The Who, Why, and What Can Be Done About Golden Brown Algae in Torch Lake
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Biology and Systematics of Heterokont and Haptophyte Algae1
American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1508±1522. 2004. BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF HETEROKONT AND HAPTOPHYTE ALGAE1 ROBERT A. ANDERSEN Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 475, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575 USA In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that is classi®ed into 17 classes and represents a diverse group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae. Classes are distinguished by morphology, chloroplast pigments, ultrastructural features, and gene sequence data. Electron microscopy and molecular biology have contributed signi®cantly to our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, but even today class relationships are poorly understood. Haptophyte algae are a second monophyletic group that consists of two classes of predominately marine phytoplankton. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. Heter- okont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas). Key words: chromalveolate; chromist; chromophyte; ¯agella; phylogeny; stramenopile; tree of life. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that includes all (Phaeophyceae) by Linnaeus (1753), and shortly thereafter, photosynthetic organisms with tripartite tubular hairs on the microscopic chrysophytes (currently 5 Oikomonas, Anthophy- mature ¯agellum (discussed later; also see Wetherbee et al., sa) were described by MuÈller (1773, 1786). The history of 1988, for de®nitions of mature and immature ¯agella), as well heterokont algae was recently discussed in detail (Andersen, as some nonphotosynthetic relatives and some that have sec- 2004), and four distinct periods were identi®ed. -
(7) Chrysophyta Golden-Brown Algae
PLANT GROUPS xanthophyta PLANT GROUPS (7) Chrysophyta Golden-brown Algae General characteristic of the Chrysophyta Habitat Aquatic mainly fresh water Pigments Chlorophyll (a & c), β-carotene & Fucoxanthin Food reserve Fat (Leucosin) Cell wall Cellulose, Hemicellulose often with siliceous scales Growth form Flagellate, Coccoid, Colonial rarely filamentous Flagella Two unequal in length & one of them has tripartite hairs Reproduction Asexual, Sexual Chrysophyta, or golden-brown algae, are common microscopic in fresh water. Some species are colorless, but the vast majority is photosynthetic. As such, they are particularly important in lakes, where they may be the primary source of food for zooplankton. They are not considered truly autotrophic by some biologists because nearly all chrysophyta become facultatively heterotrophic in the absence of adequate light, or in the presence of plentiful dissolved food. When this occurs, the chrysoplast atrophies and the alga may turn predator, feeding on bacteria or diatoms. 1 PLANT GROUPS xanthophyta Division Chrysophyta Class Chrysophyceae Order Ochromonadales Family Ochromonadaceae Genus Ochromonas Ochromonas single-celled naked with two unequal flagella cells spherical cylindrical to pyriform. Cells with 1-2 (rarely more) chloroplasts, with or without an eyespot and/or Pyrenoid chloroplasts sometimes much reduced and pale or completely lost after abnormal division. 2 PLANT GROUPS xanthophyta Division Chrysophyta Class Chrysophyceae Family Synuraceae Genus Mallomonas Mallomonas Single-cell, flagellates, -
CH28 PROTISTS.Pptx
9/29/14 Biosc 41 Announcements 9/29 Review: History of Life v Quick review followed by lecture quiz (history & v How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? phylogeny) v What is thought to have been the first genetic material? v Lecture: Protists v Are we tetrapods? v Lab: Protozoa (animal-like protists) v Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis v Lab exam 1 is Wed! (does not cover today’s lab) § Since many of the first organisms were photosynthetic (i.e. cyanobacteria), a LOT of excess oxygen accumulated (O2 revolution) § Some organisms adapted to use it (aerobic respiration) Review: History of Life Review: Phylogeny v Which organelles are thought to have originated as v Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry endosymbionts? v Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution v During what event did fossils resembling modern taxa suddenly appear en masse? v A valid clade is monophyletic, meaning it consists of the ancestor taxon and all its descendants v How many mass extinctions seem to have occurred during v A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and Earth’s history? Describe one? some, but not all, of the descendants v When is adaptive radiation likely to occur? v A polyphyletic grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor v Maximum parsimony assumes the tree requiring the fewest evolutionary events is most likely Quiz 3 (History and Phylogeny) BIOSC 041 1. How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? 2. Why might many organisms have evolved to use aerobic respiration? PROTISTS! Reference: Chapter 28 3. -
The Origin of Alternation of Generations in Land Plants
Theoriginof alternation of generations inlandplants: afocuson matrotrophy andhexose transport Linda K.E.Graham and LeeW .Wilcox Department of Botany,University of Wisconsin, 430Lincoln Drive, Madison,WI 53706, USA (lkgraham@facsta¡.wisc .edu ) Alifehistory involving alternation of two developmentally associated, multicellular generations (sporophyteand gametophyte) is anautapomorphy of embryophytes (bryophytes + vascularplants) . Microfossil dataindicate that Mid ^Late Ordovicianland plants possessed such alifecycle, and that the originof alternationof generationspreceded this date.Molecular phylogenetic data unambiguously relate charophyceangreen algae to the ancestryof monophyletic embryophytes, and identify bryophytes as early-divergentland plants. Comparison of reproduction in charophyceans and bryophytes suggests that the followingstages occurredduring evolutionary origin of embryophytic alternation of generations: (i) originof oogamy;(ii) retention ofeggsand zygotes on the parentalthallus; (iii) originof matrotrophy (regulatedtransfer ofnutritional and morphogenetic solutes fromparental cells tothe nextgeneration); (iv)origin of a multicellularsporophyte generation ;and(v) origin of non-£ agellate, walled spores. Oogamy,egg/zygoteretention andmatrotrophy characterize at least some moderncharophyceans, and arepostulated to represent pre-adaptativefeatures inherited byembryophytes from ancestral charophyceans.Matrotrophy is hypothesizedto have preceded originof the multicellularsporophytes of plants,and to represent acritical innovation.Molecular -
Ectocarpus: an Evo‑Devo Model for the Brown Algae Susana M
Coelho et al. EvoDevo (2020) 11:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00164-9 EvoDevo REVIEW Open Access Ectocarpus: an evo-devo model for the brown algae Susana M. Coelho1* , Akira F. Peters2, Dieter Müller3 and J. Mark Cock1 Abstract Ectocarpus is a genus of flamentous, marine brown algae. Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles, a large super- group of organisms that are only distantly related to animals, land plants and fungi. Brown algae are also one of only a small number of eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity. For many years, little information was available concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying multicellular development in the brown algae, but this situation has changed with the emergence of Ectocarpus as a model brown alga. Here we summarise some of the main questions that are being addressed and areas of study using Ectocarpus as a model organism and discuss how the genomic information, genetic tools and molecular approaches available for this organism are being employed to explore developmental questions in an evolutionary context. Keywords: Ectocarpus, Life-cycle, Sex determination, Gametophyte, Sporophyte, Brown algae, Marine, Complex multicellularity, Phaeoviruses Natural habitat and life cycle Ectocarpus is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring world- Ectocarpus is a genus of small, flamentous, multicellu- wide in temperate and subtropical regions, and has been lar, marine brown algae within the order Ectocarpales. collected on all continents except Antarctica [1]. It is pre- Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles (or Heter- sent mainly on rocky shores where it grows on abiotic okonta) (Fig. 1a), a large eukaryotic supergroup that (rocks, pebbles, dead shells) and biotic (other algae, sea- is only distantly related to animals, plants and fungi. -
23.3 Groups of Protists
Chapter 23 | Protists 639 cysts that are a protective, resting stage. Depending on habitat of the species, the cysts may be particularly resistant to temperature extremes, desiccation, or low pH. This strategy allows certain protists to “wait out” stressors until their environment becomes more favorable for survival or until they are carried (such as by wind, water, or transport on a larger organism) to a different environment, because cysts exhibit virtually no cellular metabolism. Protist life cycles range from simple to extremely elaborate. Certain parasitic protists have complicated life cycles and must infect different host species at different developmental stages to complete their life cycle. Some protists are unicellular in the haploid form and multicellular in the diploid form, a strategy employed by animals. Other protists have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms, a strategy called alternation of generations, analogous to that used by plants. Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay. 23.3 | Groups of Protists By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe representative protist organisms from each of the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify the evolutionary relationships of plants, animals, and fungi within the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify defining features of protists in each of the six supergroups of eukaryotes. In the span of several decades, the Kingdom Protista has been disassembled because sequence analyses have revealed new genetic (and therefore evolutionary) relationships among these eukaryotes. -
Brown Algae and 4) the Oomycetes (Water Molds)
Protista Classification Excavata The kingdom Protista (in the five kingdom system) contains mostly unicellular eukaryotes. This taxonomic grouping is polyphyletic and based only Alveolates on cellular structure and life styles not on any molecular evidence. Using molecular biology and detailed comparison of cell structure, scientists are now beginning to see evolutionary SAR Stramenopila history in the protists. The ongoing changes in the protest phylogeny are rapidly changing with each new piece of evidence. The following classification suggests 4 “supergroups” within the Rhizaria original Protista kingdom and the taxonomy is still being worked out. This lab is looking at one current hypothesis shown on the right. Some of the organisms are grouped together because Archaeplastida of very strong support and others are controversial. It is important to focus on the characteristics of each clade which explains why they are grouped together. This lab will only look at the groups that Amoebozoans were once included in the Protista kingdom and the other groups (higher plants, fungi, and animals) will be Unikonta examined in future labs. Opisthokonts Protista Classification Excavata Starting with the four “Supergroups”, we will divide the rest into different levels called clades. A Clade is defined as a group of Alveolates biological taxa (as species) that includes all descendants of one common ancestor. Too simplify this process, we have included a cladogram we will be using throughout the SAR Stramenopila course. We will divide or expand parts of the cladogram to emphasize evolutionary relationships. For the protists, we will divide Rhizaria the supergroups into smaller clades assigning them artificial numbers (clade1, clade2, clade3) to establish a grouping at a specific level. -
Algae and Lakes Algae Are Primitive, Usually Microscopic, Organisms Found in Every Lake
Algae and Lakes Algae are primitive, usually microscopic, organisms found in every lake. Like green plants, most algae have pigments that allow them to create energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. Algae use this energy and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to grow and reproduce. Algae form the base of the food web in lakes. Small animals called zooplankton feed on algae. In Drawings from IFAS, Center for Aquatic Plants, turn, zooplankton become food for fish. Algae University of Florida, 1990; and U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Water Quality Indicators Guide: Surface Waters, also produce some of the oxygen found in lake 1989. water and in the atmosphere What types of algae live in my lake? There are thousands of species of freshwater algae living in lakes around the world. Most species of algae in Snohomish County lakes are free-floating, collectively known as phytoplankton. There are also many species of algae that attach to rocks, docks, and aquatic plants, called periphyton. There are three main groups of algae—the green algae (Chlorophyta), the golden brown algae (Chrysophyta) which also includes a large group called diatoms, and A typical microscopic view of algae found in local lakes the blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)—as well as several smaller groups (euglenoids, cryptomonads, and dinoflagellates). Under the microscope, many algae have beautiful shapes and colors. Algae are important for healthy lakes. Without algae, your lake would likely be devoid of fish and other wildlife. Most algae are inconspicuous and do not cause problems. Unfortunately, a few types of algae can cause water quality problems in lakes. -
BROWN ALGAE AS a MODEL for PLANT ORGANOGENESIS Kenny a Bogaert1, Alok Arun2, Susana M Coelho2, Olivier De Clerck1*
Running head: Brown Algal Morphogenesis BROWN ALGAE AS A MODEL FOR PLANT ORGANOGENESIS Kenny A Bogaert1, Alok Arun2, Susana M Coelho2, Olivier De Clerck1* 1Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium 2UPMC Univ. Paris 06, The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory and CNRS, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, UMR 7139, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract Brown algae are an extremely interesting, but surprisingly poorly explored, group of organisms. They are one of only five eukaryotic lineages to have independently evolved complex multicellularity, which they express through a wide variety of morphologies ranging from uniseriate branched filaments to complex parenchymatous thalli with multiple cell types. Despite their very distinct evolutionary history, brown algae and land plants share a striking amount of developmental features. This has led to an interest in several aspects of brown algal development, including embryogenesis, polarity, cell cycle, asymmetric cell division and a putative role for plant hormone signalling. This review describes how investigations using brown algal models have helped to increase our understanding of the processes controlling early embryo development, in particular polarization, axis formation and asymmetric cell division. Additionally, the diversity of life cycles in the brown lineage and the emergence of Ectocarpus as a powerful model organism, are affording interesting insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying haploid-diploid life cycles. The use of these and other emerging brown algal models will undoubtedly add to our knowledge on the mechanisms that regulate development in multicellular photosynthetic organisms. -
Advantageous Characteristics of the Diatom Chaetoceros Gracilis As A
Tokushima et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:235 DOI 10.1186/s13068-016-0649-0 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Advantageous characteristics of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis as a sustainable biofuel producer Hiromi Tokushima1, Natsuko Inoue‑Kashino1, Yukine Nakazato1, Atsunori Masuda1,2,3, Kentaro Ifuku4 and Yasuhiro Kashino1* Abstract Background: Diatoms have attracted interest as biofuel producers. Here, the contents of lipids and photosynthetic pigments were analyzed in a marine centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis. This diatom can be genetically engineered using our previously reported transformation technique and has a potential to produce valuable materials photo‑ synthetically. Sustainable culture conditions for cost-effective production of biological materials under autotrophic conditions with atmospheric carbon dioxide were investigated in the laboratory. A large-scale, open-air culture was also performed. Results: Cell population doubling time was ~10 h under continuous illumination without CO2 enrichment, and large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG) and fucoxanthin accumulated under a wide range of salinity and nutrient conditions, reaching ~200 and 18.5 mg/L, respectively. It was also shown that C. gracilis produced high amounts of TAG without the need for nitrogen or silica deprivation, which is frequently imposed to induce lipid production in many other microalgae. Furthermore, C. gracilis was confirmed to be highly tolerant to changes in environmental conditions, such as salinity. The diatom grew well and produced abundant lipids when using sewage water or liquid fertilizer derived from cattle feces without augmented carbon dioxide. High growth rates (doubling time <20 h) were obtained in a large-scale, open-air culture, in which light irradiance and temperature fluctuated and were largely dif‑ ferent from laboratory conditions. -
First Identification of Marine Diatoms with Anti-Tuberculosis Activity
www.nature.com/scientificreports Correction: Author Correction OPEN First identifcation of marine diatoms with anti-tuberculosis activity Received: 11 October 2017 Chiara Lauritano1, Jesús Martín2, Mercedes de la Cruz2, Fernando Reyes 2, Accepted: 21 January 2018 Giovanna Romano 1 & Adrianna Ianora1 Published: xx xx xxxx Marine microalgae are considered a potentially new and valuable source of biologically active compounds for applications in several biotechnology sectors. They can be easily cultured, have short generation times and enable an environmentally-friendly approach to drug discovery by overcoming problems associated with the over-utilization of marine resources and the use of destructive collection practices. Considering the increasing rate of antibiotic-resistance bacteria and infections by fungi, 46 microalgae have been screened in this study for possible antibacterial and antifungal activities. Two diferent extraction methods have been used in order to increase the probability of fnding positive hits. In particular, we screened microalgae in both control and nutrient stress conditions. We also tested diferent strains for 7 species in order to study potentially diferent bioactivities due to strain diversity. Results showed that extracts of two diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus, had anti-tuberculosis activity and were active only when cultured in the control and phosphate- starvation conditions, while the nitrogen starvation condition showed no activity. In addition, we tested both the organic and water extracts and found that only the organic extracts for both diatoms were active. The organic extracts of these two diatom species were not toxic on normal human cell lines. Microalgae are eukaryotic plants that contribute up to 25% of global productivity and 50% of all aquatic pro- ductivity1,2. -
Water Sampling for Oomycetes Oomycetes Are Fungus-Like Organisms Found in Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial Environments
Water sampling for Oomycetes Oomycetes are fungus-like organisms found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some, such as Phytophthora, Pythium, and Saprolegnia, are parasites of plants and animals. DNA sequence data has revealed that these organisms are not fungi, but are more closely related to brown algae and diatoms. We will be “fishing” for these organisms by using baits from various plant species. Fig. 1 Schematic phylogenetic tree summarizing the likely phylogenetic relationships between the diverse members of the “chromalveolate” superkingdom. The photosynthetic lines are shaded in orange and postulated plastid loss events indicated by the red bars. The terminology is mostly taken from Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2006 (2006) and the tree based on a phylogenetic analysis of conserved protein genes by Tsui et al. (2006) Fig. 3 Maximum likelihood tree (1,103 sites) based on 54 SSU rRNA tree sequences of oomycetes, other stramenopiles with two members of the alveolata as an outgroup. The main oomycete order clades are labelled on right. The two left hand bars map onto this tree the ecosystems from which genera come from and their host or life style respectively. Tree adapted from Sekimoto (2008) Figures from Beakes, G.W., Glockling, S.L., and Sekimoto, S. 2011. The evolutionary phylogeny of the Oomycete “fungi”. Protoplasma DOI 10.1007/s00709-011-0269-2. Objectives Is there a relationship between host bait material and Oomycete species isolated? Riparian vs forest plants – are riparian plants resistant to infection? What