Geography and People

Reshma Ghanekar

1 Vedic Period • • • • • • • People Geography smriti - • • • • • Climatic variationsintheVedicperiod Geographical extentasderivedfromVedictexts Societal organizationandlifeaspresentedinVedictexts Genetic dataofcontemporarypopulation Establishment ofinitialandlatecommunities - Translation Translation .Griffith, Ralph T.Hin Marathi Siddeshwar by by Shastri Chitrav - www.sacred www.sacred - texts.com - texts.com Areas Of Study Of Areas Textual references People & Geography 2 Vedic Period Geography People & Geography 3 Vedic Period Geographical Geographical derivedExtent from Vedictexts Sutlej Indus Ravi Jhelum - Chenab - Parusni – - Sutudri Sindhu - Vitasta Asikni Fig.1 Fig.2 People & Geography Beas • • • • • rivers Nadistuti gives s a (RV2.41.16) revered particularly was River 8.24.27)(Fig.2) culture(RV Rigvedic early the of ‘Saptasindhu’ was locus (RV 7.18,7.19)(Fig.1) (RV 7.18,7.19)(Fig.1) Vindhyan mountains, south of of north clans multiple of Mention areathe indigenous uniquely Rigvedais to Climate biodiversityin and mentioned 10.75.9) (RV Sutlej Saraswati with Indus betweenYamuna and - G anga to the western tributaries of of westerntributaries anga to the equence of of equence east to west west to east 4 Vedic Period Fig.3 Geographical Extent derived Extent Geographical from Vedictexts People & Geography • • • Geography and ‘Aryavarta’of boundaries forests L subcontinent( Mahabharata coveralmost the entire ater texts moredistantmention and oceansand defines ‘Madhyadesh’ within the Fig.3) people people mentioned in in mentioned people, rivers,people, 5 Vedic Period Climate the in Vedic period People & Geography Southwest Monsoon Northeast Monsoon Forests Mountains Rivers • • • year round crop cultivation Summer and possible tracts riverine E humid indogangetic and warm,wet plains Himalayan mountainsthe made xtensive fertile network of rivers and riversof and fertilextensive network winter monsoons enabled enabled winter monsoons made inhabitation 6 Vedic Period Tropical Savannah subcontinent in Unmarked desert Cold semiarid Dry Subtropical highland monsoon Tropical summer humid Subtropical Semiarid Arid Hot Adapted Classification Climate Adapted from Koppen Climatic Variations(7000Climatic bc) -1000 - Birhanna Lucknow People & Geography • • • developed by 2100 developed gradient extending peninsula into the W Lucknow) centraland gange specimens in oxygen and bone teeth of studies isotope and geological by confirmed areChanges multiple events Extensive climatic changes happened over est( aridity) to east(tropical) climate climate east(tropical) to aridity) est( multiple tic tic BC plain( areasacross west Thar, Birhanna, 7 Vedic Period VEGETATION Fresh Water Semiar RAINFALL Intense SOIL DEPOSITION Rapid Stable alluvial table alluvial Stable Rapid DEPOSITION SOIL CLIMATE Wet/Humid SARASWATIRIVER VALLEY RIVERS Heavy river flow ( VEGETATION Grassland/Forest Slow Rapid DEPOSITION SOIL RAINFALL High RAINFALL High CLIMATE Humid PLAIN GANGETIC CENTRAL RIVERS Heavy river flow Comparative Regional climate change People & Geography 7000- extended drought extended decrease (100 4000 Increased diversification (4422 diversification Increased Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease - 2000 bc) 1000 BC - 150mm) (5200 - 4600ybp) - 1150 bc) 1150 Disruption of Saraswati River System River Saraswati of Disruption Lake lakes in formation/Organic siltation Rich Forest Rich Dry river bed river Dry Arid/Semiarid 400- 600- Subtropical/Tropical 600mm/yr 1000mm/ yr (west yr 1000mm/ id - east) 8 Vedic Period People & Geography People 9 Vedic Period *OCP asia south in Early agriculture PGW Mgr - - - ochre colored pottery Mehrgarh Lhd- painted greyware pottery greyware painted Origins of Neolithic cultures of Neolithic Origins - Dorian Fuller 2015 Fuller Dorian Lahuradeva People & Geography 4. South Savanna South 4. 3. Odisha delta Odisha 3. • • 2. Gangetic2. plain Valley Indus 1. In the subcontinent the In cultures neolithic cropof animal and domestication advent with identified archaeologically is ‘Neolithic’ • • • chalcolithic(Copper)culture to urban non developed • • • • only only culture late gangetic with PGW associated and OCP both pottery PGW* hoard / copper / OCP* four major areas of development of areas major four shows shows OCP(ochre colored late pottery)in Harappan to urbanizedlater maturephase Harappan show truly independent domestication zone domestication independent truly aceramic - - 2500- Mehrgar h - - 3000 BC ( BC 3000 L ahuradeva 6400 BC ( BC ahuradeva 6400 3500 BC(Pigeon Pea, Rice) Pea, Rice) BC(Pigeon 3500 or early handmade pottery handmade early or h 7000BC h H orse (wheat, G ram, R Millet barley, ice) 10 , C cattle) attle) Vedic Period • • • • • • • Reduced granary use rotation Adaptationcrop by begins Climate change Gangetic chalcolithic Mature Harappan/ 2500 bc Age) cultures(PGW/Iron gangetic Increase inlate 1000 bc Evidence of late Populationof Evidence Movement The truth about Saraswati, OPEN magazine; 01 September 2012; Adapted from PNAS 26 PNAS 2012; from 01 June 2012 OPEN September Adapted magazine; Saraswati, about truth The Saraswati People & Geography • • • • • • • • • • • establishments Decrease inHarappan cultures(OCP/PGW) gangetic Increase insemi Gangetic Post Harappan/Late 1500 bc De Rivers dryup Climate changeintensifies (Cu) chalcolithic Late Harappan/Gangetic 1900 bc overlap Gangain Harappan /OCP/PGW Eastwardmovement begins begins - urbanizationIndus of - urban 11 Vedic Period 3.Alamgirpur 3.Alamgirpur 6.Mathura 9.Hissar 12.Bagor 15.Koldihwa 2.Rakhigari 5.Ahichatra 8.Atranjikhera 11.Ganeshwar 14.Hettapati 1.Birhanna 4.Hastinapur 7.Bhagwanpur Farmana 10. 13.Jhusi Saraswati &Yamuna Rivers- 12 11 9 1 2 10 People & Geography 7 6 3 4 8 5 14 13 15 • • • • • • Archaeological Sites Appendix: List of archaeological sites archaeological of List Appendix: PGW pottery lateOCP gangetic byidentified cultures inhabitationthe into of leading evidence showingcontinuous archaeological Saraswati regiononly is the river (13,14) gangeticwith cultureseast further cultural of regiona Thus was continuity overlap(3,4,5,7) east showsLate Harappan(OCP) Upper of Region Lateshow Harappan phase not do Largest sites Oldest (1,2,10) and Yamuna River(3) Harappan culture extendseast beyond Drishadvati and to its its toand - 12 PGW PGW - Vedic Period • • • • • Genetics of contemporary of Genetics populations gangetic cultures resultsNo DNA have obtainedbeen from Harappanitsor contemporary Both mitochondrial(mtDNA)Y chromosomal and DNA studied To identify populationchanges Togroups genetic identify To trace common ancestral lineages People & Geography 13 Vedic Period • • • mtDNA establishment in the subcontinent Current mitochondrialDNA lineages remain unchanged or show in situ diversity since (2650- SkeletonsAsian withSouth lineages‘M’ have found been far as present as day Syria • • ‘M’ lineages(about 70%) most common 70%) lineages(about ‘M’ Minimal gene (10 flow Minimal secondary 2450 BC) is uniform across India irrespective of tribes, castes, location languages and Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial People & Geography - 12% from Eurasian East tribes) fromand Asian 12% 14 Vedic Period • • • • *ANI Based on data from the Human genome project genome Human the from data on Based AAA of geographical proximity) Current populations however show evidenceof Endogamy(Geneticisolation in spite No large displacement of populations observed clusters All present day populations descend from orone more ancient ANI,ASI,AAA,ATB* - All - Ancestral Ancestral North Indian(CommonalityASI with Asia andCentral Europe) Ancestral Ancestral Australoasiatic (commonality with SE Asia) - ATB • • • present day populationsare ANI mix ofASI and a clusters ANI in subcontinent presence older has ASI Endogamy is not genetically observed beforeEndogamyyears genetically observed not 3000ago is - ASI mixtureASI complex is date initial and mixing of unknownis Y Chromosomal DNAChromosomal Y People & Geography - Ancestral South Indian(no commonality out of India of out commonality Indian(no South Ancestral Ancestral Tibeto - Burmese(commonalit y Asia) y east with ) ) 15 Vedic Period • • • • • • All show a pre Zebu cattle, goats sheep, were common herd animals from Vedic texts Sometimes possible to tracepresence human byevidenceanimal Domesticated animals live in proximity to populationshuman sub Independent domesticationof zebu cattle(humped) beganaround the inBC 7000 continent10000about years ago Allspecies of commensal mice(domesticatedby agriculture)originated the sub in - continent Genetics Of Agricultural Animals Agricultural Of Genetics - domestication presence geneticand diversity in the sub People & Geography - continent 16 - Vedic Period Societal Structure in in Structure Societal Vedic period (Rajan/Samrat) Janapada (Gramani) (Rajan) (kulapati) Grama Jana People & Geography Kula • • • • • • • • • • • • • • trade/economy Rapidly developing Law of Order Adminand taxation system Sedentary Territorial states clans Composite of - Semi judicial functions Folk assembly for admin & economyRudimentary local Non Non centric Community Clan centric Non - - - sedentary territorial urban,pastoral agrarian, urban / urban / urban 17 Vedic Period • • • Thus the VedasThus arealso eternal revealed to humankind through the This was based on a belief in the eternal truth as the essence of the universe Every aspect of vediclife was governedby a codebeliefof Life inthe Vedicperiod People & Geography 18 Vedic Period Community/Family Life in the vedicLife Period Patriarchy/Joint family Role Women of Ritualistic life People & Geography Death Rituals Death Burial/Cremation Daily Life Occupation Clothing Cooking Vices Diet 19 Vedic Period • • • • • currently excitingan in of discoveryphase Saraswati River valleyshowsuniquely multiplestrata of development isand to guide understandingthe vedicethos Vedic cultureis a way of life and the spiritual code of belief in its texts a valuable time over events multiple Contemporary studiesindicate a genetically complex populationbydefined gangetic plain cultures as per archaeologicalevidence Deurbanizationof the Harappan civilizationcoincides with increase an in late agricultural Climatic and and geologicalconditions development enabled and adaptation of - pastoralsocieties allover subcontinent the Summary People & Geography 20 Vedic Period Thank People & Geography You You 21 Vedic Period • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • University of Cambridge. "Farming rice in India much older than thought, used as 'summer crop' by Indus Civilization." Scienc Civilization." Indus used 'summer as thought, crop' by than oldermuch in India rice "Farming of Cambridge. University 93.3 of Human Genetics Journal American (20 India.” in Mixture for Population Priya et Recent Evidence al. Moorjani, “Genetic Early Agriculture in South Asia South in Agriculture Early landscapes of the Harappan civilization.PNAS2012 Harappan109 (26) the E1688 of landscapes iza Al Anwar Adhikari, Ronojoy Gangal, Kavita Tabrez, R. Ali A. T. Duller, Geoff Stevens, Thomas A. Durcan, Julie Constantinescu, Plus PNAS of Bronze age and to decline climate change Implications from India: bioapatites archaeological in isotope Sarkar,A.et al.Oxygen researchgate.net at Singh(BHU)(available Nath report,Ravindra District:A preliminary Alamgirpur,Meerut at excavations Recent .” Populations.” Caste and Tribal Earliest of SettlersHeritage the Geneticin Indian PersistsT. etMtDNA Both “The al. Kivisild, 2016. Nov.21 4.10 (2009):Web. e7447. PMC. of Ganga Evolution Plain Geological (2016) of Bron decline and to change climate Implications from India: bioapatites Sarkar, A. et archaeological in al. isotope Oxygen L03704, GEOPHYSICAL 39, doi:10.1029/2011GL050722, VOL. RESEARCH LETTERS, 2012 Heredity (Edinb). 2003 Jul;91(1):43(Edinb).Heredity DG. DQ, Bradley Fuller C, Gaillard RT, Loftus AR, Freeman P, Kumar of South analysis JAdmixture Biol. approach. archaeozoological and a Eurasia: palaeontological in progression mouse The house 454 (3): (2004) 21 Evol Biol Mol Domestic Goats Origin of Indian and Phylogeography Sachin Singh, Satish Kumar Kumar Jr, Satish Singh, P. Atul November 11, Kumar Sachin Satish Kolte, 2013 Published: - Extensive Variation Sub and www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121095216.htm Holocene Aridification of India Camilo Ponton,1,2 Liviu Giosan,2 Tim I. Eglinton,3,4 Dorian Q. Fuller,5 Joel E. Johnson,6 Pus Johnson,6 Joel E. Q. Fuller,5 Dorian I. Tim Eglinton,3,4 Giosan,2 Liviu Ponton,1,2 Camilo India of Aridification Holocene UK 3DZ, CB2 Cambridge Cambridge, 2 3EQ, UK CB2 Cambridge Cambridge, of University Sciences, Earth of Department Research, Palaeoclimate for Laboratory 1Godwin Witas HW, J, Jędrychowska Tomczyk HW, Witas 2016. an Y Chromosome from Inference India: of Groups Tribal and Castes Lower the among Affinities “Genetic et al. Ismail Thanseem, DNA etM Adimoolam Chandrasekar, of Dispersal Mitochondrial Phylogeny al. in of India: ModernMacrohaplogroup“Updating Human Auffray, J. Auffray, Database(MGD) Genome Mouse the by online Silver.Published M Lee by Genetics’ Mouse Tyler Chris Mandal, K. Ajoy Rout, K. Pramod Joshi, B. Manjunath MesopotamianCradle of Civilization.PLoS ONE 8(9): e73682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073682 Abrupt ofweakening the summer in monsoon northwest ~4100 India - - C., Vanlerberghe, F., and Britton and F., Vanlerberghe, C., Physical Sciences - Sciences Physical Structuring in A Lineage mtDNA Sheep: in Genetic Indian Evidence for Domestication of Sheep in India - Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences - Sciences and Planetary Earth, Atmospheric, Dorian Fuller ;chapter 10 10 - ;chapter History Fuller world Dorian Cambridge - 462 first published online December 5, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msh038 - 50. PMID: 1281545250. FreeSoc. 41: Article. Linnean13 - - An overview; I.B.Singh ,department of Geology,Lucknow University;Journal of The of The Palaeontolog University;Journal of Geology,Lucknow ,department I.B.Singh overview; An Dańska K, Chaubey G, Płoszaj T (2013) mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Sugg Period Roman the to Age T (2013) Bronze G, Płoszaj mtDNA Early the from K, Chaubey Dańska - Davidian, J. (1990). Davidian, - Smith, Lalji Singh, and Kumarasamy Thangaraj Kumarasamy and Singh, Lalji Smith, - E1694; aheadpublished of print May 29, 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas. People & Geography yr ago, Dixit1, David A. Hodell1, and Cameron A. A. Petrie2 Cameron and Hodell1, A. David Dixit1, Yama ago, Bibliography Social Sciences - Sciences Social Cambridge histories online(available at academ at online(available histories Cambridge http://www.informatics.jax.org/silver/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077858 Environmental Sciences:Liviu Gios Sciences:Liviu Environmental - 25. hpe American Journal of Human Genetics 72.2 72.2 Genetics of Human Journal American (2003): 313 ze ze eDa ndra Kumar,7 and Tim S. Collett8 S. Tim and Kumar,7 ndra Age Age Harappan civilization.Sci. Rep. 6, 26555; doi: 10.1038/srep26555 i, Florin Filip, Sam VanLaningham, and James James P. and M. Syvitski.Fluvial Sam VanLaningham, Filip, Florin i, 13) an, Peter D. Clift, Mark G. Macklin, Dorian Q. Fuller, Stefan Stefan Q. Fuller, Dorian G. Mark Macklin, D. Peter Clift, an, Jun As d M Harappan civilization.Sci.Rep.6,26555;doi:10.1038/srep26555(2016) ily. ScienceDaily, 21 21 ScienceDaily, ily. November 2016. ia.edu)2015 : 422 ian cattle. ian e 2013) Dep ical Society of India,Vol.41,1996,pp Society ical 1112743109 itochondrial DNA.” BMC Genetics 7 (2006): Genetics7 21 Nov.Web.DNA.” BMC 42. PMC. itochondrial – artment of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of University Anthropology, and artment of Archaeology in ests a Genetic Link between and theSubcontinent Indian 438. Web.PMC. 8 Nov.2016. South Asian Corridor.” Ed. Lluis Quintana Ed. Corridor.” Lluis Asian South - 99 - 137 – 332. Print - . PLoS ONE ONE PLoS . Murci 22 . Vedic Period http://archaeologyonline.net/ People & Geography Resources http://asi.nic.in/ Websites Books 23 Vedic Period • • • • • Table Rigveda of Clans 5 TableStates 4 Mahabharata In Table sites ImportantArchaeological 3 Table 2 Biodiversity Vedic the in Period Table 1 Rigvedic APPENDIX Rivers People & Geography 24 Vedic Period I d d d d I Rivers Eastern tributaries Saraswati and Table 1 Table Drishadvati vedic River Rig idh Si Ganga Asmavati Yamuna Saraswati People & Geography Rig vedic-Rig Rivers Id Present DayRiver Jahnavi Assan Yamuna Gaggar - Hakra 6bk 6b I 10.53.8 With 6,3,7 Important 4 exceptAll book Mention 6.45.31,1.116.9 5.52.17,7.18.19 Apaya 3.23.4 25 Vedic Period Text Rig Rig veda Table 2 Table Biodiversity in Vedic Periodin Vedic-Biodiversity 1.135.8 Pipal Vegetation beech) Karanja (Flame of the forest) Kimshuka (flame of the forest) Palasha,Parna Shalmali ( FicusReligiosa People & Geography (Indian (Silk Cotton) (Silk ) 1.135.8 Mention 10.48.8,1.53.8 10.85.20 10.97.5 7.50.3,10.85.20 dog Sheep,Horse,goat Gaura/ Cattle Animals/Crops Crops - draught animal - Yava Gayal 26 , , Vedic Period Jhusi Malhar Lahuradeva Black gangetic plain middle rotation than crop Late Meso culture Early Iron Cu Limited East Gangetic Site pottery pottery Table 3 - - red ware red Iron age - Important Important People & Geography Iron Iron found cultivation First rice Importance - Mesolithic Continuous ihi li l depoits ArchaeologicalSites 1800 bc 1200 bc 6400 bc (earliest date) (earliest 7477- 6196bc 27 Vedic Period Uttar Pradesh Present state/country Assam Bihar Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Rajasthan Kashmir and Jammu Afghanistan Punjab Haryana Table 4 Table States In Mahabharata -States People & Geography Hastinapur State in Mahabharata Pragjyotishpur Magadha,Angadesh,Ekachakra west), ( Panchala( Ujjaini Dwarka,Prabas,Patan Matsyadesh Himalayas) Kekaya Gandhar,Takshashila Sindhudesh,Ujjanak Kurushetra( Vrindavan , Pradesh,Madra(otherside of Chedi Kausumbi Ahichatra),South , banganga) Varnavati aahaManipur Kamakhya (Mathura),Kashi ),Kuru(east and , ( meerut Vardayini ),North ),North Nagari Dham, 28 Vedic Period Anu Clan Aja Yadu Turvasa Puru Gandhravas Druhyus (later Table 5 Table ) - Clans Of RigvedaClans With With 1,5,7,8 Books Reference(Prominent in) 819 18 7 5.1) 174.9,4.30.17,5.31.18,6.4 Turvasa(1.36.18,1.54.6,1. With Books1,4,5,6,8,9,10 With Books 1,8,9,10 Favourably 7(7.18),6.46.7- With Anu Books 1,4,46,7,8,9,10 People & Geography Druhyus Yadu in book 5 book in (7.18.13) 8 Location Northbank of Yamuna Yamuna SoutheastSaraswati of Saraswati Vitasta,Asikni Banks of ParusniBanks of 29 Vedic Period Reich, David et al. “Reconstructing Indian Population History.” Nature 461.7263 (2009): 489– (2009): 461.7263 Nature History.” Population Indian “Reconstructing al. et David Reich, People & Geography ANI % ANI 494. PMC. Web. 7 Nov. 2016.(2) Nov. 7 Web. PMC. 494. 30 Vedic Period • • • • Climatic andgeologicalconditionsovertimeenableddevelopment and increasingly complexorganizationsocietalincreasingly Vedic textsindicateanadherence toaspiritualcodeofbeliefinan no largewith population event by modification singular a Contemporary studiesofthe regionindicateageneticallycomplex evidence gangetic per archaeological in the as plains communities permanent Deurbanization oftheHarappancivilizationcoincideswith anincreasein adaptationof agricultural People & Geography - Abstract pastoral societies all overpastoral all subcontinent the societies 31