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„Léčivá Zvířata“ MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta Katedra fyziky, chemie a odborného vzdělávání „LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA“ Diplomová práce Brno 2016 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: Mgr. Jiří Šibor, Ph.D. Bc. Zuzana Bakalová Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 ………………………………… Zuzana Bakalová 2 Poděkování: Děkuji panu Mgr. Jiřímu Šiborovi, Ph.D. za odborné připomínky a cenné rady, ale i za čas, který se mnou trávil a přispěl tím k vylepšení obsahu a celkovému zdokonalení této diplomové práce. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 Zuzana Bakalová 3 Obsah: 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] ............................................................................................7 2 Jedovaté látky a jejich působení .............................................................................8 2.1 Imunita ............................................................................................................9 2.2 Protiochrana .................................................................................................. 10 3 Taxonomické rozdělení vybraných jedovatých živočichů ..................................... 10 3.1 Říše: PRVOCI (Protozoa) ............................................................................. 11 3.1.1 Podkmen: BIČÍKOVCI (Flagellata)....................................................... 11 3.2 Kmen: ŽAHAVCI (Cnidaria) ....................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Třída: POLYPOVCI (Hydrozoa) ............................................................ 13 3.2.2 Třída: MEDÚZOVCI (Scyphozoa) ......................................................... 14 3.2.3 Třída: KORÁLNATCI (Anthozoa) ......................................................... 15 3.3 Kmeny: PLOŠTĚNCI (Platyhelminthes) a HLÍSTICE (Nematoda) ............... 16 3.4 Kmen: KROUŽKOVCI (Annelida) ............................................................... 16 3.5 Kmen: MĚKKÝŠI (Mollusca) ....................................................................... 16 3.5.1 Třída: PLŽI (Gastropoda) ...................................................................... 17 3.5.2 Třída: MLŽI (Bivalvia) .......................................................................... 17 3.5.3 Třída: HLAVONOŽCI (Cephalopoda) ................................................... 17 3.6 Kmen: ČLENOVCI (Arthropoda) ................................................................. 18 3.6.1 Třída: PAVOUKOVCI (Arachnida) ....................................................... 18 3.6.2 Třída: HMYZ (Insecta) .......................................................................... 22 3.7 Kmen: OSTNOKOŽCI (Echinodermata) ...................................................... 25 3.8 Třída: PARYBY (Chondrichthyes) ................................................................ 25 3.8.1 Řád: REJNOCI (Batoidei) ...................................................................... 25 3.9 Třída: PAPRSKOPLOUTVÉ RYBY (Actinopterygii) ................................... 26 3.9.1 Čeleď: ČTVERZUBCOVITÍ (Tetraodontidae) ...................................... 26 3.9.2 Čeleď: ROPUŠNICOVITÍ (Scorpaenidae) ............................................. 27 4 3.9.3 Čeleď: ÚHOŘOVITÍ (Anguillidae) ........................................................ 28 3.10 Třída: OBOJŽIVELNÍCI (Amphibia) ......................................................... 28 3.10.1 Řád: MLOCI (Urodela) .......................................................................... 28 3.10.2 Řád: ŽÁBY (Anura) ............................................................................... 29 3.11 Třída: PLAZI (Reptilia) ............................................................................. 30 3.11.1 Podřád: JEŠTĚŘI (Sauria) ..................................................................... 31 3.11.2 Podřád: HADI (Serpentes)...................................................................... 31 3.12 Třída: PTÁCI (Aves) .................................................................................. 36 3.13 Třída: SAVCI (Mammalia) ........................................................................ 36 4 Živočišné toxiny a jejich vliv na organismus člověka ........................................... 36 4.1 Z historie ....................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Definice jedu a vybraných pojmů .................................................................. 38 4.3 Rozdělení toxinů na základě organotropního působení .................................. 39 4.4 Abecední výčet nejvýznamnějších živočišných toxinů ................................... 41 5 Toxiny, které léčí ................................................................................................. 53 5.1 Hirudoterapie ................................................................................................ 54 5.2 Včelí jed ........................................................................................................ 55 5.3 Jedovatí štíři .................................................................................................. 55 5.4 Hadí toxiny ................................................................................................... 56 6 Praktická část....................................................................................................... 57 Téma: LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA ......................................................................................... 57 6.1 Úvod: ............................................................................................................ 60 6.2 Dějepis .......................................................................................................... 64 6.3 Přírodopis ...................................................................................................... 68 6.4 Zeměpis ........................................................................................................ 69 6.5 Chemie .......................................................................................................... 78 6.6 Závěr ............................................................................................................. 83 5 6.7 PŘÍLOHY: .................................................................................................... 83 7 Závěr ................................................................................................................... 90 7.1 Otravy jedovatými živočichy v ČR ................................................................ 90 8 Shrnutí ................................................................................................................. 91 8.1 Resumé ......................................................................................................... 91 9 Použité zdroje: ..................................................................................................... 92 9.1 Literatura: ..................................................................................................... 92 9.2 Internetové zdroje: ........................................................................................ 95 9.3 Obrázky ........................................................................................................ 96 9.3.1 Teoretická část: ...................................................................................... 96 9.3.2 Praktická část: ...................................................................................... 100 6 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] Když se řekne jedovatý živočich, většině z nás se jako první vybaví had. Hadi jsou od pradávna ve velkém množství kultur a národů představováni jako symbol něčeho zlého, špatného, bývají zvěčňováni ve spojitosti s ďáblem. Lidé v tomto slově vidí zlo, pociťují odpor a strach. Na druhé straně jsou však národy, které hady uctívají a chrání, a pro které znamenají ochranu před zlem či nemocemi. Jedovatí hadi jsou jednou z mála smrtelných hrozeb ve volné přírodě, kterou člověk nedokázal zcela odstranit, a proto je na ně nahlíženo jako na něco zlého a špatného. I u nás je dodnes považován za hrdinu člověk, který zabije zmiji. Podle Světové zdravotnické organizace (WHO) zemře v dnešní době na hadí uštknutí přibližně jedna desetina uštknutých, přičemž největší množství úmrtí připadá na Indii. V této zemi vládnou špatné hygienické návyky, je zde celkově nízká životní úroveň, lidé chodí nedostatečně oblečeni a obuti a nejsou dostatečné finance na léčbu uštknutí. Proto zde na následky hadího uštknutí umírá až 22 % obyvatel, což činí 20 – 30 tisíc lidí ročně. V České republice máme jediného zástupce jedovatých hadů, a to zmiji obecnou. Jedna dávka jejího uštknutí obsahuje 10 mg suchého jedu, přičemž smrtelná dávka u tohoto zástupce je 15 mg. Z toho vyplývá, že zmije není pro dospělého zdravého člověka smrtelně nebezpečná. Musíme také brát v potaz to, že hadi obecně nezaútočí na člověka bezdůvodně, ale pouze v případě, že se cítí být sami ohroženi. V opačném případě před člověkem spíše utíkají. Naše zmije obecná je ještě ke všemu poměrně pomalý had, může seknout na vzdálenost pouhých 20 – 30 cm, takže i ve vzdálenosti jeden metr jsme stále v bezpečí. I přes to jsou ale zmije u nás neustále
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