Senators Thad Cochran (R-Miss.) and Carl Levin (D- Gordon Conway looking at the challenges and oppor- Mich.), a debate between the foreign policy tunities presented by the growth of biotechnology.

63 Meetings Program

The health of the world economy is an increasingly upheaval in Indonesia, North Korean Foreign Minister important issue—one inextricably bound to security Nam-sun Paek on the internal politics of his country, relationships around the world. The Council hosted and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mo- this year’s Nobel laureate in economics, Robert hamad on the international economy. The region’s se- Mundell, World Bank Chief Economist Joseph E. curity fault lines were discussed by former Defense Stiglitz, outgoing International Monetary Fund Man- Secretary William J. Perry, and Falun Gong explained aging Director Michel Camdessus, and U.S. Treasury its challenge to Beijing’s orthodoxy. Secretary Lawrence H. Summers. U.S. Trade Represen- Balkan economic and political reconstruction, the tative Charlene Barshefsky set out the U.S. trade agen- development of European military capability, and the da, and a panel including New York Times economics launch of the euro were central to much of the Coun- correspondent David Sanger looked back at the Seattle cil’s European focus. “What follows Yeltsin?” was the debacle, the World Trade Organization, and the question on Russia, along with concerns about the war geopolitics of trade. in Chechnya. These developments were discussed by To address questions of future U.S. security, the the Russian, European, and American officials, schol- Council hosted National Security Adviser Samuel R. ars, and reformers closest to their unfolding. Berger, Defense Secretary William S. Cohen, and Sena- The Council hosted CNN’s screening of Christiane tor Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-Del.). In three separate and Amanpour’s documentary film about her return to an lively panels—one with the sitting joint chiefs of staff Iran on the cusp of reform, and in two separate panel and the other two with former chairmen of the joint discussions, experts debated the meaning of Iran’s chiefs and former secretaries of defense—debate cen- parliamentary election results. Palestinian National tered on defense policy and the use of American Authority Chairman Yasir Arafat spoke of prospects power for the 21st century. for a final peace settlement in the Middle East, as did The Council also took hard looks at several of the former Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon. Former new global issues—those without specific regional UNSCOM chief Richard Butler looked at the role of focus that have dramatically increased in importance the Security Council in Iraq. over the last several years. The devastating effects of Latin America’s pressure points—the challenge to civil conflict on children was the subject of a screening civil society in Mexico and Peru and a Colombian of the HBO documentary Children in War and a discus- narco-state at civil war—drew several Council speak- sion led by Ambassador Richard C. Holbrooke and ers this year, including Peru’s presidential hopeful U.N. Special Representative Olara A. Otunnu. Other Alejandro Toledo. meetings were organized to allow a closer look at such This year the focus of the popular Culture and For- issues as the global infectious disease threat and its im- eign Policy lecture was on the rise of Anti-American- plications for national security, the political and moral ism—“America: Cultural Empire or Cultural challenges posed for humanitarian and relief organiza- Wasteland? Does It Matter?”—in which Johns Hop- tions, and an especially brutal manifestation of interna- kins School of Advanced International Studies Profes- tional crime—trafficking in persons. sor Fouad Ajami led a discussion among three And the Meetings Program toured the globe. As the distinguished scholars, including Mexico’s Enrique year began, the world was focused on the worsening Krauze. crises in Asia—a twin missile and nuclear threat from As in past years, the Council continued to experi- North Korea, political upheaval in East Timor, and the ment with new formats, new approaches to “old” is- growing potential for a severe China-Taiwan con- sues, and new ways of grouping issues and ideas so frontation. Those who helped interpret these develop- that they can be seen in fresh ways. ments included New York Times correspondent Patrick Anne R. Luzzatto Tyler on China policy, Nobelist José Ramos-Horta on Vice President, Meetings

64 Meetings Program

CHESTER A. CROCKER Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs RICHARD M. MOOSE Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs “U.S. Policy toward Africa”* PRESIDER: MORA L. MCLEAN ASIA

CHAS. W. FREEMAN JR. Chairman, Projects International, Inc. ARTHUR WALDRON Speaker Richard C. Holbrooke, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and Presider Louis V. Gerstner Jr. at the December Director of Asian Studies, American Enterprise 16, 1999, Meeting, “A Special Briefing by the U.S. Ambassador to Institute for Public Policy Research; Lauder the United Nations.” Professor of International Relations, University of Pennsylvania “If Taiwan Declares Independence and China Reacts with Force, on Whom Should the United Program Highlights States Lean Harder, China or Taiwan?” PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB AFRICA JOHN F. KERRY FREDERICK CHILUBA Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mass.) President, Zambia “U.S.-China Relations: Opportunities and Challenges” JOAQUIM ALBERTO CHISSANO PRESIDER: WINSTON LORD President, Mozambique THE JACOB K. JAVITS MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES JOSÉ EDUARDO DOS SANTOS President, Angola KETUMILE MASIRE Former President, Botswana ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE President, Zimbabwe YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI President, Uganda SALIM AHMED SALIM Secretary-General, Organization of African Unity “U.N. Security Council’s Africa Month”* PRESIDER: RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE

HERMAN J. COHEN Speaker John F. Kerry, Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mass.), and Marian Former Assistant Secretary of State Javits at the March 15, 2000, Jacob K. Javits Memorial Lecture, “U.S.- for African Affairs China Relations: Opportunities and Challenges.”

* Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

65 Meetings Program

“America: Cultural Empire or Cultural Wasteland? Does It Matter?” PRESIDER: FOUAD AJAMI THE SPIELVOGEL/DIAMONSTEIN LECTURE EUROPE

MARTTI AHTISAARI President, Republic of Finland “The Upcoming Russian Elections: Prospects for E.U.- and U.S.-Russian Relations”* PRESIDER: STROBE TALBOTT Speaker Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, and Presider Frank G. Wisner II at the September 28, 1999, Meeting, WESLEY K. CLARK “Surviving the Economic Crisis.” Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Commander in Chief, U.S. European Command “Can NATO Ensure European Security?”* MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD PRESIDER: ROBERT E. HUNTER Prime Minister, Malaysia “Surviving the Economic Crisis”* JOSCHKA FISCHER PRESIDER: FRANK G. WISNER II Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany JOSÉ RAMOS-HORTA “Ten Years after the Fall of the Wall: Prospects Vice President, National Council of Timorese for a Transatlantic Partnership in the 21st Resistance; 1996 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Century”* “The Crisis in East Timor and the Path to Recovery” PRESIDER: HAROLD BROWN PRESIDER: SHEPARD L. FORMAN YEGOR GAIDAR J. STAPLETON ROY Chairman, Democratic Choice of Russia Party; Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Director, Institute for the Economy in Transition Research; former U.S Ambassador to Indonesia “The State of Political and Economic Reforms “Fragile State: The Future of Indonesia” in Russia” PRESIDER: BETTE BAO LORD PRESIDER: PADMA DESAI

CULTURE AND TONY JUDT FOREIGN POLICY Director, Remarque Institute, New York University MARTIN WALKER ENRIQUE KRAUZE Public Policy Scholar, Woodrow Wilson International Editor in Chief, Letras Libres; author, Mexico: Center for Scholars Biography of Power; former Deputy Editor, Vuelta “A New Europe in a New Century?” DENIS LACORNE PRESIDER: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Director of Research, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales; Professor, Institut BERNARD KOUCHNER d’Etudes Politiques de Paris; co-editor, The Rise Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French for the U.N. Interim Administration Mission in Perception Kosovo; Founder, Médecins sans Frontières NICHOLAS PLATT “The Challenge of Kosovo” President, Asia Society; former U.S. Ambassador PRESIDER: REYNOLD LEVY to Pakistan and the Philippines THE DAVID A. MORSE LECTURE

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JOHN MAJOR RICHARD BUTLER Member of Parliament and former Prime Minister, Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign United Kingdom Relations; former Executive Chairman, “A Conversation with John Major”* U.N. Special Commission PRESIDER: HAROLD M. EVANS “Iraq: The Role of the Security Council” PRESIDER: BARBARA CROSSETTE GEORGE ROBERTSON Secretary-General, NATO JOHN L. ESPOSITO “European Defense: The Only Thing to Fear Founding Director, Center for Muslim-Christian Is Fear Itself” Understanding, Georgetown University PRESIDER: ROBERT E. HUNTER BERNARD LEWIS THE RUSSELL C. LEFFINGWELL LECTURE Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Professor Emeritus, Princeton University LATIN AMERICA DANIEL PIPES Director, Middle East Forum; Senior Lecturer, MORRIS BUSBY University of Pennsylvania Former U.S. Ambassador to Colombia; former “Middle East Update: How Much Should the U.S. Special Envoy to Central America United States Worry about Radical Islamism?” RAFAEL PARDO PRESIDER: EDWARD L. MORSE Former Minister of Defense, Colombia FRANCISCO SANTOS BILL RICHARDSON Managing Editor, El Tiempo; founder, País Libre Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy MICHAEL SHEEHAN “Safeguarding America’s Global Energy Interests”* Coordinator for Counterterrorism, PRESIDER: EDWARD L. MORSE U.S. Department of State “Colombia: Walking a Tightrope” NATIONAL DEFENSE PRESIDER: ANA ARANA AND SECURITY

ALBERTO BUSTAMANTE SAMUEL R. BERGER Prime Minister, Peru U.S. National Security Adviser “Stability, Confidence, and Integration with the “American Power: Hegemony, Isolationism, or World: Peru Facing the 21st Century”* Engagement?” PRESIDER: SERGIO J. GALVIS PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB THE ELIHU ROOT LECTURE LUIZ FELIPE LAMPREIA Foreign Minister, Brazil JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR. “Democracy and Stability in South America”* Member, U.S. Senate (D-Del.) PRESIDER: STEPHEN ROBERT “Rebuilding Consensus on U.S. Strategic Doctrine” PRESIDER: RICHARD RAVITCH MIDDLE EAST THE JACOB K. JAVITS MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES

YASIR ARAFAT HAROLD BROWN Chairman, Palestinian National Authority Counselor, Center for Strategic and International “Prospects for Final Settlement of the Palestinian- Studies; former U.S. Secretary of Defense Israeli Conflict”* ROBERT S. MCNAMARA PRESIDER: HENRY SIEGMAN Former U.S. Secretary of Defense

* Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

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Speaker James L. Jones, Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, Speaker Jay L. Johnson, Chief of Naval Operations, U.S. Navy, Presider William J. Crowe, Speaker Michael E. Ryan, Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, and Speaker Eric K. Shinseki, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, at the January 6, 2000, John Train Lecture, the Joint Chiefs of Staff on “U.S. Defense Policy after 2000.”

WILLIAM J. PERRY COLIN L. POWELL Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor, School of U.S. Army (Ret.); Chairman, America’s Promise; Engineering, Stanford University; Senior Fellow, former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Hoover Institution; former U.S. Secretary of Defense JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI CASPAR W. WEINBERGER U.S. Army (Ret.); Visiting Professor, Stanford Chairman, Forbes Inc.; former U.S. Secretary University; former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of of Defense Staff “Defining Defense Priorities”* JOHN W. VESSEY PRESIDER: GARY HART U.S. Army (Ret.); former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff THAD COCHRAN “National Defense Priorities for the Next Member, U.S. Senate (R-Miss.) Administration”* CARL M. LEVIN PRESIDER: DONALD KAGAN Member, U.S. Senate (D-Mich.) “National Missile Defense: Two Perspectives JAY L. JOHNSON from the Senate” Chief of Naval Operations, U.S. Navy PRESIDER: LAWRENCE J. KORB JAMES L. JONES THE JACOB K. JAVITS MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps

WILLIAM S. COHEN Secretary, U.S. Department of Defense “U.S. Defense Priorities: Engagement and Isolationism”* PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON

WILLIAM J. CROWE U.S. Navy (Ret.); Senior Adviser, GlobalOptions; former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff DAVID C. JONES U.S. Air Force (Ret.); former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Daniel Rose and George Soros at the October 21, 1999, Elihu Root Lecture, “American Power: Hegemony, Isolationism, or Engagement?” 68 Meetings Program

MICHAEL E. RYAN “Why Investing in Global Health is Good Politics”* Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force PRESIDER: J. BRIAN ATWOOD ERIC K. SHINSEKI Chief of Staff, U.S. Army FRANK LOY The Joint Chiefs of Staff on Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs “U.S. Defense Policy after 2000” “Trafficking in Women and Children” PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. CROWE PRESIDER: NANE ANNAN THE JOHN TRAIN LECTURE OLARA A. OTUNNU NEW GLOBAL ISSUES Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary- General for Children and Armed Conflict KOFI A. ANNAN Screening of Children in War, an HBO documentary Secretary-General, United Nations by Alan and Susan Raymond “A Conversation with Kofi Annan” PRESIDER: RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE PRESIDER: CHARLIE ROSE ANNUAL DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT REFLECTIONS ON THE

DAVID BLOOM TWENTIETH CENTURY Professor of Economics and Demography, R. W. APPLE JR. Harvard University Chief Correspondent, New York Times RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE STANLEY KARNOW U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations Journalist; author, Vietnam: A History PETER PIOT MORLEY SAFER Executive Director, UNAIDS Co-editor, 60 Minutes; author, Flashbacks: DONNA E. SHALALA On Returning to Vietnam Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human “Vietnam Reporters” Services PRESIDER: FRANCES FITZGERALD SANDRA THURMAN Director, Office of National AIDS Policy NIALL FERGUSON “AIDS: A New Priority for International Security”* Fellow, Jesus College, University of Oxford; author, PRESIDER: JORDAN KASSALOW The Pity of War “The First World War and the Twentieth Century” GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND PRESIDER: PAUL KENNEDY Director-General, World Health Organization

Presider Jessica T. Mathews, Speaker Bill Joy, Chief Scientist and Corporate Execu- tive Officer, Sun Microsystems, Inc., Speaker Joshua Lederberg, President Emeritus, and Sackler Foundation Scholar, Rockefeller University, and Speaker W. Daniel Hillis, Founder, Applied Minds, at the March 13, 2000, Meeting, “Technology and Madness: Three Time Bombs of the 21st Century.”

* Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

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BILL JOY Chief Scientist and Corporate Executive Officer, Sun Microsystems, Inc. JOSHUA LEDERBERG President Emeritus, and Sackler Foundation Scholar, Rockefeller University W. DANIEL HILLIS Founder, Applied Minds “Technology and Madness: Three Time Bombs of the 21st Century” PRESIDER: JESSICA T. MATHEWS

Lee Cullum, Theodore C. Sorensen, and Speaker Bill Richardson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy, at the December 10, 1999, THE WORLD ECONOMY Special Meeting, “Department of Energy Briefing.” CHARLENE BARSHEFSKY U.S. Trade Representative “Seattle and Beyond: The Future of the Global SCIENCE AND Trading System”* NEW TECHNOLOGIES PRESIDER: ROGER M. KUBARYCH

GORDON CONWAY MICHEL CAMDESSUS President, Rockefeller Foundation Managing Director, International Monetary L. VAL GIDDINGS Fund Vice President for Food and Agriculture, “An Agenda for the IMF at the Start of the 21st Biotechnology Industry Organization Century”* MARGARET MELLON PRESIDER: JOAN E. SPERO Agriculture and Biotechnology Program Director, Union of Concerned Scientists GAIL D. FOSLER “Is There a Future for Genetically Engineered Food?” Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, PRESIDER: CHARLIE ROSE The Conference Board

Speaker John P. Lipsky, Chief Economist and Managing Director, Chase Manhattan Corporation, Speaker Gail D. Fosler, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, The Conference Board, Presider Daniel K. Tarullo, and Speaker Bruce Steinberg, Chief Economist, Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., at the October 19, 1999, Meeting, “World Economic Update.”

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JOHN P. LIPSKY U.S. strategic doctrine; Senator Thad Cochran and Chief Economist and Managing Director, Chase Senator Carl M. Levin on national missile defense; and Manhattan Corporation Senator John F. Kerry on U.S.-China relations. DAVID R. MALPASS Chief International Economist, Bear Stearns The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture & Co., Inc. The Russell C. Leffingwell Lecture, inaugurated in BRUCE STEINBERG 1969, was named for a charter member of the Coun- Chief Economist, Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. cil on Foreign Relations who served as its president “World Economic Update” from 1944 to 1946 and as its chairman from 1946 to PRESIDER: DANIEL K. TARULLO 1953. This lecture invites a distinguished foreign official JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ to address Council members on a topic of major in- Economic Adviser, World Bank; Professor of ternational significance. This year the Leffingwell Economics, Stanford University; former Senior lecturer was Lord George Robertson, secretary-gen- Vice President and Chief Economist, World Bank eral of NATO. “Can the Washington Consensus Ensure a Fairer Marketplace?” The David A. Morse Lecture PRESIDER: JEFFREY E. GARTEN The David A. Morse Lecture was inaugurated in 1994 and supports an annual meeting and dinner with a LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS distinguished speaker. It honors the memory of Secretary, U.S. Department of the Treasury David A. Morse, an active Council member for near- “The Right Priorities for International ly thirty years, a lawyer, a public servant, and an in- Development”* ternationalist. PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON This lecture invites speakers to focus on one of David Morse’s many concerns, which included JEAN-CLAUDE TRICHET North-South relations, human rights, international or- Governor, Banque de France; member, Governing ganizations and labor, conflict resolution, and U.S. re- Council, European Central Bank lations with Asia. Bernard Kouchner, special “The Euro after 15 Months”* representative of the secretary-general for the U.N. PRESIDER: ALAN S. BLINDER Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo and founder of Médecins sans Frontières, delivered the Morse Lecture this year. Lectureships The David Rockefeller Lecture The Jacob K. Javits Memorial Lecture Series The David Rockefeller Lecture was endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1985 for an annual African The Jacob K. Javits Memorial Lecture Series was in- lecturer from either the governmental or nongovern- augurated in 1999 in honor of Senator Javits, who mental sector. No David Rockefeller Lecture was de- served as New York’s senator from 1957 to 1981 and livered in 1999–2000. was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. The series is supported by a gift from the Jacob K. Javits Foundation. The Elihu Root Lecture The Elihu Root Lecture was inaugurated in 1958 to This lecture invites leading congressional thinkers honor Elihu Root, a founder of the Council on Foreign on U.S. foreign policy to the Council. The 1999–2000 Relations who served as its honorary president from Javits lecturers were Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr. on 1921 to 1937.

* Meeting endowed by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.

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and Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel, this annual meeting focuses on culture and foreign policy. The series is dedicated to expanding the understanding of culture in society’s political conduct and the impact of currents in religion, civil society, the arts, and the mass media on foreign policy. This year’s lecture included speakers Fouad Ajami, M. Khadduri professor of Middle Eastern studies, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity School of Advanced International Studies; Enrique Krauze, editor in chief, Letras Libres; Denis Lacorne, director of research, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, and professor, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris; and Nicholas Platt, president, Asia Society, who all addressed the question “America: Cultural Empire or Cultural Waste- land? Does It Matter?”

Anne R. Luzzatto, Nancy Bodurtha, Stacey Malacos, and Speaker Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, at the December The John Train Lecture 20, 1999, Annual Daughters and Sons Event, “A Conversation with The John Train Lecture and dinner was established in Kofi Annan.” 1997. Funded by Council member John Train, the series focuses on new issues in military affairs and the This lecture invites a distinguished American to re- future of the U.S. military. This year’s John Train Lec- flect on his or her professional experience and how it ture featured the joint chiefs of staff, who discussed applies to contemporary American foreign policymak- defense policy for the 21st century. ing. Samuel R. Berger, U.S. national security adviser, delivered the Elihu Root Lecture this year. The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United Nations The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United Na- tions was established in 1996 by Theodore C. Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Martin Sorensen, and to com- memorate her years of service to the United Nations. This lecture invites speakers intimately involved with the workings and issues of the United Nations to address Council members. No Sorensen Distinguished Lec- ture on the United Nations was delivered in 1999–2000.

The Spielvogel/Diamonstein Lecture Speaker Colin L. Powell, Chairman, America’s Promise, Bette Bao The Spielvogel/Diamonstein Lecture was inaugurat- Lord, and Winston Lord at the March 9, 2000, Meeting, “National ed in 1999. Supported by a gift from Carl Spielvogel Defense Priorities for the Next Administration.”

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• Supports a membership and meetings program on a par with that of New York. • Holds over 100 meetings a year, including general meetings, targeted-audience discussions, and Middle East Forum sessions. • Conducts Campaign 2000, Eyewitness to History, Conversations with the Former Secretaries of State, Author Spotlight, Capitol Commentary, and Western Hemisphere: Challenges and Opportunities series. • Features heads of state and foreign officials from all over the world, and congressional leaders from both sides of the aisle. • Sponsors conferences on topics such as the Baltics, Belarus, China/WTO, and Panama.

ome of the most popular programs this Another highlight this year was the Campaign 2000 Syear featured revealing insights into the series—informed debates and serious discussions on thinking of former secretaries of state, di- key foreign policy issues in the U.S. presidential cam- rectors of central intelligence (DCIs), and assistant sec- paign. Meetings in the series considered such topics as retaries of state for inter-American affairs. Former “What’s Worth Fighting and Dying For?” “Foreign Poli- Secretaries James A. Baker III, Lawrence S. Eagleburg- cy and Public Opinion,” and “A View from Abroad.” er, and Henry A. Kissinger were interviewed separate- Members acclaimed the mock National Security ly in a conversational format with CNN’s Frank Council (NSC) meeting on China-Taiwan Cross-Strait Sesno. These exchanges covered current events as well Relations, a session in which Council President Leslie as various historical retrospectives. Former DCIs H. Gelb played the role of secretary of state, Winston Richard Helms, James R. Schlesinger, William H. Web- Lord was national security adviser, and Richard Ar- ster, R. James Woolsey, and John Deutch came togeth- mitage was secretary of defense. This realistic meet- er in a first-ever meeting to reflect on the role of ing, involving participants with extensive government intelligence in the development and execution of experience, gave members a rare window into the American foreign policy. This meeting was made pos- NSC decision-making process. sible by Council member Kenneth A. Moskow, a for- Other subjects covered in this year’s program in- mer CIA employee. And in another first, former cluded U.S.-China relations, the World Trade Organi- assistant secretaries of state for inter-American affairs, zation, and Russia’s presidential elections. The two from Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1966–67) to “Daughters and Sons Events” featured current DCI Bernard W. Aronson (1989–93), and also including in- George J. Tenet speaking about post–Cold War chal- cumbent Peter F. Romero, discussed the evolution of lenges for the intelligence community and Reverend U.S. policies toward Latin America and economic and Jesse L. Jackson Sr. offering his views on the 2000 pres- political trends in the region. idential campaign.

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The intimate embassy lunches continued to be wel- TERENCE A. TODMAN comed by members as a unique opportunity to en- President, Todman & Associates; former Assistant gage foreign ambassadors in discussions on important Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, U.S. Depart- foreign policy and trade issues in a relaxed and infor- ment of State mal setting. Participating embassies this year included VIRON P. VAKY Argentina, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Egypt, Estonia, Senior Fellow, Inter-American Dialogue; former Finland, Hungary, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, South Africa, and Venezuela. U.S. Department of State All in all, it was a vibrant and dynamic year, filled “Western Hemisphere Affairs and Opportunities with exciting substantive discussions about pivotal in 2000” foreign policy issues for the new century. PRESIDERS: PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY AND PETER HAKIM (COSPONSORED WITH INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE) Paula J. Dobriansky Vice President and Washington Director FRANCISCO XAVIER AGUIRRE SACASA Ambassador of Nicaragua to the United States RUBENS ANTONIO BARBOSA Program Highlights Ambassador of Brazil to the United States RICHARD L. BERNAL DAVID L. AARON Ambassador of Jamaica to the United States Undersecretary for International Trade, MARLENE FERNANDEZ U.S. Department of Commerce Ambassador of Bolivia to the United States “The U.S. Trade Agenda After Seattle” GUILLERMO ENRIQUE GONZÁLEZ PRESIDER: SUSAN C. SCHWAB Ambassador of Argentina to the United States

ELLIOTT ABRAMS President, Ethics and Public Policy Center; former Assistant Secretary for Inter-Ameri- can Affairs, U.S. Department of State BERNARD W. ARONSON Managing Partner, ACON Investments; former Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, U.S. Department of State LINCOLN GORDON Guest Scholar, Brookings Institution; former Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, U.S. Department of State WILLIAM D. ROGERS Vice Chairman, Kissinger Associates; Senior Partner, Arnold & Porter; former Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, U.S. Department of State PETER F. ROMERO Acting Assistant Secretary for Western Hemisphere Affairs, U.S. Department of State HARRY W. SHLAUDEMAN Speaker Yasir Arafat, Chairman, Palestinian National Authority, Judith Kipper, Former Assistant Secretary for Inter-Ameri- and Presider Lee H. Hamilton at the January 20, 2000, Middle East Forum, can Affairs, U.S. Department of State “Palestinian Perspective on Peace.”

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Charles McC. Mathias Jr., Speaker James A. Baker III, Senior Partner, Baker & Botts, and Presider Frank W. Sesno at the January 31, 2000, Meeting, “Former Secretaries of State Series.”

LUIS ALBERTO MORENO JAMES A. BAKER III Ambassador of Colombia to the United States Senior Partner, Baker & Botts; former ALFREDO TORO HARDY U.S. Secretary of State Ambassador of Venezuela to the United States “Former Secretaries of State Series” “Western Hemisphere Affairs and Opportunities PRESIDER: FRANK W. SESNO in 2000: A View from Abroad” PRESIDERS: PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY AND PETER HAKIM DOUGLAS K. BEREUTER (COSPONSORED WITH INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE) Member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Neb.) JEREMY D. ROSNER YASIR ARAFAT Vice President, Greenberg Quinlan Research Chairman, Palestinian National Authority DOV S. ZAKHEIM “Palestinian Perspective on Peace” CEO, SPC International PRESIDER: LEE H. HAMILTON “The Congressional Role in Making Foreign (MIDDLE EAST FORUM) Policy” PRESIDER: ALTON FRYE RICHARD ARMITAGE President, Armitage Associates; former Assistant SAMUEL R. BERGER Secretary of Defense for International Security U.S. National Security Adviser Affairs “Winning the Peace in Kosovo” THOMAS E. DONILON PRESIDER: CHUCK HAGEL Senior Vice President, Fannie Mae Corporation; former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR. RONALD R. FOGLEMAN Member, U.S. Senate (D-Del.) U.S. Air Force (Ret.); former Chief of Staff, U.S. Air “U.S.-Russia Relations and the Prospects for Arms Force Control” LESLIE H. GELB PRESIDER: DON OBERDORFER President, Council on Foreign Relations SANDRA J. KRISTOFF DENNIS C. BLAIR Senior Vice President, New York Life International, Admiral, U.S. Navy; Commander in Chief, Inc.; former Assistant to the President and Senior U.S. Pacific Command Director for Asian Affairs, National Security Council “U.S. Security Challenges in the “Mock NSC Meeting: Crisis over Taiwan” Pacific Rim” PRESIDER: WINSTON LORD PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. CROWE JR.

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TONY BLANKLEY Panelist, McLaughlin Group; former Press Secretary, Office of the Speaker of the House of Representatives TED GALEN CARPENTER Vice President for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies, Cato Institute CAROL MUTTER Member, National Advisory Board of the Alliance for National Defense RON SILVER Actor; Chairman, NYC 2000, Office of the Mayor of New York City R. JAMES WOOLSEY Presider Jane Harman and Speaker Christopher Cox, Member, U.S. House of Representatives Partner, Shea & Gardner; former (R-Calif.), at the October 4, 1999, Meeting, “The Effects of Chinese Nuclear Espionage on Director, Central Intelligence U.S. National Security.” “What’s Worth Fighting and Dying For?” PRESIDER: FAREED ZAKARIA

RICHARD BUTLER RICHARD HELMS Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign Relations; Former Director of Central Intelligence former Executive Chairman, U.N. Special JAMES R. SCHLESINGER Commission Senior Adviser, Lehman Brothers; former “Iraq: The Role of the Security Council” Director of Central Intelligence PRESIDER: JUDITH KIPPER WILLIAM H. WEBSTER Partner, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy; JAMES FRANKLIN COLLINS former Director of Central Intelligence U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation R. JAMES WOOLSEY “The New Russian Leadership and U.S.-Russia Partner, Shea & Gardner; former Director of Relations” Central Intelligence PRESIDER: BRENT SCOWCROFT “A Conversation with the Former Directors of Central Intelligence” PAUL D. COVERDELL PRESIDER: LESLIE H. GELB Member, U.S. Senate (R-Ga.) “A New Vision for the Western Hemisphere: LINDA DIVALL Policy Priorities toward Latin America” President, American Viewpoint; Republican pollster PRESIDER: PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY CELINDA LAKE President, Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates; CHRISTOPHER COX Democratic pollster Member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Calif.) “Campaign 2000: Canvassing Public Opinion” “The Effects of Chinese Nuclear Espionage on U.S. PRESIDER: TARA DIANE SONENSHINE National Security” PRESIDER: JANE HARMAN LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER Senior Foreign Policy Adviser, Baker, Donelson, JOHN M. DEUTCH Bearman & Caldwell; former U.S. Secretary of Institute Professor, Department of Chemistry, State Massachusetts Institute of Technology; former “Former Secretaries of State Series” Director of Central Intelligence PRESIDER: FRANK W. SESNO

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Presider Leslie H. Gelb, Speaker Richard Helms, Speaker James R. Schlesinger, Senior Adviser, Lehman Brothers, Kenneth A. Moskow, Speaker William H. Webster, Partner, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, Speaker R. James Woolsey, Partner, Shea & Gardner, and Speaker John M. Deutch, Institute Professor, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at the February 23, 2000, Meeting, “A Conversation with the Former Directors of Central Intelligence.”

MORRIS GOLDSTEIN LI ZHAOXING Dennis Weatherstone Senior Fellow in International Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China Finance, Institute for International Economics to the United States CARLA A. HILLS “U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century” Chairman and CEO, Hills and Company PRESIDER: PETER W. RODMAN PETER G. PETERSON Chairman, Blackstone Group; Chairman, KLAUS NAUMANN Council on Foreign Relations Managing Director for Europe, Teledesic; former “The Future International Financial Architecture” Chairman, North Atlantic Military Committee, NATO “Lessons Learned from Kosovo” JOHN HAMRE PRESIDER: CHARLES GRAHAM BOYD Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of Defense “The Case for Homeland Defense” PRESIDER: WILLIAM H. TAFT IV

JESSE L. JACKSON President and Founder, Rainbow/PUSH Coalition; President and Secretary of State’s Special Envoy for the Promotion of Democracy and Human Rights in Africa “U.S. Foreign Policy and a Presidential Campaign” PRESIDER:NANCY H. RUBIN DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT

HENRY A. KISSINGER Chairman, Kissinger Associates; former U.S. Secretary of State Speaker Li Zhaoxing, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to “Former Secretaries of State Series” the United States, at the December 8, 1999, Meeting, “U.S.-China Re- PRESIDER: FRANK W. SESNO lations in the 21st Century.”

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STROBE TALBOTT Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State “The Future of U.S.-Russia Relations after Yeltsin” PRESIDER: WILLIAM G. HYLAND

GEORGE J. TENET Director of Central Intelligence “U.S. Intelligence on the Eve of the 21st Century” PRESIDER: WARREN B. RUDMAN DAUGHTERS AND SONS EVENT

VAIRA VIKE-FREIBERGA President, Republic of Latvia Presider Warren B. Rudman, Paula J. Dobriansky, and Speaker “A New Latvia in a New Europe” George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, at the December 16, PRESIDERS: PATRICIA ELLIS AND DAVID J. KRAMER 1999, Daughters and Sons Event, “U.S. Intelligence on the Eve of the (COSPONSORED WITH THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTER- 21st Century.” NATIONAL PEACE AND THE WOMEN’S FOREIGN POLICY GROUP) Eyewitness to History Series ROBERT L. MALLETT RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations “America’s Economic Interests in Africa” “As Yugoslavia Disintegrated: Reflections on and PRESIDER: GEORGE ALBERT DALLEY Prescriptions for U.S. Policy toward Bosnia and Kosovo” NADEZHDA MIHAILOVA PRESIDER: LESTER M. CRYSTAL Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bulgaria “Bulgaria’s Role in the Future of Southeastern GEORGE J. MITCHELL Europe” Special Counsel, Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, PRESIDER: AVIS T. BOHLEN McPherson & Hand; Chairman of the Multi-Party (COSPONSORED WITH THE ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM) Talks for the Northern Ireland Peace Accords; former Member, U.S. Senate MIKE MOORE “The Challenges of Being a Peacemaker” Director-General, World Trade Organization PRESIDER:ALTON FRYE “Challenges for the Global Trading System in the New Millennium” ROBERT S. STRAUSS PRESIDER: PETER S. WATSON Partner, Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld LLP; former U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union WENDY R. SHERMAN “Mikhail Gorbachev’s Farewell Address: Counselor, U.S. Department of State The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Impact “U.S. Policy toward North Korea” on Superpower Relations” PRESIDER: DOUGLAS K. BEREUTER PRESIDER: DIMITRI K. SIMES

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• Engages members outside of New York and Washington in discussions on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy. • Holds Council studies seminars, task forces, and policy debates in ten key U.S. cities—San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Atlanta, Dallas–Fort Worth, Miami, Seattle, Boston, and Minneapolis. • Provides a forum for members to contribute their expertise and knowledge to the Council’s intellectual work directly and via videoconferencing and the Internet.

ne of the Council’s institutional priorities, • The first regional working group. Based in San Fran- Othe National Program engages members cisco, the Working Group on Colombia was linked outside of New York and Washington in to the Council and Inter-American Dialogue–spon- discussions on international affairs and provides a sored Independent Task Force on Colombia to forum for foreign policy problems to be worked bring the West Coast perspective to the delibera- through in nontraditional and innovative ways. tions. Council and task force member Mathea Falco Intimate foreign policy dinner seminars, featuring chaired the sessions and conveyed the working Council Senior Fellows and their research, are the cor- group’s views to the task force. nerstone of the National Program. These conversa- • The first national Campaign 2000 series. Debates and tions provide Fellows valuable feedback on their meetings, launched by Council President Leslie H. research projects and take place in ten key U.S. cities. Gelb, extended the Campaign 2000 series offered in Technology is a key element of the National Pro- New York and Washington to encourage a nation- gram—linking members from coast to coast for a truly wide discussion on America’s foreign policy during national conversation through the regular use of video- the presidential campaign. conferencing and the Internet. • The first videoconferenced study group. Led by Council The June National Conference is the premier event of member and Baker Institute Director Edward P. the National Program—convening members from across Djerejian in Houston and Council Fellow Rachel the country in New York to discuss current foreign policy Bronson in New York, the Council and the James A. questions with leaders from business, government, non- Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice Universi- governmental organizations, the media, and academia. ty connected the two cities for interactive sessions The National Program moved into the new centu- on U.S. security policy in the Persian Gulf. ry with remarkable growth—bringing together more • The first online national study group. Council Fellow national members than ever before. This was a year Stephen E. Flynn integrated a national dialogue on of “firsts”: the Internet with face-to-face sessions on globaliza-

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tion and the future of border control in Washing- and Morris Goldstein in New York for a videoconfer- ton, Miami, Houston, and Los Angeles. enced meeting on the future international financial • The first live webcast general meeting. Secretary of Ener- architecture. gy Bill Richardson discussed U.S. policy on energy The fifth annual National Conference brought more and answered questions from around the country. than 200 national members to New York on June 9 and • The first videos on the public and members’ websites. 10 to discuss “U.S. Foreign Policy in Campaign 2000: Videos of general meetings with world leaders, gov- Focusing the Debate.” The turnout—the largest to ernment officials, and experts included Yasir Arafat, date—ended the year on a high note as participants John Major, Samuel R. Berger, and Condoleezza Rice. talked with policymakers, scholars, business leaders, • The first series of interactive conference calls. Through and journalists about foreign policy in the next admin- the Corporate Program, national members were able istration. A mock National Security Council meeting to have extended conversations from their homes led by Winston Lord provided an inside look at how and offices with Council Fellows in their areas of ex- the inner circle of the White House formulates policy pertise—from David G. Victor on global warming to recommendations for the president. Jerome A. Cohen on the Taiwan elections. The foreign policy dinner seminars, the increased use of videoconferencing and the Internet, and the The Council continued to work with its Western National Conference are at the heart of the National partner, the Pacific Council on International Policy, and Program. With the expansion of events and advances with local foreign policy organizations elsewhere to in technology, the National Program is bringing even hold Council foreign policy dinner seminars. In addi- more members and community leaders together for tion, the National Program cooperated with the leading serious and sustained conversations on pressing for- law schools in Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago to stage eign policy issues of the day—and laying the founda- Council Policy Initiative debates on the pros and cons tion for a dynamic future for the Council nationwide. of establishing an International Criminal Court. Pushing ahead with the technological innovations Irina A. Faskianos Michael P. Peters launched last year, the National Program videocon- Deputy National Director National Director ferenced key U.S. cities with New York for study group sessions and larger meetings. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry spoke from Menlo Park, National Conference California, to members there and in New York on the transnationalization of the defense industry. Mem- “U.S. Foreign Policy in Campaign 2000: Focusing bers gathered with Laura D’Andrea Tyson in San the Debate” Francisco and with Peter G. Peterson, Paul A. Volcker, HAROLD BROWN Partner, Warburg, Pincus & Co. LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER Senior Foreign Policy Adviser, Baker, Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell “What Foreign Policy Problems Need Urgent Solutions?” PRESIDER: GERALD M. LEVIN

RICHARD BUTLER Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign Relations RICHARD N. PERLE Speaker Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Senior Foreign Policy Adviser, Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute for Baker, Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell, Presider Gerald M. Levin, and Public Policy Research Speaker Harold Brown, Partner, Warburg, Pincus & Co., at the June “Is Regime Change Essential to Our Strategy National Conference Plenary Session, “What Foreign Policy Problems toward Iraq?” Need Urgent Solutions?” PRESIDER: EDWARD P. D JEREJIAN

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Speaker David R. Gergen, Contributor, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Speaker Kurt M. Campbell, Michael P. Peters, Helene D. Gayle, and Senior Vice President and Director, International Security Program, CSIS, Presider Winston Lord, Kathleen B. Cooper at the June National Speaker John M. Deutch, Institute Professor, MIT, Speaker David L. Aaron, Senior International Conference, “U.S. Foreign Policy in Adviser, Dorsey & Whitney, and Speaker Charles R. Larson, USN (Ret.), former CINCPAC, at the Campaign 2000: Focusing the Debate.” June National Conference Plenary Session, “Mock National Security Council Meeting on Taiwan.”

THOMAS E. DONILON DAVID L. AARON Executive Vice President, Law and Policy, Fannie Mae Senior International Adviser, Dorsey & Whitney JESSICA T. MATHEWS In the role of Secretary of State President, Carnegie Endowment for International KURT M. CAMPBELL Peace Senior Vice President and Director, International WARREN B. RUDMAN Security Program, Center for Strategic and Partner, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison International Studies DOV S. ZAKHEIM In the role of Secretary of Defense CEO, SPC International Corporation JOHN M. DEUTCH “Can Any Administration—Republican or Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Democrat—Make and Carry Out a Coherent and Technology Effective Foreign Policy?” In the role of Director of Central Intelligence PRESIDER: BRIAN WILLIAMS DAVID R. GERGEN Editor-at-Large, U.S. News & World Report; THOMAS GRAHAM JR. Contributor, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer President, Lawyers Alliance for World Security In the role of White House Political Adviser STEPHEN J. HADLEY CHARLES R. LARSON Partner, Shea & Gardner U.S. Navy (Ret.); former Commander in Chief, “Should the United States Deploy a National U.S. Pacific Command Missile Defense?” In the role of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff PRESIDER: JAMES F. HOGE JR. WINSTON LORD Co-chairman, International Rescue Committee GRAHAM T. ALLISON Presiding in the role of National Security Council Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Adviser Affairs, Harvard University “Mock National Security Council Meeting on ROBERT B. ZOELLICK Taiwan” Fellow, German Marshall Fund of the United States “What Should the U.S. Foreign Policy Priorities Be? Who—Bush or Gore—Will Handle Them Better and Why?” PRESIDER: LEE CULLUM

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National Program PAT CHOATE Events Chairman, Reform Party BRUCE STOKES Atlanta Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: Trade, Council on Foreign Relations JOHN R. BOLTON “Roundtable on Democratizing U.S. Trade Policy” Senior Vice President, American Enterprise Institute CHAIR: RAYMOND D. HILL for Public Policy Research (COSPONSORED WITH THE SAM NUNN SCHOOL OF INTER- KENNETH ROTH NATIONAL AFFAIRS AT GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Executive Director, Human Rights Watch AND THE ROBERTO C. GOIZUETA BUSINESS SCHOOL AT “Council Policy Initiative: Toward an International EMORY UNIVERSITY) Criminal Court?” PRESIDER: GRIFFIN BELL Boston (COSPONSORED WITH THE HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAM AT JOHN R. BOLTON EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW; THE CLAUS M. HALLE Senior Vice President, American Enterprise Institute INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL LEARNING AT EMORY UNIVERSITY; AND for Public Policy Research THE SAM NUNN SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT RUTH WEDGWOOD GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY) Senior Fellow for International Organizations and JIMMY CARTER Law, Council on Foreign Relations Chairman, The Carter Center “Council Policy Initiative: Toward an International LEE HONG-KOO Criminal Court?” Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the PRESIDER: ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER United States (COSPONSORED WITH THE HARVARD LAW SCHOOL GRADUATE JAMES T. LANEY PROGRAM; CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY AT THE Former U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Korea KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE HARVARD LAW “Campaign 2000 Series: North Korea and Security SCHOOL HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY; AND THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES) on the Korean Peninsula” PRESIDER: EASON T. JORDAN (COSPONSORED WITH THE CLAUS M. HALLE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL LEARNING AT EMORY UNIVERSITY; THE SAM NUNN SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE; CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY; MOREHOUSE COLLEGE; AND SPELMAN COLLEGE)

Presider Brian Williams, Speaker Dov S. Zakheim, CEO, SPC International Corporation, Speaker Thomas E. Donilon, Executive Vice President, Law and Policy, Fannie Mae, Speaker Jessica T. Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Speaker Warren B. Rudman, Partner, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, at the June National Conference Plenary Session, “Can Any Administration—Republican or Democrat— Make and Carry Out a Coherent and Effective Foreign Policy?”

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Chicago PAUL SIMON Director, Public Policy Institute, Southern Illinois JOHN R. BOLTON University, Carbondale Senior Vice President, American Enterprise Institute RICHARD SALISBURY WILLIAMSON for Public Policy Research Partner, Mayer, Brown & Platt KENNETH ROTH “Campaign 2000 Series: Democracy or Balance Executive Director, Human Rights Watch of Power: Which Should Take Precedence in U.S. “Council Policy Initiative: Toward an International Foreign Policy?” Criminal Court?” PRESIDER: JEROME MCDONNELL RESIDER OHN CHMIDT P : J R. S (ALL SIX MEETINGS COSPONSORED WITH THE CHICAGO OSPONSORED WITH THE HICAGO OUNCIL ON OREIGN (C C C F COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS) RELATIONS AND THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW) Dallas LESLIE H. GELB RICHARD BUTLER President, Council on Foreign Relations Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign Relations JOHN J. MEARSHEIMER “Roundtable on Dealing with Rogue States” R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service CHAIR: PHILIP O’BRYAN MONTGOMERY III Professor, University of Chicago “Campaign 2000 Series: What’s Worth Fighting ROGER M. KUBARYCH and Dying For?” Henry Kaufman Senior Fellow in International PRESIDER: JOHN E. RIELLY Economics & Finance, Council on Foreign Relations “Roundtable on ‘Is There Light at the End of the JEAN-MARIE GUÉHENNO Tunnel for Japan?’” Chief Auditor, Department of Defense at the Cour CHAIR: STEPHEN M. CHIPMAN des Comptes, France ROBERT A. MANNING STEFANO SILVESTRI C.V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director, Asia Studies, Vice President, International Affairs Institute, Italy Council on Foreign Relations “Roundtable on Perspectives on European Security” “Study Group on Asian Energy-Security” PRESIDER: JOHN E. RIELLY CHAIR: WILLIAM E. HALE (ALL THREE MEETINGS COSPONSORED WITH THE DALLAS RICHARD W. MURPHY COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS) Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow and Director, Middle East Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Houston GIDEON ROSE Olin Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for National RACHEL BRONSON (NEW YORK) Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Olin Fellow, National Security Studies, Council on “Study Group on a New Security Structure for Foreign Relations the Middle East” “Videoconferenced Study Group on U.S. Security CHAIR: JOHN E. RIELLY Policy in the Persian Gulf” First Session: “Containment: Can and Should It Be SASKIA SASSEN Sustained?” Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago Second Session: “The U.S. Military in the Persian “Roundtable on Chicago as a Global City” Gulf—Postured for Success?” DISCUSSANT: RICHARD C. LONGWORTH Third Session: “A Static U.S. Policy toward a CHAIR: JOHN E. RIELLY Changing Persian Gulf” CHAIR: EDWARD P. D JEREJIAN (HOUSTON) (COSPONSORED WITH THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY)

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STEPHEN E. FLYNN Senior Fellow, National Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations “Online Study Group on Globalization and the Future of Border Control” CHAIR: AMBLER H. MOSS JR. (BOTH MEETINGS COSPONSORED WITH THE DANTE B. FASCELL NORTH-SOUTH CENTER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI) Minneapolis MICHAEL J. GREEN Olin Senior Fellow, Asia Security Studies, Council Chair Edward P. Djerejian on screen at the March 21, 2000, Video- on Foreign Relations conferenced Study Group on U.S. Security Policy in the Persian Gulf “Study Group on Japanese Foreign Policy and (between Houston and New York). U.S. Interests in Asia” DISCUSSANT: WALTER F. MONDALE CHAIR: KENNETH H. KELLER STEPHEN E. FLYNN Senior Fellow, National Security, Council on ANN R. MARKUSEN (MINNEAPOLIS) Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, Industrial Policy, Council on “Online Study Group on Globalization and the Foreign Relations Future of Border Control” LEE FEINSTEIN (NEW YORK) CHAIR: RICHARD J. STOLL Principal Deputy Director, Policy Planning Staff, (COSPONSORED WITH THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE U.S. Department of State FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY) LORA LUMPE (NEW YORK) Consultant, International Peace Research Institute RICHARD BUTLER “Videoconferenced Study Group on the Arms Trade Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign and Transnationalization of the Defense Industry” Relations CHAIR: KENNETH H. KELLER (MINNEAPOLIS) “Roundtable on Dealing with Rogue States” CHAIR: RICHARD RAVITCH (NEW YORK) CHAIR: JOSEPH MCFADDEN (BOTH MEETINGS COSPONSORED WITH THE HUBERT H. HUMPHREY INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA) BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: Trade, Council on Foreign Relations “Roundtable on Democratizing U.S. Trade Policy” CHAIR: EWELL E. MURPHY JR. (BOTH MEETINGS COSPONSORED WITH THE HOUSTON COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS) Miami MAURICE A. FERRÉ Former Mayor of Miami PETER HAKIM President, Inter-American Dialogue “Campaign 2000 Series: U.S. Foreign Policy Speaker Maurice A. Ferré, former Mayor of Miami, Presider Hodding Carter III, and Speaker Peter Hakim, President, Inter-American Dialogue, toward Latin America” at the February 15, 2000, Campaign 2000 Debate, “U.S. Foreign Policy PRESIDER: HODDING CARTER III toward Latin America” (in Miami).

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BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economics Studies: Trade, Council on Foreign Relations “Study Group on a New Paradigm for U.S.-Japan Economic Relations” DISCUSSANT: ROBERT M. URIU; CHAIR: DEBBIE LEILANI SHON Menlo Park WILLIAM J. PERRY (MENLO PARK) Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor, Stanford Bill Kahel and Speaker Bruce Stokes, Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: Trade, Council on Foreign Relations, at the September 14, 1999, Study University; Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution Group on a New Paradigm for U.S.-Japan Economic Relations (in Los “Videoconferenced Study Group on the Arms Trade Angeles). and the Transnationalization of the Defense Industry” DISCUSSANT: JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI (MENLO PARK) CHAIR: ANN R. MARKUSEN (MENLO PARK) Los Angeles HOST: SHARON I. MEERS (MENLO PARK) CHAIR: RICHARD RAVITCH (NEW YORK) RICHARD BUTLER Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign Relations San Diego “Roundtable on Rogue States“ CHAIR:GREGORY F. TREVERTON LESLIE H. GELB President, Council on Foreign Relations STEPHEN E. FLYNN “Campaign 2000 Series: Are We Crazy to Expect a Senior Fellow, National Security, Council on Serious Foreign Policy Debate?” Foreign Relations PRESIDER: MILES KAHLER “Online Study Group on Globalization and the (COSPONSORED WITH THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTER- Future of Border Control” NATIONAL RELATIONS AND PACIFIC STUDIES AT THE CHAIR: JUDITH HICKS STIEHM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO; AND PCIP) LESLIE H. GELB San Francisco President, Council on Foreign Relations RICHARD K. BETTS RICHARD V. ALLEN Senior Fellow and Director, National Security Chairman, Richard V. Allen Co. Studies, Council on Foreign Relations “Campaign 2000 Series: What’s Worth Fighting “Study Group on Assessing the Future of Chinese and Dying For?” Power” PRESIDER: RONALD L. OLSON CHAIR: ROBERT A. THELEEN RADHA KUMAR Fellow, Peace and Conflict, Council on Foreign Relations “Study Group on Ethnic Conflict, Partition, and Postconflict Reconstruction” CHAIR: EDWIN BACON

WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations “Campaign 2000 Series: A Look at U.S. Foreign John E. Rielly, Chair Garrick Utley, Roy M. Huffington, and Juan M. Garcia-Passalacqua at the June National Conference Discussion Policy on the Eve of the California Primary” Group, “Was the Clinton Administration a Success or a Failure in CHAIR: STANLEY K. SHEINBAUM U.S. Foreign Policy?”

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PAT CHOATE “Videoconferenced General Meeting on the Future Chairman, Reform Party International Financial Architecture” BRUCE STOKES PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON (NEW YORK) Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: Trade, Council on Foreign Relations MICHAEL J. GREEN “Roundtable on Democratizing U.S. Trade Policy” Olin Senior Fellow, Asia Security Studies, Council CHAIR: STEPHEN S. COHEN on Foreign Relations “Study Group on Japanese Foreign Policy and U.S. MATHEA FALCO Interests in Asia” President, Drug Strategies CHAIR: CHRISTOPHER J. SIGUR First Session: MICHAEL SHIFTER Senior Fellow and Program Director, Inter-American LAWRENCE J. KORB Dialogue Vice President, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, and Second Session: LINDA ROBINSON Director of Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Latin America Bureau Chief, U.S. News & World Report CHARLES A. KUPCHAN LUIS FERNANDO RAMÍREZ ACUÑA Senior Fellow and Director, Europe Studies, Minister of Defense, Colombia Council on Foreign Relations Third Session: THOMAS A. MARKS “Study Group on Contending Visions of Inter- Professor, Academy of the Pacific in Honolulu national Order” “Working Group on Colombia” CHAIR: PETER TARNOFF HOST: GEORGE H. SHENK Seattle LESLIE H. GELB President, Council on Foreign Relations JAMES ELLES “Campaign 2000 Series: Are We Crazy to Expect a Member, European Parliament Serious Foreign Policy Debate?” BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economic Studies: Trade, Council PRESIDER: JANE M. WALES on Foreign Relations MORRIS GOLDSTEIN (NEW YORK) “Roundtable on the WTO and the Future of World Dennis Weatherstone Senior Fellow in International Trade” Finance, Institute for International Economics CHAIR AND HOST: DAVID K. Y. TANG GEORGE J.W. GOODMAN (NEW YORK) Chairman and CEO, Adam Smith Global Television LESLIE H. GELB LAURA D’ANDREA TYSON (SAN FRANCISCO) President, Council on Foreign Relations BankAmerica Dean, Haas School of Business, “Campaign 2000 Series: Are We Crazy to Expect a University of California, Berkeley Serious Foreign Policy Debate?” PAUL A. VOLCKER (NEW YORK) CHAIR AND HOST: DAVID K.Y. TANG Henry Kaufman Visiting Professor, Stern School of Business, New York University

Pacific Council on International Policy Western Partner of the Council on Foreign Relations During 1999–2000, the Pacific Council on International Policy (PCIP) offered more than 30 meetings in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and Seattle, which were open to joint Council and PCIP members. The Council enriched the partnership with foreign policy dinner seminars, featuring Council Fellows and their work, and with a select number of other events on the West Coast as listed above.

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• Ensures that Council discussions and research projects include the private sector’s perspectives on the critical linkages among U.S. foreign policy, international economics, finance, and business. • Offers executives of 200 member companies the opportunity to interact with world leaders, the Council’s research fellows, and other professionals from the business, foreign policy, and national security communities. • Includes all business sectors among its members, with the largest number in financial services, law, manufacturing, consulting, technology, and media. • Invites Corporate members to over 70 programs each year in New York and Washington and across the country; including invitations to major Corporate conferences, such as the May 2000 conference, “Latin America: Sustaining Economic and Political Reform,” and the July 2000 conference, “The Next Financial Crisis.” • Provides Corporate members with the opportunity to participate in interactive conference calls with Council experts on topics of current concern to the international business and financial community; access to the Council’s renowned research staff; participation in small group discussions and study groups run by the Fellows.

irms belong to the Corporate Program be- reading between the lines of speeches by the likes of Fcause it generates important new ideas for Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad or their business. The Council is the place U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky. world leaders and top thinkers come when they have Corporate members of the Council include the something important to discuss with those who influ- leading firms in international banking and finance, ence both the private and the public sector. That’s why law, insurance, manufacturing, communications, Corporate members find Council meetings well worth media, and consulting. The program provides these fitting into their crowded schedules. firms’ executives with opportunities to address critical The Council also houses the most influential group issues in international business and finance. Each of foreign policy experts—on staff. No international month, members attend meetings and seminars to ex- think tank staff does more TV appearances, op-ed change ideas with political and economic experts from pieces, or congressional testimony than Council Se- the United States and abroad. Corporate members nior Fellows. also have access to the Council’s research staff and re- Perhaps the most important benefit members de- ceive timely information and analysis through a regu- rive from the Corporate Program comes informally— lar series of conference calls with Council experts. in private chats they have with other members when The Corporate Program invites its members to par- they come to the Council, in the telephone calls with ticipate in over 70 programs each year in New York and Senior Fellows, in watching the body language and Washington, some of which are listed below.

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The year saw the continuation of a popular quarterly series, “World Economic Update,” in which top economists from major financial institutions assess the state of the global economy. In response to members’ requests, this year the Corporate Program increased to three per month its series of interactive conference calls with Council research fellows on topics of particular concern to member companies. These exchanges engage corporate members who find it difficult to take part in other Council programs. This year’s Corporate Conference, organized with the Council’s Latin America Program, focused on “Latin David Rockefeller, David Kellogg, and Speaker Robert E. Rubin, Direc- America: Sustaining Economic and Political Reform.” tor, Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Member of the Office of Participants included leaders such as former U.S. Trea- the Chairman, Citigroup, Inc.; former U.S. Treasury Secretary, at the May 18–19, 2000, Corporate Program Conference, “Latin America: sury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, Chile’s President Ricardo Sustaining Economic and Political Reform—A Working Conference on Lagos, and Mexico’s Energy Minister Luis Téllez; in- the Underlying Realities.” vestors and business trailblazers, like Fernando Espuelas and Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski; and leading policy experts and economists such as Roberto Mangabeira, Moisés Naím, José Goldemberg, Ricardo Hausmann, Eduardo Program Highlights Aninat, Guillermo Perry, and William J. McDonough. What made the conference special was that it didn’t DAVID L. AARON deal just with investment opportunities and trade but Undersecretary for International Trade, also connected these issues with broader political and U.S. Department of Commerce economic forces and with the internal politics of the “The U.S. Trade Agenda after Seattle” key states. The conference also looked at these prob- PRESIDER: SUSAN C. SCHWAB lems from both ends of the telescope—from North WASHINGTON, D.C. America and from Latin America. And in July, a first-of-its-kind conference for the FRANCISCO XAVIER AGUIRRE SACASA Council—”The Next Financial Crisis: Warning Signs, Ambassador of Nicaragua to the United States Damage Control, and Impact,” with Chairman of the RUBENS ANTONIO BARBOSA Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan as keynote speaker— Ambassador of Brazil to the United States probed the implications for markets and policymakers RICHARD L. BERNAL of the new vulnerabilities in the international econom- Ambassador of Jamaica to the United States ic and political systems. MARLENE FERNANDEZ These conferences exemplify the Corporate Pro- Ambassador of Bolivia to the United States gram at its best, in the caliber of speakers and the par- GUILLERMO ENRIQUE GONZÁLEZ ticipants, and in the intellectual rigor of the Ambassador of Argentina to the United States discussions. No other organization delivers either as LUIS ALBERTO MORENO well as the Council. Ambassador of Colombia to the United States Highlights of the 1999–2000 schedule follow. A com- ALFREDO TORO HARDY prehensive listing is available on the Council’s website Ambassador of Venezuela to the United States at www.cfr.org and the new Corporate Members’ site. “Western Hemisphere Affairs and Opportunities in 2000: A View from Abroad” Jacqui Selbst Schein David Kellogg PRESIDERS: PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY AND PETER HAKIM Director Vice President WASHINGTON, D.C. Corporate Affairs Corporate Affairs (COSPONSORED WITH INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE)

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PAUL ARLMAN GEORGE DAVID Secretary-General, Federation of European Stock Chairman and CEO, United Technologies Corporation Exchanges “How the United States and Europe Should BRANDON BECKER Respond to the Outbreak of Anti-globalization” Partner, Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering; former Director, PRESIDER: JOHN DEUTCH Division of Market Regulation, Securities and Exchange Commission ROBERT J. GORDON “The Coming Revolution in Cross-Border Equity Stanley G. Harris Professor of Social Sciences, Trading: The Stock Exchange as a Global Private Department of Economics, Northwestern University Enterprise” “Is the New Economy a True Industrial Revolution?” PRESIDER: BENN STEIL PRESIDER: PAUL A. ALLAIRE THE C. PETER MCCOLOUGH SERIES ON INTERNATIONAL CHARLENE BARSHEFSKY ECONOMICS U.S. Trade Representative “Seattle and Beyond: The Future of the Global RYUTARO HASHIMOTO Trading System” Senior Foreign Policy Adviser to the Prime Minister; PRESIDER: ROGER M. KUBARYCH former Prime Minister, Japan “Japan’s Initiatives in Building a Better Future” GORDON BROWN PRESIDER: W. BOWMAN CUTTER Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom “Economic Stability and the World Economy” AMY MYERS JAFFE PRESIDER: FRANK G. ZARB Senior Energy Analyst, Energy Research Program, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice ALBERTO BUSTAMANTE University Prime Minister, Peru ROBERT A. MANNING “Stability, Confidence, and Integration with Senior Fellow and Director for Asia Studies, the World: Peru in the 21st Century” Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: SERGIO J. GALVIS “The Shocks of a World of Cheap Oil” Conference Call MICHEL CAMDESSUS Managing Director, International Monetary JAMES R. JONES Fund Senior Counsel, Manatt, Phelps & Phillips; former “An Agenda for the IMF at the Start of the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 21st Century” JESUS REYES HEROLES PRESIDER: JOAN E. SPERO Ambassador of Mexico to the United States “Mexico and the United States: Intimately Linked?” VICTOR S. CHERNOMYRDIN PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON Chairman, Gasprom; former Prime Minister, Russian Federation BILL JOY “Russia’s Recovery and Prospects for 2000” Chief Scientist and Corporate Executive Officer, PRESIDER: GRAHAM T. ALLISON Sun Microsystems, Inc. JOSHUA LEDERBERG TADAO CHINO President Emeritus and Sackler Foundation Scholar, President, Asian Development Bank; former Rockefeller University Vice Minister of Finance for International Affairs, W. DANIEL HILLIS Japan Founder, Applied Minds “An End to Asia’s Poverty in the New Millennium?” “Technology and Madness: Three Time Bombs of PRESIDER: BARBARA HACKMAN FRANKLIN the 21st Century” WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: JESSICA T. MATHEWS

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MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD Prime Minister, Malaysia “Surviving the Economic Crisis” PRESIDER: FRANK G. WISNER II

TOMMASO PADOA-SCHIOPPA Member of the Executive Board, European Central Bank “The Euro as Seen from Frankfurt: Lessons from the First Year” PRESIDER: WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH Speaker Robert J. Gordon, Stanley G. Harris Professor of Social Sci- THE C. PETER MCCOLOUGH SERIES ON INTERNATIONAL ences, Department of Economics, Northwestern University, and Presider Paul A. Allaire at the November 29, 1999, Meeting, “Is the ECONOMICS New Economy a True Industrial Revolution?” MORRIS GOLDSTEIN (NEW YORK) Dennis Weatherstone Senior Fellow in Inter- LEE HSIEN LOONG national Finance, Institute for International Deputy Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore Economics “Can East Asia Make It?” GEORGE J.W. GOODMAN (NEW YORK) PRESIDER: MAURICE R. GREENBERG Chairman and CEO, Adam Smith Global Television LAURA D’ANDREA TYSON (SAN FRANCISCO) LI ZHAOXING BankAmerica Dean, Haas School of Business, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to University of California, Berkeley the United States PAUL A. VOLCKER (NEW YORK) “U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century” Henry Kaufman Visiting Professor, Stern School of PRESIDER: PETER W. RODMAN Business, New York University WASHINGTON, D.C. “Videoconferenced General Meeting on the Future International Financial Architecture” JOHN P. LIPSKY PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON (NEW YORK) Chief Economist and Managing Director, Chase (COSPONSORED BY THE PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL Manhattan Corporation POLICY) DAVID R. MALPASS Chief International Economist, Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. MARTÍN POBLETE BRUCE STEINBERG Chairman, Columbia University Seminar on Latin Chief Economist, Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. America; Permanent Adviser on Latin America “Emerging Markets 2000: Risks and Opportunities” Affairs at the Northeast Hispanic Catholic Center PRESIDER: DANIEL K. TARULLO PAUL SIGMUND Professor of Political Science, Princeton University JOHN MAJOR ANDRÉS VELASCO Member of Parliament and former Prime Minister, Professor of Economics and Director of the Center United Kingdom for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New “A Conversation with John Major” York University PRESIDER: HAROLD M. EVANS “Chile: Post-Election Challenges” PRESIDER: KENNETH R. MAXWELL ROBERT L. MALLETT Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of Commerce BILL RICHARDSON “America’s Economic Interests in Africa” Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy PRESIDER: GEORGE ALBERT DALLEY “Safeguarding America’s Global Energy Interests” WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: EDWARD L. MORSE

90 Corporate Program

Judith K. Paulus, Presider Alan S. Blinder, and Speaker Jean-Claude Trichet, Governor of the Banque de France, at the April 18, 2000, Meeting, “The Euro After 15 Months.”

J. STAPLETON ROY JEAN-CLAUDE TRICHET Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Research, Governor, Banque de France; Member, Governing U.S. Department of State; former U.S. Ambassador Council, European Central Bank to Indonesia “The Euro after 15 Months” “Fragile State: The Future of Indonesia” PRESIDER: ALAN S. BLINDER PRESIDER: BETTE BAO LORD DMITRY V. VASILIEV JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ Chairman, Federal Commission of the Securities Economic Adviser, World Bank; Professor of Eco- Markets, Russian Federation nomics, Stanford University; former Senior Vice “Economics, Politics, and Corruption in Russia” President and Chief Economist, World Bank PRESIDER: LEE S. WOLOSKY “Can the Washington Consensus Ensure a Fairer Marketplace?” MARINA V.N. WHITMAN PRESIDER: JEFFREY E. GARTEN Professor of Business Administration and Public Policy, University of Michigan LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS “The Changing Role of the American Secretary, U.S. Department of the Treasury Corporation” “The Right Priorities for International Development” PRESIDER: RICHARD N. FOSTER PRESIDER: PETER G. PETERSON HAKUO YANAGISAWA STROBE TALBOTT Minister of State; Chairman, Financial Reconstruction Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State Commission, Japan “The Future of U.S.-Russia Relations after Yeltsin” “Revitalization through Financial Reconstruction” PRESIDER: WILLIAM G. HYLAND PRESIDER: JEFFREY R. SHAFER WASHINGTON, D.C.

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CORPORATE MEMBERS

Corporate Benefactors Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. BP Amoco ABC, Inc. Paribas Bramwell Capital Management, Inc. Alleghany Corporation Pfizer, Inc. British-American Chamber of Amerada Hess Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Commerce American International Group, Inc. RWS Energy Services, Inc. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. American Standard Companies Inc. Sara Lee Corporation Cahill Gordon & Reindel Archer Daniels Midland Company Schlumberger Limited Caltex Corporation Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder, Inc. Shearman & Sterling Caxton Corporation A.T. Kearney, Inc. Southern California Edison Company CDC North America Banco Mercantil C.A., S.A.C.A. State Street Bank and Trust Company Center for Contemporary Diplomacy Banco Santander Central Hispano TRW, Inc. The Chatterjee Group Barclays Capital Tyco International Citrix Systems, Inc. Bell Atlantic UBS Warburg Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton Bloomberg Financial Markets Violy, Byorum & Partners LLC The CNA Corporation Booz, Allen & Hamilton E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co. The Coca-Cola Company Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Xerox Corporation Cognizant Technology Solutions Brown & Wood LLP Young & Rubicam Inc. Concord International Investments The Chase Manhattan Corporation Covington & Burling Chevron Corporation AEA Investors Inc. Credit Suisse Asset Management CIBC World Markets Corp. Allegaert Berger & Vogel LLP Credit Suisse First Boston Cisneros Group of Companies Allen & Company Incorporated Cross Border Enterprises, LLC Citigroup Allen & Overy Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle The Consulate General of Japan Alliance Capital Management Davis Polk & Wardwell Corning Incorporated America Online Incorporated Deere & Company Debevoise & Plimpton American Century Investments, Inc. Directorship Deloitte & Touche LLP American Council on Germany Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Deutsche Bank AG American Express Company Dow Jones & Company, Inc. The Walt Disney Company American Securities, L.P. Dresdner Bank AG e-STEEL AMR Corporation Dun & Bradstreet Eastman Kodak Company Arnold & Porter Ehrenkranz & Ehrenkranz LLP Enron Corporation Arrow Electronics, Inc. Eni SpA Exxon Mobil Corporation Autotote Corporation Ernst & Young Fischer Francis Trees & Watts BAE Systems Estee Lauder Companies Ford Motor Company The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Everest Capital General Electric Company Banca di Roma Fedders Corporation J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc. Bank Audi (USA) Federal Express Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue Bank of America Fiat USA, Inc. KPMG LLP The Bank of New York Flatiron Partners Marsh & McLennan Companies Barst & Mukamal FleetBoston Financial Mayer, Brown & Platt Berlitz International foreignTV.com, Inc. Merrill Lynch International Bingham Dana LLP The Freedom Forum Metropolitan Life Insurance The Blackstone Group French-American Chamber of Company Boston Properties Commerce

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Gavin Anderson & Company Mark Partners Sandalwood Securities, Inc. General Atlantic Partners Marubeni America Corporation Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. General Reinsurance Corporation Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Gibbons, Goodwin, Van Amerongen MBIA Insurance Corporation Shandwick International Gilman Paper Co. McKinsey & Company, Inc. Siemens Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mellon Institutional Asset Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Guardsmark, Inc. Management Sony Corporation of America Halcyon/Alan B. Slifka Management Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy Soros Fund Management Company LLC Mine Safety Appliances Company Standard & Poor’s Herbalife International Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Standard Chartered Bank Hitachi Ltd. Multilateral Funding International Sullivan & Cromwell H.J. Heinz Company NatWest Group Summit International Associates, Inc. IBM Corporation New York Life International Inc. Terremark Worldwide, Inc. Ingersoll-Rand Company New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Texaco, Inc. Instinet Corporation Newsweek Textron, Inc. Institute of International Bankers Nippon Steel USA, Inc. Tiedemann Investment Group Intellispace Nomura Research Institute America Time Warner, Inc. Iridian Asset Management LLC NTT America, Inc. Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Japan Bank for International Occidental Petroleum TUSIAD-US Cooperation Oxford Analytica United Technologies JETRO New York PaineWebber Incorporated Veronis, Suhler & Associates, Inc. John A. Levin & Co., Inc. Patricof & Co. Ventures, Inc. Wasserstein Perella Group, Inc. Johnson & Johnson Pepsico, Inc. Weil, Gotshal & Manges Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation White & Case Lazard Frères & Co. LLC The Prudential Insurance Company The William H. Donner Foundation, Lehman Brothers of America Inc. LG The Royce Fund W.P. Stewart & Co., Inc. Lockheed Martin SAIC Strategies Group Wyoming Investment Corporation Loral Space & Communications Salomon Smith Barney Inc. Zephyr Management LP

Peter G. Peterson and Speaker Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, at the July 12–13, 2000, Corporate Program Conference, “The Next Financial Crisis: Warning Signs, Damage Control, and Impact.”

93 Term Member Program

• Finds and nurtures the next generation of leaders and thinkers. • Includes over 460 young leaders, elected to a five-year membership term; they are some of the more devoted and active members of the Council. • Organizes events specifically for term members. • Advised by committees of term members in New York, Washington, D.C., and Boston.

he Term Member Program not only allows and submit a curriculum vitae or chronological resume. Tyoung leaders to interact with seasoned for- For more information, please see pages 140 and 141. eign policy veterans, it also offers term mem- As the meeting highlights illustrate, these young bers a wide variety of events designed especially for members dedicated to the Council are actively en- them. Each year a new class of term members, all age gaged in diverse aspects of U.S. foreign policy. 34 and under, is elected to a five-year term. Committees Elise Carlson Lewis of term members in New York, Washington, D.C., and Vice President, Membership and Fellowship Affairs Boston serve as advisory bodies to the Council leadership, while providing term members with the opportunities to help create programs such as roundtables, seminars, trips, receptions, and an annual conference. Term Member Seminars This past year, term members debated one another and Roundtables at their fifth annual conference, “Campaign 2000: What’s on the Foreign Policy Agenda?” The gathering CAROL BELLAMY also featured keynote speakers Condoleezza Rice, se- Executive Director, UNICEF nior foreign policy adviser to Governor George W. MARK MALLOCH BROWN Bush; Mike McCurry, former Clinton administration Administrator, U.N. Development Program press secretary; and Tom Brokaw, anchor and manag- “Challenging the Relevance of the United Nations ing editor, NBC Nightly News. in the 21st Century” Today many of the most qualified term members PRESIDER: KAMAL AHMAD are elevated to full membership when their terms ex- NEW YORK pire, thus fulfilling the goal of identifying and helping to develop a robust Council membership of foreign PAMELA B. BERKOWSKY policy leaders and thinkers. Assistant Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Defense, To be considered for term membership, candidates U.S. Department of Defense must be nominated in writing by one member and sec- RICHARD A. FALKENRATH onded by a minimum of one other Council member. All Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Harvard candidates must complete a nominee information form University

94 Term Member Program

“Bioterrorism: Understanding the Threat and LESLIE H. GELB Preparing to Respond” President, Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: REBECCA K.C. HERSMAN “Exploding Anti-Americanism” WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDER: SWANEE HUNT BOSTON RICHARD BUTLER Diplomat in Residence, Council on Foreign Relations; RICHARD GOLDSTONE former Chairman, U.N. Special Commission Justice, South African Constitutional Court; “A Conversation with Richard Butler” former Chief Prosecutor, Yugoslav and Rwandan PRESIDER: BARBARA CROSSETTE War Crimes Tribunals NEW YORK “International Human Rights Law in the 21st Century” IVO H. DAALDER PRESIDER: SUZANNE NOSSEL Author, Getting to Dayton: The Making of America’s NEW YORK Bosnia Policy JAMES M. GOLDGEIER TIM O’BRIEN Author, Not Whether but When: The U.S. Decision to Banking and Wall Street Reporter, New York Times Enlarge NATO BRUCE OHR “The Clinton Legacy in Europe” Chief of Organized Crime and Racketeering Section, PRESIDER: CHARLES A. KUPCHAN U.S. Department of Justice WASHINGTON, D.C. RICK PALMER Former CIA Agent ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY “Russian Money Laundering, Organized Crime, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Asia Studies, and Corruption: What Does It All Mean?” Council on Foreign Relations PRESIDER: LEE S. WOLOSKY “The Emergence of Civil Society and the Role of NEW YORK Environmental NGOs in China” WILLIAM R. RHODES PRESIDER: JULIE ANN FISHER BOSTON Vice Chairman, Citigroup/Citibank “A Conversation with William R. Rhodes” RICHARD W. FISHER PRESIDER: JENNIFER A. SHORE Deputy U.S. Trade Representative NEW YORK “Trade: Where to Next?” PRESIDER: PETER F. NAJERA WASHINGTON, D.C.

MICHELE FLOURNOY Distinguished Research Professor, National Defense University TONY THOMAS Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Special Operations Forces-Delta “Communications Breakdown: The Real World Consequences of Policy/Execution Disconnects—A Case Study on Somalia” Raymond Tanter, Shepard L. Forman, and Minky Worden at the April 25, 2000, PRESIDERS: SEAN MCDEVITT AND OWEN WEST Conversations with Senior Members Dinner, “Humanitarian Interventions: When NEW YORK Are They Justified?”

95 Term Member Program

Michael R. Tomz, Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Anya A. Schmemann, and Thomas J. Christensen at the May 1, 2000, Term Member Roundtable, “Building Wealth in the Global Knowledge-Based Economy.”

FRANK SESNO DAVID ROCKEFELLER Senior Vice President and Washington Bureau Honorary Chairman, Council on Foreign Chief, CNN Relations “From the Inside Out: The World According NEW YORK to Washington” PRESIDER: SAMUEL FEIST ANGELA STENT WASHINGTON, D.C. Professor, Georgetown University WASHINGTON, D.C. PAUL A. VOLCKER Henry A. Kaufman Visiting Professor, Stern School of Business, New York University Special Events “Leadership in Foreign Affairs” PRESIDER: RAFFIQ A. NATHOO NEW YORK Term Member Annual Conference: “Campaign 2000: What’s on the Foreign Policy Dinners and Agenda?” CONDOLEEZZA RICE Luncheons Senior Foreign Policy Adviser to Governor George W. Bush LISA ANDERSON “Leadership in a Changing World: American Dean, School of International and Public Affairs, Foreign Policy for the 21st Century” Columbia University PRESIDER: C. SHELBY COFFEY III NEW YORK GRAHAM T. ALLISON WILLIAM J. MCDONOUGH Director, Belfer Center for Science and President, Federal Reserve Bank of New York International Affairs, Harvard University NEW YORK JAMES M. GOLDGEIER Acting Director and Associate Professor, George WALTER H. PINCUS Washington University Reporter, Washington Post JOHN HILLEN WASHINGTON, D.C. Member, U.S. Commission on National Security NICHOLAS PLATT ROBERT W. KAGAN President, Asia Society Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for NEW YORK International Peace

96 Term Member Program

VINCA LAFLEUR Visiting Professor of Economics, Harvard University Former Director for Speechwriting at the National “U.S. Foreign Policy Imperatives for the Global Security Council Financial Future” MARC A. THIESSEN MODERATOR: MILES KAHLER Press Spokesman, U.S. Senate Committee BOSTON on Foreign Relations COSPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS “Successes and Failures of the Clinton AND SCIENCES Administration Foreign Policy” PRESIDER: CHARLIE ROSE Term Member Trip to Costa Rica SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA MIKE MCCURRY Former White House Press Secretary “The Internet, the Media, and International Affairs: Visit to the National Geographic Society A Plenitude of Information but a Paucity of WASHINGTON, D.C. Understanding” PRESIDER: TOM BROKAW Visit to the Central Intelligence Agency WASHINGTON, D.C. Boston Term Member Conference MARTIN S. FELDSTEIN President, National Bureau of Economic Research; Receptions former Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers TIMOTHY GEITHNER NEW ENGLAND TERM MEMBER Undersecretary for International Affairs, U.S. HOLIDAY PARTY Department of the Treasury BOSTON ROBERT D. HORMATS Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs International TERM MEMBER WINTER COCKTAIL FELIPÉ LARRAIN RECEPTION Director, Central America and Andean Projects, HOSTED BY JENNY PYLE AND BENJAMIN NYE Harvard Institute for International Development; WASHINGTON, D.C.

Anne Stetson, Gina Celcis- Concepcion, Joseph C. Hill, Speaker Oscar Arias, former President of Costa Rica, Christine M.Y. Ho, Daniel B. Prieto III, Jennifer F. Sklarew, Daniel R. Katz, and Anne B. Popkin at the March 11–18, 2000, Term Member Trip to Costa Rica.

97 Communications

• Provides the main avenue for members and the public to connect with the Council’s staff and activities. • Encompasses websites, newsletters, brochures, annual reports, photography, media relations, and more.

he Council communicates with its members The Calendar & Chronicle is the organization’s main Tand the public through websites, newslet- vehicle for communicating with its members and ters, brochures, annual reports, and press keeping them informed of all that is going on at the conferences. The combination of Council-sponsored Council. The monthly newsletter is published on paper research, Fellows’ public speaking and writing, and and online. meetings across the country puts the Council in the The Communications Department also dissemi- news throughout the year. nates guides filled with information about Council Several websites offer access to Council activities policy experts and their areas of study. These guides and publications. The general site, www.cfr.org, at- are available on paper or online. tracts visitors from Virginia to Vietnam who: Supplementing the traditional not-for-attribution major speaker meetings held throughout the year, the • download Council publications; Council also hosts many on-the-record meetings. In • browse transcripts of on-the-record meetings; 1999–2000, the Council held dozens of such meetings, • access Council experts’ résumés; press conferences, and public presentations that were • register for conferences; carried on television, radio, and the Internet and cov- • take virtual tours of the Council’s special events ered in major newspapers and other publications. space; These meetings featured senior administration officials, • learn about career opportunities; U.S. legislators, business leaders, and foreign digni- • join the media list; and taries interacting with Council members. Press confer- • contact Council staff. ences were also convened to publicize the findings of In addition to its home page, the Council also Council-sponsored research. And although the Council maintains several other targeted websites: takes no institutional position, its Fellows vigorously promote their policy arguments and research findings • Campaign 2000 (www.foreignpolicy2000.org), the in their public speaking and writing as well as in con- only public website dealing exclusively with for- gressional hearings. eign policy and the 2000 presidential election; The Council’s published work continues to reach a • Foreign Affairs magazine (www.foreignaffairs.org); significant audience. By publishing online, the Coun- • corporate and members’ websites; cil is able to bring specialized texts to important new • online roundtable discussions on U.S. foreign policy; audiences, especially overseas. Council books, reports, • conference sites; and papers, journals, and studies are widely read by and • member trip sites. discussed among world leaders, international busi-

98 Communications

ness executives, and journalists. Council Fellows regu- Kubarych in Die Zeit and Nikkei, and Bruce Stokes in larly contribute opinion and commentary pieces to the National Journal. Benn Steil edits the journal Inter- newspapers such as the New York Times, Wall Street national Finance. Journal, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Dallas The Communications Department helps the Coun- Morning News, Christian Science Monitor, and Chicago cil to connect with its members and the public to ex- Tribune. Fellows are also quoted frequently in interna- amine U.S. interests and improve Americans’ tional news features. In addition, several Fellows have understanding of foreign policy. regular writing assignments in leading publications: April W. Palmerlee Walter Russell Mead in Worth and the Los Angeles Director of Communications Times, Kenneth Maxwell in Foreign Affairs, Roger

99 PUBLISHING

• Provides the principal means of connecting with audiences beyond the Council membership. • Produces comprehensive treatments of critical policy issues to inform and spark debate among decision-makers, business leaders, and academics.

Council Publishing Goals equities, Albert Fishlow and Karen Parker attacked the The Council seeks to animate the current debate on is- debate on the effects of free trade on domestic wages. sues of profound consequence for U.S. foreign policy Their book showed there is no simple link between with the rapid dissemination of its publications. Both the forces of globalization and wage inequities in the in print and online, the Council publishes the results United States and elsewhere. Rather, several interrelat- of its study groups and roundtables, reports of inde- ed market integration developments—expanded trade pendent task forces and Council Policy Initiatives and foreign investment, more rapid technology diffu- (CPIs), information about its staff and programs, and sion, and changes in labor market structure—all influ- summaries and transcripts of selected events. The ence wages. Also, focusing on market integration, the Council’s website (www.cfr.org) reaches an ever- results of the first-ever, day-long Council-sponsored growing audience nationally and internationally, simulation on financial vulnerabilities, in which mem- while a steady stream of high-quality books and re- bers, experts, and staff worked through the challenges ports are read by increasing numbers of policymakers. of a hypothetical global financial meltdown, will be Publishing via the web has greatly reduced the time available in the fall. between manuscript and publication and has also in- In the military arena, the well-timed Council book creased readership, especially for shorter publications. Arming the Future: A Defense Industry for the 21st Century documented the upheavals of U.S. military-industrial Correspondence firms in the 1990s and assessed the industry’s capabili- This year the Council on Foreign Relations began pub- ties to regroup for the future, as well as demonstrating lishing, on a trial basis, a semiannual review of culture that the Clinton administration’s current “two-theater, and foreign policy, Correspondence: An International Re- go it alone” policy places tremendous and conflicting view of Culture and Society. Through its articles, this pub- demands on the country’s military-industrial base. lication examines the links between foreign policy ideas and political culture and fills the almost total void in Independent Task Force Reports the attention paid to cultural issues. Task Force Reports are the written conclusions of Council-sponsored independent groups charged with Books finding a meaningful consensus on a current foreign Council publications in 1999–2000 had a substantive policy problem. impact on readers and decision-makers. In Growing Many of the difficulties in the Balkans were fore- Apart: The Causes and Consequences of Global Wage In- shadowed by a timely task force report, Promoting Sus-

100 PUBLISHING

tainable Economies in the Balkans, which argued that the lishment of a permanent International Criminal Court Balkans are unlikely to achieve sustainable economic to deal with war crimes and genocide. This widely dis- growth unless they intensify their efforts to pursue a cussed publication and its related meetings across the broad agenda of reforms and the United States and country helped to define the issues that continue to the European Union support them appropriately. This confront U.S. policymakers in the aftermath of the theme was echoed by a Council symposium, After Balkan wars. Dayton: Lessons of the Bosnian Peace Process. The resulting publication highlighted the lessons that the West Other Publications should incorporate in its continued efforts to stabilize Other publications included a book on the implications Kosovo. of the European upheavals of the twentieth century on Establishing an effective U.S. aid package was the national minorities in eastern Europe; an independent subject of another task force report, U.S. Policy toward task force report on the use of nonlethal weapons as an Colombia. This report argued that U.S. policy toward alternative tool for achieving U.S. foreign policy goals; Colombia is misguided and explained how security as- the CPI Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable sistance aimed at reducing drug production and traf- Doctrine, which examined U.S. willingness to intervene ficking is only one piece of a broader effort needed to militarily against large-scale humanitarian abuses; and extend legitimate authority in the country. papers on China’s growing nuclear power, the creation In Asia, recent attempts by North and South Korea to of a U.S.-Japan open marketplace, and Islamic funda- reconcile past differences were anticipated by the task mentalism, among others. force report U.S. Policy toward North Korea: A Second For instant information about Council publications, Look, which argued that in spite of tensions the United the introductory chapters of Council books and the States should continue to support South Korea’s en- full text of reports and papers are posted on the Coun- gagement policy and keep the comprehensive Perry cil’s website—which also offers online ordering— proposal on the table. along with the full text of nearly 500 reports, papers, Council Policy Initiatives meetings, and transcripts of selected events. Copies of Council publications are also available directly from Council Policy Initiatives are concise treatments of al- the Brookings Institution Press, the Council’s distribu- ternative policy choices, usually presented in the form tor to bookstores, individuals, libraries, and university of presidential speeches. classrooms. Authors of the CPI, Toward an International Criminal Court?, presented three separate cases for the United Patricia Lee Dorff David Kellogg States to endorse, reject, or revise the proposed estab- Director of Publications Publisher

All Council on Foreign Relations Press books, independent task force reports, Council Policy Initiatives, and papers are marketed and distributed by the Brookings Institution Press. To order, please call 1-800-275-1447.

101 PUBLISHING

• Economic Strategy and National Security: A Next Gen- eration Approach, edited by Patrick J. DeSouza (2000). Published by Westview Press. • Growing Apart: The Causes and Consequences of Global Wage Inequality, co-edited by Albert Fishlow and Karen Parker (1999). Publications • The New European Diasporas: National Minorities and Conflict in Eastern Europe, edited by Michael Man- 1999–2000 delbaum (2000). • The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by Books Adam Schwarz and Jonathan Paris (1999). • Alliance Adrift, by Yoichi Funabashi (1999). • The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Past, Present, and Future, edit- • Arming the Future: A Defense Industry for the 21st ed by Michael J. Green and Patrick M. Cronin (1999). Century, co-edited by Ann R. Markusen and Sean S. Costigan (1999). Independent Task Force Reports • Behind the Open Door: Foreign Enterprises in the Chi- • Promoting Sustainable Economies in the Balkans. nese Marketplace, by Daniel H. Rosen (1999). Copub- Steven Rattner, Chairman; Michael B.G. Froman, lished with the Institute for International Project Director (2000). Economics. • Safeguarding Prosperity in a Global Financial System: • China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, edited The Future International Financial Architecture. Carla by Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg A. Hills and Peter G. Peterson, Co-chairs; Morris (1999). Goldstein, Project Director (1999).

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• U.S. Policy toward Colombia. Brent Scowcroft and Bob Graham, Co-chairs; Michael Shifter, Project Di- rector (forthcoming). • U.S. Policy toward North Korea: Next Steps. Morton I. • A New Beginning: Recasting the U.S.-Japan Economic Abramowitz and James T. Laney, Co-chairs; Michael Relationship, by Bruce Stokes (2000). J. Green, Project Director (1999). • The United States, Japan, and China: Setting the Course, by Neil E. Silver (2000). Council Policy Initiatives • Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doc- Other Council Publications trine. Alton Frye, Project Director (forthcoming). • After Dayton: Lessons of the Bosnian Peace Process, a • Toward an International Criminal Court? Alton Frye, Council symposium, edited by Ruth Wedgwood Project Director (1999). (1999). • Muslim Politics Project, by William Maley, Muham- Council Papers mad Muslih, Vali Nasr, Augustus Richard Norton, Olivier Roy, and Robert Satloff (2000). • China, Nuclear Weapons, and Arms Control: A Prelimi- nary Assessment, by Robert A. Manning, Ronald Montaperto, and Brad Roberts (2000).

103 DEVELOPMENT

• Encourages contributions from members, foundations, and other donors for the Council’s programs, enabling the Council to tackle the tough problems described elsewhere in this report; to engage members and others concerned with American foreign policy in study, debate, and writing on these issues; and, equally important, to do so in a timely fashion. • Raises more than one-third of the Council’s operating budget each year. • Expresses gratitude, on behalf of the Board and staff, to every donor and volunteer who as- sisted in this year’s efforts. Such support is a testament to their belief in the Council.

uch of the substantive work of the Coun- generosity, a new category of Annual Fund donors was Mcil is made possible through grants and added this year—the Chairman’s Circle. Chairman’s gifts from individuals, foundations, and Circle and Harold Pratt Associate gifts accounted for corporations. The Council is deeply grateful to the the lion’s share of revenue to the Annual Fund this year. many generous donors whose contributions made this Term member participation in Annual Giving, helped another extremely successful year. We also thank the by Camille Caesar and Raffiq Nathoo, who wrote letters loyal members who volunteered their fund-raising ef- to their colleagues, with follow up by David Altshuler, forts on the Council’s behalf. Their dedication makes Lisa Shields, and Clint Smith, grew to 38 percent. the Council a stronger organization. This year’s development activities are described in the following pages. Grants and Gifts from Foundations All donors are listed on pages 105–112. and Individual Donors During the year, new term grants from foundations The Annual Fund and other special contributions helped launch several Annual Giving—an “independence fund”—helps major initiatives aimed at nurturing the next genera- keep the Council what it must be: independent of out- tion of leaders and fostering a national debate on for- side monies, if need be; independent of political pres- eign policy. The Council’s Economics and National sure; and able to act quickly and be relevant. Security Fellows Program—a key initiative to create a This year Annual Giving grew both in dollars and new kind of foreign policy expert—received generous number of donors to a record high of $2,348,230 from support from the Olin Foundation, the Carnegie Cor- 1,603 donors, representing approximately 44 percent poration of New York, and the Smith Richardson of the membership. Forty-two additional gifts were re- Foundation. The Council also extends special thanks ceived through corporate and foundation matching to the Bernard Bergreen Foundation for its contribu- gifts programs. tion to the Council’s Campaign 2000 Initiative, and to Harold Pratt Associates, who contribute $10,000 or the Jacob K. Javits Foundation for the Jacob K. Javits more, continue to be crucial to the success of the Annual Memorial Lecture Series, both designed to drive the Fund. Among this group are a number of members and national debate on foreign policy during the presiden- friends who give $25,000 or more. To recognize their tial campaign. The Patrick A. Gerschel Foundation

104 DEVELOPMENT

made a generous pledge to establish the André Meyer Wachner for the Wachner Senior Fellowship in Foreign Senior Fellowships in international economics. Economic Policy, Helena Franklin for the Franklin Inter- New support was also received from the Starr national Affairs Fellow, and Ronnie C. Chan, Victor K. Foundation, for the Geoeconomics Center; the Open Fung, and C.C. Tung for the Council’s China Program. Society Institute for a multiyear study on refugees and the displaced; the Ford Foundation for the Latin Gifts-in-Kind America program; McKinsey and Co., the Xerox Council member Pranay Gupte and his colleague Foundation, and Peter J. Solomon, for the technologi- Louis Silverstein generously redesigned the monthly cal innovation and economic performance project; members’ newsletter, The Calendar & Chronicle, and Maurice Tempelsman for the Africa Program; and the general information brochure. The Earth Times Julie Finley for the project on NATO enlargement. Foundation assists with design and production of The Council continued to receive vital support for its each month’s newsletter, and BP Amoco provides programs and activities from a number of foundations, support for its publication. IBM provided support for including the Arca Foundation, the Carnegie Corpora- the Council’s computer systems. tion of New York, the Ford Foundation, the German Council member Robert C. Waggoner contributed Marshall Fund, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Burrelle’s Information Office, an electronic clipping Foundation, the John M. Olin Foundation, the Pew service, for the benefit of Council members and staff, Charitable Trusts, the Christopher Reynolds Founda- and its broadcast database for the Council’s Library. tion, the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Starr Foun- Edward Auchincloss gave the Council a bust of dation, the Henry and Elaine Kaufman Foundation, the Colonel Edward M. House, one of Woodrow Wilson’s Xerox Foundation, and the Freedom Forum. leading aides. The Council acknowledges with gratitude the fol- The Council was able to upgrade its videoconfer- lowing individuals for their ongoing generosity: Mau- encing capabilities through the generosity of Joachim rice R. Greenberg for the Next Generation Fund, Mimi Gfoeller Jr. and his colleague Jeffrey Gilfix at GMS and Peter Haas for the National Program, Stephen M. Capital Partners. Kellen for Term and Younger Members Programs, Washington SyCip for the Southeast Asia Program, Janice L. Murray Arthur Ross for the Rapid Response Program, Linda J. Vice President and Treasurer

105 2000 Board Election

he Council’s By-Laws provide for a Board process available to them in accordance with the By- Tconsisting of 30 Directors (plus the Presi- Laws. One candidate, Roderick K. von Lipsey, was dent, ex officio), divided into five classes of nominated by petition, and his name was included on six Directors. Each class serves for a term of five years. the ballot mailed to all Council members on April 18. In each class, three Directors are elected by the mem- At the Annual Meeting for the Election of Directors bership and three are appointed by the Board. on May 17, 2000, 1,635 members participated in per- Directors with terms expiring on August 31, 2000, son or by proxy, fulfilling the quorum required by By- were Jessica P. Einhorn, Louis V. Gerstner Jr., Mau- Law V. No member’s name was written on ten or rice R. Greenberg, George J. Mitchell, and Warren B. more ballots cast at the meeting, and, therefore, no Rudman. member was nominated for the 2001 election by the The Nominating Committee was composed of write-in procedure outlined in the By-Laws. The fol- Carla A. Hills (Chairman), Mario L. Baeza (Vice Chair- lowing nominees were elected for five-year terms be- man), John E. Bryson, Linda Chavez, Kenneth W. ginning September 1, 2000, and expiring August 31, Dam, Robert E. Denham, Thomas R. Donahue, 2005: George J. Mitchell, Warren B. Rudman, and An- William H. Donaldson, David R. Gergen, Robert H. drew Young. Edward F. Cox, Matthew Nimetz, and Legvold, Steven L. Rattner, Adele Simmons, James B. Donald H. Rivkin served as election overseers. Sitrick, Anne Wexler, and Nancy Young. On January Under current procedures, the Board completed the 19, 2000, Ms. Hills invited the Council membership to Class of 2005 by appointing three Directors. Acting on propose possible candidates. The Nominating Com- the recommendation of the Nominating Committee, at mittee met on March 16 to consider the large pool of its June 8 meeting the Board appointed the following names suggested by Council members for the three three Council members to serve five-year terms begin- elective vacancies. Mindful of its mandate to consider ning September 1, 2000, and ending August 31, 2005: “the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, Jessica P. Einhorn, Louis V. Gerstner Jr., and Robert E. geographical representation, and professional back- Rubin. Additionally, the Board appointed Maurice R. ground,” the Nominating Committee developed the Greenberg to the Class of 2001, filling the vacancy cre- following slate of nominees: Judith H. Bello, George J. ated by the resignation of Richard C. Holbrooke, in ac- Mitchell, William A. Owens, Warren B. Rudman, Joan cordance with By-Law IV(C). E. Spero, and Andrew Young. On March 24, Council Michael P. Peters members were notified of the slate and of the petition Senior Vice President

113 Committees of the Board, 1999–2000

Executive Robert C. Waggoner Theodore C. Sorensen Membership Gail H. Evans I. Peter Wolff Joshua Linder Steiner† Wyatt Thomas Johnson Peter G. Peterson Frank Savage Garrick Utley Eason T. Jordan Chairman Chairman Anita Volz Wein James T. Laney Maurice R. Greenberg Finance Robert D. Hormats Paul D. Wolfowitz Audrey Forbes Manley Vice Chairman and Budget Vice Chairman Philip D. Zelikow Judith B. Milestone Paul A. Allaire William J. McDonough Peter Dexter Bell Sam Nunn Kenneth W. Dam Chairman Lee Cullum Correspondence Julia A. White Thomas R. Donahue Jessica P. Einhorn‡ George A. Dalley Kenneth W. Dam Peter C. White Carla A. Hills Vice Chairman Rodolfo O. de la Garza Chairman Andrew Young William J. McDonough Roger C. Altman‡ Frank Phillip del Olmo Fouad Ajami Warren B. Rudman Andy S. Bodea† Merit E. Janow Daniel Bell Chicago Group on Frank Savage Peggy Dulany Kenneth I. Juster Frances FitzGerald Membership and Laura D’Andrea Tyson Gail D. Fosler Richard Mallery Wolf Lepenies Programs Garrick Utley Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Michael H. Moskow Esther R. Newberg Kenneth W. Dam Robert B. Zoellick Richard K. Goeltz Thomas Schick Ron Silver Co-Chairman J. Tomilson Hill‡ Anne-Marie Slaughter Robert B. Silvers Michael H. Moskow Thomas W. Jones‡ Theodore C. Sorensen Corporate Affairs Carl Spielvogel Co-Chairman Henry Kaufman‡ Chang-Lin Tien and Development Fritz Stern Henry S. Bienen George J. Mitchell Paul A. Allaire Stephen Claar Swid Lester Crown Joel W. Motley Term Membership Chairman Garrick Utley Cyrus F. Freidheim Priscilla A. Newman Vincent A. Mai Masakazu Yamazaki Anne-Marie Slaughter David D. Hale J. Benjamin H. Nye† Vice Chairman Fareed Zakaria* Chairman Arthur L. Kelly Richard E. Salomon‡ Odeh Aburdene Deborah K. Burand Rashid I. Khalidi George Soros Roone Arledge Meetings Robert J. Chaves John W. McCarter Robert G. Wilmers‡ Jonathan E. Colby Garrick Utley C. Shelby Coffey III Henry H. Perritt Jr. Henrietta Holsman Chairman Stephen E. Flynn John E. Rielly Fore Foreign Affairs Roone Arledge Todd C. Hart David J. Rosso Richard N. Foster Kenneth W. Dam Carole Artigiani Kenneth A. Moskow Adele Simmons Bart Friedman Chairman Alan R. Batkin April Oliver Thomas C. Theobald Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Lee Cullum Thomas E. Donilon Elliot Stein Mitchel B. Wallerstein Gabriel Vice Chairman Peggy Dulany Kimberly Marten Zisk Guerra-Mondragon Fouad Ajami Jose W. Fernandez Miami Group on Todd C. Hart† Michael R. Beschloss James F. Hoge Jr. * Atlanta Group on Membership and Karen N. Horn John Lewis Gaddis Robert D. Hormats Membership and Programs Morton L. Janklow Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Morton L. Janklow Programs Ambler H. Moss Jr. Hanya Marie Kim Henry A. Grunwald Melanie M. Kirkpatrick Linda Parrish Brady Chairman Sherman R. Lewis Jr. Rita E. Hauser Bette Bao Lord Chairman Cresencio S. Arcos J. Eugene Marans Jim Hoagland Rafiq A. Nathoo† Harry G. Barnes Jr. Diego C. Asencio Ken Miller Karen Elliott House Ponchitta Pierce Peter Dexter Bell W. Hodding Carter E. John Rosenwald Jr. Kirk Kraeutler† Richard Plepler Zeb B. Bradford Jr. Patricia Murphy Derian Leonard Murray II† John J. Mearsheimer Enid C.B. Schoettle Julius E. Coles George W. Landau Frank Savage Rodney W. Nichols Jason T. Shaplen† Marion V. Creekmore Jr. Bernard H. Oxman Maurice Sonnenberg Elisabeth N. Sifton Ron Silver Kenneth A. Cutshaw Joseph F. Peyronnin

*Ex officio. †Designated Term Member. ‡Serves also on the Investment Subcommittee.

114 Committees of the Board, 1999–2000

Linda Robinson Philip J. Romero Nominating Vincent A. Mai Michael H. Van Dusen Maria Elena Torano J. Stanley Sanders Scott Sagan W. Bruce Weinrod Carla A. Hills Adis M. Vila George H. Shenk Fritz Stern R. James Woolsey Chairman Paula J. Sinclair Gordon C. Stewart Robert B. Zoellick Mario L. Baeza Kiron K. Skinner Peter Tarnoff Texas Group on Vice Chairman David K.Y. Tang Marc Thiessen† Membership and John E. Bryson Advisory Committee Chang-Lin Tien Richard H. Ullman Programs Linda Chavez on Diversity Laura D’Andrea Tyson* Marta B. Varela Lee Cullum Kenneth W. Dam Mario L. Baeza Harold M. Williams Ernest James Wilson III Chairman Robert E. Denham Co-Chairman Frank G. Wisner II Anne L. Armstrong Thomas R. Donahue Linda Chavez Daniel H. Yergin Richard B. Cheney National William H. Donaldson Co-Chairman Rodolfo O. de la Garza Programs David R. Gergen Gordon P. Bell† Edward P. Djerejian Robert B. Zoellick Robert H. Legvold Washington Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Mont P. Hoyt Chairman Steven L. Rattner Programs Julia Chang Bloch Roy M. Huffington Henry S. Bienen Adele Simmons Warren B. Rudman Mark A. Carter† Susan L. Karamanian John E. Bryson James B. Sitrick Chairman Herschelle S. Challenor Leo Sidney Mackay Jr. Ashton B. Carter Anne Wexler Pauline H. Baker Robert J. Chaves† Rebecca P. Mark Stephen A. Cheney Nancy Young Judith H. Bello George A. Dalley Rena M. Pederson John F. Cooke Mark F. Brzezinski† Rodolfo O. de la Garza Lee Cullum Studies Elizabeth L. Cheney† MacArthur DeShazer West Coast Group Edward P. Djerejian Laura D’Andrea Tyson Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Thomas R. Donahue on Membership and Martin S. Feldstein Chairman Thomas R. Donahue Patricia Ellis Programs Mimi L. Haas Martin S. Feldstein Marsha A. Echols Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Warren Christopher W. Thomas Johnson Vice Chairman Jessica P. Einhorn Conrad K. Harper Co-Chairman Helene L. Kaplan Graham T. Allison Douglas J. Feith Dwight F. Holloway Peter Tarnoff Aram Peter Kezirian Jr.† Jesse H. Ausubel Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Mahnaz Z. Ispahani Co-Chairman James T. Laney Laurence Merrill Band Charles Gati Charlotte G. Kea† Robert J. Abernethy Leo S. Mackay Jr. Richard R. Burt Carl Samuel Gershman Bette Bao Lord John E. Bryson* Rebecca P. Mark W. Bowman Cutter Michael H. Haltzel William H. Luers John F. Cooke Michael H. Moskow Kenneth W. Dam Robert W. Helm Vincent A. Mai Frank Phillip del Olmo Ambler H. Moss Jr. David B.H. Denoon Carla A. Hills Gwendolyn Mikell Robert F. Erburu* Emily Moto Murase† Padma Desai Kim R. Holmes Mike Masato Mochizuki Henrietta Holsman Fore William A. Owens John Deutch Mark P. Lagon Richard M. Moose Linda Griego Joseph F. Peyronnin Jendayi E. Frazer† Dave K. McCurdy Joel W. Motley Edward K. Hamilton Ronald K. Shelp John Lewis Gaddis Alberto J. Mora Nancy S. Newcomb Jessie J. Knight Jr. Mark R. Steinberg James F. Hoge Jr. * Mark Palmer Eugene H. Robinson Ronald Frank Lehman David K.Y. Tang Arnold Kanter Peter R. Rosenblatt Rita M. Rodriguez Richard Mallery Peter Tarnoff Lawrence J. Korb* Josette S. Shiner Puneet Talwar† Sharon I. Meers Charles R. Trimble John P. Lipsky Tara Diane Sonenshine R. Keith Walton† Leila Conners Petersen Roderick K. von Lipsey Abraham F. Lowenthal* Terence A. Todman Alice Young

115 International Advisory Board

The International Advisory Board (IAB), established by ABID HUSSAIN (India), Chairman, India International the Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship of Center David Rockefeller, Honorary Chairman of the Council, SERGEI A. KARAGANOV (Russia), Chairman of the meets annually in conjunction with the October Board Board, Council on Foreign and Defense Policy; Deputy meeting to offer perspectives on a broad range of matters Director, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences of concern to the Council. IAB members are invited to KYUNG-WON KIM (Republic of Korea), President, comment on institutional programs and strategic direc- Institute of Social Sciences and Seoul Forum for Interna- tions, and on practical opportunities for collaboration be- tional Affairs tween the Council and institutions abroad. They also YOTARO KOBAYASHI (Japan), Chairman, Fuji Xerox provide invaluable international insights into U.S. foreign Company, Ltd. policy in discussions of a variety of issues—from the need RAHMI M. KOÇ (Turkey), Chairman, Koç Holdings A.S. for new strategies and institutions for the 21st century, to the value of multilateral approaches toward world prob- OTTO GRAF LAMBSDORFF (Germany), Member of lems, to ways to foster democratization. the Bundestag; Partner, Wessing & Partners The IAB includes the following distinguished individuals: JUAN MARCH (Spain), Chairman, Juan March Foun- dation, and Juan March Institute for Advanced Studies MARICLAIRE ACOSTA (Mexico), President, Mexican in Social Sciences Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human MARIA ROSA MARTINI (Argentina), Cofounder and Rights President, Social Sector Forum; Vice President of the GIOVANNI AGNELLI (Italy), Chairman, Instituto Fi- Board, CIVITAS nanziario Industriale S.p.A.; Honorary Chairman, Fiat S.p.A. BARBARA MCDOUGALL (Canada), President and KHALID A. ALTURKI (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, Trad- Chief Executive Officer, Canadian Institute of Interna- ing and Development Company (TRADCO) tional Affairs MOSHE ARENS (Israel), Member, Knesset RIGOBERTA MENCHÚ TUM (Guatemala), Founder HANAN ASHRAWI (West Bank), Member, Palestinian and President, Rigoberta Menchú Tum Foundation; 1992 Legislative Council; Secretary General, Miftah—The Nobel Peace Prize recipient Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dia- ADAM MICHNIK (Poland), Editor in Chief, Gazeta logue and Democracy Wyborcza PERCY N. BARNEVIK (Sweden), Chairman, ABB Asea MOEEN A. QURESHI (Pakistan), Chairman, Emerging Brown Boveri Ltd., Investor, and Sandvik Markets Partnership CONRAD M. BLACK (Canada), Chairman and Chief EDZARD REUTER (Germany), Former Chairman, Executive Officer, Argus Corporation Limited, Hollinger Daimler-Benz AG International, Inc., and Hollinger, Inc.; Chairman, Tele- MICHEL ROCARD (France), President, Committee on graph Group Limited Development and Cooperation, European Parliament GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND (Norway), Director- KHEHLA SHUBANE (South Africa), Research Officer General, World Health Organization and Director, Centre for Policy Studies, University of GUSTAVO A. CISNEROS (Venezuela), Chairman and Witwatersrand Chief Executive Officer, Cisneros Group of Companies PETER D. SUTHERLAND (Ireland), Chairman and ALEJANDRO FOXLEY (Chile), Member, Senate of the Managing Director, Goldman Sachs International; Co- Republic of Chile Chairman, BP Amoco TOYOO GYOHTEN (Japan), President, Institute for In- WASHINGTON SYCIP (Philippines), Chairman and ternational Monetary Affairs; Senior Adviser, The Bank Founder, SGV Group; Chairman, Asian Institute of Man- of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. agement SHIRLEY V.T. BRITTAIN WILLIAMS (Great Britain), ABDLATIF Y. AL-HAMAD (Kuwait), Director-General Member, House of Lords and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development MUHAMMAD YUNUS (Bangladesh), Managing Direc- tor, Chief Executive Officer, and Founder, Grameen Bank

116 By-Laws of the Council

I All members of the Council shall be elected dence or principal place of business is within 50 miles by the Board of Directors. All members elected to the of the Capitol in the District of Columbia. All other Council, other than those whose term of membership members are National. All members other than hon- is limited by the conditions of their election, remain orary members shall be citizens of the United States or members until death, resignation, or action under the permanent residents of the United States who have last paragraph of this By-Law. made application to become citizens. The Board of Directors may elect honorary mem- A member may be dropped or suspended from bers with such membership rights, excluding the membership for a period of six months or more only right to vote in Council affairs, as the Board may des- by a unanimous vote of those Directors attending a ignate. meeting of the Board at which a quorum is present In any fiscal year, the Board may elect up to 110 and voting, for any violation of the By-Laws or rules persons to five-year term membership. The terms and or regulations of the Board of Directors, or for any conditions of such membership shall be as prescribed conduct even though not in actual violation of a By- by the Board, provided that no person shall be elected Law or rule that, in the opinion of the Board, is never- to such membership who is more than 34 years of age theless prejudicial to the best interests, reputation, and on January 1 of the year in which his or her election proper functioning of the Council. A member’s privi- would take place, and that of the total number of per- leges may be suspended for a period of up to six sons elected each year no more than 35 shall be age 30 months by action of the President subject to approval or under, and that so long as their term continues such by the Chairman of the Board. members will have the full rights and privileges of Council membership. II It is an express condition of membership in The Board of Directors may establish such other the Council, to which condition every member ac- special categories of membership having such rights cedes by virtue of his or her membership, that mem- and privileges, and subject to such conditions, as the bers will observe such rules and regulations as may be Board may designate. prescribed from time to time by the Board of Directors Of the total membership of the Council, the stated concerning the conduct of Council meetings or the at- membership shall not exceed 3,700. Stated member- tribution of statements made therein, and that any dis- ship is defined as the total of those members who at closure, publication, or other action by a member in the time of computation are under the age of 70, who contravention thereof may be regarded by the Board are residing within the United States, and who are nei- of Directors in its sole discretion as ground for termi- ther honorary members nor five-year term members. nation or suspension of membership pursuant to Arti- A New York Area member is one whose residence or cle I of the By-Laws. principal place of business is within 50 miles of City Hall in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New York. III Members other than honorary members of A Washington, D.C., Area member is one whose resi- the Council shall pay the following dues per annum:

117 By-Laws of the Council

Business Nonbusiness assigned. A Director who fails to attend two-thirds of all new york area such regularly scheduled Board and Board Committee meetings in any two consecutive calendar years shall be Under 30 $ 660 $180 deemed to have submitted his or her resignation to be ac- 30–39 1,340 320 cepted at the pleasure of the Chairman of the Board. The 40 and Over 2,600 580 Board shall have the power to fill any vacancy in its washington, d.c., area membership. A Director appointed to fill a vacancy creat- Under 30 $ 450 $150 ed by the retirement, resignation, or death of a Director 30–39 900 260 previously elected by the membership at large shall be 40 and Over 1,750 450 nominated by the Nominating Committee as the sole national candidate in the next Annual Election to complete the balance of the unexpired term. Under 30 $ 360 $110 30–39 650 180 V A. The Annual Meeting of Members shall be 40 and Over 1,300 300 held in New York City as soon as practicable after the end of the fiscal year, as determined by the Chairman of For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness members the Board. At this meeting the Board of Directors shall are those who are regular members of the faculty of any present a report of the activities of the Council during the accredited educational institution, who are in the public past year, and such other business shall be considered as service, who are on the staff of a voluntary organization, shall be brought forward by or with the sanction of the or who are accredited writers, commentators, journalists, Board of Directors and that shall have been stated in the or other media correspondents. All other members, ex- notice convening the meeting. cept honorary members, are business members. One-third of the voting members of the Council shall All dues shall be paid annually or semiannually in constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. equal installments in advance. Default in the payment of Members may be represented by proxy. any dues for a period of 60 days may be deemed to be B. The Annual Election of Directors of the equivalent to resignation. Council shall be held at a meeting in New York City on a IV A. date set by the President or the Chairman of the Board There shall be a Board of not more than 31 within 13 months of the preceding meeting at which Di- Directors. The President of the corporation shall be a Di- rectors were elected. Directors shall be elected by ballot. rector, ex officio. The remaining members shall be divid- Ballots will be mailed to all members in advance of the ed into five equal classes, each class to serve for a term of Annual Election and may be returned by mail or may be five years and until their successors are elected and take delivered in person or by proxy. The ballot shall contain office. Each class shall consist of three Directors elected (i) the name of each member who is nominated by the directly by the membership at large and three Directors Nominating Committee as a candidate for the class of Di- appointed by the Board. Following each Annual Election rectors scheduled for election in that year, (ii) the name of but prior to the commencement of the term of the new any member appointed to a vacancy in the Board and Directors, the Board shall appoint three Directors to serve nominated by the Nominating Committee as the sole in the same class as the three Directors elected at the An- candidate to complete the balance of the unexpired term, nual Election. B. (iii) the name of any member who is nominated in each At each Annual Election of the Council, three class by a petition signed by not fewer than ten members, Directors shall be elected to replace the outgoing class of and (iv) the name of any member who received not fewer elected Directors. Terms of all Directors, both elected and than ten write-in votes in the preceding election. Mem- appointed, shall commence on the first day of September bers may cast one vote for each of as many candidates as next following their election or appointment. A Director, there are vacancies to be filled on the Board, and the can- whether elected or appointed, who has served three years didates with the highest number of votes in each class or more of a five-year term shall be eligible subsequently will be declared elected as Directors. One-third of the vot- for election or appointment to a single consecutive term. C. ing members of the Council shall constitute a quorum at Directors are expected faithfully to attend the Annual Election Meeting. Administrative details nec- Board and Board Committee meetings to which they are essary to implement the Council’s nomination and elec-

118 By-Laws of the Council

tion procedures shall be as prescribed by the President in composed of five members of the Board and such other consultation with the Chairman of the Board. members of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power VI The Board shall constitute such Committees as to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who may from time to time be appropriate, including an Exec- shall not be members of the Board. The Committee shall utive Committee, a Committee on Finance and Budget, a have responsibility for overseeing programs, activities, Committee on Corporate Affairs and Development, a services, and other initiatives to enhance participation in Committee on Meetings, a Committee on Washington the Council by members in Washington, D.C. Programs, a Committee on National Programs, a Com- The Committee on National Programs shall be committee on Membership, a Nominating Committee, a posed of five members of the Board and such other Committee on Foreign Affairs, and a Committee on Stud- members of the Board as the Committee Chairman ies. Elections of Board members to Committees shall be deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power held at Annual Meetings of the Board, except that, on the to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who nomination of the Chairman of the Board, a Director may shall not be members of the Board. The Committee shall be elected at any meeting of the Board to fill a Committee have the responsibility for overseeing programs, activi- vacancy. ties, services, and other initiatives to enhance participa- The Executive Committee shall be composed of the tion in the Council by members in regions other than Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board, the Chair- New York City and Washington, D.C. men of the standing committees of the Board, and such The Committee on Membership shall be composed of other members of the Board as the Executive Committee five members of the Board and such other members of Chairman deems appropriate. During intervals between the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropri- meetings of the Board, the Committee may exercise the ate. The Committee shall co-opt two members who shall powers of the Board to the extent permitted by law. not be members of the Board and who shall be under the The Committee on Finance and Budget shall be com- age of 40 when co-opted, and shall have power to co-opt posed of five members of the Board and such other no fewer than eight additional members of any age who members of the Board as the Committee Chairman are not members of the Board. All names proposed for deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power membership in the Council shall be referred to the Com- to co-opt no fewer than eight additional members. The mittee for its consideration, and the Committee shall sub- Committee shall have general supervision of the invest- mit to the Board its nominations for election to ment of the funds of the Council and of its financial af- membership. fairs, and shall present the budget at the Spring meeting The Nominating Committee shall be composed of five of the Board. members of the Board. The Committee shall present The Committee on Corporate Affairs and Develop- names for Directors, Officers, and Committee members. ment shall be composed of five members of the Board For the purpose of nominating candidates to stand for and such other members of the Board as the Committee election to the Board, the Committee shall co-opt ten ad- Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have ditional members who shall not be members of the the power to co-opt no fewer than 20 additional mem- Board. The Chairman of the Nominating Committee bers. The Committee shall help to plan, implement, and shall be selected by the Chairman of the Board from oversee the Corporate Program and the Council’s finan- among the Board members on the Committee. Neither cial development programs. the Chairman of the Board nor the President shall be an The Committee on Meetings shall be composed of five ex officio member of the Nominating Committee. Both in members of the Board and such other members of the co-opting members to its own body and in nominating Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. candidates for each year’s Board election, the Nominat- The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer ing Committee is charged to keep in mind the need for than ten members who shall not be members of the diversity with regard to age, sex, race, geographical rep- Board. The Committee shall have responsibility for over- resentation, and professional background. In nominating seeing the Council’s program of general meetings and in- candidates for each year’s Board election, the Committee stitutional outreach activities involving electronic and is also charged (i) to solicit the entire membership for the other broadcast media. names of possible candidates and (ii) except as provided The Committee on Washington Programs shall be in By-Law IV(C) to nominate twice as many candidates

119 By-Laws of the Council

as there are directorships to be filled at the election by the Board of Directors, shall be the Chief Executive Officer of membership at large. the corporation. The Committee on Foreign Affairs shall be composed The Vice Presidents in order of seniority shall dis- of five members of the Board and such other members of charge the duties of the President in his or her absence, the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropri- and shall perform such other duties as from time to time ate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no shall be assigned them by the Board of Directors. fewer than 15 additional members, at least ten of whom The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the are not members of the Board. All matters relating to the corporation. oversight and management of the magazine shall be re- The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the ferred to the Committee. corporation, and shall keep its records. The Committee on Studies shall be composed of five members of the Board and such other members of the VIII The Board shall appoint the Editor of Foreign Af- Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. fairs and the Director of Studies, if any, and shall annually The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer fix their compensation. than 15 additional members, at least ten of whom are not members of the Board. All suggestions relating to matters IX The funds of the corporation shall be invested by of research shall be referred to it, and it shall be responsi- the Committee on Finance and Budget or shall be de- ble for the initiation of research projects. The Committee posited with trust companies or banking institutions des- on Studies shall submit regular reports of its activities to ignated by either the Board of Directors or the Committee the Board. on Finance and Budget. Disbursements shall be made Except as otherwise provided above, a co-opted Com- only upon checks or vouchers approved by any one of the mittee member shall serve for such term as the Commit- following for amounts up to $5,000 and by any two of the tee co-opting him or her shall determine, and during following for amounts of $5,000 and over: the President, such term shall have the same rights and obligations as any Vice President, the Treasurer, the Secretary, the Direc- other Committee members. One-third of the Directors tor of Finance, the Editor of Foreign Affairs, and such other and co-opted members, duly elected or appointed, shall employees of the corporation as may from time to time be constitute a quorum at any meeting of any Committee. designated by the Committee on Finance and Budget. Participation by conference telephone, or similar communication equipment allowing all persons participating in X The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held the meeting to hear one another at the same time, shall as soon as practicable after the first day of September, as constitute presence in person at a meeting. determined by the Chairman of the Board. One-third of the Directors in office shall constitute a quorum at any VII The Officers of the corporation shall be a Chair- meeting of the Board. man of the Board, a Vice Chairman, a President, one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such XI These By-Laws may be amended at any meet- other Officers as in the Board’s judgment may be re- ing of the Board of Directors, provided notice of the pro- quired. The Board shall annually fix their compensation. posed amendment shall have been given at a previous The Chairman of the Board shall be elected for a term of meeting or circulated in writing to the members of the five years and shall be eligible for reelection to a second Board not less than five days in advance. term. The Chairman shall be eligible to complete any such term without regard to By-Law limitations on the XII Any person made, or threatened to be made, a number or tenure of Directors. The other Officers of the party to any action or proceeding, whether civil or crimi- corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Di- nal, by reason of the fact that he or she, his or her testator rectors. or intestate, is or was a Director or Officer of the Council, The Chairman of the Board, or in his or her absence shall be indemnified by the Council, and his or her ex- the Vice Chairman, may call meetings of the Board and penses incurred in defending such an action or proceed- shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors. ing shall be advanced by the Council, to the full extent The President, subject to the overall direction of the authorized or permitted by law.

120 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices

he following items describe important Rules, plicable in whole or in part to any particular Council TGuidelines, and Practices of the Council on meeting, and the presentation portion of the meeting Foreign Relations, with which members and may be recorded and broadcast on electronic media staff should familiarize themselves. and/or covered in the print media with the agreement of the speaker and advance announcement to other Rule on Foreign Policy Positions participants. The following has been the policy of the Council since “Notwithstanding the above Rule, the Board of Di- its origin, reconfirmed by resolution of the Board of Di- rectors may, from time to time, prescribe rules govern- rectors on September 11, 1973: ing the subsequent release of any Council records. “The Council shall not take any position on ques- “While the substance of the above Rule has been in tions of foreign policy, and no person is authorized to effect since the formation of the Council, its present speak, or purport to speak, for the Council on such formulation was adopted by the Board of Directors on matters.” June 6, 1977, on the recommendation of a special Advi- sory Panel on the Non-Attribution Rule, and subse- Rule on Non-Attribution quently amended on June 7, 1994. The minutes of the “The Council is a research and educational institution. June 1977 meeting contain the following explanatory Everyone who participates in a Council meeting is en- comments about the Rule: couraged to use and disseminate ideas and informa- “The report recognizes that ‘media’ and ‘public tion developed in the meeting. It is recognized, at the forum’ are vague terms. But they can nevertheless be same time, that many Council guests and members rationally interpreted in the light of the purpose of the are, by reason of their governmental or other institu- Rule. For example, the reformulation would make it le- tional affiliations, subject to inevitable constraints upon gitimate for a U.S. governmental official to report by their latitude to express opinions, take positions, or memo to his colleagues and superiors what he learned offer tentative judgments on public affairs issues if at a Council meeting. Similarly, the reformulation rec- they are speaking in a public forum or if their state- ognizes that a lawyer may give such a memo to his ments will be later attributed to them in public media partners, or a corporate officer to other corporate offi- or a public forum. cers. It would not be in compliance with the reformu- “Full freedom of expression is encouraged at Coun- lated Rule, however, for any meeting participant (i) to cil meetings. Participants are assured that they may publish a speaker’s statement in attributed form in a speak openly, as it is the tradition of the Council that newspaper; (ii) to repeat it on television or radio, or on others will not attribute or characterize their state- a speaker’s platform, or in a classroom; or (iii) to go be- ments in public media or forums or knowingly trans- yond a memo of limited circulation, by distributing the mit them to persons who will. All participants are attributed statement in a company or government expected to honor that commitment. agency newsletter. The language of the Rule also goes “An appropriate officer of the Council may, howev- out of its way to make it clear that a meeting partici- er, by advance announcement declare this Rule inap- pant is forbidden knowingly to transmit the attributed

121 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices

statement to a newspaper reporter or other such perfor Council membership. Members bringing guests son who is likely to publish it in a public medium. The should secure the permission of the Council depart- essence of the Rule as reformulated is simple enough: ment organizing the meeting and acquaint their participants in Council meetings should not pass guests with the Council’s Non-Attribution Rule gov- along an attributed statement in circumstances where erning what is said at meetings. there is substantial risk that it will promptly be widely circulated or published.” Rule on Conflicts of Interest By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, Guidelines on Meetings adopted January 28, 1992, the following policy con- By resolution adopted on February 28, 1972, as subse- cerning actual or potential conflicts of interest was ap- quently amended, the Board of Directors has prescribed proved: the following Guidelines governing Council meetings: “1. It is the policy of the Council on Foreign Relations “The purpose of meetings sponsored by the Coun- that the Board, officers, and staff of the Council be sen- cil on Foreign Relations is to promote understanding sitive to conflict-of-interest issues. of international affairs through the free interchange of ideas among participants. “2. Any potential conflict of interest shall be disclosed “In order to encourage to the fullest a free, frank, to an Officer of the Board by the person concerned. and open exchange of ideas in Council meetings, the When relevant to a matter requiring action by the Board of Directors has prescribed, in addition to the Board, the person concerned shall absent him- or her- Non-Attribution Rule, the following guidelines. All self from the final discussion of such matter, and shall participants in Council meetings are expected to be fa- not vote thereon, and the minutes of the meeting shall miliar with and adhere to these Guidelines. so disclose. When there is doubt as to whether a conflict of interest exists, the matter shall be resolved by “1. Since the Council invites guests representing vote of the Board, excluding the person concerning many different viewpoints, since it selects topics re- whose situation the doubt has arisen. gardless of, or because of, their controversiality, and since there is a wide divergence of viewpoints among “3. This resolution shall remain in full force and effect members, it is to be expected that Council meetings unless and until modified by vote of the Board, and a will sometimes be marked by sharp dispute. copy hereof shall be furnished to each officer or director at the time of his or her election or appointment to “2. Meetings chairmen are expected to stimulate open or by the Board and any renewal thereof, and to each expression of opinion by all participants and should person who is now or hereafter may become a mem- not attempt to mute controversy or stifle differences of ber of the staff. The policy shall in an appropriate viewpoint where they exist. To this end it is the re- manner be reviewed annually for the information and sponsibility of chairmen to see to it that all viewpoints guidance of directors, officers, and staff.” expressed are treated with respect and that parliamentary decorum is maintained. Archival Practice “3. Principal speakers should expect to be questioned By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, vigorously on any point relevant to their intellectual adopted June 3, 1999, all substantive records of the interest, experience, or expertise in international af- Council more than 25 years old are open for reference fairs. It is recognized, however, that some speakers, use during library hours at the Seeley G. Mudd Manu- particularly those holding official positions, may not script Library at Princeton University, subject to the feel free to answer some questions, and, in such case, following proviso: their declination will be respected.” “As a condition of use, the officers of the Council shall require each user of Council records to execute a Apart from the traditional meetings for spouses prior written commitment that he or she will not di- and for sons and daughters of the members, occasion- rectly or indirectly attribute to any living person any al meetings are also open to guests of members. Guest assertion of fact or opinion based upon any Council privileges are for those who have special expertise or record without first obtaining from such person his or experience that relates directly to the meeting, as well her written consent thereto.” as the general qualifications of potential candidates

122 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers

Directors Arthur H. Dean 1955–72 C. Peter McColough 1978–87 Isaiah Bowman 1921–50 Charles M. Spofford 1955–72 Richard L. Gelb 1979–88 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921–28 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958–62 Graham T. Allison Jr. 1979–88 Paul D. Cravath 1921–40 William C. Foster 1959–72 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979–83 John W. Davis 1921–55 Caryl P. Haskins 1961–75 James F. Hoge Jr. 1980–84 Norman H. Davis 1921–44 James A. Perkins 1963–79 George P. Shultz 1980–82 Stephen P. Duggan 1921–50 William P. Bundy 1964–74 William D. Rogers 1980–90 John H. Finley 1921–29 Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Walter B. Wriston 1981–87 Edwin F. Gay 1921–45 Carroll L. Wilson 1964–79 Lewis T. Preston 1981–88 David F. Houston 1921–27 Douglas Dillon 1965–78 Warren Christopher 1982–91 Otto H. Kahn 1921–34 Henry R. Labouisse 1965–74 Alan Greenspan 1982–88 Frank L. Polk 1921–43 Robert V. Roosa 1966–81 Robert A. Scalapino 1982–89 Whitney H. Shepardson 1921–66 Lucian W. Pye 1966–82 Harold Brown 1983–92 William R. Shepherd 1921–27 Alfred C. Neal 1967–76 Stanley Hoffmann 1983–92 Paul M. Warburg 1921–32 Bill Moyers 1967–74 Juanita M. Kreps 1983–89 George W. Wickersham 1921–36 Cyrus R. Vance 1968–76, Brent Scowcroft 1983–89 Allen W. Dulles 1927–69 1981–87 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1983–92 Russell C. Leffingwell 1927–60 Hedley Donovan 1969–79 Donald F. McHenry 1984–93 George O. May 1927–53 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970–72 B.R. Inman 1985–93 Wesley C. Mitchell 1927–34 Bayless Manning 1971–77 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985–94 Owen D. Young 1927–40 W. Michael Blumenthal 1972–77, Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 1979–84 Charles McC. Mathias Jr. 1986–92 Charles P. Howland 1929–31 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972–77 Ruben F. Mettler 1986–92 Walter Lippmann 1932–37 Elizabeth Drew 1972–77 James E. Burke 1987–95 Clarence M. Woolley 1932–35 George S. Franklin 1972–83 Richard B. Cheney 1987–89, Frank Altschul 1934–72 Marshall D. Shulman 1972–77 1993–95 Philip C. Jessup 1934–42 Martha Redfield Wallace 1972–82 Robert F. Erburu 1987–98 Harold W. Dodds 1935–43 Paul C. Warnke 1972–77 Karen Elliott House 1987–98 Leon Fraser 1936–45 Peter G. Peterson 1973–83, Glenn E. Watts 1987–90 John H. Williams 1937–64 1984– Thomas S. Foley 1988–94 Lewis W. Douglas 1940–64 Robert O. Anderson 1974–80 James D. Robinson III 1988–91 Edward Warner 1940–49 Edward K. Hamilton 1974–83 Strobe Talbott 1988–93 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–53 Harry C. McPherson Jr. 1974–77 John L. Clendenin 1989–94 Myron C. Taylor 1943–59 Elliot L. Richardson 1974–75 William S. Cohen 1989–97 Henry M. Wriston 1943–67 Franklin Hall Williams 1975–83 Joshua Lederberg 1989–98 Thomas K. Finletter 1944–67 Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1975–86 John S. Reed 1989–92 William A.M. Burden 1945–74 Paul A. Volcker 1975–79, Alice M. Rivlin 1989–92 Walter H. Mallory 1945–68 1988–99 William J. Crowe Jr. 1990–93 Philip D. Reed 1945–69 Theodore M. Hesburgh 1976–85 Thomas R. Donahue 1990– Winfield W. Riefler 1945–50 Lane Kirkland 1976–86 Richard C. Holbrooke 1991–93, David Rockefeller 1949–85 George H.W. Bush 1977–79 1996–99 W. Averell Harriman 1950–55 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977–79 Robert D. Hormats 1991– Joseph E. Johnson 1950–74 Philip L. Geyelin 1977–87 John E. Bryson 1992– Grayson Kirk 1950–73 Henry A. Kissinger 1977–81 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992– Devereux C. Josephs 1951–58 Winston Lord 1977–85 Karen N. Horn 1992–95 Elliott V. Bell 1953–66 Stephen Stamas 1977–89 James R. Houghton 1992–96 John J. McCloy 1953–72 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977–87 Charlayne Hunter-Gault 1992–98

123 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers

Kenneth W. Dam 1992– Warren Christopher 1987–91 John A. Millington 1987–96 Donna E. Shalala 1992–93 Harold Brown 1991–92 Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1987–93 Alton Frye 1993 B.R. Inman 1992–93 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Richard N. Cooper 1993–94 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1993–94 Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Rita E. Hauser 1993–97 Maurice R. Greenberg 1994– Abraham F. Lowenthal 1995– E. Gerald Corrigan 1993–95 Janice L. Murray 1995– Leslie H. Gelb 1993– Presidents David J. Vidal 1995–97 Paul A. Allaire 1993– John W. Davis 1921–33 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Robert E. Allen 1993–96 George W. Wickersham 1933–36 Frederick C. Broda 1996–97 Theodore C. Sorensen 1993– Norman H. Davis 1936–44 Kenneth Maxwell 1996 Garrick Utley 1993– Russell C. Leffingwell 1944–46 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Carla A. Hills 1994– Allen W. Dulles 1946–50 David Kellogg 1997– Helene L. Kaplan 1994–96 Henry M. Wriston 1951–64 Paula J. Dobriansky 1997– Frank G. Zarb 1994–96 Grayson Kirk 1964–71 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998– Robert B. Zoellick 1994– Bayless Manning 1971–77 Lawrence J. Korb 1998– Les Aspin 1995 Winston Lord 1977–85 Elise Carlson Lewis 1999– Mario L. Baeza 1995– John Temple Swing* 1985–86 Peggy Dulany 1995– Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Executive Directors Jessica P. Einhorn 1995– Alton Frye 1993 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1922–28 William J. McDonough 1995– Leslie H. Gelb 1993– Malcolm W. Davis 1925–27 Frank Savage 1995– Walter H. Mallory 1927–59 George Soros 1995– Honorary President George S. Franklin 1953–71 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995–98 Elihu Root 1921–37 George J. Mitchell 1995– Secretaries Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 1995– Executive Vice President Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Lee Cullum 1996– John Temple Swing 1986–93 Allen W. Dulles 1933–44 Vincent A. Mai 1997– Frank Altschul 1944–72 Warren B. Rudman 1997– Senior Vice Presidents John Temple Swing 1972–87 Laura D’Andrea Tyson 1997– Alton Frye 1993–98 Judith Gustafson 1987–2000 Roone Arledge 1998– Kenneth H. Keller 1993–95 Lilita V. Gusts 2000– Diane Sawyer 1998–99 Larry L. Fabian 1994–95 Martin S. Feldstein 1998– Michael P. Peters 1995– Treasurers Bette Bao Lord 1998– Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Michael H. Moskow 1998– Vice Presidents Whitney H. Shepardson 1933–42 John Deutch 1999– Paul D. Cravath 1921–33 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–51 Robert E. Rubin 2000– Norman H. Davis 1933–36 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Andrew Young 2000– Edwin F. Gay 1933–40 Elliott V. Bell 1952–64 Frank L. Polk 1940–43 Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Chairmen of the Board Peter G. Peterson 1981–85 Russell C. Leffingwell 1946–53 Russell C. Leffingwell 1943–44 C. Peter McColough 1985–87 John J. McCloy 1953–70 Allen W. Dulles 1944–46 Lewis T. Preston 1987–88 David Rockefeller 1970–85 Isaiah Bowman 1945–49 James E. Burke 1988–89 Peter G. Peterson 1985– Henry M. Wriston 1950–51 David Rockefeller 1950–70 David Woodbridge 1989–94 Vice Chairmen of the Board Frank Altschul 1951–71 Janice L. Murray 1994– Grayson Kirk 1971–73 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Cyrus R. Vance 1973–76, David W. MacEachron 1972–74 Editors of Foreign Affairs 1985–87 John Temple Swing 1972–86 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1922–28 Douglas Dillon 1976–78 Alton Frye 1987–93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 Carroll L. Wilson 1978–79 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 William P. Bundy 1972–84

124 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers

William G. Hyland 1984–92 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Melvin Conant 1954–55,* James F. Hoge Jr. 1992– Kenneth H. Keller* 1994–95 1956–57,* Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 1957–59 Directors of Studies Kenneth Maxwell 1996 George V.H. Moseley III 1959–62 Percy W. Bidwell 1937–53 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Harry Boardman 1962–69 Philip E. Mosely 1955–63 Lawrence J. Korb 1998– Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. 1969–78 Richard H. Ullman 1973–76 Marilyn Berger 1978–79 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1976–77 Directors of Meetings Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1979–93 John C. Campbell 1977–78 George S. Franklin 1949–50 Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981–87 William Henderson 1952–54, Anne R. Luzzatto 1998– William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 1955–56

*Pro-tempore

Judith Gustafson, secretary of the corporation since 1987, left the Council in May 2000 after nearly 35 years on staff. She is shown here at her May 16, 2000, farewell party with Leslie H. Gelb, Winston Lord, David Rockefeller, Peter G. Peterson, Alton Frye, John Temple Swing, and Bayless Manning. She worked closely with members of the Board of Directors and the International Advisory Board, as well as overseeing the annual election of Directors. Beginning in 1965 as assistant to the executive director, George Franklin, Ms. Gustafson worked with a number of presidents and served as associate director of the Council’s think tank, the Studies Department, from 1987 to 1996. At a festive farewell party given by the Council, President Leslie H. Gelb said, “Judith’s dedication to the Council is legendary. She will be greatly missed.”

125 BUDGET AND FINANCE

he Council ended the fiscal year with an op Even in these best of times, we continue to budget erating surplus of $1.7 million: the seventh conservatively, making certain that we have assured Tconsecutive year in which it has maintained sources of funding to meet the Council's priorities and a surplus. The financial health of the organization is general operating needs, while remaining buttressed due in great part to the generous support of individual against the possibility of a downturn in revenues. members, which shows most dramatically in the annu This year we are pleased to welcome a new director al fund; increased strength in the Corporate Program; of finance, Russell Pomeranz, who joined the Council special grants from members, foundations, and other staff in May, bringing a wide range of experience in the donors; and constant vigilance on cost containment. nonprofit sector. And we owe a special word of thanks The Council's investment portfolio stood at $131.5 this year to our associate director of finance, Peter Tyn- million as of June 30, reflecting some new contributions dale, for his key role in the Council's transition to a and, especially, continuing growth in the markets. We new accounting system. are most grateful to the Finance and Budget Committee, Janice L. Murray chaired by William McDonough, and to the Investment Vice President and Treasurer Subcommittee, headed by J. Tomilson Hill, for both their time and expertise, which they give us unstintingly

Statements of Financial Position June 30 2000 1999 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 12,460,000 $ 12,754,800 Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 731,600 924,800 Grants and contributions receivable, current portion (Note 5) 4,526,900 4,947,700 Inventories, at lower of cost or market 180,300 307,000 Grants and contributions receivable, long-term portion (Note 5) 836,300 1,273,400 Contributions receivable for endowment and capital expenditures (Note 5) 663,100 714,500 Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, net (Note 6) 23,705,500 22,572,000 Investments (Note 3) 83,052,400 74,013,500 Investments to be held in perpetuity (Note 3) 48,483,200 48,988,300 Total assets $174,639,300 $166,496,000

Liabilities and net assets Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 2,299,000 $ 2,414,700 Deferred subscription revenue 2,326,200 2,056,200 Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 8) 1,802,000 1,817,000 Total liabilities 6,427,200 6,287,900

Net assets (Notes 9 and 10): Unrestricted 78,036,800 75,286,800 Temporarily restricted 41,073,500 35,718,500 Permanently restricted 49,101,800 49,202,800 Total net assets 168,212,100 160,208,100 Total liabilities and net assets $174,639,300 $166,496,000

See accompanying notes.

126 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities

Year ended June 30, 2000, with summarized financial information for 1999

2000 Temporarily Permanently 1999 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Operating revenue, support, and reclassifications Membership dues $ 2,459,400 2,459,400 2,607,000 Annual giving 2,349,600 2,349,600 2,158,500 Corporate memberships and related income 2,680,900 2,680,900 2,383,200 Meetings 702,500 702,500 142,900 International Affairs Fellowships 355,400 355,400 613,300 Grants and contributions for Studies 50,800 5,053,500 5,104,300 7,655,700 Other grants and contributions 250,000 896,500 1,146,500 721,500 Foreign Affairs 4,811,400 4,811,400 5,063,100 Book publication 53,700 50,800 104,500 98,800 Investment income allocation (Note 4) 3,600,000 1,833,000 5,433,000 4,894,600 Miscellaneous 771,900 771,900 494,300 Total operating revenue and support 17,730,200 8,189,200 25,919,400 26,832,900 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 9) 8,021,500 (8,021,500) Total operating revenue, support, and reclassifications 25,751,700 167,700 25,919,400 26,832,900

Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 8,993,200 8,993,200 7,280,500 Meetings Program 3,434,400 3,434,400 2,395,200 Foreign Affairs 4,659,300 4,659,300 4,955,300 Book publication 445,200 445,200 484,700 National Program 469,400 469,400 451,500 International Affairs Fellowships 729,600 729,600 541,800 Communications 395,000 395,000 327,300 Total program expenses 19,126,100 19,126,100 16,436,300

Supporting services: Management and general 3,469,200 3,469,200 3,173,700 Membership 472,300 472,300 442,200 Fund-raising: Development 344,000 344,000 420,800 Corporate Program 636,500 636,500 488,000 Total fund-raising 980,500 980,500 908,800 Total supporting services expenses 4,922,000 4,922,000 4,524,700

Total operating expenses 24,048,100 24,048,100 20,961,000

Excess of operating revenue, support, and reclassifications over operating expenses carried forward 1,703,600 167,700 1,871,300 5,871,900

See accompanying notes.

127 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statement of Activities (continued)

2000 Temporarily Permanently 1999 Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Total Excess of operating revenue, support, and reclassifications over operating expenses brought forward $ 1,703,600 $ 167,700 $ 1,871,300 $ 5,871,900

Nonoperating revenue (Note 2) Investment income earned in excess of spending rate (Note 4) 1,046,400 4,177,300 5,223,700 5,806,600 Contributions for capital expenditures 500,000 Endowment contributions $ 909,000 909,000 Net assets released from restrictions 1,010,000 (1,010,000) Total nonoperating revenue 1,046,400 5,187,300 (101,000) 6,132,700 6,306,600

Change in net assets 2,750,000 5,355,000 (101,000) 8,004,000 12,178,500 Net assets at the beginning of the year 75,286,800 35,718,500 49,202,800 160,208,100 148,029,600 Net assets at the end of the year $78,036,800 $41,073,500 $49,101,800 $168,212,100 $160,208,100

See accompanying notes.

Statements of Cash Flows

Year ended June 30 2000 1999 Operating activities Change in net assets $ 8,004,000 $12,178,500 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 1,370,400 1,241,700 Net realized and unrealized gains on investments (9,037,400) (9,590,800) Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (909,000) — Contributions restricted for capital expenditures — (500,000) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses 193,200 (27,000) Grants and contributions receivable 857,900 (1,551,800) Inventories 126,700 (66,600) Accounts payable and accrued expenses (115,700) 618,700 Deferred subscription revenue 270,000 (279,300) Accrued postretirement benefits (15,000) 2,000 Net cash provided by operating activities 745,100 2,025,400

128 BUDGET AND FINANCE

Statements of Cash Flows (continued) Year ended June 30 2000 1999 Investing activities Purchases of building, building improvements, equipment, and construction in progress $(2,503,900) $(7,741,200) Purchases of investments (61,752,900) (86,155,100) Proceeds from sales of investments 62,256,500 91,358,000 Net cash used in investing activities (2,000,300) (2,538,300) Financing activities Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 505,000 1,213,300 Contributions for capital expenditures 455,400 3,100,000 Net cash provided by financing activities 960,400 4,313,300

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (294,800) 3,800,400 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 12,754,800 8,954,400 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $12,460,000 $12,754,800

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Non-cash investing and financing activity: Contributions receivable for investment in endowment $ 618,500 $ 214,500 Contributions receivable for capital expenditures $ 44,600 $ 500,000 See accompanying notes.

Notes to Financial Statements June 30, 2000 1. Organization The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the "Council"), headquartered in New York City, is a nonprofit and nonpartisan membership organization dedicated to improving the understanding of U.S. foreign policy and international affairs through the exchange of ideas. The Council, established in 1921, serves as a center for scholarship and policy analysis, mobilizing resident senior staff, members, and other experts in dialogue, study, and the publications programs. It serves as a membership organization, comprising an ever-more di verse and multiprofessional community of men and women involved in international affairs. The Council also serves as a public edu cation organization, reaching out nationally and internationally to disseminate ideas and collaborate with other institutions. The Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code") and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. The Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been significant.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Fund Accounting and Net Asset Classifications The Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor or grantor. Endowment contributions are invested; and pursuant to the Council's 5% policy (see Note 4), an investment allocation is made for general purposes (unrestricted) and specific program activities (temporarily restricted). In the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: un restricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. Unrestricted net assets represent funds that are fully available, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, for the Council to utilize in any of its program or supporting services. Temporarily restricted net assets comprise funds that are restricted by donors for a specific time period or purpose. Permanently restricted net assets consist of funds that must be maintained intact in perpetuity, but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specified or unspecified purposes.

129 BUDGET AND FINANCE

1999 Summarized Financial Information The financial statements include certain prior year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such informa tion does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. According ly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Council's financial statements for the year ended June 30,1999, from which the summarized information was derived. Support and Revenue Contributions, including a portion of membership dues, are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts re ceived with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted sup port. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfilled, temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified as unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. It is the Council's policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long-lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived as sets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that effect. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the conditions have been met. Payments for subscriptions to Foreign Affairs are recognized as revenue over the period during which the subscriptions are fulfilled. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash equivalents held as investments, to be cash equivalents. Investments The Council's investments are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices for individual debt and mar ketable equity securities. The Council's hedge funds, which consist of interests in investment limited partnerships and investment companies, are carried as follows: • The Council's investments in investment companies, represented by share ownership, are carried at the aggregate net asset value of the shares held by the Council. The net asset value is based on the net market value of the investment company's investment portfolio as determined by the management of the investment company. • The carrying values of investments in investment limited partnerships reflect the Council's net contributions to the respective part nerships and its share of realized and unrealized investment income and expenses of the respective partnerships. Investments held by the investment limited partnerships generally are carried at fair value as determined by the respective general partners. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment The Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, and generally depreciates these assets on the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (see Note 6). The fair value of donated property and equipment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. Measure of Operations The Council includes in its definition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its programs and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation (see Note 4) and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expenditures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council's aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for capital ex penditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activity. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

3. Investments The components of the Council's long-term investments were as follows:

Year ended June 30 2000 1999 Cost Carrying Value Cost Carrying Value Domestic equity securities $ 53,455,900 $ 60,048,400 $ 51,016,900 $ 58,868,700 International equity securities 16,418,200 18,810,700 14,165,900 18,416,500 Foreign and corporate bonds 9,936,300 9,802,000 10,800,000 10,532,800 U.S. government and agency obligations 10,755,900 10,434,000 11,051,700 10,834,000 Hedge funds 24,081,000 26,884,800 24,000,000 22,942,000 Money market funds 5,555,700 5,555,700 1,407,800 1,407,800 Total $120,203,000 $131,535,600 $112,442,300 $123,001,800

130 BUDGET AND FINANCE

The hedge funds in which the Council has invested may trade various financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These finan cial instruments include securities sold short and long, options contracts, and foreign currency forward contracts. Such transactions subject the hedge funds and their investors to market risk associated with changes in the value of the underlying securities, financial instruments, and foreign currencies, as well as the risk of loss if a counterparty fails to perform. The respective hedge fund managers endeavor to limit the risk associated with such transactions.

4. Investment Allocation It is a Council policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations at 5% of the average market value of the investments for the three previous years. In 2000 and 1999, additional gains of $577,300 and $1,940,500, respectively, were also uti lized to fulfill donor restrictions. Investment income has been reported as follows: Year ended June 30 2000 1999 Temporarily Unrestricted Restricted Total Total Dividends and interest, net of invest ment expenses of $746,600 and $751,200 in 2000 and 1999, respectively $ 706,000 $ 913,300 $ 1,619,300 $ 1,110,400 Net realized and unrealized gains 3,940,400 5,097,000 9,037,400 9,590,800 Total return on investments 4,646,400 6,010,300 10,656,700 10,701,200 Investment return used for current operations (3,600,000) (1,833,000) (5,433,000) (4,894,600) Investment return in excess of amounts used for current operations $1,046,400 $4,177,300 $ 5,223,700 $ 5,806,600

5. Grants and Contributions Receivable Receivables consist substantially of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. Contributions re ceivable for endowment and capital expenditures are primarily due within one year. Grants and contributions receivable are due to be collected as follows: June 30 2000 1999 Less than one year $5,190,000 $5,662,200 One to five years 1,000,000 1,400,000 After five years 150,000 6,190,000 7,212,200 Less discount (using 6% rate) 163,700 276,600 Grants and contributions receivable, net $6,026,300 $6,935,600

6. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, are summarized as follows: June 30 Estimated 2000 1999 Useful Life Land $ 1,854,300 $ 1,854,300 Buildings and building improvements 25,201,600 23,447,300 10-55 years Equipment 6,186,400 5,436,800 3-15 years 33,242,300 30,738,400 Less accumulated depreciation 9,536,800 8,166,400 $23,705,500 $22,572,000

7. Retirement Plan The Council has a defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Pay ments, which are 12.5% of each participant's salary hired prior to July 1,1998, and 10% for each participant hired after this date, are made to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equity Fund to purchase individual annuities for plan members. The expense for the plan was $706,900 for 2000 and $703,200 for 1999. Participants must contribute 2.5% of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf.

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8. Other Postretirement Benefits The Council provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefits when they meet the criteria for retirement under the pension plan.

The following table presents the plan's related disclosures under the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 132, Employers' Disclosures About Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, as accounted for under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106, Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions, as follows: June 30 2000 1999 Benefit obligation $1,757,000 $1,512,000 Fair value of plan assets Unfunded status $1,757,000 $1,512,000 Accrued postretirement benefit cost in the statement of financial position $1,802,000 $1,817,000

For the year ended: Benefit cost $ 130,000 $ 108,000 Benefits paid 145,000 106,000

Weighted average assumptions Discount rate 7.75% 7.75% For purposes of calculating the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and the net periodic postretirement benefit cost, the average annual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of medical and dental benefits is 6% and 6.5% for 2000 and 1999, re spectively, remaining at 6% hereafter.

9. Temporarily Restricted Net Assets Temporarily restricted net assets are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: June 30 2000 1999 Studies $23,567,400 $20,403,900 International Affairs Fellowships 4,691,900 3,783,600 Meetings 3,489,700 2,328,700 Studies—Next Generation 3,551,700 2,599,600 Capital expenditures 5,772,800 6,602,700 $41,073,500 $35,718,500

am restrictions for fulfillment Purposes and time periods: Studies $6,083,400 International Affairs Fellowships 627,100 Meetings 726,000 Studies—Next Generation 63,500 Capital expenditures 248,100 Other 273,400 $8,021,500

The above amount released from restrictions primarily represents revenue recognized in prior years and expended in 2000

132 BUDGET AND FINANCE

10. Permanently Restricted Net Assets Income earned on permanently restricted net assets is restricted for the following purposes: June 30 2000 1999 Studies $24,415,100 $24,961,200 International Affairs Fellowships 6,066,100 6,066,100 Meetings 3,502,700 3,853,200 Library 156,700 156,700 Unrestricted as to use 14,961,200 14,165,600 $49,101,800 $49,202,800 In fiscal 2000, $1,010,000 in permanently restricted net assets was released to temporarily restricted net assets to conform 1 the prior year's presentation with the current year.

=11 ERNST &YOUNG UP I 787 Seventh A i>tun)i.-::i:-77i-;.(i()i) New York, Ne

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

Board of Directors Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. We have audited the accompanying statements of financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. as of June 30, 2000 and 1999, and the related statements of cash flows for the years then ended and the statement of activities for the year ended June 30, 2000. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Coun cil's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and signifi cant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the over all financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. at June 30, 2000 and 1999, and its cash flows for the years then ended and the changes in its net assets for the year ended June 30, 2000, in conformity with accounting principles gener ally accepted in the United States.

Jcvt/mtt:y ~Uow»uyLl? August 14, 2000

;) member (>n-niM & Vmills; Inicrnalional, Lid.

133 Staff

New York

Washington, D.C.

134 staff

EXECUTIVE OFFICE CELIA WHITAKER Assistant Editor LESLIE H. GELB President ROSEMARY HARTMAN Assistant to the Editor MICHAEL P. P ETERS Senior Vice President, Chief ANN H. COLEMAN Assistant to the Managing Operating Officer, and Editor National Director TRACI C. NAGLE Production Editor JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer, SAMUEL WALSH Research Assistant and Deputy Chief Operating Publishing Officer DAVID KELLOGG Publisher MARIE X. STRAUSS Special Assistant to the DAWN M. TYRRELL Associate Publisher President CYNTHIA CAVONE Circulation Manager ELVA MURPHY Assistant to the President WILLIAM LEDBETTER Advertising Representative AMANDA EDWARDS Assistant to the Senior Vice LEIGH ANNE YEARY Advertising Representative President, Chief Operating NANCY BARRA Assistant to the Publisher Officer, and National Director JOSEPH D’AMICO Anthology Production CHONG-LIM LEE Assistant to the Vice President Coordinator and Treasurer NINA JOHNS Circulation Assistant LILITA V. G USTS Secretary of the Corporation TARA SULLIVAN Advertising Assistant JOHN A. MILLINGTON Counselor to the Chairman and President JOHN TEMPLE SWING Of Counsel STUDIES PROGRAM National Program Director of Studies Office MICHAEL P. P ETERS National Director LAWRENCE J. KORB Vice President/Maurice R. IRINA A. FASKIANOS Deputy National Director Greenberg Chair, Director of ELIZABETH CARRILLO Program Associate Studies KATHERINE A. SARROCA Program Assistant THEOPHILOS C. GEMELAS Associate Director of Congressional Roundtables Program Studies JUDITH ADAMS Assistant to the Vice President ALTON FRYE Presidential Senior Fellow and and Director of Studies Director, Congress and U.S. ALICIA SIEBENALER Assistant to the Associate Foreign Policy Director of Studies LEIGH MORRIS SLOANE Program Coordinator, Congress ESTHER BURNHAM Budget Coordinator and U.S. Foreign Policy HENRY GRUNWALD Adjunct Senior Fellow Center for Preventive Action WILLIAM DIEBOLD JR. Senior Fellow Emeritus FREDERICK S. TIPSON Senior Fellow and Director Africa CHLOÉ BASZANGER Research Associate GWENDOLYN MIKELL Adjunct Senior Fellow Communications MAHESH K. KOTECHA Adjunct Senior Fellow, Africa Studies APRIL W. PALMERLEE Director CHIKONDI OLUREMI MSEKA Research Associate, Africa CREE FRAPPIER Website Coordinator Studies ERIN EIZENSTAT Communications Coordinator Asia FOREIGN AFFAIRS ROBERT A. MANNING C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies, and Director, Editorial Asia Studies JAMES F. HOGE JR. Editor, Peter G. Peterson Chair JACOB ULEVICH Research Associate FAREED ZAKARIA Managing Editor ELIZABETH C. ECONOMY Senior Fellow, China Studies, HELEN FESSENDEN Associate Editor and Deputy Director, Asia JONATHAN D. TEPPERMAN Associate Editor Studies

135 staff

ERIC ALDRICH Research Associate, China DAVID STEVENS Research Associate, Europe Studies Studies JEROME A. COHEN Adjunct Senior Fellow, Asia ASTRID S. TUMINEZ Adjunct Next Generation Studies Fellow MICHAEL J. GREEN Olin Senior Fellow, Asia LEONARDO ARRIOLA Research Associate Security Studies CELESTE A. WALLANDER Senior Fellow, Europe Studies DOV S. ZAKHEIM Adjunct Senior Fellow, Asia HEIDI PENIX Research Associate Studies Latin America Economics KENNETH R. MAXWELL Nelson and David Rockefeller JAGDISH BHAGWATI Senior Fellow, International Senior Fellow for Inter- Economics American Studies, and CHRISTOPHER THURBER Research Associate, Director, Latin America International Economics Studies CHARLES W. CALOMIRIS André Meyer Senior Fellow, TOMÁS AMORIM Research Associate, Latin International Economics America Studies MARIE-JOSÉE KRAVIS Adjunct Senior Fellow, JULIA E. SWEIG Fellow and Deputy Director, Economics Latin America Studies ROGER M. KUBARYCH Henry Kaufman Senior Fellow JESSICA DUDA Research Associate, Latin in International Economics and America Studies Finance Middle East CÉLINE S. GUSTAVSON Research Associate, International Economics and RICHARD W. MURPHY Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow Finance for the Middle East, and ANN R. MARKUSEN Senior Fellow, Industrial Policy Director, Middle East Studies BENN STEIL Linda J. Wachner Senior Fellow NEGAR KATIRAI Research Associate in U.S. Foreign and Economic JUDITH KIPPER Director, Middle East Forum Policy PAULINE SHAMS Program Associate, Middle PHUONG ANH LE Research Associate, East Forum International Finance and HENRY SIEGMAN Senior Fellow and Director, Economics U.S./Middle East Project BRUCE STOKES Senior Fellow, Economic JONATHAN S. PARIS Fellow, U.S./Middle East Project Studies: Trade AFAF SHAWWA Research Associate, MARY DINH Research Associate, Economic U.S./Middle East Project Studies BARBARA MCCURTAIN Assistant to the Senior Fellow and Director, U.S./Middle East Europe Project PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY Vice President/George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for National Security Russian and Eurasian Studies RICHARD K. BETTS Adjunct Senior Fellow and DANIEL P. FATA Research Associate, Russian Director, National Security and Eurasian Studies Studies RONALD D. ASMUS Senior Fellow, Europe Studies GIDEON ROSE Olin Senior Fellow and Deputy JESSICA FUGATE Research Associate, Europe Director, National Security Studies Studies SHEILA HESLIN Adjunct Fellow ROBERT THOMSON Program Associate, National CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Senior Fellow and Director, Security Studies Europe Studies RACHEL BRONSON Olin Fellow, National Security MICHAEL MANDELBAUM Senior Fellow Studies

136 staff

NEGAR KATIRAI Research Associate Diplomat in Residence JESSICA P. S TERN Adjunct Fellow, RICHARD BUTLER Diplomat in Residence Superterrorism LEONARDO ARRIOLA Research Associate STEPHEN E. FLYNN Senior Fellow, National Security Studies Visiting Fellows, 2000–2001 SEAN BURKE Research Associate CHARLES A. KUPCHAN Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow BERNARD E. TRAINOR Adjunct Senior Fellow WILLIAM P. N ASH JR. USN Military Fellow JOHN M. PAXTON JR. USMC Military Fellow Peace and Conflict JAMES SIKES JR. USA Military Fellow ARTHUR C. HELTON Senior Fellow for Refugees PARAG KHANNA Program Associate Studies and Preventive Action VIRGINIA EHELEBE Intelligence Fellow MARIE JEANNOT Assistant to the Senior Fellow STANLEY MOSKOWITZ Intelligence Fellow for Refugees Studies and JAIME FLORCRUZ Edward R. Murrow Press Preventive Action Fellow ELIANA JACOBS Research Associate, Refugee SCOTT A. COOPER IAF in Residence Studies and Preventive Action ANNA GELPERN IAF in Residence ROBERT P. D EVECCHI Adjunct Senior Fellow, JEFFREY KAPLAN IAF in Residence Refugees and the Displaced NICHOLAS RASMUSSEN IAF in Residence ELIZABETH ARCHANGELI Research Associate, Refugees ANDREW WEISS IAF in Residence and the Displaced RADHA KUMAR Senior Fellow, Peace and Conflict Studies MEETINGS RUTH WEDGWOOD Senior Fellow, International ANNE R. LUZZATTO Vice President, Meetings Organizations and Law NANCY D. BODURTHA Associate Director, Meetings JENNIFER SEYMOUR WHITAKER Adjunct Senior Fellow JEFFREY A. REINKE Assistant Director, Conferences and Special Projects Science and Technology ANASTASIA MALACOS Assistant Director, New York RICHARD L. GARWIN Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow Program for Science and Technology, and LAETITIA CASH Program Associate Director, Science and NOA GIMELLI Program Associate, New York Technology Studies Program DAVID G. VICTOR Robert W. Johnson Jr. Senior PEGGY PAPADAKIS Program Associate Fellow in Science and VALERIE BRAZILL Director of Special Events Technology KRISTINE HAAN Special Events Assistant NORA KAHN Research Associate MARK HUDSON Events Manager REBECCA U. WEINER Research Associate, Science and Technology JORDAN S. KASSALOW Adjunct Senior Fellow, Global WASHINGTON PROGRAM Health Policy PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY Vice President and Director DENISE GOMES Research Associate LINDA HARSH Associate Director KATHLEEN HOULIHAN Assistant Director U.S. Foreign Policy DANIEL P. FATA Assistant to the Director WALTER RUSSELL MEAD Senior Fellow, U.S. Foreign AMY R. DRAPEAU Program Associate Policy ALICE E. BRENNAN Program Assistant BENJAMIN SKINNER Research Associate, U.S. ALTON FRYE Presidental Senior Fellow and Foreign Policy Director, Congress and U.S. DEREK LUNDY Research Associate Foreign Policy KIRON K. SKINNER Adjunct Next Generation LEIGH MORRIS SLOANE Program Coordinator, Congress Fellow and U.S. Foreign Policy

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DAVID KELLOGG Vice President, Corporate JAMES SMITH Accounts Payable Affairs, and Publisher Associate NANCY BARRA Assistant to the Vice President, Corporate Affairs, and HUMAN RESOURCES Publisher JAN MOWDER HUGHES Director CHRISTI HAMILTON Associate Director CORPORATE AFFAIRS INGRID TURNER Human Resources Coordinator JACQUI SELBST SCHEIN Director, Corporate Affairs Reception ALEXANDRA MERLE Corporate Affairs Associate MARTA CHYLINSKA Corporate Affairs Associate CRISTY LEMPERLE Receptionist COUNCIL PUBLISHING FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PATRICIA LEE DORFF Director of Publishing NEFTALI FRANK ALVAREZ Director of Facilities LEAH SCHOLER Editorial Assistant PHIL FALCON Assistant Director IAN NORAY Supervisor, Mail and Duplicating Services MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP AFFAIRS ANTHONY RAMIREZ Work Request Coordinator ELISE CARLSON LEWIS Vice President and Director SANTO INE ALERS Senior Facilities Assistant GINA CELCIS-CONCEPCION Assistant Director GILBERT FALCON Facilities Assistant EVA FEARN Program Associate MARIO PEDRAZA Facilities Assistant CAITLIN HICKERSON Program Associate DEREK VELEZ Facilities Assistant ABIGAIL LEIBIG Program Associate LAWRENCE WHITE Facilities Assistant GRACE PARK Program Associate

LIBRARY AND RESEARCH SERVICES JANICE L. MURRAY Vice President and Treasurer, LILITA V. G USTS Director and Deputy Chief Operating MARCIA L. SPRULES Associate Director Officer BARBARA K. MILLER Documents Librarian and DEVELOPMENT Archivist CONNIE M. STAGNARO Public Services Associate ELIZABETH KURDYS Director of the Annual Fund and Major Gifts MING ER QIU Technical Services Associate ROSALBA PATRUNO Library Assistant LENA MOY Program Associate ROSSANA IVANOVA Associate Director of Development ERIKA BAILEY Grants Development INFORMATION SERVICES Associate CHARLES DAY Director DEEPAK TRIVEDI Associate Director FINANCE RICHARD WAWZYCKI Database Administrator RUSSELL POMERANZ Director of Finance VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT Training and Documentation PETER TYNDALE Associate Director Specialist SIGI SILVANI Staff Accountant ALICE MCLOUGHLIN Assistant to the Director of SHARON LALLA Assistant to the Director Information Services/Data LINDA COPELAND Accounting Associate Entry Specialist VERA LANGLEY Accounting Associate CHRIS O. SIERRA Senior Help Desk Technician

Note: Staff shown as of August 31, 2000.

138 Membership

• The Council relies on its members for their active engagement, substantive contributions, and support. They are the main reason world leaders want to speak at the Council and why top writers in international affairs want to be Council Fellows. • The Council counts on its members to identify and propose qualified prospects for membership.

he Council is a national membership organi- number of candidates has doubled over two years. In Tzation with members divided almost equally Chicago, Kenneth W. Dam and Michael Moskow’s group among New York, Washington, D.C., and has increased the pool of Chicago-based candidates four- the rest of the nation. Its ranks include nearly all past fold. And in Texas, Lee Cullum is heading up the effort to and present senior U.S. government officials who deal build membership in Dallas and Houston. The candidate with international matters, renowned scholars, and pool there has increased sevenfold over two years. The leaders of business, science and technology, media, newest regional effort underway is in Miami, where Am- human rights, humanitarian, and other nongovern- bler Moss has led efforts that have more than doubled the mental groups. Its members choose new members, number of candidates from the previous year. who aim to educate themselves and others. To ensure a steady stream of high-quality candidates Membership proactivity continues to be a top pri- from key professional sectors, the Council has also cre- ority for the Council as it strives to become a more di- ated membership development groups in New York verse and more national organization. Toward these and Washington, D.C., focused on four professional goals, membership development groups are focused areas: individuals in the fields of business and finance, on identifying potential Council members from a vari- law, the nongovernmental organization and foundation ety of professional sectors, geographic areas, and communities, and younger scholars and academics. racial and ethnic groups. Under the leadership of Richard Beattie, Kenneth With the support of the Council’s Board of Direc- Juster, Charles Kupchan, Reynold Levy, John Ruggie, tors, which in 1997 approved the addition of 500 slots and Thomas Schick, these groups are working to en- for members beyond New York and Washington, as sure that the Council’s ranks include the up-and-com- well as another 250 slots for both the New York and ing as well as the established leaders in these fields. Washington, D.C., areas, Council members have been The Council’s Advisory Committee on Diversity es- working with staff in more than a dozen membership tablished a Subcommittee on Membership Develop- development groups. ment chaired by George Dalley. The efforts of the On the West Coast, Warren Christopher and Peter Subcommittee this past year have resulted in larger Tarnoff co-chair a group working to identify and bring candidate pools of individuals from diverse back- forward qualified candidates from Los Angeles and San grounds for both term and regular membership. Francisco Bay Area leadership. Their efforts have resulted Elise Carlson Lewis in a 26 percent increase in candidates over the past two Vice President, Membership and Fellowship Affairs years. Linda Brady leads the efforts in Atlanta, where the

139 Membership

Profile of the Membership generally, some candidates may never be elected even As of June 30, 2000, the Council had 3,819 members, though they may be thought by some to have the indian increase of 214 (5.6 percent) over last year. Broadly vidual qualifications outlined below. categorized, the membership profile is as follows: Term Membership Number of Percentage of In an effort to reach out to the next generation of lead- Members Membership ers, the Board has also established a separate Term LOCATION Membership Committee. This committee meets annu- New York Area 1,215 32 ally in the spring to evaluate candidates age 34 and Washington, D.C., Area 1,208 32 younger for consideration as five-year term members National (including overseas) 1,396 36 of the Council. The selection process for term mem- Total 3,819 100 bership is nearly identical to, although separate from, that for regular members. Initiated 30 years ago, the PROFESSION program has grown to the point where the Board has Business Executives gradually raised the yearly limit on the number of (including banking) 1,003 26 term members who may be elected. At present, the Academic Scholars limit is 110, and no more than 35 of these are permit- and Administrators 785 21 ted to be age 30 and under. Nonprofit Institution Scholars and Administrators 742 19 Becoming a Member U.S. Government Officials 548 14 Current procedure requires that every candidate for regular membership be formally nominated in writing by Journalists, Correspondents, one member and seconded by a minimum of two other and Communications individuals, at least one of whom is a Council member. Executives 386 10 An additional letter or two, from Council members, re- Lawyers 326 9 flecting different perspectives is welcome but is not Other 29 1 technically required. Currently, an average candidacy Total 3,819 100 includes four to five letters of support. All candidates must complete a nominee information form. For information on how to access the form through the Council’s Membership Selection website, please contact the Membership office. The candidate must provide the following information: curricu- Procedure lum vitae or chronological resume that must include the candidate’s date of birth and, if foreign-born, a state- Membership Selection ment that he or she has been naturalized or is a perma- New members are named twice a year by the Board of nent resident who has made formal application for Directors, which invites selected men and women to join citizenship. Additionally, the nominator or candidate based on recommendations by the Membership Commit- should submit a list of the names of up to ten Council tee. The Committee also meets twice a year and is com- members by whom the candidate is well known. posed of six members of the Board and such other members as the committee chair deems appropriate. To Rules and Regulations to Keep in Mind be considered by the Membership Committee, candidates A candidate’s nominator bears the chief responsibility must be proposed for membership by Council members. for seeing to it that filing deadlines for a candidacy are The roster of members is listed in the annual report. met and that all required documents are submitted to At every meeting, the Membership Committee con- the Council’s membership affairs office in a timely siders significantly more candidates than there are va- manner. Candidates and/or their nominators are re- cancies. Thus, it is inevitable that the names of some sponsible for securing Council members to write sec- candidates will appear before the Committee on sev- onding letters within the content guidelines eral occasions. Given the high level of the competition prescribed below. Council members are advised to

140 Membership

commit themselves to supporting a candidacy only nominator or the candidate. Such letters are particularly when they can fairly meet the requirements of the helpful to the Membership Committee when they add process and the expectations of the candidates who information or insights about a candidate not already depend on them for assistance. Please also know: contained in a previous letter. All membership proposing, seconding, and supporting letters should be mailed • Council membership is restricted to U.S. citizens to the address indicated at the end of this section. (native-born or naturalized) and permanent residents who have applied to become citizens. Deadlines • Members of the Council’s Board of Directors and Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff sup- Membership Committee are precluded from nomi- port of the Membership Committee’s work, and we nating, seconding, and writing supporting letters request your continuing cooperation. The preparation on any candidate’s behalf. of individual membership files for submission to the • A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as par- Membership Committee is a continuing process. Can- ent, brother or sister, cousin, etc.), or near in-law of a didates whose files are not completed in time for any candidate may not formally propose or second that given meeting of the Committee have their files car- candidate for membership in the Council. Members ried forward, without prejudice, to the subsequent should also refrain from writing on behalf of clients. meeting, but are considered only if completed. • Members should write only in support of candi- REGULAR MEMBERSHIP dates whom they know well. For prospective regular members, the deadlines for re- ceipt of all materials for the two yearly meetings of the Nominating Letters Committee to consider regular membership candi- Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by dates are March 1 and September 15. the Membership Committee should address the following criteria that have always been basic to the TERM MEMBERSHIP Committee’s consideration of membership candidates: For prospective term members, the deadline for re- ceipt of all materials for the annual meeting of the • Intellectual attainment and expertise; Committee to consider term membership candidates • Degree of experience, interest, and current involve- is January 31. ment in international affairs or in other areas affecting international affairs; Notification of Candidates • Promise of future achievement and service in for- Candidates recommended by the Membership Commit- eign relations; tee and elected by the Board are so notified, as are their • Potential contributions to the Council’s work; nominators and seconders. Candidates who are unsuc- • Desire and ability to participate in Council activities; cessful at any given meeting are not notified, as they re- • Standing among his or her peers. main eligible for consideration at subsequent meetings of the Committee, and may continue to submit new materi- Seconding Letters als and secure additional letters of support. The process Seconding letters need not be so comprehensive but is entirely one of affirmative selection, i.e., from the large should amplify why, in the opinion of the writer, a given and evolving pool of nominees, the Committee and the candidate should be considered for Council member- Board choose a number of members without prejudice to ship. Thoughtful, candid, and succinct comments are far the candidacies of those remaining in the pool. more important in seconding and proposing letters than formal endorsements of candidates. In seconding letters Contact for All Membership Matters particularly, writers should express why a given candidate should be considered for Council membership for and Correspondence reasons beyond the basic criteria above. Elise Carlson Lewis, Vice President of Membership While only two seconding letters are required to as- and Fellowship Affairs, Council on Foreign Relations, sure that a candidate’s name will be forwarded to the 58 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10021. Tele- Membership Committee, one or two additional letters phone: (212) 434-9400 Fax: (212) 434-9801. E-mail: are frequently submitted at the initiative of either the [email protected]. Visit the website at www.cfr.org. 141 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Allison, Richard C. Armstrong, C. Michael Bagley, Elizabeth Barry, John L. Almond, Michael A. Armstrong, John A. Jr. Frawley Barry, Lisa B. Aaron, David L. Alpern, Alan N. Armstrong, Lloyd Jr. * Bailey, Charles Waldo Barry, Thomas Abbot, Charles S. Alter, Karen J. t Arnavat, Gustavo Bains, Leslie E. Corcoran Abbott, Wilder K. Alterman, Jon B. Arnhold, Henry H. Baird, Charles F Barshay, Jill Abboud, A. Robert Airman, Roger C. Arnold, Millard W. Baird, Peter W. Barshefsky, Charlene Abboud, Labeeb M. Airman, William * Aron, Adam M. Baird, Zoe Bartholomew, Reginald Abel, Elie Altschul, Arthur G. Aronson, Bernard W Baker, Howard H. Jr. Bartlett, Joseph W. Abercrombie- Altshuler, David Aronson, Jonathan Baker, James A. Ill Bartlett, Thomas A. Winstanley, Gina Kay Alvarado, Donna David Baker, James E. Bartlett, Timothy J. t Abernethy, Robert John Maria Aronson, Michael Baker, John R. Bartley, Robert L. Abram, Morris B. Alvarez, Jose E. Arredondo, Fabiola R. Baker, Nancy Bartsch, David A. Abramowitz, Morton I. Ames, Oakes Arsht, Adrienne * Kassebaum Basek, John T. Abrams, Elliott Amos, Deborah Art, Robert J. Baker, Pauline H. Bashir, Layli Miller t Abshire, David M. Susan Arthurs, Alberta Baker, Stewart A. Basora, Adrian A. Aburdene, Odeh F. Andelman, David A. Artigiani, Carole Bakhash, Shaul Bass, Peter E. Ackerman, Peter Andersen, Harold W. Artzt, Edwin L. Bakstansky, Peter * Bass, Warren t Adams, Gordon M. Anderson, Craig B. Asencio, Diego C. Balaran, Paul Bassolino, Francis Adams, Robert Anderson, Desaix Ashton, Sarah S. Baldwin, David A. Keith t McCormick Anderson, John B. Asmus, Ronald D. Baldwin, H. Furlong Batkin, Alan R. Adelman, Carol C. Anderson, Joseph A. Assousa, George E. Baldwin, Robert Bator, Francis M. Adelman, Kenneth L. Anderson, Lisa Atherton, Alfred Edward Battaglia, Charles C. Adler, Allen R. Anderson, Marcus A. Leroy Jr. Baldwin, Sherman * Bauer, Joanne R. Agnew, Harold M. Anderson, Mark A. Athreya, Bama Bales, Carter F Baumann, Carol Edler Agostinelli, Robert F. Anderson, Paul F Atwood, J. Brian Balick, Kenneth Beattie, Richard I. Ahearn, William Anderson, Robert O. Auer, James E. Baliles, Gerald L. Becherer, Hans W Edward Andreas, Dwayne O. Augustine, Norman R. Band, Laurence Merrill Bechky Perry S. Ahmad, Kamal Andreas, Terry Lynn Auspitz, Josiah Lee Bandler, Donald K. Beckler, David Z. Ahn, Woodrow Andrews, David R. Ausubel, Jesse H. Baratta, Mira Bedrosian, Gregory R. Aho, C. Michael Andrews, Michael A. Avedon, John F. Radielovic * Beeman, Richard E. Aidinoff, M. Bernard Ansour, M. Michael Avery, John E. Barber, Charles F Begley, Louis Aizenman, Nurith Anthoine, Robert Axelrod, Robert M. Barber, James Alden Behrman, Jack N. Ajami, Fouad Anthony, John Duke Ayers, H. Brandt Bardel, William G. Beim, David O. Akins, James E. Apgar, David P. Azim, Khalid t Barger, Teresa C. Beim, Nicholas F Albright, Madeleine Apodaca, Jerry Barkan, Joel D. Beinecke, William S. Alderman, Michael H. Aponte, Mari Carmen Barkey, Henri J. Beitler, Ruth Margolies Aldrich, George H. Appiah, Kwame Barks-Ruggles, Erica t Better, Robert A. Alexander, Margo* Anthony Barnds, William J. Bell, Burwell B. Alexander, Robert J. Apter, David E. Babbitt, Bruce Barnes, Harry G. Jr. Bell, David E. Alford, Roger P. Archambeau, Shellye L. Babbitt, Eileen F Barnes, Michael D. Bell, Gordon P. Alford, William P. Arciniega, Tomas A. Babbitt, Harriet C. Barnet, Richard J. Bell, J. Bowyer Allaire, Paul A. Arcos, Cresencio S. Bacon, Kenneth H. Barnett, E William * Bell, Joseph C. * Allbritton, Joe L. Areizaga-Soto, Jaime A. Bacot, J. Carter Barr, Michael S. Bell, Peter Dexter Allen, Jodie T. Arkin, Stanley S. Bader, William B. Barr, Thomas D. Bell, Robert G. Allen, Lew Jr. Arledge, Roone Baer, Donald A. * Barrett, Barbara Bell, Ruth Greenspan Bell, Steve Allen, Richard V. Armacost, Michael H. Baer, M. Delal McConnell Bellamy, Carol Allison, Graham T. Armstrong, Anne L. Baeza, Mario L. Barrett, John Adams

142 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Bellinger, John B. Ill Biddle, George C. Blumenthal, W. Brady, Linda Parrish Brown, Frederic J. Bello, Judith H. Biegun, Stephen E. Michael Brady, Nicholas F. Brown, Gwendolyn A. Bell-Rose, Stephanie K. Biel, Eric R. Blumrosen, Brady, Rose Brown, Harold Bender, Gerald J. Biemann, Betsy Alexander B. * Brainard, S. Lael * Brown, Kathleen Benedict, Kennette M. Bienen, Henry S. Bob, Daniel E. Bramlett, David A. Brown, L. Carl Benjamin, Esther T. t Bierley John C. Bobbitt, Philip Chase Branch, Daniel H. * Brown, Lester R. Bennet, Douglas J. Bijur, Peter I. Bode, Ken A.* Branscomb, Lewis M. Brown, Michael Bennett, Andrew Owen Bilder, Richard B. Bodea, Andy S. * Branson, William Arrington Bennett, Susan J. Bindenagel, James D. Boeker, Paul H. Hoban Brown, Michael E. Bensahel, Nora J. t Binger, James Henry Bogert, Carroll R. Brauchli, Marcus W. * Brown, Phoebe W. t Benshoof, Janet * Binkley, Nicholas Boggs, Michael D. Braunschvig, David Brown, Richard P. Jr. Benson, Lucy Wilson Burns Bohen, Frederick M. Breck, Henry R. Brown, Tobias Josef Bereuter, Douglas K. Binnendijk, Hans Bohlen, Avis T. Breed, Henry Eltinge Browne, Robert S. Bergen, Margaret t Birdsall, Nancy Bonn, John A. Bremer, L. Paul III Browning, David S. Bergen, Peter Lampert Birenbaum, David E. Boiling, Landrum R Breslauer, George Bruce, Judith Berger, Joshua A. t Birkelund, John P. Bolton, John R. * William Bruemmer, Russell J. Berger, Marilyn Birnbaum, Eugene A. Bond, George Clement Bresnan, John J. Bryan, Greyson L. Berger, Samuel R. Bishop, Sanford D. Jr. Bond, Jean Carey Brevnov, Gretchen Bryant, Michael E. * Berger, Suzanne Bissell, Richard E. Bond, Robert D. Wilson Bryant, Ralph C. Bergsten, C. Fred Black, Joseph E. Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Brewer, John D. * Bryson, John E. Bering, Helle Black, Shirley Bonney J. Dennis Breyer, Stephen G. Brzezinski, Ian Joseph Berkowitz, Bruce D. Temple Booker, Salih Brimmer, Andrew F Brzezinski, Mark F. Berkowsky, Pamela B. Black, Stanley Warren Bookout, John F. Brimmer, Esther Diane Brzezinski, Zbigniew Berman, Howard L. Blacker, Coit D. Boot, Max t Brinkley, David Buchman, Mark E. Bernard, Kenneth W. Blackwell, James Boren, David L. Brinkley, Douglas G. Buckley, William E Jr. Berndt, John E. Bork, Ellen E. * Allen Jr. Britt, David V B. Bueno de Mesquita, Bernstein, Peter W. Boschwitz, Rudy Blackwell, John Brittenham, Bruce Bernstein, Robert L. Bose, Meena Kenneth Raymond L. Buergenthal, Thomas Bernstein, Tom A. Bosworth, Stephen W. Blackwill, Robert D. Broad, Robin Bugliarello, George Berresford, Susan Vail Botts,JohnC. Blahous, Charles P. Broadman, Harry G. Bullock, Mary Brown Berrie, Scott D. Boufford, Jo Ivey * Blake, Robert O. Broda, Frederick C. Bumpas, Stuart M. * Berris, Jan C. Bouis, Antonina W. Blank, Stephen Brodsky William J. * Bundy, William P. Bersin, Alan D. Bouton, Marshall M. Blechman, Barry M. Brody Christopher W Bunzel, Jeffrey H. Bertsch, Gary K. * Bovin, Denis A. Bleier, Edward Brody, Kenneth D. Burand, Deborah K. Beshar, Peter J. Bowen, Vincent E. Ill Blendon, Robert Jay Broitman, Elana Burck, William A. Bessie, Simon Michael Bowen, William G. Blinder, Alan S. Brokaw, Tom Burgess, Geoffrey P. Bestani, Robert M. Bower, Joseph Lyon Blinken, Alan John Bromley, D. Allan Burgess, John A. Bestor, Theodore C. Bowie, Robert R. Blinken, Donald Bronfman, Edgar M. Burke, James E. Betts, Richard K. Bowles, Erskine B. Bloch, Julia Chang Bronson, Rachel Burkhalter,HollyJ. Beutner, Austin M. Bowman, Richard C. Bloom, Evan T. Brookins, Carole L. Burn, Christopher J. Bewkes, Jeffrey Boyd, Charles Graham Bloomberg, Michael R. Brooks, Harvey Burnley, James H. IV Beyer, John C. Bracken, Paul Bloomfield, Lincoln P. Brower, Charles N. Burns, Patrick Owen Bhala, Kara Tan * Brademas, John Bloomfield, Richard J. Brown, Alice L. Burns, R. Nicholas Bhala, Raj * Bradford, Zeb B. Jr., Bloomgarden, Kathy Brown, Bartram S. * Burns, William F. Bialer, Seweryn Bradley, Bill Brown, Brian Burns, William J. Bialkin, Kenneth J. Finn Bradley, Edward R. Burt, Richard R. Bickford, Jewelle * Blum, Richard C. Bradley, William L. Alexander Blumenthal, Sidney S. Brown, Carroll Burton, Daniel E Jr.

* Elected to membership in 2000. + Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

143 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Dutton, Frederick G. Ellis, MarkS.* Fanton, Jonathan Foster Firestone, Charles M. Fraga, Arminio Dyke, Nancy Bearg Ellis, Patricia Faraon, Joseph Firmage, Edwin B. Franck, Thomas M. Dyson, Esther Ellis, Rodney * Rodney t Fischer, David Joseph Francke, Albert Ellison, Keith Paty Farer, Tom J. Fischer, Stanley Frank, Andrew D. Ellsberg, Daniel Farkas, Evelyn N. t Fisher, Julie Ann Frank, Barney Ellsworth, Robert F. Farmer, Thomas L. Fisher, Peter R. Frank, Charles R. Jr. Elson, Edward E. Farrar, Jay C. * Fisher, Richard W Frank, Isaiah Eagleburger, Ely, John Hart Farrar, Stephen P. * Fisher, Roger Frank, Richard A. Lawrence S. Ely-Raphel, Nancy Faskianos, Irina A. t Fishlow, Albert Frankel, Francine R Earle, Ralph II Halliday Fawaz, Leila Fisk, Daniel W. * Frankel, Jeffrey A. East, Maurice A. Embree, Ainslie T Feigenbaum, Evan A. Fitts, Sarah A.W. Franklin, Barbara Easum, Donald B. Ensor, David B. Feinberg, Richard E. FitzGerald, Frances Hackman Eberhart, Ralph E. Enthoven, Alain C. Feiner, Ava S. Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Franklin, Melinda Yee Eberle, William D. Entwistle, L. Brooks Feinstein, Lee Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Franklin, William Eberstadt, Nicholas N. Epstein, Barbara Feissel, Gustave Flaherty, Pamela * Emery Echols, Marsha A. Epstein, Jason Feist, Samuel H. Flaherty, Peter Frazer, Jendayi E. Economy, Elizabeth C. Epstein, Jeffrey Feith, Douglas J. Flanagan, Peter L. Fredericks, Wayne Ecton, Donna R. Epstein, Joshua M. Feldman, Daniel F t Flanagan, Stephen J. Fredman, Jonathan M. Eddleman, Linda Erb, Guy F. Feldman, Mark B. Flanders, Stephanie t Freedman, Eugene M. Hiniker * Erb, Richard D. Feldstein, Martin S. Flanigan, Peter M. Freeman, Constance J. Eddy, Randolph P. m Erbsen, Claude E. Fenzel, Michael t Fleischmann, Alan H. * Freeman, Harry L. Edelman, Albert I. Erburu, Robert F. Ferguson, Charles H. Heishman, Rachel Freeman, Roger C. Edelman, Gerald M. Ercklentz, Alexander T. Ferguson, Glenn W. Flournoy Michele A. Freidheim, Cyrus F. Edelman, Marian Esfandiari, Haleh * Ferguson, James L. Flynn, George J. Freidheim, Stephen C. Wright Esserman, Susan * Ferguson, Ronald E. Flynn, Stephen E. Frelinghuysen, Foege, William H. Edelman, Richard Estabrook, Robert H. Ferlic, Suzanne R. Peter H.B. Fogleman, Ronald R. Winston Esty Daniel C. Fernandez, Jose W Frey, Donald N. Foley, S.R. Jr. Edelstein, Julius CG. Evans, Gail H. Ferrari, Frank E. Freytag, Richard A. Foley, Thomas S. Edington, Mark D.W. Evans, Harold M. Ferraro, Geraldine A. Fribourg, Michel P. Folsom, George A. Edley Christopher Jr. Evans, Rowland Jr. Ferre, Antonio Luis Fribourg, Paul J. Foote, Edward T. II Edwards, Howard Evans, Tatjana H. Ferre, Helen Aguirre * Fried, Edward R. Foote, William Edwards, Mickey Ewing, Anthony P. Ferre, Maurice A. Friedberg, Aaron Louis Ferrell, Lisa Carolyn Edwards, Robert H. Fulbright t Friedman, Fesharaki, Fereidun Efros, Laura L. Ford, Gerald R. Alexander S. t Fessenden, Hart Eggers, Thomas E. Ford, Paul B. Jr. Friedman, Bart Fiedler, Jeffrey L. Ehrlich, Thomas Fore, Henrietta Friedman, Benjamin M. Fields, Bertram H. Eichengreen, Barry J. Fabian, Larry L. Holsman Friedman, Elisabeth J. t Fields, Craig I. Eikenberry Karl Fairbanks, Forester, Lynn Friedman, Fredrica S. Fife, Eugene V. Eilts, Hermann Forman, Shepard L. Friedman, Jordana D. Charles H. Jr. Fifield, Russell Hunt Forstmann, Theodore J. Friedman, Stephen Frederick Fairbanks, Finberg, Barbara D. Forsythe, Rosemarie * Friedman, Stephen J. Einaudi, Luigi R. Richard M. HI Findakly, Hani K. Fortna, Virginia Page t Friedman, Thomas L. Einhorn, Jessica P. Fairman, David M. Finel, Bernard t Fosler, Gail D. Frieman, Wendy Einhorn, Robert J. Falco, Mathea Finger, Seymour Eisendrath, Charles R. Falcoff, Mark Foster, Brenda Lei Friend, Theodore W. Eisner, Michael Falk, Pamela S. Maxwell Foster, Charles C. * Froman, Michael B.G. Eizenstat, Stuart E. Falk, Richard A. Finkelstein, Foster, Richard N. Fromkin, David Ellingwood, Susan K. Falkenrath, Richard A. Lawrence S. Fowler, Wyche Jr. * Fromm, Joseph Elliott, Inger McCabe Fallon, Robert E. * Finn, James Fox, Donald T. Frost, Ellen L. Elliott, Osborn Fallows, James Finnemore, Martha G * Fox, Eleanor M. Fry, Earl H. Ellis, James Reed Fanning, Katherine W Finney, Paul B. Fox, Joseph Carrere Frye, Alton

146 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Fudge, Ann M. Gates, Philomene A. Giffen, James Henry Goldstein, Gordon * Graubard, Stephen Fukushima, Glen S. Gates, Robert M. Gilbert, Jackson B. Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Richards Fukuyama, Francis Gati, Charles Gilbert, Jarobin Jr. Goldwyn, David L. * Graves, Howard D. Fuld, RichardS. Jr. Gati, Toby Trister Gilbert, Steven J. Golob, Paul D. Gray, Charles D. Fuller, Kathryn S. Gaudiani, Claire L. Gill, Bates * Golob, Stephanie Gray, Hanna Holborn Fuller, William P. Gause, F. Gregory III Gillette, Michael James Rutht Grayson, Judy S. Fung, Victor K. Gay, Catherine C. Gilmore, Kenneth O. Gomory, Ralph E. Greathead, R Scott Furlaud, Richard M. Gayle, Helene D. Gilmore, Richard Gompert, David C. Green, Bill Futter, Ellen V. Gebhard, Paul R.S. Gilpin, Robert G. Jr. Gonzalez, Nelson R. t Green, Carl J. Gedmin, Jeffrey * Gingrich, Newton L. Goodby, James E. Green, Ernest G Gedo, Inge Ginn, Samuel L. Goodman, Green, Jerrold D. Geertz, Clifford Ginsberg, Marc George J.W. Green, Michael J. * Geier, Philip O. Charles Goodman, Herbert I. Green, Shane Gaddis, John Lewis Geithner, Timothy F. Ginsburg, David Goodman, Nancy F. Greenberg, Arthur N. Gadiesh, Orit B. Gelb, Amos Ginsburg, Jane C. Goodman, Roy M. Greenberg, David Gaer, Felice D. Gelb, Bruce S. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Goodman, Sherri W. Greenberg, Evan G. Gaines, James R. Gelb, Leslie H. Glaser, Bonnie S. * Goodpaster, Andrew J. Greenberg, Jeffrey W. * Galbraith, Evan G Gelb, Richard L. Glassman, Charisse Gordon, Albert H. Greenberg, Karen J. Galbraith, Peter W. Gellman, Barton Glauber, Robert R. Gordon, John A. Greenberg, Maurice R. Gallagher, Dennis Gell-Mann, Murray Gleysteen, Peter Gordon, Lincoln Greenberg, Sanford D. Gallucci, Robert L. Gelpetn, Anna t Gleysteen, Gordon, Michael R. Greenberger, Robert Galvin, John R. George, John M. William H. Jr. Gordon, Philip H. Stephen Galvis, Sandra t Georgescu, Peter Globerman, Norma Gorelick, Jamie S. Greene, Joseph N. Jr. Galvis, Sergio J. Andrew Gluck, Carol Gorman, Joseph T. Greene, Margaret L. Ganguly, Sumit Gephardt, Richard A. Gluck, Frederick W. Goss, Porter J. Greene, Wade Gann, Pamela B. Gerber, Louis Glueck, Jeffrey Scott Gotbaum, Victor Greenfield, James L. Gannon, John C. Gergen, David R. Glusker, Peter Henry Gottemoeller, Rose Greenspan, Alan Ganoe, Charles S. Gerhart, Gail M. Godchaux, Frank A. Ill Eilene Greenwald, G. Gantcher, Nathan Germain, Adrienne Goekjian, Samuel V. Gottfried, Kurt Jonathan * Garcia, Marlen * Gerschel, Patrick A. Goeltz, Richard K. Gottlieb, Gidon AG. Greenwald, Joseph A. Garcia-Passalacqua, Gershman, Carl Goheen, Robert F. Gottlieb, Stuart t Greenway, Hugh D.S. JuanM. Samuel Goins, Charlynn Gottsegen, Peter M. Gregg, Donald P. Gard, Robert G Gerson, Allan Goldberg, Michael t Gould, Peter G. Gregorian, Vartan Gardels, Nathan P. Gerson, Elliot F. Goldberg, Ronnie L. Gourevitch, Peter A. Gregson, Wallace C. Gardner, Anthony L. Gerson, Ralph J. Goldberger, Marvin L. Graff, Henry Franklin Grenier, Richard Gardner, James A. Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. Golden, James R. Graff, Robert D. Greve, Louisa Coan Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Getler, Michael Golden, William T Graham, Bob Griego, Linda Gardner, Richard N. Gevirtz, Don Lee * Goldgeier, James M. * Graham, Carol L. Griffin, Anne-Marea Garment, Leonard Geyelin, Philip L. Goldin, Harrison J. Graham, Katharine Griffiths, Alessandra J. Garment, Suzanne R. Geyer, Georgie Anne Goldman, Charles N. Graham, Lawrence Grikscheit, Alyssa A. t Garnett, Sherman Gfoeller, Joachim Jr. Goldman, Guido Otis Grimes, Joseph A. Jr. Gart, Murray J. Gfoeller, Michael Goldman, Marshall I. Graham, Thomas Jr. Grimes, Julie M. Garten, Jeffrey E. Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Goldman, Merle D. Graham, Thomas Grose, Peter Goldmark, Peter C. Jr. Garthoff, Raymond L. Ghiglione, Loren Wallace Gross, Patrick W. Goldschmidt, Neil Garwin, Richard L. Giacomo, Carol Ann Grand, Stephen R. Grove, Brandon H. Jr. Goldsmith,JackL. Ill* Gaston, Patricia E. Gibbons, John Howard Granoff, Michael D. Grove, Paul Goldsmith, Robert S. t Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Gibney, Frank B. Grant, Stephen A. Cheremeteff t

* Elected to membership in 2000. + Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

147 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Groves, Ray J. Hamilton, Ann O. Hawley, E William Henry, Nancy L. Hobbs, Tammany D. Grundfest, Joseph Hamilton, Charles V. Hayek, Alexandre P. * Hentges, Harriet Hoch, Frank W. Grunwald, Henry A. Hamilton, Daniel Hayes, Margaret Daly Herberger, Roy A. Jr. Hoeber, Amoretta M. Guerra-Mondragon, Hamilton, Edward K. Hayes, Rita Derrick * Hermann, Charles F. Hoehn, Andrew R. * Gabriel Hamilton, Jonathan C Haynes, Fred Hernandez, Antonia Hoehn, William E. Jr. Guisinger, Stephen E. Hamilton, Lee H. Haynes, Lukas Herskovits, Jean Hoenlein, Malcolm I. Gundlach, Andrew S. Hamilton, Michael P. Harrison t Hersman, Hoffenberg, Mark Gupte, Pranay Hamilton, Ruth Haynes, Ulric Rebecca K.C. Raymond Gutfreund, John H. Simms Hayward, Thomas B. Herter, Frederic P. Hoffman, Adonis E. GuthJohnHJ. Hammonds, D. Holly Healy, Harold H. Jr. Hertzberg, Arthur Hoffman, Auren t Guthman, Edwin O. Hanauer, Laurence S. + Hearn, Ruby P. Hertzberg, Hendrik Hoffman, Bruce Gwertzman, Hancock, Ellen Heck, Charles B. Herz, Barbara Hoffmann, Stanley Bernard M. Hand, Scott M. Hecker, Siegfried S. Herzfeld, Charles M. Hoge, James F. Jr. Gwin, Catherine Handelman, Stephen Hedstrom, Mitchell W Herzstein, Robert E. Hoge, Warren M. Hansell, Herbert J. Heep-Richter, Hesburgh, Hoguet, George Hansen, Carol Rae Barbara D. Theodore M. Roberts H Hanson, Carl Thor Heginbotham, Hess, John B. Hoinkes, Mary Hantz, Giselle P. Stanley J. Hessler, Curtis A. Elizabeth Ha, Joseph M. * Hantzopoulos, Evie t Hehir, J. Bryan Hewlett, Sylvia Ann Holbrooke, Richard C. Haas, Mimi L. Harari, Maurice Hermann, John G Hiatt, Fred Holden, John L. * Haas, Peter E. Harding, Harry Heimbold, Hicks, Irvin Holdren, John P. Haas, Robert D. HardtJohnP. Charles A. Jr. Hicks, Irvin Jr. Holgate, Laura S. Haass, Richard N. Hargrove, John Heimowitz, James B. Hicks, John F. Sr. Hayes Habsburg, Inmaculada Lawrence Heineman, Hicks, Kathleen Hollick, Ann Lorraine Hachigian, Nina L. Harman, Jane Benjamin W Jr. Holland HoUiday, Stuart Wt Haddad, Yvonne Harman, Sidney Heineman, Melvin L. Higginbotham, F. Holloway, Dwight F Jr. Yazbeck Harmon, James A. Heintz, Stephen B. Michael Holmer, Alan F. * Hadley, Stephen J. Harpel, James W. Heintzen, Harry Higgins, Robert F. Holmes, Henry Allen Hafner, Joseph A. Jr. Harper, Conrad K. Leonard Higgins, Tracy E. Holmes, Kim R. Hagel, Chuck Harris, Jay T. * Heinz, Teresa Highet, Keith Holmes, Stephen T Hagen, Katherine A. Harris, John M. Hejlik, Dennis J. Hight, B. Boyd Holt, Pat M. Haggard, Stephan Harris, Joseph E. Helander, Robert C. Hightower, Edward T. t Holum, John D. Hahn, Keith D. Harris, Martha Heldring, Frederick Hill, J. Tomilson Hooker, Richard D. Jr. Haig, Alexander M. Jr. Caldwell Heifer, Ricki Tigert Hill, James T. Hoopes, Townsend W Hakim, Peter Harrison, Selig S. Heller, Michael A. Hill, Joseph C Hope, Judith Richards Halaby, Najeeb E. Harrison, Heller, Richard M. Hill, Pamela Hope, Richard O. Hale, David D. William B. Jr. * Hellman, F. Warren Hill, Raymond D. * Horelick, Arnold L. Hall, Kathryn W. * Hart, Brett J. Hellmann, Donald Hillen, John Horlick, Gary N. Hall, C. Barrows Hart, Gary Charles Hillenbrand, Martin J. Hormats, Robert D. Hall, John P. Hart, Todd C. Helm, Robert W. Hillgren, Sonja Horn, Garfield H. Hallerberg, Mark S. Hartman, Arthur A. Herman, Robert A. * Hills,CarlaA. Horn, Karen N. Hallingby, Paul Jr. Haskell, John H.F. Jr. Helms, Richard Hilsman, Roger Horn, Sally K. Halperin, David R. Hatfield, Robert S. Helprin, Mark Hilton, Robert P. Horner, Marina Halperin, Morton H. Hatheway, Gina Helton, Arthur C. Hinerfeld, Ruth Souretis Halstead, Ted Marie L. t Hendrickson, David C. Hinton, Deane R. Hornik, Richard H. Halted, Michael H. Hauge, John Resor Henkin, Alice H. Hirsch, John L. * Horowitz, Irving Louis Hamburg, David A. Hauser, Rita E. Henkin, Louis Hirschman, Albert O. Horton, Alan W Hamburg, Margaret Hauser, William Locke Hennessy, John M. Ho, Christine M.Y. Horton, Robert Scott Hoagland, Jim Ann Havell, Theresa A. Henninger, Daniel P. Hosmer, Bradley C. Hoar, Joseph Paul Hamburg-Coplan, Jill Hawkins, Ashton Henrikson, Alan K. Hoston, Germaine A.

148 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Hottelet, Richard C. Hurlock, Matthew Jackson, Jesse L. Jones, David L. * Kann, Peter R. Houghton, Amory Jr. Hunter Jackson, John Howard Jones, James L. * Kansteiner, Houghton, James R. Hurst, Robert J. Jackson, Lois M. Jones, James R. Walter H. Ill Houpt Medearis, Hurwitz, Seth L. Jackson, Sarah Jones, Kerri-Ann Kanter, Arnold Amy t Hurwitz, Sol Jacob, John E. Jones, Sidney R. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss House, Karen Elliott Hutchings, Robert L. Jacobs, Eli S. Jones, Thomas V. Kantor, Mickey Howard, A.E. Dick Hutchins, Glenn H. Jacobs, Nehama Jones, Thomas W. Kaplan, Gilbert E. Howard, Christopher t Hutzler, Charles Jacobson, Harold K. Joost, Peter Martin Kaplan, Helene L. Howard, John R. Huyck, Philip M. Jacobson, Jerome Jordan, Amos A. Kaplan, Mark N. Howard, Lyndsay C. Hyland, William G. Jacoby, Tamar Jordan, Eason T Kaplan, Stephen S. Howard, M. William Jr. Hyman, Allen 1. Jaffe, Amy Myers * Jordan, Vernon E. Jr. Kapp, Robert A. Howell, Ernest M. Jakub, Jay Joseph, Geri M. Kapstein, Ethan B. Howell, Peter James, Francis J. Joseph, Ira B. Karalekas, Anne Howson, Nicholas C. I Janes, Jackson * Joseph, James A. Karamanian, Susan L. Hoyt, Mont P. Janis, Mark Weston Joseph, Richard A. Karatnycky, Adrian Hrynkow, Sharon H. Ignatius, David R. Janklow, Morton L. Josephson, William Karatz, Bruce E. Hsu, Ta-Lin * Ijaz, Mansoor * Janow, Merit E. Joyce, John T. Karis, Thomas G Huber, Richard L. Ikenberry, G. John Jaquette, Jane S. Jumper, John P. Karl, Terry Lynn Huberman, Benjamin Ikle, Fred C. Jarvis, Nancy A. Junz, Helen B. Karnow, Stanley Hudson, Manley O. Jr. Ilchman, Alice Stone Jastrow, Robert Juster, Kenneth I. Karns, Margaret P. Hudson, Michael C. Immergut, Mel M. Jebb, Cindy R. Kartman, Charles Huebner, Lee W. Inderfurth, Karl F. Jenkins, Bonnie D. * Kasdin, Robert Hufbauer, Gary C. Ingersoll, Robert S. Jervis, Robert Kass, Stephen L. Huffington, Roy M. Inman, B. R. Jessup, Alpheus W. K Kassalow, Jordan S. Jessup, Philip C Jr. Kassof, Allen H. Hughes, Duane L. Intriligator, Michael D. Kaden, Lewis B. Jeter, Howard F. Kathwari, M. Farooq Hughes, Justin Irish, Leon E. Kadlec, Robert P. Joffe, Robert D. Katz, Abraham Hughes, Lyric M. * Irvin, Patricia L. Kagan, Robert W. Johns, Lionel Skipwith Katz, Daniel Roger * Hughes, R. John Irwin, Steven M. Kahan, Jerome H. Johnson, Howard W. Katz, Ronald S. Hughes, Thomas Lowe Isaacs, Maxine Kahler, Miles Johnson, James A. Katz, Stanley N. Huizenga, John W. Isaacson, Walter S. Kaiser, Miranda M. Johnson, James E. * Katzenstein, Peter J. Hultman, Tamela Iselin, John Jay Kaiser, Philip M. Johnson, Jay L. Kaufman, Daniel J. Hultquist, Timothy A. Isenberg, Steven L. Kaiser, Robert G. Johnson, Karen H. * Kaufman, Henry Hume, Cameron R. Isham, Christopher Kalb, Bernard Johnson, L. Oakley Kaufman, Robert R. Hume, Ellen H. Ispahani, Mahnaz Z. Kalb, Marvin Johnson, Larry D. Kaufmann, William W. Hummel, Arthur W. Jr. Istel, Yves-Andre Kalicki, Jan H. Johnson, Nancie S. Kay, Kira t Hunker, Jeffrey A. * Itoh, William H. Kalil, Thomas Hunt, Swanee Johnson, Robbin S. Kaye, Charles Robert Ivester, M. Douglas Amadeus Hunter, Robert E. Izlar, William H. Jr. Johnson, Robert H. Kaye, Dalia Dassa Hunter, Shireen T. Johnson, Robert W. IV Kamarck, Andrew Kaysen, Carl Hunter-Gault, Johnson, Thomas S. Martin Kazemi, Farhad Johnson, Willene A. Kamarck, Elaine C. Kea, Charlotte G * Charlayne Johnson, Wyatt Kaminsky, Howard Kean, Christopher Huntington, David Kampelman, Max M. Kean, Thomas H. Huntington, Patricia Jabber, Paul Thomas Kamsky, Virginia Ann Kearney, Jude Skinner Jackelen, Henry * Jones, Alan Kent Kanak, Donald P. Keel, Alton G. Jr. Huntington, Samuel P. Jacklin, Nancy P. Jones, Anita K. Kandell, Jonathan Keene, Lonnie S. Hurewitz, J. C. Jackson, Bruce P. Jones, Benjamin Felt Kanet, Roger E. Keeny, Spurgeon M. Jr. Hurlock, James B. Jackson, Eric K. Jones, David C. Kang, C.S. Eliot

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

149 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Kelleher, Catherine M. Kipper, Judith Kramer, J. Reed Ladd, Edward Lazarus, Steven Kellen, Stephen M. Kirkland, Richard I. Kramer, Jane Lader, Philip Leach, James A. Keller, Edmond J. Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. Kramer, Michael Ladner, Joyce A. Leavy David C. Keller, Kenneth H. Kirkpatrick, Kramer, Steven Philip LaHeur, Vinca Leclerc, Paul Kellerman, Barbara L. Melanie M. Kranwinkle, C. Lagon, Mark P. * Lederberg, Joshua Kelley, Paul X. Kissinger, Henry A. Douglas Laipson, Ellen Lederman, Gordon Kellner, Peter Bicknell Kittrie, Orde F. Kranz, Thomas F. Laird, Vanessa A. Nathaniel t Kellogg, David Kizer, Karin L. Krasner, Stephen D. Lake, David A. * Lee, Bryce t Kelly, Arthur L. Klasky Helaine S. Krasno, Richard M. Lake, W. Anthony Lee, Chong-Moon Kelly, James P. Kleiman, Robert Krause, Lawrence B. Lake, William T. Lee, Ernest S. Kelly, John H. Klein, David Krauss, Clifford Lall, Betty Goetz Lee, John J. Kelman, Herbert C. Klein, Edward Krauthammer, Charles Lamar, Stephen E. Lee, William L. Kemble, Eugenia Klein, George Kravis, Henry R. Lamb, Denis Leebron, David W Kemp, Geoffrey Klein, Joseph A. Krawchuck, Fred t Lambert, Brett B. Leeds, Roger S. Kempe, Frederick S. Klotz, Frank G. Krens, Thomas Lambeth, Benjamin S. Lee-Kung, Dinah Kempner, Klurfeld, James M. Krepinevich, Lamont, Lansing Leet, Mildred Robbins Maximilian W. Knight, Edward S. Andrew F. Lampley Virginia A. Lefever, Ernest W Kendall, Donald M. Knight, Jessie J. Jr. Krepon, Michael Lampton, David M. Leghorn, Richard S. Kenen, Peter B. Knight, Robert Kreps, Juanita Morris Lancaster, Carol J. Legvold, Robert Keniston, Kenneth Huntington Kriegel, Jay L. Lance Rogoff, Natasha Lehman, John F. Kennan, Christopher J. Knoppers, Antonie Krisher, Bernard Landau, George W Lehman, Orin Kennan, Elizabeth T. Theodore Kristoff, Sandra J. Landers, James M. Lehman, Ronald Kennan, George E Knowlton, William Kristol, Irving Landis, Lauren R. Frank II Landy, Joanne Kennedy, Craig Allen Kronman, Anthony Lehr, Deborah M. Lane, David J. * Kent, William H. Knox, John H. Townsend Lehrer, Jim Laney, James T. Keohane, Nannerl O. Kobak, Deborah J. Krueger, Anne O. Leich, John Foster Langdon, George D. Jr. Keohane, Robert O. Koch, Jennie M. t Krueger, Harvey Leigh, Monroe Langlois, John D. Kern, Paul J. Koehler, John E. * Krulak, Charles Leland, Marc E. LaPalombara, Joseph Kerr, Ann Zwicker Kogan, Richard Jay Chandler Lelyveld, Joseph Lapham, Lewis H. Kerrey, J. Robert * Kohut, Andrew Ku, Charlotte LeMelle,TildenJ. Lapidus, Gail W Kerry, John F. Kolbe, Jim Kubarych, Roger M. LeMelle,WilbertJ. Lardy, Nicholas R. Kessler, Martha Neff Kolodziej, Edward A. Kubisch, Jack B. Lemle, J. Stuart * Larrabee, F. Stephen Kester, John G. Kolt, George Kull, Steven G. Lempert, Robert J. * Larson, Charles R. Kester, W. Carl Koltai, Steven R. Kuniholm, Bruce Leness, Amanda V. Lash, Jonathan Kezirian, Aram Komisar, Lucy Robellet Lennon, Lasser, Lawrence J. Kondracke, Morton Kunstadter, Peter Jr. Lateef, Noel V. Alexander T.J. t Korb, Lawrence J. Khalidi, Rashid I. Geraldine S. Lauder, Leonard A. Lennon, Sarah Korbonski, Andrzej Khalilzad, Zalmay M. Kupchan, Charles A. Lauder, Ronald S. Jacobson t Korn, Jessica Khuri, Nicola N. Kupchan, Clifford A. Laudicina, Paul A. Lenzen, Louis C. Kornblum, John C. Kiermaier, John W. Kupperman, Robert H. Lauinger, Philip C. Jr. LeoGrande, Korry, Edward M. Kiley, Robert R. Kurth, James R. Laurenti, Jeffrey William M. Kostiw, Mike Vincent Kim, Andrew B. Kurtzer, Daniel C. Lautenbach, Ned C. Leonard, James F. Kotecha, Mahesh K. Kim, Hanya Marie Kushen, Robert A. * Laventhol, David A. Leonard, James G. Kotler, Steven * Kimmitt, Robert M. Kwoh, Stewart Lavin, Franklin L. Leonard, Kenneth L. t Kraar, Louis Kimsey, James V. Lawrence, Richard D. Leone, Richard C. Kraemer, Lillian E. Kinde, Lawrence John Lawrence, Robert Z. Lerner-Lam, Eva Kraeutler, Kirk King, Charles Lawson, Eugene K. Lesch, Ann Mosely Kramek, Robert E. King, Henry L. Layne, Christopher Lesser, Ian O. Kramer, David J. King, John A. Jr. Laber, Jeri L. Lazarus, Shelly B. * Levin, Gerald M. King, Kay Kramer, Helen M. Labrecque, Thomas G. Levin, Herbert

150 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Levin, John A. Link, Troland S. Loy, Frank E. Macomber, John Marr, Phebe A. Levin, Michael Stuart Linowes, David F. Loy, James Milton Dewitt Marron, Donald B. Levin, Neil D. Linowitz, Sol M. Lozano, Ignacio E. Macomber, William B. Marsh, Tom E * Levine, Irving R. Lipper, Kenneth Lozano, Monica C. Macy Robert M. Jr. Marshall, Andrew W Levine, Marne L. Lippman, Thomas W. Lu, Donald t Madrid, Arturo Marshall, Anthony D. Levine, Mel Lipscomb, Thomas H. Lubin, Nancy Maguire, John David Marshall, Dale Rogers Levine, Susan B. Lipset, Seymour Lubman, Stanley B. Mahoney Margaret E. Marshall, F. Ray Levinson, Marc Martin Lucas, C. Payne Mahoney Marshall, Katherine Levit, Ken t Lipsky, John P. Luck, Edward C. Thomas H. IV Marshall, Zachary Levitas, Mitchel Lipsky Seth Lucy, William Mai, Vincent A. Blake Levy, Marion J. Jr. Lissakers, Karin M. Luers, Wendy W. Maier, Charles S. Martin, Daniel Richard Levy, Philip I. Li tan, Robert E. Luers, William H. Makins, Christopher J. Martin, Lisa L. Levy, Reynold Litt, David G. Luke, John A. Jr. Mako, William P. Martin, Lynn Morley Levy, Samuel J. Little, David Lustick, Ian S. Malek, Frederic V. Martin, Susan F. Lewis, Anthony Litwak, Robert S. Lute, Jane Holl Mallery, Richard Martin, William F. Lewis, Bernard Liu, Eric P. Luttwak, Edward N. Mallett, Robert L. * Martin-Brown, Joan C. Lewis, Edward T. Liu, Margaret C. Luu, Ky Malmgren, Harald B. Martinez, Armando Lewis, Elise E. Livingston, Robert Luzzatto, Anne R. Malone, Kim Bravo Carlson * Gerald Lyall, Katharine C. Malpass, David R. * Martinuzzi, Leo S. Jr. Lewis, Flora Llewellyn, J. Bruce Lyman, Princeton N. Mamdani, Marton, Kati I. Lewis, John P. Lodal, Jan M. Lyman, Richard W. Mahmoud A. Masin, Michael T. Lewis, Samuel W. Lodge, George Cabot Lynch, Thomas F III Manca, Marie Massey L. Camille Lewis, Sherman R. Jr. Loeb, Marshall Lynch, William Jr. Antoinette Massey Walter E. Lewis, Stephen R. Jr. Logan, Francis D. Lynk, Myles V. Mandelbaum, Michael Massie, Suzanne Lewis, W. Walker London, Herbert I. * Lynn, James T. Manilow, Lewis Rohrbach Lewy, Glen S. Long, Susan Mitchell Lynn, Laurence E. Jr. Manley, Audrey Forbes Mastanduno, Michael Li, Victor H. Long, William J. Lyon, David W. Mann, Hillary P. Masters, Carlton A. * Libby, I. Lewis Longstreth, Bevis Lyons, Gene M. Mann, Michael D. Mathews, Jessica T. Lichtblau, John H. Longworth, Lyons, James E. Mann, Thomas E. Mathews, Michael S. Lichtenstein, Richard C. * Lyons, Richard Kent Mansfield, Edward D. Mathews, Sylvia M. Cynthia C. Loranger, Donald Manzi, Jim Mathias, Charles Lieber, James E. Eugene Marans, J. Eugene McC. Jr. Lieber, Robert J. Lord, Bette Bao M Marchick, David Mathis, Brian P. * Lieberman, Jodi Beth Lord, Winston Marcucci, Anna Matlock, Jack F. Jr. Lieberman, Joseph I. Lorentzen, Oivind III Ma, Christopher Patricia Matsui, Robert T Lieberman, Nancy A. Louis, William Roger Mabus, Raymond E. Marcum, John Arthur Matsukata, Naotaka Lieberthal, Lourie, Linda t MacCormack, Charles Marder, Murrey Matteson, William B. Kenneth G. Loury Glenn Frederick Margolis, David I. Matthews, Eugene A. Lifton, Robert K. Cartman * MacDonald, Gordon J. Marinzoli, A. Roger Mattox,GaleA. Light, Timothy Lovejoy, Thomas E. MacDonald, Shawn A. Mark, David E. Matuszewski, Daniel C. Lighthizer, Robert E. Lovelace, Jon B. MacDougal, Gary E. Mark, Hans M. Maxwell, Kenneth Lilienthal, Sally L. Low, Stephen MacFarquhar, Emily Mark, Rebecca P. Robert Lilley, James R. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. MacGillivray, Marks, Leonard H. May, Ernest R. Lincoln, Edward J. Lowenkron, Barry E Adrien C. Marks, Paul A. May, Michael M. Lindberg, Tod * Lowenstein, James G. Mack Bell, Holley Marks, Russell E. Jr. Mayer, Claudette Lindsay, Franklin A. Lowenthal, Mackay, Leo Sidney Jr. Markusen, Ann R. Mayer, Gerald M. Jr. Linen, Jonathan S. Abraham E MacLaury Bruce K. Marlin, Alice Tepper Mayer, Lawrence A.

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

151 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Mayhew, Alice E. McLaughlin, Charles Merow, John Mirsky Yehudah Mosbacher, Robert A. Maynes, Charles James Merrill, Philip Mishkin, Alexander V. Moses, Alfred H. William McLaughlin, David T. Merritt, Jack Neil Mitchell, Arthur M. Ill Mosettig, Michael Mazur, Jay McLean, Mora L. Merszei, Zoltan Mitchell, David McAfee, William McLean, Sheila Avrin Mertus, Julie Ann George H. Jr. Moskow, Kenneth A. Gage McLin, Jon Blythe Meselson, Matthew S. Mitchell, George J. Moskow, Michael H. McAllister, Jef McMahon, Darrin M. t Messitte, Zach P. Mitchell, Wandra G Moss, Ambler H. Jr. Olivarius McManus, Doyle Mestres, Ricardo A. Jr. Mize, David M. Moss, David A. McAllister, McManus, Jason D. Metcalf, George Rich Mochizuki, Kiichi Motley, Joel W Singleton B. * McNamara, Mettler, Ruben F. Mochizuki, Mike M. Mottahedeh, Roy P. McCaffrey, Barry R. Dennis L. * Metzl, Jamie Frederic Moe, Sherwood G Motulsky Daniel T McCaffrey, Cynthia L. t McNamara, Meyer, Carl J. t Moffett, George D. Mouat, Lucia * McCain, John S.m Kathleen R. Meyer, Cord Moffett, Julia Moynihan, Daniel P. McCaU, H.Carl McNamara, Robert S. Meyer, Edward C. Molano, Walter Mroz, John Edwin McCann, Edward McNamara, Thomas E. Meyer, John Robert Thomas Mudd, Margaret Farris McCartan, Patrick F. McNaugher, Meyer, Karl E. Mondale, Walter F. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio McCarter, John W Jr. Thomas L. Meyer, Michael Montgomery, George Mulford, David C. McCarthy, James P. McNerney, Michael J. Ryder Cranwell Mulholland, McCarthy, Paul B. McPeak, Merrill A. Meyerman, Harold J. Montgomery, Mark C. William D. McClary, Tonya D. McPeek, Brian C. t Meyerson, Martin Montgomery Muller, Edward R. McCloyJohnJ.il McPherson, M. Peter Michaels, Marguerite Parker G. Muller, Henry McCormack, McQuade, Mickiewicz, Ellen Montgomery, Philip Muller, Steven Elizabeth J. Lawrence C. Midgley Elizabeth O'Bryanlll Mullins, Janet G McCormick, David H. McWade, Robert S. Mihaly Eugene B. Moock, Joyce Mulvenon, James C. + McCouch, Donald G. Meacham, Jon Mikell, Gwendolyn Lewinger Mundy Carl E. Jr. McCracken, Paul W Mead, Dana G Miles, Edward L. Moody, Jim Munger, Edwin S. McCurdy Dave K. Mead, Walter Russell Milestone, Judith B. Moody, William S. Munroe, George B. McDermott, Jim Meagher, Robert F. Miller, Charles t Moore, John J. Jr. Munyan, Winthrop R. McDevitt, Sean Daniel Mearsheimer, John J. Miller, David Charles Jr. Moore, John M. Murase, Emily Moto * McDonald, Alonzo L. Medina, David S. t Miller, Debra L. Moore, John Norton Muravchik, Joshua McDonald, Tom Medina, Kathryn B. Miller, Franklin C. Moore, Jonathan Murdoch, Rupert McDonough, Medley, Richard * Miller, J. Irwin Moore, Julia A. Murdock, Deroy William J. Meers, Sharon I. Miller, Judith Moore, Paul Jr. Murdy William F. McDougall, Gay J. Mehta, Ved Miller, Ken Moorman, Murphy, Caryle McEntee, Joan M. Meissner, Doris M. Miller, Linda B. Thomas S. Jr. Marie McFarlane, Jennifer A. Meister, Irene W Mirier, Marcia E. Moose, George E. Murphy, McFarlane, Robert C. Melby Eric D.K. Miller, Matthew L. Moose, Richard M. Richard M. Jr. t McFate, Patricia Ann Mello, Judy Hendren Miller, Roberta Balstad Mora, Alberto J. Murphy Richard W McGarr, Cappy R. * Melloan, George R. Miller, Scott L. * Mora, Antonio G * Murphy, Thomas S. McGiffert, David E. Melville, Richard Allen Miller, William Moragoda, Asoka Murray, Allen E. McGovern, George S. Mendelson, Sarah Green Milinda Murray, Douglas P. McGowan, Alan Elizabeth Millett, Allan R. Moran, Theodore H. Murray Ian P. * McGrath, Eugene R. Mendlovitz, Saul H. Millington, John A. Morris, Max King Murray, Janice L. McGurn, William Mendoza, Roberto G MiUs, Bradford Morris, Milton D. Murray, Leonard II McHale, Thomas R. Menges, Carl Braun Mills, Karen Gordon Morris-Eck, Bailey Murray, Lori Esposito McHenry Donald F. Menke, John R. Mills, Susan Linda Morrisett, Lloyd N. Muse, Martha McKeon, Elizabeth A. Menon, Rajan Mims, Valerie A. Morrissey Arthur C. * Twitchell McKinney, Robert Merkel, Claire Sechler Minow, Newton N. Morse, Edward L. Musham, Bettye Moody Merkel, David A. Miranda, Lourdes R. Morse, Kenneth P. Martin McLarty Thomas F. * Meron, Theodor Mirkow, Francisco J. + Mortimer, David H. Myerson, Toby S.

152 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

N Nichols, Nancy O'Hanlon, Michael * Osmer-McQuade, Parkinson, Roger P. Stephenson O'Hare, Joseph A. Margaret Parks, Michael Nachmanoff, Arnold Nichols, Rodney W. O'Leary, John * Osnos, Peter LW. Christopher Nacht, Michael Nicholson, Jan * O'Malley, Osnos, Susan Sherer Parsky, Gerald L. Nadiri, M. Ishaq Niehuss, John M Cormac K.H. Ostermann, Christian Parsons, Richard D. Nagl, John A. Niehuss, Rosemary O'Neil, Kathleen * Ostlund, William Brian Passer-Muslin, Nagorski, Andrew Neaher O'Neil, Michael J. Ostrander, F. Taylor Juliette M. Nagorski, Zygmunt Nielsen, Nancy O'Neill, Michael J. Ovitz, Michael S. Paster, Howard G. * Najera, Peter F. Nielsen, Suzanne O'Prey, Kevin P. Owen, Henry David Pastor, Ed Nakhleh, Emile A. * Christine O'Rourke, Patrick J.* Owen, Roberts Bishop Pastor, Robert A. Namkung, K.A. Nielsen, Waldemar O'Sullivan, Owens, James W. Patrick, Hugh T. Nasher, Raymond August Meghan L. t Owens, William A. Patrick, Stewart M. Donald Nilsson, Kenneth Oakes, John B. Oxman, Bernard H. Patrick, Thomas H. * Nathan, Andrew J. Nimetz, Matthew Oakley, Phyllis E. Oxman, Stephen Alan Patricof, Alan Joel Nathan, James A. Nitze, Paul H. Oakley, Robert B. Oxnam, Robert B. Patrikis, Ernest T. Nathanson, Marc B. * Nitze, William A. Oberdorfer, Don Oye, Kenneth A. Paul, Michael Gregory Nathoo,RaffiqA. * Nizich, Ivana Astrid Odeen, Philip A. Paul, Roland A. Nau, Henry R. Noam, Eli M. Odell, JohnS. Paulus, Judith K. * Neal, Stephen L. Nogales, Luis G. * Odom, William E. Pavel, Barry Negroponte, John D. Nolan, Janne Emilie Oettinger, Anthony G Payne, Donald M. Neier, Aryeh Noland, Marcus Offit, Morris W. Paal, Douglas Haines Pearlstine, Norman Nelson, Anne Nolte, Richard H. Ogden, Alfred Pachon, Harry P. Pearson, John E. Nelson, Daniel N. Nonacs, Eric S. Oh, Kongdan Packard, George R. Peckham, Gardner G. Nelson, Jack H. Nooter, Robert Harry Okawara, Merle Aiko Page, Carter W. t Pedersen, Richard Nelson, Marie E. Norman, William S. Oksenberg, Michel Paine, George C. II Foote Nelson, Merlin E. Norquist, Grover Olidge, Trina S. t Pais, Abraham Pederson, Rena M. Nelson, Robert L. Jr. * Glenn Oliva, L. Jay Pakula, Hannah C. Pell, Claiborne Nenneman, Norton, Augustus Oliver, April A. Palmer, Mark Pelletreau, Robert H. Jr. Richard A. Richard Olmer, Lionel Herbert Palmer, Ronald D. Pelofsky, Eric J. t Neuman, Stephanie G. Norton, Eleanor Olmstead, Cecil J. Palmerlee, April Pelson, Victor A. Olson, Ronald L. Neustadt, Richard E. Holmes Palmieri, Victor H. Penfield, James K. Olson, William Clinton Newberg, Esther R. Nossel, Suzanne Panofsky, Perm, Mark Jeffrey Olvey, Lee D. Newburg, Andre W.G. Noto, Lucio A. Wolfgang K.H. Percy, Charles H. Omestad, Thomas E. Newcomb, Nancy S. Nuechterlein, Paperin, Stewart J. Perea-Henze, Raul Opel, John R. Newell, Barbara W. Jeffrey D. Pardee, Scott E. Perella, Joseph R. Oppenheimer, Franz Newhouse, John Nunn, Sam Pardew, James W Jr. Perera, Richard t Newman, Constance Nussbaum, Bruce Martin Parent, Alexandra Peretz, Don Berry Nye, J. Benjamin H. Oppenheimer, Wood Perez, David Newman, Frank N. Nye, Joseph Samuel Jr. Michael F. Parent, Louise M. * Perkin, Linda J. Newman, Jay H. * Orlins, Stephen A. Park, H.K. Perkins, Edward J. Newman, Priscilla A. Ornstein, Norman J. Parker, Perkins, Roswell B. Newman, Richard T. Orr, Robert C. Barrington D. Jr. Perkovich, George R. Newsom, David D. Orszag, Peter R. Parker, Jason H. Perle, Richard N. Newton, M. Diana H. + O'Brien, Dennis J. Osborn, John E. * Parker, Jay Perlman, Janice Elaine Newton, Quigg O'Cleireacain, Carol Osborne, Richard de J. Parker, Karen E. Perlmutter, Amos Ney, Edward N. O'Connor, Walter F. Osisek, Parker, Penny * Perlmutter, Louis Perritt, Henry H. Jr. Nicholas, N.J. Jr. O'Haherty, J. Daniel Elizabeth M. Parker, Richard B.

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

153 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Perry, Elizabeth Jean * Pinkerton, Powers, Timothy E. * Rabinowitch, Victor Resor, Stanley R. Perry, Robert C. W. Stewart Jr. Pranger, Robert J. Radtke, Robert W. Rey Nicholas A. Perry, William J. Pino, John Anthony Prasso, Sheri T. Radway Laurence I. Reynolds, Carolyn Peters, Arthur King Pipes, Daniel Precht, Henry Raines, Franklin D. Ann Peters, Aulana L. Pipes, Richard Pressler, Larry Raisian, John Rhinelander, John B. Peters, Michael P. Pisano, Jane G. Prewitt, Kenneth Ralston, Joseph * Rhodes, John B. Sr. Petersen, Leila Pitts, Joe W.m Price, Daniel M. * Ramirez, Lilia L. Rhodes, William R. Conners * Pizzarello, Louis D. * Price, Hugh Ramo, Joshua Cooper Rice, Condoleezza Petersen, Mathew Piatt, Alan A. Price, John R. Jr. Ramo, Simon Rice, Donald S. Scott Piatt, Alexander H. Price, Raymond K. Jr. Rangel, Charles B. Rice, Joseph A. Peterson, Holly Piatt, Nicholas Price, Robert Ranis, Gustav Rice, Susan E. Peterson, Peter G. Plattner, Marc F. Prieto, Daniel B. HI Rankin, Clyde E. Ill Rich, Brian Allen Peterson, Rudolph A. Platz, Stephanie Semple Prince, Charles O. Ill * Raphel, Robin Lynn Rich, John H Jr. Petraeus, David H. Plaut, Peter G. Pritzker, Thomas J. * Rappaport, Alan H. Rich, Michael D. Petree, Richard W. Plepler, Richard L. Prothro, Charles Rasmussen, Nicholas J. Richard, Anne Claire * Petree, Richard W. Jr. Plimpton, Calvin H. Vincent Ratchford, J. Thomas Richards, Paul G. Petri, Thomas E. Plumeri, Joseph J. II Pruitt, Lisa R. Rather, Dan Richards, Stephen H. Petschek, Stephen R. Poats, Rutherford M. Pryce, Jeffrey E Rattner, Steven L. Richardson, David B. Pettibone, Peter J. Pocalyko, Michael N. Pryce, William T. Rattray, Gregory J. Richardson, Henry J. HI Petty, John R. Podhoretz, Norman Puchala, Donald James Rauch, Rudolph S. Richardson, John Peyronnin, Joseph F. Pogue, Richard W Puckett, Allen E. Raul, Alan Charles Richardson, Richard W. Pezzullo, Lawrence A. Polk, George Puckett, Robert H. Ravenal, Earl C. Richardson, William B. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Washington Pulling, Thomas L. Ravenholt, Albert V. Richardson, William R. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Polk, William R. Purcell, Susan Ravich, Samantha E Richardson, Yolonda C. Ravitch, Richard Pfeiffer, Steven B. Pollack, Gerald A. Kaufman Richman, Joan F. Raymond, David A. Pharr, Susan J. Pollack, Jonathan D. Pursley Robert E. Richter, Anthony H. Raymond, Jack Phelan, John J. Jr. Pollack, Kenneth M. Pusey Nathan M. Ridgway Rozanne L. Raymond, Lee R. Phillips, Cecil M. Pollack, Lester Putnam, Robert D. Rieff, David Redman, Charles E. Phillips, Polsby, Nelson W Pye, Lucian W Rielly John E. Reed, Charles B. Riffat, Imran * Christopher H. Pond, Elizabeth Pyle, Kenneth B. Reed, Joseph Verner Rifkind, Robert S. Phillips, David L. Poneman, Daniel Bruce Reese, William Sears Rindskopf, Phillips, Russell A. Jr. Pool-Eckert, Regan, Ned Picker, Harvey Marquita J. Elizabeth R. Reichert, William M. Pickering, Thomas R. Popkin, Anne Riordan, Michael L. Reid, Ogden Pieczenik, Steve R. Brandeis * Quainton, RitchJohnB. HI Reilly, Saskia + Piedra, Alberto M. Jr. Popoff, Frank Rivas-Vazquez, A. Anthony C.E. * Reilly William K. * Pierce, Lawrence W. Porter, John Edward Quandt, William B. Reimer, Dennis Joe Victoria Pierce, Ponchitta Portes, Jonathan D. Quester, George H. Reinhardt, John E. Rivers, Richard R. Piercy, Jan Portes, Richard D. Quigley, Kevin EE Reinhart, Carmen M. Rivkin, David B. Jr. Pierre, Andrew J. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Quigley Leonard V. Reinharz, Jehuda Rivkin, Donald H. Pigott, Charles M. Posen, Adam Quilter, Peter A. Reisman, William Rivlin, Alice M. Pike, John E. Posen, Barry R. Quinn, Jane Bryant Rizk, Nayla M. * Pilgrim, Kathryn * Posner, Michael Quinn, John M. * Michael Rizopoulos, Pillar, Russell I. Posvar, Wesley W Reiss, Mitchell B. Nicholas X. Pilling, Donald L. Potter, William C. Renfrew, Charles Robb, Charles S. Pilliod, Charles J. Jr. Powell, Catherine t Byron Robbins, Carla Anne Pillsbury Michael Powell, Colin L. Rennie, Milbrey Robert, Joseph E. Jr. Pilon, Juliana Geran Powell, Jerome H. Rabb, Maxwell M. Rennie, Renate Robert, Stephen Pincus, Lionel I. Power, Philip H. Rabinowitch, Reppert, John C. * Roberts, Bradley H. Pincus, Walter H. Powers, Thomas Alexander Reppy, Judith V. Roberts, Chalmers M.

154 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Roberts, John J. Rosecrance, Richard Roth, William M. Salacuse, Jeswald Scheffer, David J. Roberts, Richard Todd Rosen, Arthur H. Roth, William V. Jr. William Scheinman, Lawrence Roberts, Walter R. Rosen, Daniel H. Roth-Douquet, Kathryn Salazar, Ana Maria Schell, Orville Hickok Robinson, Barbara Paul Rosen, Jane K. Rothenberg, David M. t Salem, George R. Schenck, James Robinson, David Z. Rosen, Robert L. Rothkopf, David Salerno, Frederic V. Raymond Robinson, Davis R. Rosen, Stephen Peter Jochanan Salomon, Richard E. Scher, Robert M. Robinson, Eugene Rosenberg, Mark B. * Rottenberg, Linda D. Salomon, William R. Schick, Thomas Harold Rosenblatt, David S. Route, Ronald A. Salzman, Anthony Schiff, Frank W. Robinson, James D. Ill Rosenblatt, Lionel A. Rovine, Arthur W. David Schif ter, Richard Robinson, Rosenblatt, Peter R. Rowen, Henry S. Samore, Gary Schilling, Warner R. Leonard H. Jr. Rosenblum, Mort L. Rowny, Edward L. Sample, Steven B. Schlefer, Mark P. Robinson, Linda Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Rubin, Arthur Mark t Samuels, Barbara Schlesinger, Arthur Robinson, Pearl T. Rosenfield, Allan * Rubin, Barnett R. Christie II Schlesinger, Jacob M. Robinson, Randall Rosenfield, Patricia L. Rubin, James P. Samuels, Michael A. Schlesinger, James R. Robison, Olin C. Rosenkranz, Robert * Rubin, James S. t Samuels, Richard J. Schlesinger, Stephen C. Roche, James G. Rosenstock, Robert Rubin, Nancy H. Sanchez, Miguel A. * Schlosser, Herbert S. Rockefeller, David Rosensweig, Rubin, Robert E. Sanchez, Orlando Schmemann, Anya A. Rockefeller, David Jr. Jeffrey A. * Rubin, Seymour Jeffrey Sandberg, Sheryl K. Schmemann, Serge * Rockefeller, John D. IV Rosenthal, A.M. Rubin, Trudy S. Sandel, Michael J. Schmertz, Herbert Rockefeller, Nicholas Rosenthal, Douglas Rudenstine, Neil L. Sander, Alison B. Schmidt, Benno Jr. Rockwell, Hays H. Eurico Rudman, Warren B. Sanders, Barry A. Schmoke, Kurt L. Rodman, Peter W. Rosenthal, Jack Rudolph, Lloyd I. Sanders, J. Stanley Schneider, Jan Rodriguez, Alex t Rosenthal, Mitchell S. Rudolph, Susanne Sanders, Robin Renee Schneider, William Rodriguez, Rita M. Rosenwald, E. John Jr. Hoeber Sands, Amy * Schneier, Arthur Rodriguez, Vincent A. Rosenzweig, Robert M. Ruebhausen, Oscar M. Sapiro, Miriam * Schoen, Douglas E. Rodrik, Dani * Rosin, Axel G Ruenitz, Robert M. Sapolsky, Harvey M. Schoettle, Enid C.B. Roett, Riordan Roskens, Ronald W Ruga, Raimundo L. Sargeant, Stephen Schoff, James t Schorr, Daniel L. RoffJ.HughJr. Rosner, Jeremy D. Ruggie, John G. Thomas Schrage, Elliot J. Rogers, William D. Rosovsky, Henry Rugh, William A. Sassen, Saskia Schroeder, Christopher Rogers, William P. Ross, Anne Ekstrand Runge, Carlisle Ford Satloff, Robert B. Rohan, Karen M. Ross, Arthur Rupp, George E. Saul, Ralph Southey Matthew * Rohatyn, Felix G. Ross, Christopher W.S. Ruttan, Vernon W. Saunders, Harold H. Schubert, Richard F. Rohlen, Thomas P. Ross, Dennis B. Rutzen, Douglas B. Saunders, Paul J. Schuh, G Edward Rokke, Ervin J. Ross, Robert S. Ryan, Arthur F. Saunders, Phillip C. SchukerJillA. Roman, Nancy Ellen Ross, Roger Ryan, John TBI Savage, Frank Schufhof, Michael Peter Romberg, Alan D. Ross, Thomas B. Ryan, Michael E. Sawoski, Mark Schulz, William E Romero, Anthony D. Rosso, David J. Sawyer, Diane Schumacher, Edward Romero, Philip Joseph Rossotti, Charles O. Scalapino, Robert A. Schumer, Charles E. Romero-Barcelo, Rostow, Charles Schacht, Henry B. Schwab, Susan Carroll Carlos A. Nicholas Schachter, Oscar Schwartz, Ethan Rondeau, Ann E. Rostow, Elspeth Davies Sachs, Jeffrey D. Schadlow, Nadia C. Schwarz, Adam Roney, John H. Rostow, Walt W. Sacks, Paul M. Schaefer, Matthew t Schwarz, Benjamin C. Roosevelt, Theodore IV Rotberg, Robert I. Saenz, Thomas A. Schaffer, Howard Schwarz, Rose, Charlie Peete Jr. Rotblatt, Linda S. Safran, Nadav Bruner Frederick A.O. Jr. Rose, Daniel Roth, Katherine Sagan, Scott D. Schaffer, Teresita C. Schwarzer, William W. Rose, Elihu Roth, Kenneth Said, Edward Schake, Kori Schwarzman, Rose, Gideon * Roth, Stanley Owen Sakoian, Carol Knuth Schecter, Jerrold Stephen A.

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

155 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Schwebel, Stephen M. Sheldon, Eleanor B. Silkenat, James R. Smith, Michelle A. t Soros, Paul Sciolino, Elaine F. Shelley, Sally Swing Silver, Allison Smith, Nicole Venable Southwick, James D. Scott, David Wilson Shelp, Ronald K. Silver, Daniel B. Smith, Perry M. Sovern, Michael I. Scowcroft, Brent Shelton, Henry H. Silver, Ron Smith, Peter Spain, James W Scranton, William W. Shelton, Joanna Reed Silvers, Robert B. Hopkinson Spalter, Jonathan Seagrave, Norman P. Shelton-Colby, Simes, Dimitri K. Smith, R. Jeffrey Spangler, Scott M. Seamans, Robert C. Jr. Sally A. Simmons, Adele Smith, Richard M. Spector, Leonard S. Sears, Jonathan E. * Shenk, George H. Simmons, Jamal N. t Smith, Stephen G. Speedie, David C. Seaton, James B. Ill Shenk, Maury David Simmons, P. J. Smith, Theodore M. Spencer, Edson W Segal, Sheldon J. Shepard, Stephen B. Simmons, Ruth J. Smith, Tony Spencer, William C. Segal, Susan Louise Shepardson, Robert Simon, Francoise L. Smith, W Y. Spero, Joan E. Seibold, Frederick C. Jr. Thomas Sims, Albert G. Smith, Wayne S. Speth, James Gustave Seigenthaler, John L. Sherman, Michael Sims, Robert B. Smith, Winthrop H. Jr. Speyer, Jerry I. Seiple, Chris t Sherman, Wendy R. Sinclair, Paula J. Smoots, Samuel D. t Spiegel, John W. Seitz, Frederick Sherry, George L. Sinding, Steven W Snider, Don M. Spielvogel, Carl Sekulow, Eugene A. Sherwood, Benjamin B. Sinkin, Richard N. Snider, L. Britt Spiers, Ronald I. Selin, Douglas Sherwood-Randall, Sisco, Joseph John Snow, Robert Anthony Spindler, J. Andrew Selin, Ivan Elizabeth D. Sitrick, James Baker Snowe, Olympia J. Spiro, Herbert John Serfaty, Simon Shestack, Jerome J. Skidmore, Thomas E. Snyder, Jack L. Spratt, John M. Jr. Sesno, Frank W. Shields, Geoffrey B. * Skinner, Elliott P. Snyder, Jed C. Springer, Jenny Sestanovich, Shields, Lisa Skinner, Kiron Kanina Snyder, Richard E. Squadron, Howard M. Stephen R. Shiffman, Gary M. Sklarew, Jennifer Snyder, Scott A. Stackpole, D. Andrew SewallJohnO.B. Shifter, Michael * Friedman Sobol, Dorothy Stacks, John Sewall, Sarah Shiner, Josette S. Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Meadow Stalson, Helena Sewell, John W Shinn, James J. Slade, David R. Soderberg, Nancy E. Stamas, Stephen Seymour, Frances J. * Shinseki, Eric * Slater, Joseph E. Sofaer, Abraham Stanley, Peter W. Shafer, D. Michael Stanton, Frank Shipley, Walter V. Slaughter, Anne-Marie David Shafer, Jeffrey R. Staples, Eugene S. Shire, Jacqueline W. Slaughter, Matthew J. t Sohn, Louis B. Shaffer, Gail S. Starr, S. Frederick Shirk, Susan L. Slaughter, Richard A. * Solarz, Stephen J. Shailor, Barbara Stassen, Harold E. Shirzad, Faryar t Slawson, Paul S. Solbert, Peter OA. Shair, Beth Laurel Steadman, Richard C. Shlaes, Amity Ruth Sloane, Ann Brownell Solomon, Andrew Shalala, Donna E. Stedman, Louellen Shoemaker, Slocombe, Walter B. Wallace Shalikashvili, John M. Steel, Ronald Christopher C. Sloss, Leon Solomon, Anne G.K. Shambaugh, David Steiger, Paul E. Shore, Jennifer A. Small, Lawrence M. Solomon, Anthony M. Shapiro, Andrew J. Stein, David F. Shorr, David Smalley, Kathleen * Solomon, Joshua N. Shapiro, Eli Stein, Elliot Shriver, Donald W. Smalley, Patricia T. Solomon, Lisa J. Shapiro, Hal Scott + Stein, Eric Shubert, Gustave H. Smart, S. Bruce Jr. Solomon, Peter J. Shapiro, Harold T. Stein, Mark Brian Shulman, Colette Smith, Andrew E Solomon, Richard H. Shapiro, Isaac Steinberg, David J. Shufman, Marshall D. Smith, Clint E. Solomon, Robert Shapiro, Judith R. Steinberg, James B. Shultz, George P. Smith, Clint N. Sonenshine, H. Shaplen, Jason T. Steinberg, Mark R. Shuman, Stanley S. Smith, David Shiverick Sharp, Daniel A. Marshall Steinberg, Richard H. Sick, Gary G. Smith, DeWittC. Jr. Shattuck, John Sonenshine, Tara Diane Steinbruner, John D. Siegman, Henry Smith, Edwin M. Shayne, Herbert M. Sonnenberg, Maurice Steiner, Daniel Sifton, Elisabeth N. Smith, Hedrick L. Shea, Dorothy t Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Steiner, Joshua L. * Sigal, Leon V. Smith, James McCall Sheehan, Kevin P. Sonnenfeldt, Steiner, Steven E. Sigmund, Paul E. Smith, Jean Kennedy * Sheffield, JiUW. Richard W Steinfeld, Edward S. Silas, C. J. Smith, Jeffrey H. Shehabi, Soroush R. t Sorensen, Gillian Stempel, John D. Silberman, Smith, John T. II Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Martin Smith, Malcolm B. Stent, Angela Evelyn Sheinkman, Jack Laurence H. Sorensen, Theodore C. Smith, Michael B. Stepan, Alfred C. Silberman, Robert S. * Soros, George

156 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Stern, David J. Studeman, William O. Tarnoff, Peter Tien, John K. Jr. Trowbridge, Stern, Ernest Styron, Rose Tarter, C. Bruce Tierney, Paul E. Jr. Alexander B. Stern, Fritz Sudarkasa, Niara Tarullo, Daniel K. * Tiersky, Ronald Truitt, Nancy Stern, H. Peter Sughrue, Karen M. Tasco, Frank J. Till, Kimberly * Sherwood Stern, Jeffrey Suleiman, Ezra Tashkovich, Gligor A. Tillman, Seth P. Truman, Edwin M. Stern, Jessica E. Sulkin, Seth R. Taubman, William Timothy, Kristen Tsehai, Elizabeth G. Stern, Paula Sullivan, Gina E. t Taylor, Arthur R. Timpson, Sarah Tsipis, Kosta Stern, Todd D. Sullivan, Gordon R. Taylor, Kathryn Livingston Tucher, H. Anton Stern, Walter P. Sullivan, Leon H. Pelgrift Tindell, Cynthia A. Tuck, Edward Sterner, Michael E. Sullivan, Louis W. Taylor, William J. Jr. Tipson, Frederick S. Hallam Sternlight, David Sullivan, William H. Teece, David J. Tirana, Amina Tucker, Jonathan B. * Stetson, Anne Summers, Lawrence H. Teeter, Robert M. Tisch, Laurence Alan Tucker, Katherine K. Stevens, Charles R. Sunderland, Jack B. Teitelbaum, Michael S. Todman, Terence A. Tucker, Nancy Stevens, James W. Suslow, Leo A. Telhami, Shibley Toft, Monica Duffy + Bernkopf Stevens, Paul Schott Sutphen, Mona K. Tellis, Ashley Joachim Toll, Maynard J. Jr. Tucker, Richard Frank Stevenson, Adlai E. Sutterlin, James S. Tempelsman, Maurice Toloui, Ramin + Tucker, Robert W. Stevenson, Charles A. Sutton, Francis X. Temple-Raston, Dina Tomlinson, Tuminez, Astrid S. Stewart, Donald M. Suzman, Cedric * Simone Alexander C. Tung, Ko-Yung Stewart, Gordon C. Swank, Emory C. Tenet, George J. Tomz, Michael R. Turck, Nancy B. Stewart, Ruth Ann Swanson, David H. Tennyson, Leonard B. Ton,VyN. Turner, Elisabeth Stid, Daniel D. Sweeney, John J. Terracciano, Topping, Audrey Russin Stiehm, Judith Hicks Sweig, Julia E. Anthony P. Ronning Turner, J. Michael Stiglitz, Joseph E. Sweitzer, Brandon W Terry, Sarah M. Topping, Seymour Turner, Robert F. Stiles, Deborah E Swenson, Eric P. Theobald, Thomas C. Torano, Maria Elena Turner, Stansfield Stiles, Ned B. Swid, Stephen Claar Thieme, Donald Torres, Art Turner, William C. Stith, Kate Swiers, Peter Bird Joseph II Torres, Gerald * Tuzman, Kaleil D. Stobaugh, Robert B. Swing, John Temple Thiessen, Marc A. Torricelli, Robert G Isaza t Stockman, David A. Szanton, Peter L. Thoman, G. Richard Toth, Robert C Tyrrell, R. Emmett Jr. Stoessinger, John G. Szporluk, Roman Thomas, Barbara S. Trachtenberg, Stephen Tyson, Carole Stofft, William A. Thomas, Brooks Joel Henderson * Stoga, Alan J. Thomas, Evan W III Train, Harry D. II Tyson, Laura Stokes, Bruce Thomas, Franklin A. Train, John D'Andrea Stokes, Louis Thomas, James P. Train, Russell E. Stone, Jeremy J. Thomas, Lee B. Jr. Trainor, Bernard E. Stone, Randall Taft, Julia Vadala Thomas-Lake, Trani, Eugene P. Stone, Roger D. Taft, William H. IV u Travis, Martin B. Jr. Straus, Donald B. Tagliabue, Paul Hillary Treadway, Stephen J. * Straus, Oscar S. II Tahir-Kheli, Shirin R. Thompson, Robert L. Udovitch, Abraham L. Treat, John Elting Straus, R. Peter Talbot, Phillips Thompson, W. Scott Uhlig, Mark Trebat, Thomas J. Strauss, Robert S. Talbott, Strobe Thomson, James A. Ullman, Richard H. Trenkle, Timothy Paul Strausz-Hupe, Robert Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. Thomson, James C. Jr. Ulman, Cornelius M. Treverton, Gregory Stremlau, John J. Talwar, Puneet Thornburgh, Dick Ulrich, Marybeth Strmecki, Marin J. Tang, Angelica O. Thornell, Richard P. Frye Peterson * Strock, James M. Tang, David K.Y. Thornton, John L. Trezise, Philip H. Ungar, Sanford J. Stromseth, Jane E. Tanham, George K. Thornton, Thomas Trice, Robert H. Jr. Unger, David C. Stroock, Thomas E Tanner, Harold Perry Trimble, Charles R. Unger, Leonard Strossen, Nadine Tanter, Raymond Thoron, Louisa Trojan, Vera M. Upton, Maureen T. * Tapia, Raul R. Tien, Chang-Lin Trooboff, Peter D. Usher, William R.

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

157 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Utgoff, Victor A. Viebranz, Curtis G. Wallerstein, Mitchel B. Weintraub, Sidney White, William H. * Utley, Garrick Viederman, Stephen Wallich, Christine I. Weisberg, Jacob Whitehead, John C. Viets, Richard Noyes Wallison, Peter J. Weisman, Steven R. Whitehouse, Charles S. Vila,AdisM. Walsh, Ian t Weiss, Andrew Scott Whitman, Christine Villar, Arturo Walsh, Michaela L. Weiss, Charles Jr. Todd Viorst, Milton Walters, Barbara Weiss, Cora Whitman, Marina V.N. Vagliano, Viscusi, Enzo Walton, Anthony John Weiss, Edith Brown Whitney, Craig R. Alexander M. Vitale, Alberto Walton, R. Keith Weiss, Elizabeth Anne t Whittemore, Vagliano, Sara Voell, Richard Allen Waltz, Kenneth N. Weiss, Stanley A. Frederick B. Vagts, Detlev F. Vogel, Ezra F. Wanger, Leah Zell * Weiss, Thomas G. Wiarda, Howard J. Vaky, Viron P. Vogelgesang, Sandy Ward, Jennifer C. Weissman, Ivan S. Wien, Anita Volz Valenta, Jiri Louise Ward, Katherine T. Welch, C. David Wiener, Carolyn Seely Valentine, Debra A. Vogelson, Jay M. Ware, Carl Welch, Jasper A. Jr. Wiener, Jonathan Baert Valenzuela, Arturo A. Vojta, George J. Warner, Edward L. Ill Welch, Larry D. Wiener, Malcolm H. van der Vink, Volcker, Paul A. Warner, John William Weld, William F Wiesel, Elie Gregory E. Volk, Stephen R. Warner, Volney James Welker, David P. t Wieseltier, Leon Van Dusen, Michael H. von Eckartsberg, K. Warnke, Paul C. Wells, Damon Wilby, Peter Van Dyk, Ted Gayle Warren, Gerald L. Wells, Louis T. Wildenthal, C. Kern Van Evera, Stephen Von Hagen, Mark L. * Warren, Lewis M. Jr. Wells, Samuel F Jr. Wiley, Richard A. Van Fleet, James von Hippel, Frank Washburn, Abbott M. Wells, Walter N. Wilhelm, Robert E. Alward von Lipsey, Washburn, John L. Wender, Ira T. Wilkerson, Thomas Van Oudenaren, John Roderick K. Wasserstein, Bruce Wendt, Allan Lloyd Van VTierden, von Mehren, Robert B. Waterbury, John Wertheim, Mitzi Wilkie, Edith B. Constant M. Votaw, Carmen Waters, Cherri D. Mallina Wilkins, Roger W. van Voorst, L. Bruce Delgado Watson, Alexander F Wesbrook, Stephen D. Wilkinson, Sharon P. Vance, Cyrus R. Vuono, Carl E. Watson, Peter S. Weschler, Joanna Williams, Aaron S. Vande Berg, Marsha Wattenberg, Ben J. Wesely, Edwin J. Williams, Christine Vanden Heuvel, Watts, John H. West, J. Robinson Williams, Eddie JonD. w Watts, William West, Owen O'Driscoll Nathan vanden Heuvel, Weatherstone, Dennis West, Togo D. Jr. Williams, Harold M. Katrina Wachner, Linda J. Weaver, David R. Weston, Burns H. Williams, Haydn vanden Heuvel, Wadsworth-Darby, Webb,HoytK. Wethington, Olin L. * Williams, Howard Roy William J. Mary Weber, Doron Wexler, Anne Williams, Melvin F Jr. Vander Lugt, Robert D. Waggoner, Robert C. Weber, Vin Weymouth, Williams, Paul R. Webster, William H. Varanini, Jeffrey Paul Wais, Marshall I. Jr. Elizabeth G Williams, Reba White Wechsler, William F Varela, Marta B. Wakeman, Frederic E. Whalen, Richard J. Williams, William J. Jr. * Weddle, Steven Vecchi, Sesto E. Jr. Wharton, Clifton R. Jr. Williamson, Edwin D. Wedgwood, Ruth Veit, Carol Michele Waldron, Arthur Wheeler, John K. Williamson, Irving A. Weeks, Jennifer R. Veit, Lawrence A. Wales, Jane M. Wheeler, John P. Ill Williamson, Richard Wehrle, Leroy Snyder Veliotes, Nicholas A. Walker, Charls E. Whitaker, C.S. Salisbury Weidenbaum, Murray Verleger, Philip K. Jr. Walker, G.R. Whitaker, Jennifer Williamson, Weigel, George Verma, Richard R. t Walker, Jacques P. Seymour Thomas S. Jr. Weiksner, George B. Jr. Vermilye, Peter H. Walker, Jenonne Whitaker, Mark Willrich, Mason Weil, Frank A. Verstandig, Toni G. Walker, John L. White, John P. Wilmers, Robert G. Weinberg, John L. Verville, Elizabeth G. Walker, William N. White, Julia A. Wilson, Don M. HI Weinberg, Steven Vessey, John W. Walker-Huntley, White, Maureen Wilson, Donald M. Weinberger, Caspar W. Viccellio, Henry Jr. White, Peter C. Wilson, Ernest MaryL. Weinert, Richard S. Vick, Edward H. * White, Robert J. James III Walkling, Sarah K. Weinrod, W. Bruce Victor, David G. White, Timothy J. Wilson, Karen E. Wallace, Roger Weinstein, Michael M. Vidal, David J. Windham White, Walter H. Jr. Wilson, Margaret S.

158 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Wilson, Percy Charles Wolfowitz, Paul D. Wright, Robin Young, George H. Ill' Zemmol, Jonathan I. Wilson, Serena L. Wolfsthal,JonB.t Wright, William HIP Young, Jay T. * Zilkha, Ezra K. Wimpfheimer, Wolin, Neal S. Wyser-Pratte, Guy Young, M. Crawford Zimmerman, Jacques D. Wolosky, Lee S. Patrick Young, Michael K. Edwin M. Wing, Adrien Wolpe, Howard Young, Nancy Zimmerman, Peter D. Katherine Wolstencroft, Tracy R. * Youngblood, Zimmerman, Winokur, Herbert S. Jr. Woo-Cumings, Kneeland C. William Winship, Thomas Meredith * Yu, Frederick T.C. Zimmermann, Warren Winston, Michael R. Wood, Suzanne Yacoubian, Mona Yu, Peter M. Zinberg, Dorothy Winterer, Philip S. Woods, Ward W. Yalman, Nur O. Yudkin, Richard A. Shore Winters, Francis X. Woodward, Susan L. Yang, Linda Tsao Yzaguirre, Raul H. Zinder, Norton D. Wirth, David A. Woolf, Harry Yang, Phoebe L. Zinni, Anthony Wirth, John D. Woolsey, R. James Yankelovich, Daniel Charles Wirth, Timothy E. Woolsey, Suzanne H. Yanney, Michael B. Zinser, Alan Z.J. Wisner, Frank G. II Woon, Eden Y. Yates, Stephen Zipp, Brian R. Wisner, Graham G. Warden, Minky Jerome t Zaccaro, Donna A. Zisk, Kimberly Marten Witkowsky, Anne A. Worenklein, Jacob Yergin, Daniel H. Zagoria, Donald S. Zoellick, Robert B. Witunski, Michael Wormuth, Christine E. Yochelson, John N. Zake, Florence S.N. t Zogby, James J. Woerner, Fred F. Wormian, Christian Yoffie, David B. Zakheim, Dov S. Zogby, Joseph R. Wofford, Harris L. Fritz Yoo, John Choon t Zaleski, Michel Zolberg, Aristide R. Wohlstetter, Roberta Wray, Cecil Yordan, Jaime Ernesto Zanoyan, Vahan B. Zonis, Marvin Wolf, Charles Jr. Wriggins, W Howard Yoshihara, Nancy Zarb, Frank G. Zorthian, Barry Wolf, Ira Wright, Abi E. Akemi Zartman, I. William Zuckerman, Harriet Wolf, Milton A. Wright, Joseph R. Jr. * Yost, Casimir A. Zegart, Amy B. Zuckerman, Wolfensohn, James D. Wright, L. Patrick Young, Alice Zeikel, Arthur Mortimer B. Wolff, Alan Wm. Wright, Matice Young, Andrew Zelikow, Philip D. Zwick, Charles J. Wolff, I. Peter Jeanean t Young, Edgar B. Zelnick, C. Robert Zysman, John A.

* Elected to membership in 2000. t Elected to five-year membership in 2000.

159 Credits

PHOTO CREDITS GINA CELCIS-CONCEPCION: 96 IRINA A. FASKIANOS: 13 bottom, 61 bottom KEN LEVINSON: 11, 12 bottom, 13 top, 17 top and bottom, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 54 numbers 3, 5, and 9, 55, 65 bottom, 66, 70 bottom, 72 top and bottom, 80, 81 top left and top right, 82, 84 top, 85 bottom, 90, 134 top, back cover: top left, middle left, and bottom left T.L. LITT: 9, 54 numbers 4, 7, 8, and 10, 93, 125, back cover: top right MICHELE L. MANZEK: 85 top CADE MARTIN: 61 top ANDREW MCCORMICK: 14 top, middle, and bottom, 17 middle, 31, 35, 56, 69, 95, back cover: top center right and middle right DON POLLARD: 7, 12 top, 16, 65 top, 68 top and bottom, 70 top, 88, 91, back cover: top center left PYRAMID PHOTOGRAPHICS, INC.: 84 bottom KAVEH SARDARI: 19, 20, 32, 62, 74, 75, 76, 77 top and bottom, 78, 134 bottom, back cover: bottom right

Executive Editor: PATRICIA LEE DORFF Designer: GENE CROFTS Editor: APRIL W. PALMERLEE Assistant Editor: LEAH SCHOLER Photo Editor: ERIN EIZENSTAT Intern: JAMES FICHTER Production Consultant: VIRGINIA ROLSTON PARROTT Copy Editors: ED CONE, TRACI NAGLE Cover Design: TREE MEDIA GROUP

160