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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta Katedra fyziky, chemie a odborného vzdělávání „LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA“ Diplomová práce Brno 2016 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: Mgr. Jiří Šibor, Ph.D. Bc. Zuzana Bakalová Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 ………………………………… Zuzana Bakalová 2 Poděkování: Děkuji panu Mgr. Jiřímu Šiborovi, Ph.D. za odborné připomínky a cenné rady, ale i za čas, který se mnou trávil a přispěl tím k vylepšení obsahu a celkovému zdokonalení této diplomové práce. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 Zuzana Bakalová 3 Obsah: 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] ............................................................................................7 2 Jedovaté látky a jejich působení .............................................................................8 2.1 Imunita ............................................................................................................9 2.2 Protiochrana .................................................................................................. 10 3 Taxonomické rozdělení vybraných jedovatých živočichů ..................................... 10 3.1 Říše: PRVOCI (Protozoa) ............................................................................. 11 3.1.1 Podkmen: BIČÍKOVCI (Flagellata)....................................................... 11 3.2 Kmen: ŽAHAVCI (Cnidaria) ....................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Třída: POLYPOVCI (Hydrozoa) ............................................................ 13 3.2.2 Třída: MEDÚZOVCI (Scyphozoa) ......................................................... 14 3.2.3 Třída: KORÁLNATCI (Anthozoa) ......................................................... 15 3.3 Kmeny: PLOŠTĚNCI (Platyhelminthes) a HLÍSTICE (Nematoda) ............... 16 3.4 Kmen: KROUŽKOVCI (Annelida) ............................................................... 16 3.5 Kmen: MĚKKÝŠI (Mollusca) ....................................................................... 16 3.5.1 Třída: PLŽI (Gastropoda) ...................................................................... 17 3.5.2 Třída: MLŽI (Bivalvia) .......................................................................... 17 3.5.3 Třída: HLAVONOŽCI (Cephalopoda) ................................................... 17 3.6 Kmen: ČLENOVCI (Arthropoda) ................................................................. 18 3.6.1 Třída: PAVOUKOVCI (Arachnida) ....................................................... 18 3.6.2 Třída: HMYZ (Insecta) .......................................................................... 22 3.7 Kmen: OSTNOKOŽCI (Echinodermata) ...................................................... 25 3.8 Třída: PARYBY (Chondrichthyes) ................................................................ 25 3.8.1 Řád: REJNOCI (Batoidei) ...................................................................... 25 3.9 Třída: PAPRSKOPLOUTVÉ RYBY (Actinopterygii) ................................... 26 3.9.1 Čeleď: ČTVERZUBCOVITÍ (Tetraodontidae) ...................................... 26 3.9.2 Čeleď: ROPUŠNICOVITÍ (Scorpaenidae) ............................................. 27 4 3.9.3 Čeleď: ÚHOŘOVITÍ (Anguillidae) ........................................................ 28 3.10 Třída: OBOJŽIVELNÍCI (Amphibia) ......................................................... 28 3.10.1 Řád: MLOCI (Urodela) .......................................................................... 28 3.10.2 Řád: ŽÁBY (Anura) ............................................................................... 29 3.11 Třída: PLAZI (Reptilia) ............................................................................. 30 3.11.1 Podřád: JEŠTĚŘI (Sauria) ..................................................................... 31 3.11.2 Podřád: HADI (Serpentes)...................................................................... 31 3.12 Třída: PTÁCI (Aves) .................................................................................. 36 3.13 Třída: SAVCI (Mammalia) ........................................................................ 36 4 Živočišné toxiny a jejich vliv na organismus člověka ........................................... 36 4.1 Z historie ....................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Definice jedu a vybraných pojmů .................................................................. 38 4.3 Rozdělení toxinů na základě organotropního působení .................................. 39 4.4 Abecední výčet nejvýznamnějších živočišných toxinů ................................... 41 5 Toxiny, které léčí ................................................................................................. 53 5.1 Hirudoterapie ................................................................................................ 54 5.2 Včelí jed ........................................................................................................ 55 5.3 Jedovatí štíři .................................................................................................. 55 5.4 Hadí toxiny ................................................................................................... 56 6 Praktická část....................................................................................................... 57 Téma: LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA ......................................................................................... 57 6.1 Úvod: ............................................................................................................ 60 6.2 Dějepis .......................................................................................................... 64 6.3 Přírodopis ...................................................................................................... 68 6.4 Zeměpis ........................................................................................................ 69 6.5 Chemie .......................................................................................................... 78 6.6 Závěr ............................................................................................................. 83 5 6.7 PŘÍLOHY: .................................................................................................... 83 7 Závěr ................................................................................................................... 90 7.1 Otravy jedovatými živočichy v ČR ................................................................ 90 8 Shrnutí ................................................................................................................. 91 8.1 Resumé ......................................................................................................... 91 9 Použité zdroje: ..................................................................................................... 92 9.1 Literatura: ..................................................................................................... 92 9.2 Internetové zdroje: ........................................................................................ 95 9.3 Obrázky ........................................................................................................ 96 9.3.1 Teoretická část: ...................................................................................... 96 9.3.2 Praktická část: ...................................................................................... 100 6 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] Když se řekne jedovatý živočich, většině z nás se jako první vybaví had. Hadi jsou od pradávna ve velkém množství kultur a národů představováni jako symbol něčeho zlého, špatného, bývají zvěčňováni ve spojitosti s ďáblem. Lidé v tomto slově vidí zlo, pociťují odpor a strach. Na druhé straně jsou však národy, které hady uctívají a chrání, a pro které znamenají ochranu před zlem či nemocemi. Jedovatí hadi jsou jednou z mála smrtelných hrozeb ve volné přírodě, kterou člověk nedokázal zcela odstranit, a proto je na ně nahlíženo jako na něco zlého a špatného. I u nás je dodnes považován za hrdinu člověk, který zabije zmiji. Podle Světové zdravotnické organizace (WHO) zemře v dnešní době na hadí uštknutí přibližně jedna desetina uštknutých, přičemž největší množství úmrtí připadá na Indii. V této zemi vládnou špatné hygienické návyky, je zde celkově nízká životní úroveň, lidé chodí nedostatečně oblečeni a obuti a nejsou dostatečné finance na léčbu uštknutí. Proto zde na následky hadího uštknutí umírá až 22 % obyvatel, což činí 20 – 30 tisíc lidí ročně. V České republice máme jediného zástupce jedovatých hadů, a to zmiji obecnou. Jedna dávka jejího uštknutí obsahuje 10 mg suchého jedu, přičemž smrtelná dávka u tohoto zástupce je 15 mg. Z toho vyplývá, že zmije není pro dospělého zdravého člověka smrtelně nebezpečná. Musíme také brát v potaz to, že hadi obecně nezaútočí na člověka bezdůvodně, ale pouze v případě, že se cítí být sami ohroženi. V opačném případě před člověkem spíše utíkají. Naše zmije obecná je ještě ke všemu poměrně pomalý had, může seknout na vzdálenost pouhých 20 – 30 cm, takže i ve vzdálenosti jeden metr jsme stále v bezpečí. I přes to jsou ale zmije u nás neustále
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    NOVEL SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM SELECTED BRITISH COLUMBIAN MARINE INVERTEBRATES by STEPHEN WILLIAM AYER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Chemistry We accept this thesis as conforming d standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1985 © Stephen William Ayer, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the re• quirements for an advanced degree at the The University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his or her representatives. It is under• stood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date: March 1985 Abstract Marine organisms show potential as sources for novel, biologically and pharmacologically active, secondary metabolites. Examination of three nudibranch and one bryozoan species for biologically active metabolites has led to the isolation and structural elucidation of nine new and two known secondary metabolites. The structures of all the compounds were determined by using a combination of spectral analysis, chemical interconversion, synthesis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The British Columbian dorid nudibranch Acant hodori s nanaimoensi s yielded three new sesquiterpenoids. The struc• tures of nanaimoal (6_1) , acanthodoral (64) , and isoacanthodoral (6J5) represent novel sesquiterpenoid carbon skeletons.
  • Mueller-Schwarze D. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates (CUP, 2006

    Mueller-Schwarze D. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates (CUP, 2006

    This page intentionally left blank Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates is the first book to focus exclusively on the chem- ically mediated interactions between vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, and other animals, and plants. Reviewing the lat- est research in three core areas: pheromones (where the interactions are between members of the same species), interspecific interactions involving allomones (where the sender benefits) and kairomones (where the receiver benefits) This book draws information into a coherent whole from widely varying sources in many different disciplines. Chapters on the environment, properties of odour signals, and the production and release of chemosignals set the stage for dis- cussion of more complex behavioral topics. While the main focus is ecological, dealing with behavior and interactions in the field, it also covers chemorecep- tion, orientation and navigation, the development of behavior, and the practical applications of chemosignals. Dietland Muller-Schwarze¨ is Professor of Environmental Biology at the State University of New York. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates DIETLAND MULLER-SCHWARZE¨ State University of New York cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521363778 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.