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Study Guide for Exam II This Is Not a Substitute for Reading Your Text Or Your Notes

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Study Guide for Exam II This Is Not a Substitute for Reading Your Text Or Your Notes BIL 360 - Study Guide for Exam II This is not a substitute for reading your text or your notes. Anything said in class or in the assigned readings is fair game. This study guide is just a checklist. Use it wisely. As always, be able to read figures and tables competently. Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion (Chapter 6 - Lecture 6b (partial)) Taking up at the point in the notes marked “Exam I material ends here”: Recall what is meant by the terms: nutrition, feeding, digestion, absorption/assimilation and how they are interrelated. Know the meaning/significance/functions of cytotoxin hemotoxin (which of the toxin types includes all the others?) phospholipase myotoxin Know the general effects of each type of toxin. Know the meaning/significance/functions of neurotoxin a-neurotoxins (which of the toxin types includes all the others?) fasciculins botulinum toxins Know the general effects of each type of toxin. dendrotoxins tetanus toxin (Functional difference btw botulinum & tetanus toxins?) (To which of these toxins is capsaicin an antagonist?) Be able to recognize examples of animals that use each of these types of toxins and the structures they use to deliver venom (e.g. modified radula of cone snail; fangs of spider, viper, etc.) Be able to recognize examples of heterotroph, photoautotroph, and chemoautotroph microbe symbioses. Understand the functions and benefits of the symbiotic microbiome. Know the meaning/significance of metagenome zooxanthellae Feeding (Chapter 6 - Lecture 6c) Know the difference between an incomplete and a complete digestive tract. Which is more derived? Know the meaning/significance of blastopore endoderm enteric absorption archenteron gastric digestion Know the anatomical divisions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): headgut foregut midgut hindgut Know which structures are derived from each of the above, and the functions of each: lips esophagus small intestine mouth stomach large intestine tongue crop (Know which types of animals have these structures/organs) pharynx gizzard (e.g., mammals have lips; birds & some reptiles have gizzards, etc.) Know the anatomical differences between the gut of an herbivore vs. that of an omnivore or carnivore. Understand the specializations of the headgut that allow different types of animals to procure food. Be familiar with the dental specializations of various species of animals. Know how to interpret (or create) a dental formula for a mammal. Know the meaning/significance of: diphyodont homodont deciduous teeth incisors premolars fangs heterodont hypsodont permanent teeth canines molars rear fangs Be familiar with the general morphology of bird bills, and how bill shape has evolved with diet. Know the functions and relative positions of the components of the foregut: Esophagus stomach pancreas pyloric sphincter Crop proximal duodenum liver Gizzard gallbladder cardiac sphincter Know the functions and relative positions of the components of the midgut: distal duodenum caecum transverse colon (first ~65% is midgut-derived) jejunum appendix ileum ascending colon Know the functions and relative positions of the components of the midgut: transverse colon (last ~35%) sigmoid colon proximal anus or cloaca descending colon rectum (distal anus/cloaca are partly integumentary) Understand the basic anatomical/developmental differences between the arthropod and vertebrate GIT. What are Malpighian tubules and what is their function? What is a cloaca, and how does it differ from an anus? Is your Chemistry study guide this embarrassing? Know the meaning/significance of: gut motility segmentation dysbiosis (intestinal, cecal, etc.) peristalsis ileus (What generates each of these? Which muscles involved?) Know which types of animals guts are analogous to a batch reactor, a continuous flow reactor (no mixing), continuous flow reactor (with mixing) Know the meaning/significance of: monogastric enzymatic digestion (Which does which?) ruminant microbial fermentation Know the difference between foregut, midgut, and hindgut fermenters, and recognize examples of each. In foregut fermenters, know the basic difference between animals with four-chambered stomachs vs. those with two- or three-chambered stomachs. Know the path of food in the stomach of a ruminant. What is the significance of the rumen microbiome? What does it do? What is the general anatomy and function of each chamber: rumen reticulum omasum abomasum Know the meaning/significance of Chymosin pepsin lipases rennet Understand the process of rumination (“chewing cud”) (EEeeuuuuuwwww.) What is the significance of the human chymosin pseudogene? Understand the basic biochemistry of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation (which is what the whole four- chambered stomach thing is all about). Know the meaning/significance of Short-chain fatty acids (a.k.a. volatile fatty acids) e.g. – acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid How are ruminants and anthropogenic climate change interrelated? What gases are involved? How does diet affect gas output? Understand the basic process of Urea Nitrogen Salvaging (UNS) via the Urea Cycle. (Don’t memorize the cycle!) Be able to recognize examples of midgut fermenters and understand the significance of their microbiomes. Know what is meant by the following terms regarding digestive enzymes: Intraluminal amylase chitinase chymotrypsin membrane-associated lactase peptidases endopeptidases vs. exopeptidases proenzymes/zymogens lipase pepsin intracellular emulsification trypsin Know the meaning/significance/role in digestion of: extracellular absorption enterocyte (How are polar vs. non-polar nutrients absorbed?) intestinal villi goblet cell chylomicrons, immune system cells (Paneth cells, M cells, dendritic cells, Peyer’s Patch) Understand the roles of G cells secretin gastric inhibitory polypeptide leptin gastrin cholecystokinin ghrelin Understand the various ways feeding/digestion mechanisms in animals responding to hunger signals, satiety signals, seasonal changes, etc. Energy Metabolism (Chapter 7 – Lecture 7) Recall the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and how it applies to energy metabolism in animals. Be able to recognize animal-related examples of potential and kinetic energy. Know the meaning/significance/differences between chemical, electrical, mechanical energies, and heat. Know the meaning/significance of metabolic rate (and the ways it can be measured) Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) thermoneutral zone Routine Metabolic Rate (RMR) basal metabolic rate (BMR) (Which measures are used for which types of animals?) Know the definitions of: endotherm vs ectotherm homeotherm vs. poikilotherm Recall the definitions of: calorie, Calorie (kilocalorie), Joule Understand the concepts of metabolic scaling and weight-specific BMR. Understand how the allometric equation can be applied to metabolic scaling. What types of physiological functions scale allometrically? How can metabolic scaling be applied to ecological problems? Understand the general ways that metabolic rate can be measured. (e.g., calorimetry, respirometry, material balance) Which are direct measures? Which are indirect measures? Does diet affect these measures? How? Which type of nutrient has an R value of 1.0, and what does this mean to measurements if diet components have an R value < 1.0? Know the meaning/significance of specific dynamic action (SDA) and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). What are some possible causes of SDA and DIT? How and why can these vary within and among species? Understand how energy absorption efficiency varies among species, and depends on what the animal is eating. When is growth efficiency greatest during an animals’ life cycle? Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism (Chapter 8 – Lecture 8) Recall the steps of aerobic catabolism (glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation), but you don’t have to memorize those cycles again. Just know what’s happening. Know the meaning/characteristics of: steady state vs. nonsteady state mechanisms of ATP production. Be able to recognize examples of each. Understand the purpose and general course of the phosphagen system: phosphagens (creatine phosphate, arginine phosphate, lombricine, etc) phosphocreatine phosphagen kinases creatinine What is the relationship between phosphagens and ATP? Understand the role of myoglobin for ATP production in low oxygen conditions. How are diving mammals able to survive such long, deep dives? What is special about their myoglobins? Know the differences between aerobic vs. anaerobic mechanisms of ATP production in terms of ATP yield peak rate of ATP production ATP production acceleration recovery time Recall the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction. (Watch the video!) Understand the various causes of muscle fatigue. Know the meaning/significance of: muscle fatigue endurance exercise fatigue lactic acid fatigue hyperthermia fatigue. Understand the differences between slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers. Where would you expect to find each type? What is the difference between white muscle and red muscle? Understand the basic mechanism of insect flight and why it is so energy efficient. Understand the concepts of: maximal exercise supramaximal exercise oxygen deficit pay-as-you-go phase, submaximal exercise excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) Understand how, as oxygen levels fluctuate, animals undergo oxygen regulation or oxygen conformity. How do species with different evolutionary histories cope with hypoxic or anoxic conditions? What is the range of tolerance? Understand the reason
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