DOCSLIB.ORG

Toxikologie HS12FS13

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toxikologie HS12FS13 Vetsuisse-Fakultät der Universitäten Zürich und Bern Fachbereich Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Toxikologie Ein Begleittext zur Vorlesung für die Studierenden der Veterinärmedizin Felix R. Althaus – Jacqueline Kupper – Hanspeter Nägeli HS 2012 / FS 2013 Toxikologie II 2 Vorwort Das vorliegende Manuskript dient als Grundlage für die Vorlesung. Es ist ein „Drehbuch“, die dazugehörige Vorlesung der „Film“. Das oberste Ziel dieser Lehrveranstaltung ist die Schulung des pharmakologischen Denkens für die Therapiegestaltung. Für die Vorlesung stehen Ihnen weitere Informationsquellen zur Verfügung: • Das Tierarzneimittelkompendium Schweiz Enthält die Arzneimittelinformationen zu sämtlichen in der Schweiz registrierten Tier- arzneimitteln; wird von unserem Institut jährlich herausgegeben. Als „elektronisches“ Kompendium mit vielen computerunterstützten Suchmöglichkeiten ist es auch unter www.vetpharm.uzh.ch abrufbar. • Pharmakotherapie bei Haus- und Nutztieren W. Löscher, F.R. Ungemach & R. Kroker, Parey in Medizin Verlage Stuttgart, 7. Auflage, 623 Seiten, 2006, ISBN: 978-3-8304-4160-1 (Neuauflage erscheint 20. Okt. 2010). Nachschlagewerk für Arzneimittel-informationen; als Lehrbuch weniger geeignet, da pharmakologische Ausbildung vorausgesetzt wird. • Lehrbuch der Pharmakologie und Toxikologie für Veterinärmediziner H.H. Frey & W. Löscher (Hrsg.), Enke Verlag Stuttgart, 3. Auflage, 672 Seiten, 2010, ISBN: 978-3-8304-1079-9. • Pharmakologie und Toxikologie K. Aktories, U. Förstermann, F. Hofmann & K. Starke, Elsevier Urban & Fischer, München. 10. Auflage, 1248 Seiten, 2009, ISBN: 978-3-437-42522-6. Als Lehrbuch sehr gut geeignet, obwohl humanmedizinisch ausgerichtet. Das vorliegende Vorlesungsmanuskript ist auch als pdf-file auf unserer Institutsseite verfügbar: www.vpt.uzh.ch Zürich und Bern 2012 Felix R. Althaus Jacqueline Kupper Hanspeter Naegeli Toxikologie II 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Historisches zum Begriff Gift .......................................................................................... 7 2 Definition von Giften ........................................................................................................ 8 3 Bedeutung und Arbeitsgebiete der Toxikologie ........................................................... 9 3.1 Klinische Toxikologie ................................................................................................ 9 3.2 Rückstandstoxikologie .............................................................................................. 9 3.3 Umwelttoxikologie .................................................................................................. 10 4 Mechanismen der Toxizität ........................................................................................... 10 4.1 Toxikokinetik ........................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Toxikodynamik ....................................................................................................... 11 4.3 Giftwirkung durch reaktive Metaboliten .................................................................. 12 4.4 Die Bildung von freien Radikalen ........................................................................... 16 4.5 Die antioxidativen Schutzsysteme der Zelle: das Glutathionsystem ...................... 18 5 Die Reaktionsmuster der Zelle ...................................................................................... 20 5.1 Reparaturmechanismen und ihre Koordination mit andern Zellfunktionen ............ 20 5.2 Wie stirbt eine Zelle: Nekrose versus Apoptose ..................................................... 22 5.3 Karzinogenese ....................................................................................................... 25 6 Teratogenese .................................................................................................................. 27 7 Endokrine Disruptoren .................................................................................................. 27 8 Die Bestimmung einer toxischen Wirkung .................................................................. 28 8.1 Die akute Toxizität .................................................................................................. 29 8.2 Subakute Toxizität .................................................................................................. 30 8.3 Subchronische Toxizität ......................................................................................... 30 8.4 Chronische Toxizität ............................................................................................... 30 8.5 Reproduktionstoxikologie und Teratogenesetests ................................................. 30 8.6 Mutagene und karzinogene Wirkung ...................................................................... 32 9 Die Kosten von Toxizitätstests ..................................................................................... 35 10 Die toxikologische Basis behördlicher Schutzmassnahmen ................................... 35 11 Das Chemikalienrecht (http://www.cheminfo.ch) ....................................................... 38 11.1 Die wichtigsten Punkte des Chemikaliengesetzes ................................................. 38 11.2 Gefahrensymbole und -bezeichnung ..................................................................... 39 11.3 Verbotene Stoffe .................................................................................................... 39 12 Die Giftklassen .............................................................................................................. 39 13 Gesetzliche Grundlagen für die Beurteilung von Rückständen in vom Tier stammenden Lebensmitteln ......................................................................................... 40 Toxikologie II 4 13.1 Die Festlegung von Toleranzen (engl.: Tolerance Levels) .................................... 41 13.2 Die Festlegung von Absetzfristen .......................................................................... 42 14 Umwelttoxikologie ......................................................................................................... 45 14.1 Akkumulation ......................................................................................................... 45 14.2 Biodegradierbarkeit ................................................................................................ 47 14.3 Langzeitwirkungen ................................................................................................. 49 14.4 ‚Endocrine Disruptors‘ – Hormonaktive Chemikalien ............................................. 50 14.5 Resistenzbildung und "substitute pests" ................................................................ 52 15 Erkennung und Management von Vergiftungen ........................................................ 53 16 Diagnostische Richtlinien ............................................................................................ 54 16.1 Anamnese .............................................................................................................. 54 16.2 Klinische Untersuchung ......................................................................................... 55 16.3 Analytik .................................................................................................................. 55 16.4 Amtliche Probeerhebungen ................................................................................... 56 17 Therapeutische Richtlinien .......................................................................................... 57 17.1 Erhaltung der Vitalfunktionen ................................................................................. 57 17.2 Dekontamination .................................................................................................... 58 17.3 Förderung der Giftausscheidung ........................................................................... 60 17.4 Weitere symptomatische Massnahmen ................................................................. 60 17.5 Antidottherapie ....................................................................................................... 61 18 Die wichtigsten Tiervergiftungen ................................................................................. 65 19 Insekticide und Akaricide ............................................................................................. 65 19.1 Amitraz ................................................................................................................... 66 19.2 Avermectine und Milbemycine ............................................................................... 66 19.3 Carbamate und Organophosphate ........................................................................ 68 19.4 Chlorierte cyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe ............................................................... 70 19.5 Nicotin .................................................................................................................... 73 19.6 Pyrethroide ............................................................................................................. 74 20 Rodenticide .................................................................................................................... 75 20.1 Bromethalin ............................................................................................................ 76 20.2 α-Chloralose .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stereoselektive Synthese Von Stickstoffheterocyclen An
    Stereoselektive Synthese von Stickstoffheterocyclen an Glycosylaminen als chiralen Auxiliaren Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Martin Schultz-Kukula geboren in Germersheim Mainz im Dezember 2001 Dekan: 1. Berichterstatter: 2. Berichterstatter: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 2002 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Januar 1998 bis Dezember 2001 am Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz unter Anleitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. Horst Kunz angefertigt. Meiner Familie Wir stellen viele Fragen an die Natur; die Natur sagt meistens „nein“, manchmal „vielleicht“, aber niemals „ja“. Albert Einstein Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Stickstoffheterocyclen in Naturstoffen 1 1.2 Asymmetrische Synthese 4 1.3 Auxiliare in asymmetrischen Synthesen 5 1.4 Verwendung von Kohlenhydraten als chirale Auxiliare 7 1.5 Zielsetzung 9 Allgemeiner Teil 2 Reaktionen an Glycosyliminen 11 2.1 Synthese der Auxiliare 11 2.2 Synthese der Glycosylimine 12 2.3 Synthese von Dehydropiperidinonen durch die Tandem-Mannich- Michael-Reaktion 13 2.3.1 Umsetzungen von N-Glycosyliminen mit 1-Methoxy-3- trimethylsiloxy-butadien 14 2.3.2 Mechanismus und Stereochemie der Tandem-Mannich-Michael- Reaktion 15 3 Darstellung des Alkaloids Pumiliotoxin C und analoger Verbindungen 17 3.1 Decahydrochinolin-Alkaloide 17 3.2 Synthese des (-)-4a-epi-Pumiliotoxin C (12a) 19 3.2.1 Konjugierte Addition von Organo-Kupfer-Verbindungen
    [Show full text]
  • Rope Parasite” the Rope Parasite Parasites: Nearly Every AuSC Child I Ever Treated Proved to Carry a Significant Parasite Burden
    Au#sm: 2015 Dietrich Klinghardt MD, PhD Infec4ons and Infestaons Chronic Infecons, Infesta#ons and ASD Infec4ons affect us in 3 ways: 1. Immune reac,on against the microbes or their metabolic products Treatment: low dose immunotherapy (LDI, LDA, EPD) 2. Effects of their secreted endo- and exotoxins and metabolic waste Treatment: colon hydrotherapy, sauna, intes4nal binders (Enterosgel, MicroSilica, chlorella, zeolite), detoxificaon with herbs and medical drugs, ac4vaon of detox pathways by solving underlying blocKages (methylaon, etc.) 3. Compe,,on for our micronutrients Treatment: decrease microbial load, consider vitamin/mineral protocol Lyme, Toxins and Epigene#cs • In 2000 I examined 10 au4s4c children with no Known history of Lyme disease (age 3-10), with the IgeneX Western Blot test – aer successful treatment. 5 children were IgM posi4ve, 3 children IgG, 2 children were negave. That is 80% of the children had clinical Lyme disease, none the history of a 4cK bite! • Why is it taking so long for au4sm-literate prac44oners to embrace the fact, that many au4s4c children have contracted Lyme or several co-infec4ons in the womb from an oVen asymptomac mother? Why not become Lyme literate also? • Infec4ons can be treated without the use of an4bio4cs, using liposomal ozonated essen4al oils, herbs, ozone, Rife devices, PEMF, colloidal silver, regular s.c injecons of artesunate, the Klinghardt co-infec4on cocKtail and more. • Symptomac infec4ons and infestaons are almost always the result of a high body burden of glyphosate, mercury and aluminum - against the bacKdrop of epigene4c injuries (epimutaons) suffered in the womb or from our ancestors( trauma, vaccine adjuvants, worK place related lead, aluminum, herbicides etc., electromagne4c radiaon exposures etc.) • Most symptoms are caused by a confused upregulated immune system (molecular mimicry) Toxins from a toxic environment enter our system through damaged boundaries and membranes (gut barrier, blood brain barrier, damaged endothelium, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • The Antioxidant Peptide Salamandrin-I: First Bioactive Peptide Identified from Skin Secretion of Salamandra Genus (Salamandra Salamandra)
    biomolecules Article The Antioxidant Peptide Salamandrin-I: First Bioactive Peptide Identified from Skin Secretion of Salamandra Genus (Salamandra salamandra) Alexandra Plácido 1,2,*, João Bueno 3,4, Eder A. Barbosa 4 , Daniel C. Moreira 3 , Jhones do Nascimento Dias 5, Wanessa Felix Cabral 3, Patrícia Albuquerque 5, Lucinda J. Bessa 1 , Jaime Freitas 6 , Selma A. S. Kuckelhaus 3, Filipe C. D. A. Lima 7 , Augusto Batagin-Neto 8 , Guilherme D. Brand 4 , João B. Relvas 2, José Roberto S. A. Leite 1,3 and Peter Eaton 1 1 LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (L.J.B.); [email protected] (J.R.S.A.L.); [email protected] (P.E.) 2 Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (D.C.M.); [email protected] (W.F.C.); [email protected] (S.A.S.K.) 4 Laboratory for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules (LSAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; [email protected] (E.A.B.); [email protected] (G.D.B.) 5 Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungal Pathogens, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; [email protected] (J.d.N.D.); [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Secondary Metabolites from Selected British Columbian
    NOVEL SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM SELECTED BRITISH COLUMBIAN MARINE INVERTEBRATES by STEPHEN WILLIAM AYER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Chemistry We accept this thesis as conforming d standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1985 © Stephen William Ayer, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the re• quirements for an advanced degree at the The University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his or her representatives. It is under• stood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date: March 1985 Abstract Marine organisms show potential as sources for novel, biologically and pharmacologically active, secondary metabolites. Examination of three nudibranch and one bryozoan species for biologically active metabolites has led to the isolation and structural elucidation of nine new and two known secondary metabolites. The structures of all the compounds were determined by using a combination of spectral analysis, chemical interconversion, synthesis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The British Columbian dorid nudibranch Acant hodori s nanaimoensi s yielded three new sesquiterpenoids. The struc• tures of nanaimoal (6_1) , acanthodoral (64) , and isoacanthodoral (6J5) represent novel sesquiterpenoid carbon skeletons.
    [Show full text]
  • Mueller-Schwarze D. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates (CUP, 2006
    This page intentionally left blank Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates is the first book to focus exclusively on the chem- ically mediated interactions between vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, and other animals, and plants. Reviewing the lat- est research in three core areas: pheromones (where the interactions are between members of the same species), interspecific interactions involving allomones (where the sender benefits) and kairomones (where the receiver benefits) This book draws information into a coherent whole from widely varying sources in many different disciplines. Chapters on the environment, properties of odour signals, and the production and release of chemosignals set the stage for dis- cussion of more complex behavioral topics. While the main focus is ecological, dealing with behavior and interactions in the field, it also covers chemorecep- tion, orientation and navigation, the development of behavior, and the practical applications of chemosignals. Dietland Muller-Schwarze¨ is Professor of Environmental Biology at the State University of New York. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates DIETLAND MULLER-SCHWARZE¨ State University of New York cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521363778 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Jedy Obojživelníků
    Úvodní přednášky z předmětu TOXIKOLOGIE VŠCHTVŠCHT PrahaPraha Jedovatá stopa - pokračování Toxiny nižších hub (tzv. mikromycety) a jejich metabolity – zhruba 64 000 druhů, patřímezi ně aflatoxin s hodnotou LD50 pro AFB1 v rozsahu 0,4 .10-3 g.kg-1 Jedovaté vyšší houby, makromycety, především ty, které vytvářejí plodnice obsahující houbové jedy – Lysohlávka kopinatá Toxiny makromycetů se dělí podle účinků: Psilocybe hepatonefrotoxický syndrom (muchomůrka zelená) halucinogenní syndrom (muchomůrka červená) gastroenterodyspeptický syndrom (hřib satan) FALLOIDIN – peptidický jed muchomůrky zelené (tzv. jed dědiců) LD50 falloidinu činí 2.10-3 g.kg-1 (jedna houba může zhruba způsobit smrt dvou až tří dospělých lidí) Živočišné toxiny Typickým zástupcem je crotalustoxin, jed chřestýše, s hodnotou LD50=2.10-7 g.kg-1 nebo nervový jed tetrodotoxin, produkovaný rybami čeledi Tetraodontoidea (ryba fugu). Klasifikace: nejčastěji podle zoologického dělení prvoci, ostnokožci, blanokřídlý hmyz, škorpióni, pavouci, obojživelnící, ryby a hadi. Jed kobry – cobrotoxin s „impozantní“ jedovatostí LD50=3.10-7g.kg-1 „Mezi třetí a čtvrtou hodinou ranní se nás zmocnila nepopsatelná slabost v údech doprovázená ztrátou citlivosti, jako bychom měli ruce a nohy nejprve v mrazu a pak v ohni. Téměř jsem přestával vnímat, nerozeznával jsem lehké předměty od těžkých, uzvednout džbán vody a ptačí pírko bylo pro mne totéž. Pak se mi ulevilo. Ráno jsme zjistili, že jeden z vepřů, který snědl rybí vnitřnost nepřežil. Když za námi pak přišli domorodci a viděli tuto rybu pověšenou na palubě, dali nám okamžitě na srozuměnou, že není k snědku…“ deník Jamese Cooka. 1774 Hadí jedy směsi nízkomolekulárních látek a makromolekul (peptidy, polypeptidy, proteinové toxiny a enzymy) Dělí se na: Neurotoxiny -působí na neuromuskulární synapse, a tak způsobují svalovou paralýzu.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-40693-3 - Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates Dietland Müller-Schwarze Index More information index Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) 153 Air currents 6 Aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) 23, 31, 153, 154, Alarm 159 odors 191 Acacia responses, fish 192 fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea) 312 substance 192 umbrella thorn (A. tortilis) 312 “alarm signals, damage-released” 192 whistling thorn (A. drepanolobium) 333 Albatross Acanthochromis polyacanthus (see Damselfish) black-browed (Diomedea melanophris) 74, 352 Accipenser baeri (see Sturgeon, Siberian) black-footed (D. nigripes) 114, 350 Accipenser gueldenstaedtii (see Sturgeon, Russian) grey-headed (D. chrysostoma) 352 Accipenser stellatus (see Sturgeon, stellate) wandering (D. exulans) 352 Acetate esters 26 Alcelaphus cokii (see Hartebeest, Coke’s) Acetone 372 Alces alces (see Moose) 6-Acetonylisoxanthopterin 194 Aldehydes in coyote lures 411 Acetophenone 190 Alder, green (Alnus crispa) 299, 300, 309 Achillea ligustica (see Yarrow, Ligurian) induced defense 332 Achillea millefolium (see Yarrow) Alert odors 191 Acidification of water, effects 392 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 278, 286, 307 Acomastylis [Geum] rossii (see Aven, alpine) Algae (Shewanella sp.) 247 Acomys cahirinus (see Mouse, spiny) Alkaloids, Acomys russatus (see Mouse, golden spiny) bioaccumulation 253 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (see Warbler, sedge) birds 50 Actinomycetes 66 poison dart frogs 49, 252 “Active signalers” 172 properties, occurrence 280 Active space 9, 33, 57 Alligator, American (Alligator mississipiensis) 349 Adaptations (herbivory) Allocholic acid 66, 172 defensive 315 Allomarking 148 offensive 315 Almond, bitter (Prunus amygdalus) 291 Adrenocortical effects, mice 220 Alnus crispa (see Alder, green) Aepyceros melampus (see Impala) Alouatta belzebul (see Monkey, red-handed Aeschna juncea (see Dragonfly) howler) Aeschna umbrosa (see Dragonfly) Alouatta palliata (see Monkey, howler) Aethia cristatella (see Auklet, crested) Alpaca (Lama pacos) 140 Agaricus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Ivt-Vljtam Ih a B Ieant Leicester
    Synthesis of Aminosterols Structurally Related to Squalamine. University of iVT-VljTAM Ih a b Ieant Leicester Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Andrew John Matthews Department of Chemistry University of Leicester Supervisor: Prof. Paul Cullis January 2001 UMI Number: U141457 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U141457 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Contents. Statement .......................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................v Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. vi A bstract......................................................................................................................................viii
    [Show full text]
  • „Léčivá Zvířata“
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta Katedra fyziky, chemie a odborného vzdělávání „LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA“ Diplomová práce Brno 2016 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: Mgr. Jiří Šibor, Ph.D. Bc. Zuzana Bakalová Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 ………………………………… Zuzana Bakalová 2 Poděkování: Děkuji panu Mgr. Jiřímu Šiborovi, Ph.D. za odborné připomínky a cenné rady, ale i za čas, který se mnou trávil a přispěl tím k vylepšení obsahu a celkovému zdokonalení této diplomové práce. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 Zuzana Bakalová 3 Obsah: 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] ............................................................................................7 2 Jedovaté látky a jejich působení .............................................................................8 2.1 Imunita ............................................................................................................9 2.2 Protiochrana .................................................................................................. 10 3 Taxonomické rozdělení vybraných jedovatých živočichů ..................................... 10 3.1 Říše: PRVOCI (Protozoa) ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gümrük Tarife Cetveli Izahnamesi Fasil29
    BÖLÜM VI KİMYA SANAYİİ VE BUNA BAĞLI SANAYİİ ÜRÜNLERİ Bölüm Notları. 1.- (A) (28.44) veya (28.45) Pozisyonlarından birindeki tanıma uyan bütün ürünler (radyoaktif cevherler hariç) bu pozisyonlara dahil olup, Tarifenin başka pozisyonlarına girmez; (B) Yukarıda (a) bendindeki hükümler saklı kalmak şartıyla,(28.43), (28.46) veya (28.52) pozisyonlarından birindeki tanıma uyan bütün ürünler bu pozisyonlara dahil olup, bu Bölümün başka bir pozisyonuna girmez. 2.- Yukarıdaki bir numaralı not hükümleri saklı kalmak şartıyla, ölçülü dozlarda paketlenmiş veya perakende satış için hazırlanmış olmalarına göre (30.04), (30.05), (30.06), (32.12), (33.03), (33.04), (33.05), (33.06), (33.07), (35.06), (37.07) veya (38.08) pozisyonlarından birinde yer alan ürünler bu pozisyonlara dahil olup, tarifenin başka bir pozisyonuna girmez. 3.- Tamamı veya bir kısmı bu bölümde yer alan iki veya daha fazla ayrı maddeden oluşan ve VI. veya VII. Bölümlerde yer alan bir ürünü elde etmek için birbirleri ile karıştırılması tasarlanan set halindeki eşya, oluşturduğu maddelerin aşağıdaki şekillerde olmaları kaydıyla, bu ürüne uygun olan pozisyonda sınıflandırılır: (a) Bulundukları durum göz önüne alınarak, tekrar bir araya getirilmeye gerek duyulmadan birlikte kullanılmaya mahsus olduğu açıkça belli olan; (b) Birlikte sunulan; ve (c) Sunuldukları durumda niteliği veya nisbi miktarlarıı itibariyle birbirinin tamamlayıcısı olduğu açık olan. GENEL AÇIKLAMALAR Bölüm Notu l. Tarifenin bu bölümüne ait (1) numaralı notun (A) bendi hükümleri gereğince, bütün radyoaktif kimyasal elementlerle radyoaktif izotoplar ve bu elementlerin bileşikleri ve izotopları (organik veya inorganik ve kimyasal olarak belirli bir yapıda olsun olmasın) tarifenin başka pozisyonlarına girebilecek durumda olsalar dahi, 28.44 pozisyonunda yer alır. Bu nedenle, örn; radyoaktif gliserol ve radyoaktif sodyum klorür 25.01 ve 29.05 pozisyonlarında yer almayıp 28.44 pozisyonunda yer alır.
    [Show full text]
  • Veratrum Californicum) Megan M
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses Graduate Works 11-20-2015 Discovery and Metabolic Engineering of Steroid Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes from (Veratrum californicum) Megan M. Augustin University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Augustin, Megan M., "Discovery and Metabolic Engineering of Steroid Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes from (Veratrum californicum)" (2015). Theses. 17. http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/17 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Discovery and Metabolic Engineering of Steroid Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes from Veratrum californicum By Megan M. Augustin B.S. Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 2007 A.A. General Transfer Studies, St. Louis Community College-Florissant Valley, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School of the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science In Biology With an emphasis in Molecular and Cellular Biology December 2015 Advisory Committee Wendy Olivas, Ph.D. Chairperson Bethany Zolman, Ph.D. Toni M. Kutchan, Ph.D. Augustin, Megan, 2015, UMSL, p.2 Abstract The steroid alkaloid cyclopamine has shown much promise as a treatment for cancers in which aberrant hedgehog signaling plays a role. The compound, originally discovered due to its teratogenic effects in sheep, binds to the hedgehog signaling receptor Smoothend and prevents downstream activation.
    [Show full text]
  • Steroids: a Diverse Class of Secondary Metabolites Aeysha Sultan*And Abdul Rauf Raza Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
    inal chem ic i d s Sultan and Rauf Raza. Med chem 2015, 5:7 e tr M y Medicinal chemistry DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000279 ISSN: 2161-0444 Review Article Open Access Steroids: A Diverse Class of Secondary Metabolites Aeysha Sultan*and Abdul Rauf Raza Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan Abstract Steroids form a group of secondary metabolites having diversity in their structure and biological functions. These natural products, although often linked with the deleterious effect on health, have many medicinal applications and the research is still continued in search of these secondary metabolites as potential lead in drug design/discovery. The Aim of this review is to systematically compile the basic information related to this class of natural products. What are Steroids? 4. Fission of a ring, with addition of a hydrogen atom at each terminal group thus created, is indicated by the prefixseco , e.g., Steroids are a group of cholesterol derived lipophilic, low-molecular 2,3-seco-5a-cholestane 6. weight compounds found in / derived from a variety of different C6H13 OH marine, terrestrial, and synthetic sources. Steroid family includes the 17 H sterols, , bile acids [1-4], a number of hormones (both gonadal and 1 8 2 5 5 H H adrenal cortex hormones) and some hydrocarbons [5]. All steroid 3 6 4a O classes and their metabolites play important roles in the physiology and H 3 H 4 5 H 6 7 biochemistry of living organisms in which these are found. A number The stereochemistry of steroids reveals them to be non-flat of synthetic steroids are being extensively used as anti-hormones [6], molecules and the hexagonal carbon rings (A to C) usually assumes contraceptive drugs [7],anti-cancer agents [8]cardiovascular agents [9], a chair rather than a boat conformation.
    [Show full text]