Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944 ROBERT LOEFFEL Abstract The methods used by the Nazis to control elements of German society have been the focus of intense historical debate. This paper attempts to analyse the implementation of Sippenhaft (family liability punishment) after the 20 July 1944 assassination plot against Hitler. Sippenhaft was advocated for use against the families of the conspirators involved in this plot and also against members of the armed services. Consequently, its implementation became the personal domain of the Reich leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, as well as local army commanders, army courts and the Nazi party itself. This article will argue that the inadequacies of its imposition were largely compensated for by its effectiveness as a device of fear. One of the most highly contested areas of debate concerning Nazi Germany is identifying how much consent, as opposed to coercion, there was within German society. Recent studies, such as those by Eric Johnson and Robert Gellately, have tended to emphasise consent, since they have largely defined Nazi terror as inefficient and not comprehensive.1 Both Gellately and Johnson see the small numbers of Gestapo officers across Germany as being reflective of the overall ‘popularity’ of the regime and the fact that this organisation chose to focus on certain marginalised groups and Department of History, Sydney Grammar School, College Street, Darlinghurst, 2010, NSW, Australia;
[email protected]. This article is based on my doctoral thesis research completed at the University of New South Wales in July 2004.