DOCSLIB.ORG

Snake Bite Medical Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Snake Bite Medical Management Presented by: Dr. dr. Tri Maharani, M.Si., Sp. EM • WHO 2010 kasus negleted ,2016 masih tetap negleted Ular berbisa tersebar sangat luas mulai dari laut, darat (dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi). Luasnya daerah distribusinya membuta ular teradaptasi dengan sempurna pada habitatnya. Variasi habitat, pakan dan persebaran geografi memperlihatkan perbedaan komposisi racun mereka. Setiap ular berbisa memiliki karakter bisa yang khas, sehingga antibisa ular yang digunakanpun juga harus khusus. Maharani ,2016 Indonesia mempunyai kasus yang sangat banyak untuk gigitan ular berbisa. Namun demikian data tersebut tersebar diseluarh rumah sakit dan puskesmas di seluruh Indonesia. Data keseluruhan belum terkumpul didalam satu sitem data base. Data yang terkumpul (Maret 2015 – Agustus 2016) di Kabupaten Bondowoso (Jawa Timur) saja adalah 148 kasus mulai kasus gigitan, terdiri dari kasus gigitan Ular viper pohon Trimeresurus insularis (85 kasus),Ular weling Bungarus candidus (5 kasus), Ular kobra Naja sputatrix (15 kasus). Ular tanah Colleselasma rhodostoma (2 kasus), 5 kasus gigitan oleh ular tak berbisa (non venomous snake: ular kopi Coelognathus flavolineatus dan Ular air Xenochrophis trianguligera), dan 36 kasus gigitan yang tidak dapat diidentifikasi jenis ularnya. Selain itu, terdapat juga 5 kejadian venom Ophthalmia (mata tersembur oleh bisa Ular kobra Naja sputatrix) (Maharani,2016) • 1.lingkungan:kebun,sawah,tambang,hutan gunung,rawa • Carana memakai APD(sandal,sepatu boot,sepattu berlampu,lampu sener kepala,senter,tongkat,celana panjang • 2.rumah:rumah kotor sarang tikus,katak,kandang ayam,membersihkan tumpukan kayu,gundukan rayap,lubang di dinding kayu,bambu ,menaa anaman bambu,perdu • 3.pekerjaan:petani,nelayan,penari ular,snake handler,pawwang ular,restoan menu ular,penyamak kulit ular WHO review 2016 Kolaborasi dokter dan herpetologi sudah dimulai RECSINDONESIA sejak tahun 2013 sampai sekarang dalam hal identifikasi ular Faktor penting: 1.First aids 2.Transportasi 3.Manajemen di pkm dan rs 4.Kesadaran masyarakat 5.Pemulihan fisik dan mental 6.Dukungan pemerintah Indonesia Jumlah total ular 348 jenis Yang berbisa: • Elapidae: 55 jenis • Viperidae: 21 jenis • Colubridae: 1 jenis Famili Viperidae 1. Daboia siamensis Subfamili Crotalinae (Pit Viper) 1. Trimeresurus albolabris 2. Trimeresurus puniceus 3. Calloselasma rhodostoma 4. Tropidolaemus wagleri Calloselasma rhodostoma Daboia russelii siamensis Trimeresurus insularis Trimeresurus albolabris Famili Colubridae (Colubrinae) 1. Boiga Cynodon 2. Boiga multomaculata 3. Boiga dendrophila 4. Boiga irregularis Famili Elapidae 1. Naja sputatrix 2. Naja sumatrana 3. Opiophagus hannah 4. Calliophis bivirgata 5. Calliophis intestinalis Boiga cynodon Elapid….Naja sputatrix Ophiophagus hannah Rhabdophis chrysargos E.N.S. Calliophis intestinalis (Ular cabe kecil) Bungarus candidus (Ular weling) Bungarus fasciatus (Ular welang) Micropechis ikaheka Foto oleh M.D. Kusrini Death adder Papuan taipan (Oxuyuranus scutellatus) Papuan black snake (Pseudechis papuanus) Eastern brown snake (Pseudechis textilis) Ular laut Blue spotted sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) Thailand Ular laut ekor berupa paddle SNAKE NON-VENOMOUS VENOMOUS Cardiotoxin Hemotoxin Neurotoxin Necrotoxin Nephrotoxin Who review 2016 Patofisiologi venom (WHO review 2016) 1.Bengkak dan memar disebabkan karena venom yg menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas vascular dan ischemia disebabkan karena trombosis pada first aids yang salah berupa torniquet. 2.Hipotensi dan shock disebabkan hipovolemia leakage plasma dan darah ,vasodilatasi dan kerusakan myocardial 3.Oligopeptida dan vasodilatasii autocoid menyebabkan transient hipotensii dini 4.Procoagulasi enzyym menyebabkan defibrinogenesis,DIC,coagulopathi 5.Phospolipase adalah anti coagulan 6.Platelet aktiasi atau inhibisi dan sequestrasi menebabkan trombositopeni 7.Perdarahan sistemik spontan disebabkan oleh enzym N metaloprotease haemorrhagins 8.Complemen akivasi platelet koagulasi darah dan mediator humoral PBI Di rumah sakit Ada antibisa ular yang siap diberikan Kapan PBI dipakai Jarak jauh Ular tidak diketahui jenisnya Neurotoksin kuat (bungarus dan sea snake) LOCAL SYSTEMIC • Swelling > half bitten • Haemostatic abnormality limb/48 hours • Neurotoxic signs • Toes especially fingers • Cardiovascular abnormalities • Rapid extension within a few • Acute kidney injury hours • Myoglobinuria/generalised • Enlarged tender lymphnode rhabdomyolysis/haemolysis draining the affected area • Supporting lab evidence of systemic envenoming (A. Khaldun, 2015) • HOME • DO NOT PANIC • DO NOT GIVE CONSTRICTING BAND (TORNIQUET), SUCKING, or OTHER TRADITIONAL TREATMENT • IMMOBILIZE BITTEN AREA (will be discussed) • SEND TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE OR EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT • BRING DEAD OR ALIVE SPECIMENT OR SNAKE PHOTO INTO EMERGENCY TO BE IDENTIFIED TO GIVE A SUITABLE ANTIVENOM • PRIMARY HEALTH CARE • DO GENERAL EXAMINATION, MAKE IT STABLE ! • EVALUATE THE IMMOBILIZATION • GIVE IMMOBILIZATION IF NO IMMOBILIZATION BEFORE • GIVE ANALGESIA WHEN NEEDED • MARK THE EDEMA BY USING RPP TEST (will be discussed) • DO NOT DO CROSS INCISION !!!! • BRING THE PATIENT TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT • 20 minutes Whole Blood Clotting Test (20’WBCT) • Rate Proximal Progression (RPP) Test • Electrocardiography • Laboratory check • Haemoglobin • White blood cells • Platelet count • Liver function test • Renal function test • PT • APTT • INR • Aim : to make sure hemotoxin or not by knowing from the coagulation. • How to do? • Take a glass bottle, DO NOT USE PLASTIC BOTTLE • Take 2 ml of blood • Then take that blood into the glass bottle • Wait for about 20 minutes • Repeat that test 2 times minimal • Result : • After waiting about 20 minutes: • Clotting (+) : no coagulation disorder (NonHemotoxin) • Clotting (-) : coagulation disorder (HEMOTOXIN) • Aim : to evaluate the edema progression to make a best next medical treatment. • How to do? • Take a tape as a mark to measure the edema • Make sure the proximal margin of the edema, then take the distal margin of the tape into the proximal margin of the edema. • Note the time when the tape was given (date and time) • Repeat the evaluation of the edema every 2 hours • Result : cm/hour • Example : 10/10/15 ; 09.00 – 11.00 = 4 cm. So we have evaluated that the edema increase about 2 cm per hour. 5 cm / 2 hours, so 5 cm RPP = 2.5 cm/hour Keep the Airway Breathing and Circulation stable • Airway • 02 Non Re-Breathing Mask 12 lpm • Laryngeal Mask Airway and Endotracheal Tube (if needed) • Suction if gargling (+), Head tilt and chin lift if snoring (+) • Breathing • Evaluate the respiratory rate • Circulation • Make iv access, give Normal Saline 0.9% (don’t forget to take some blood for laboratory checking) • Blood pressure • Pulse • Oxygen saturation by using pulse oxymetri • Blood or Fresh Frozen Plasma as indicated • Immobilize bitten area by using Pressure Bandaging Immobilization • Antivenom : DRUG OF CHOICE • If the snake that bite the patient include in 3 snakes which are covered by the SABU, we can give SABU quickly • 2 vials SABU + 100 ml Normal Saline 0.9% dripped 60-80 drop per minute • Repeated every 6-8 hours. BE AWARE TO RE-ENVENOMATION SIGN!!! • Symptomatic • Analgesia : morphine (PS≥7) and paracetamol infusion or oral (PS<7) • Antibiotic • When indicated, example : leucocytosis • Anticholinesterase drugs • Especially for neurotoxin envenoming • Should give atropine before giving the drugs to prevent physostigmine intoxication. • Physostigmine dose • Adult (>12 yo) : 1.0-2.0 mg • Children ≤ 12 yo : 0.02 mg/kg/dose (max single dose 0.5 mg) • Should be given slowly 3-5 minutes by IV push Neuromuscular junction snake toxin Presinaptik : Phosolipase A2 merusak vesikel sinaptik release Postsinaptik:polipeptide toxin yang mengeblock acetylcholin reseptor pada muscle end plate Dendrotoxin:K+ channel oksin menstimulasi sehingga terjadi over release neurotransmitter Asciculins:anicholinesterase mengeblok normal breakdown dan recycling neurorasmiier release Haemotoxin system MONOVALENT POLYVALENT • SABU covers 3 venomous snakes 1. Agkistrodon rhodostoma 2. Naja sputatrix 3. Bungarus fasciatus hemotoxin Naja sputatrix Dr.dr.Tri Maharani Msi SpEM Any questions after this meeting? Feel free to reach Dr. dr. Tri Maharani, M.Si, Sp. EM by phone or whatsapp 085334030409 (Telkomsel) or 08973665684 (Tri) Recsindonesia.blogspot.com Julian white,2016 Nekrotoxin,julian white,2016 Julian white 2016 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rise and Fall of the Bovine Corpus Luteum
    University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC Theses & Dissertations Graduate Studies Spring 5-6-2017 The Rise and Fall of the Bovine Corpus Luteum Heather Talbott University of Nebraska Medical Center Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Commons Recommended Citation Talbott, Heather, "The Rise and Fall of the Bovine Corpus Luteum" (2017). Theses & Dissertations. 207. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/etd/207 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BOVINE CORPUS LUTEUM by Heather Talbott A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Nebraska Graduate College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program Under the Supervision of Professor John S. Davis University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska May, 2017 Supervisory Committee: Carol A. Casey, Ph.D. Andrea S. Cupp, Ph.D. Parmender P. Mehta, Ph.D. Justin L. Mott, Ph.D. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Pre-doctoral award; University of Nebraska Medical Center Graduate Student Assistantship; University of Nebraska Medical Center Exceptional Incoming Graduate Student Award; the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Department of Veterans Affairs; and The Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nebraska Medical Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakes of the Prairie
    National Park Service Scotts Bluff U.S. Department of the Interior Scotts Bluff National Monument Nebraska Snakes of the Prairie Wildlife and Scotts Bluff National Monument is a unique historic landmark which preserves both cultural and Landscapes natural resources. Sweeping from the river valley woodlands, to the mixed-grass prairie, to pine studded bluffs, Scotts Bluff contains a wide variety of wildlife and landscapes. The 3,000 acres com- prising Scotts Bluff conserves one of the last areas of the Great Plains which has not been significant- ly changed by human occupation. Biological Four different species of snakes are known to live at Scotts Bluff National Monument, and may be Diversity of seen by park visitors during the warm months of the year. Though many people regard these rep- the Prairie tiles with feelings of fear and loathing, snakes are generally undeserving of their bad reputation. All snakes are exclusively carniverous and often feed on rodents and insects and should be considered beneficial to humans. They are cold-blooded animals and must avoid extremes of heat and cold. For this reason, you are unlikely to see snakes in the open on hot summer days. If a snake of any kind is encountered, the best advice is to give it plenty of room and a chance to escape. All snakes avoid humans whenever possible and should not be provoked. Prairie Rattlesnake Photo by Steve Thompson Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) The prairie rattlesnake is the only venomous snake found at Scotts Bluff National Monument. Rat- tlesnakes belong to the Pit Viper family of snakes, characterized by temperature sensitive “pits” on either side of the face between the eye and the nostril.
    [Show full text]
  • Venom Proteomics and Antivenom Neutralization for the Chinese
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Venom proteomics and antivenom neutralization for the Chinese eastern Russell’s viper, Daboia Received: 27 September 2017 Accepted: 6 April 2018 siamensis from Guangxi and Taiwan Published: xx xx xxxx Kae Yi Tan1, Nget Hong Tan1 & Choo Hock Tan2 The eastern Russell’s viper (Daboia siamensis) causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. Applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled the protein complexity and geographical variation of eastern D. siamensis venoms originated from Guangxi and Taiwan. The snake venoms from the two geographical locales shared comparable expression of major proteins notwithstanding variability in their toxin proteoforms. More than 90% of total venom proteins belong to the toxin families of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, phospholipase A2, C-type lectin/lectin-like protein, serine protease and metalloproteinase. Daboia siamensis Monovalent Antivenom produced in Taiwan (DsMAV-Taiwan) was immunoreactive toward the Guangxi D. siamensis venom, and efectively neutralized the venom lethality at a potency of 1.41 mg venom per ml antivenom. This was corroborated by the antivenom efective neutralization against the venom procoagulant (ED = 0.044 ± 0.002 µl, 2.03 ± 0.12 mg/ml) and hemorrhagic (ED50 = 0.871 ± 0.159 µl, 7.85 ± 3.70 mg/ ml) efects. The hetero-specifc Chinese pit viper antivenoms i.e. Deinagkistrodon acutus Monovalent Antivenom and Gloydius brevicaudus Monovalent Antivenom showed negligible immunoreactivity and poor neutralization against the Guangxi D. siamensis venom. The fndings suggest the need for improving treatment of D. siamensis envenomation in the region through the production and the use of appropriate antivenom. Daboia is a genus of the Viperinae subfamily (family: Viperidae), comprising a group of vipers commonly known as Russell’s viper native to the Old World1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Agkistrodon Contortrix and Crotalus Horridus Venom Toxicity on Strike Locations with Live Prey
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Honors Program 5-2021 The Effect of Agkistrodon Contortrix and Crotalus Horridus Venom Toxicity on Strike Locations with Live Prey. Chase Giese University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/honorstheses Part of the Animal Experimentation and Research Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Zoology Commons Giese, Chase, "The Effect of Agkistrodon Contortrix and Crotalus Horridus Venom Toxicity on Strike Locations with Live Prey." (2021). Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 350. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/honorstheses/350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE EFFECT OF AGKISTRODON COTORTRIX AND CROTALUS HORRIDUS VENOM TOXICITY ON STRIKE LOCATIONS WITH LIVE PREY by Chase Giese AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Environmental Studies Program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science Major: Fisheries and Wildlife With the Emphasis of: Zoo Animal Care Under the Supervision of Dennis Ferraro Lincoln, Nebraska May 2021 1 Abstract THE EFFECT OF AGKISTRODON COTORTRIX AND CROTALUS HORRIDUS VENOM TOXICITY ON STRIKE LOCATIONS WITH LIVE PREY Chase Giese, B.S. University of Nebraska, 2021 Advisor: Dennis Ferraro This paper aims to uncover if there is a significant difference in the strike location of snake species that have different values of LD50% venom.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Hemolysins of Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from Human and Bovine, Southern Iran
    Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University 326 Characterization of hemolysins of Staphylococcus strains isolated from human and bovine, southern Iran Moraveji, Z.1; Tabatabaei, M.2*; Shirzad Aski, H.3 4 and Khoshbakht, R. 1DVM Student, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 2Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 3Ph.D. Student in Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 4Graduated from School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran *Correspondence: M. Tabatabaei, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. E- mail: [email protected] (Received 5 Nov 2013; revised version 20 May 2014; accepted 18 Jun 2014) Summary The staphylococci are important pathogenic bacteria causing various infections in animals and human. Hemolysin is one of the virulence factors of coagulase-positive (CPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The aims of the study were to characterize hemolysins of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from human and bovine origin, phenotypic- and genotypically. Characterization of hemolysin phenotypically based on hemolysis pattern of Staphylococcus spp. was done on the sheep, horse and rabbit blood agar plates. Genes encoding hemolysin were amplified with specific primers by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Hemolytic activities phenotypically were determined in 60 and 90% of the total bovine and human isolates, respectively. All non hemolytic isolates were CNS (P≤0.05). In all isolates, hla and hld genes were determined by PCR amplification. None of the bovine and human isolates showed phenotypically and genotypically gamma hemolysin. The results from this study suggest that, in accordance with what is generally believed, some differences are apparent in hemolysin types among Staphylococcus strains of bovine and human origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Snake Venom As Anticancer Agent- Current Perspective
    Available online at www.ijpab.com ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 1 (6): 24-29 (2013) Review Article International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience Snake venom as Anticancer agent- Current Perspective Aarti C 1 and Khusro A 2* 1Department of Biotechnology, M.S.Ramaiah College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Bengaluru, India 2Department of Plant Biology & Biotechnology, (PG. Biotechnology), Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Cancer is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. There is urgent need to search for new drugs from the natural products. In recent years remarkable progress has been made for the treatment of cancer. The major drawback of the current methods of cancer treatment is the resistant to the therapies after initial treatments. It has led to the increased use of anticancer drug developed from natural sources. The biodiversity of snake venom is a unique source from which novel therapeutics can be developed. Snake venoms toxins contributed significantly to the treatment of cancer. Some of the compounds found in snake venom present a great potential as antitumor agent. In view of this, we presented the recent years of research involving the active compounds of snake venoms that have anticancer activity. Keywords- Anticancer agents, Apoptosis inducer, Cancer, Snake venom. _____________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Snake venoms are the secretion of venomous snakes, which are synthesized in venom glands. Snake venoms are complex mixture of enzyme, toxins, nucleotides, proteinaceous and peptidyl toxins 1,2 . About 90% of venom’s dry weight is proteinaceous. These proteins may be toxic or non-toxic in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the California Mastitis Test with the Other Commonly
    — “.071 _ _ _ — — _ — _ _ — — — — — A COMPARESQN 0F I‘HE CALEFORMEA MASTITIS — 108 75$? wm-l me QTHER cowomv EMPLOYED 138 DzAGNosnc rests THS Thesis 50v ”19 Degree of M. S. l‘iiCEiEi-i‘zéz‘é S‘E‘ATE UHEVEESETY Jose Britto Figueiredo 1957 j not-«'E (1-21 LIBRARY Michigan State University A COMPARISON OF THE CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST WITH THE OTHER COMMONLY EMPLOYED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS by Jose Britto Figueiredo AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Microbiology and Public Health 1957 Approved WM: _ c) *’<ZC%TQZQ:2£:"—“ " 0 2 JOSE BRITTO FIGUEIREDO ABSTRACT The California Mastitis Test (CMT), a new indirect test for detection of bovine mastitis, was applied in 70 milk samples and its value was compared with seven commonly employed diagnostic tests. All samples were from mid-lactation phase and from chronic or sub-clinical mastitis. The CMT is closely correlated with the Whiteside test, but instead of sodium hydroxide, a surface active agent and bromcresol purple are used as reagent. The per cent agreementsamong the methods of diagnosis used and bacteriological isolation and identification (con- sidered standard method) were: pH test 19.6; leucocyte counts 35.1; catalase test 41.2; Hotis test 46.6; Whiteside test 47.5; CMT 48.8 and bacterioscopic examination 54.7. Bacteriological isolation and identification were made on Edwards' medium and on the Tellurite-Glycine Agar medium described by Zebovitz, Evans and Niven (1955), which is a modification of Ludlam's medium.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Material and Quiz Answer Form (PDF)
    California Association for Medical Laboratory Technology Distance Learning Program Listeriosis: A Foodborne Disease Course # DL-009 by James I. Mangels, MA, CLS, MT(ASCP) Consultant Microbiology Services Santa Rosa, CA Approved for 3.0 CE CAMLT is approved by the California Department of Public Health as a CA CLS Accrediting Agency (#21) Level of Difficulty: Intermediate 39656 Mowry Ave. Phone: 510-792-4441 Fremont, CA 94539-3000 FAX: 510-792-3045 Notification of Distance Learning Deadline DON’T PUT YOUR LICENSE IN JEOPARDY! This is a reminder that all the continuing education units required to renew your license/certificate must be earned no later than the expiration date printed on your license/certificate. If some of your units are made up of Distance Learning courses, please allow yourself enough time to retake the test in the event you do not pass on the first attempt. CAMLT urges you to earn your CE units early! DISTANCE LEARNING ANSWER SHEET Please circle the one best answer for each question. COURSE NAME: LISTERIOSIS – A FOOD BORNE DISEASE COURSE # DL-009 NAME__________________________________________________ LIC. # _________________ DATE_________ SIGNATURE (REQUIRED) _______________________________________________________________________ EMAIL______________________________________________________________________________________ ADDRESS ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.0 CE – FEE: $36.00 (MEMBER) | $66.00 (NON-MEMBER) PAYMENT METHOD: [ ] CHECK OR [ ] CREDIT CARD # _____________________________________ TYPE – VISA OR MC EXP. DATE ________ | SECURITY CODE: ___ - ___ - ___ 1. a b c d 11. a b c d 21. a b c d 2. a b c d 12. a b c d 22. a b c d 3. a b c d 13. a b c d 23. a b c d 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Botulinum Toxin
    Botulinum toxin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Botulinum toxin Clinical data Pregnancy ? cat. Legal status Rx-Only (US) Routes IM (approved),SC, intradermal, into glands Identifiers CAS number 93384-43-1 = ATC code M03AX01 PubChem CID 5485225 DrugBank DB00042 Chemical data Formula C6760H10447N1743O2010S32 Mol. mass 149.322,3223 kDa (what is this?) (verify) Bontoxilysin Identifiers EC number 3.4.24.69 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / EGO [show]Search Botulinum toxin is a protein and neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a serious and life-threatening illness in humans and animals.[1][2] When introduced intravenously in monkeys, type A (Botox Cosmetic) of the toxin [citation exhibits an LD50 of 40–56 ng, type C1 around 32 ng, type D 3200 ng, and type E 88 ng needed]; these are some of the most potent neurotoxins known.[3] Popularly known by one of its trade names, Botox, it is used for various cosmetic and medical procedures. Botulinum can be absorbed from eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract or non-intact skin.[4] Contents [show] [edit] History Justinus Kerner described botulinum toxin as a "sausage poison" and "fatty poison",[5] because the bacterium that produces the toxin often caused poisoning by growing in improperly handled or prepared meat products. It was Kerner, a physician, who first conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin and coined the name botulism (from Latin botulus meaning "sausage").
    [Show full text]
  • „Léčivá Zvířata“
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta Katedra fyziky, chemie a odborného vzdělávání „LÉČIVÁ ZVÍŘATA“ Diplomová práce Brno 2016 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: Mgr. Jiří Šibor, Ph.D. Bc. Zuzana Bakalová Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 ………………………………… Zuzana Bakalová 2 Poděkování: Děkuji panu Mgr. Jiřímu Šiborovi, Ph.D. za odborné připomínky a cenné rady, ale i za čas, který se mnou trávil a přispěl tím k vylepšení obsahu a celkovému zdokonalení této diplomové práce. V Brně dne 23. 3. 2016 Zuzana Bakalová 3 Obsah: 1 Úvod a cíle práce [14] ............................................................................................7 2 Jedovaté látky a jejich působení .............................................................................8 2.1 Imunita ............................................................................................................9 2.2 Protiochrana .................................................................................................. 10 3 Taxonomické rozdělení vybraných jedovatých živočichů ..................................... 10 3.1 Říše: PRVOCI (Protozoa) ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • From the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology of Harvard University Medical School, Boston.) (Received for Publication, December 3, 1925.)
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES. I. PI~EUMOCOCCUS HE~rOTOXrN.* BY JAMES M. NEILL, PH.D. (From the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology of Harvard University Medical School, Boston.) (Received for publication, December 3, 1925.) INTRODUCTION. Certain general principles which were established in previous papers (1, 2) on the biological oxidation-reduction of hemoglobin are reviewed below since they are to be utilized in the present series of studies. Methemoglobin may be considered as the "inactive" form of hemoglobin, in that it no longer combines with oxygen or carbon monoxide. The essential differ- ence between hemoglobin, the "active" blood pigment, and methemoglobin, its "inactive" oxidation product, is the change of the ferrous iron of the molecule to the ferric state. The conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin thus, is a "true" oxidation in the electronic sense (3) and must be distinguished from the process of "oxygenation" involved in the formation of oxyhemoglobin. The oxidation to methemoglobin may be brought about by biological oxidizing agents, and is a reversible process. Both the oxidation ("inactivation") and the reduction ("reactivation") seem to be induced by the same system; the substances or biological systems which in the presence of molecular oxygen, bring about the oxidation of the hemoglobin, induce the reverse process if air is excluded. Appar- ently these substances, if not disturbed by the presence of oxygen, are essentially reducing agents, but when oxygen is present, they are changed to oxidizing agents (peroxides or "activated oxygen") which bring about the oxidation of other more difficultly oxidized substances such as hemoglobin.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide for Exam II This Is Not a Substitute for Reading Your Text Or Your Notes
    BIL 360 - Study Guide for Exam II This is not a substitute for reading your text or your notes. Anything said in class or in the assigned readings is fair game. This study guide is just a checklist. Use it wisely. As always, be able to read figures and tables competently. Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion (Chapter 6 - Lecture 6b (partial)) Taking up at the point in the notes marked “Exam I material ends here”: Recall what is meant by the terms: nutrition, feeding, digestion, absorption/assimilation and how they are interrelated. Know the meaning/significance/functions of cytotoxin hemotoxin (which of the toxin types includes all the others?) phospholipase myotoxin Know the general effects of each type of toxin. Know the meaning/significance/functions of neurotoxin a-neurotoxins (which of the toxin types includes all the others?) fasciculins botulinum toxins Know the general effects of each type of toxin. dendrotoxins tetanus toxin (Functional difference btw botulinum & tetanus toxins?) (To which of these toxins is capsaicin an antagonist?) Be able to recognize examples of animals that use each of these types of toxins and the structures they use to deliver venom (e.g. modified radula of cone snail; fangs of spider, viper, etc.) Be able to recognize examples of heterotroph, photoautotroph, and chemoautotroph microbe symbioses. Understand the functions and benefits of the symbiotic microbiome. Know the meaning/significance of metagenome zooxanthellae Feeding (Chapter 6 - Lecture 6c) Know the difference between an incomplete and a complete
    [Show full text]