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Achieving Sustainability in Urban Transport in Developing and Transition Countries

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Achieving Sustainability in Urban Transport in Developing and Transition Countries | TEXTE | 02/2012 Achieving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries | TEXTE | 02 /20 12 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY Project No. (FKZ) 3710 96 148 Report No. ( UBA -FB ) 00 1546/E Achieving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries by Prof. Dr. Michael Bräuninger, Dr. Sven Schulze, Leon Leschus Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), Hamburg Dr. Jürgen Perschon, Christof Hertel, Simon Field, Nicole Foletta European Institute for Sustainable Transport (EURIST), Hamburg On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (Germany) UMWELTBUNDESAMT This publication is only available online. It can be downloaded from http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4239.html along with a German-language summary. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions. ISSN 1862-4804 Study performed by: Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaftsInstitut European Institute for gemeinnützige GmbH Sustainable Transport Hamburg Institute of Weidenbaumsweg 13 International Economics 21029 Hamburg Heimhuder Straße 71 20148 Hamburg Study completed in: August 2011 Publisher: Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Germany Phone: +49-340-2103-0 Fax: +49-340-2103 2285 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de http://fuer-mensch-und-umwelt.de/ Edited by: Section I 3.1 Environment and Transport Dr. Hedwig Verron Dessau-Roßlau, January 2012 Report Cover Sheet 1. Report No. 2. - 3. - UBA-FB 001546/E 4. Report Title Achieving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries 5. Autor(s), Family Name(s), First Name(s) 8. Report Date Prof. Dr. Michael Bräuninger, Dr. Sven Schulze, Leon Leschus August 2011 Dr. Jürgen Perschon, Christof Hertel, Simon Field, Nicole Foletta 9. Publication Date 6. Performing Organisation (Name, Address) January 2012 Hamburg Institute of International Economics gGmbH (HWWI) 10. UFOPLAN-Ref. No. Heimhuder Straße 71 371096148 20148 Hamburg 11. No. of Pages 148 7. Sponsoring Agency (Name, Address) 12. No. of Reference Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 14 06, 06813 Dessau-Roßlau 208 13. No. of Tables, Diagrams 4 14. No. of Figures 21 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Sustainable transport is an urging issue on a few accounts: The transport sector was responsible for 23% global CO2 emission in 2007. It also has a number of other effects like air and noise pollution, land use etc. These effects are especially relevant in cities, where already half of the world’s population is living today. With a growing world population and ongoing urbanisation the number and share of city dwellers will rise considerably in the next decades. Thus, sustainability in urban transport becomes increasingly important. This report first provides a short overview of the most important data behind the sustainability problems in urban transport. Then the question is addressed, what sustainable mobility is and where the main obstacles are on the path to more sustainability. The central part of the study deals with the most important policies and instruments enhancing sustainable (urban) mobility. The main feature of each section within that part of the study is the combination of theoretical background information and arguments with case studies from developing and transition countries. Accordingly, the reader gets an idea of the vast range of available instruments in order to promote sustainable mobility. But it is also shown that it is not only necessary but also possible to introduce or enhance sustainable urban transport regardless of the income position of the specific region, country or city. Besides, success factors for different instruments are identified, thereby deriving promising routes for countries or a group of countries according to their state of economic development. 17. Keywords Transport, mobility, cities, developing countries, transition countries 18. Price 19. 20. III Berichts-Kennblatt 1. Berichtsnummer 2. - 3. - UBA-FB 001546/E 4. Titel des Berichts Wege zu nachhaltigem urbanen Transport in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern 5. Autor(en), Name(n), Vorname(n) 8. Abschlussdatum Prof. Dr. Michael Bräuninger, Dr. Sven Schulze, Leon Leschus August 2011 Dr. Jürgen Perschon, Christof Hertel, Simon Field, Nicole Foletta 9. Veröffentlichungsdatum 6. Durchführende Institution (Name, Anschrift) Januar 2012 Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaftsInstitut gGmbH (HWWI) 10. UFOPLAN-Nr. Heimhuder Straße 71 371096148 20148 Hamburg 11. Seitenzahl 148 7. Fördernde Institution (Name, Anschrift) 12. Literaturangaben Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 14 06, 06813 Dessau-Roßlau 208 13. Tabellen und Diagramme 4 14. Abbildungen 21 15. Zusätzliche Angaben 16. Kurzfassung Nachhaltigkeit in der Mobilität ist aus verschiedenen Gründen ein drängendes Problem: Der Transportsektor war in 2007 für 23% der weltweiten CO2-Emissionen verantwortlich. Er hat zudem eine Reihe weiterer Effekte wie Luftverschmutzung, Lärmemissionen, Landverbrauch usw. Diese Phänomene sind besonders in Städten von Bedeutung, wo bereits heutzutage die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung lebt. Mit einer weiter wachsenden Weltbevölkerung und fort- schreitender Urbanisierung wird die Zahl und der Anteil der Stadtbewohner in den kommenden Jahrzehnten deutlich zunehmen. Deshalb kommt der Nachhaltigkeit im städtischen Verkehr eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle zu. Der vorliegende Report gibt zunächst einen kurzen Überblick zu den wichtigsten Daten des Nachhaltigkeitsproblems im urbanen Transport. Danach wird die Frage diskutiert, was unter nachhaltiger Mobilität zu verstehen ist und welches die wesentlichen Hindernisse bei ihrer Erreichung sind. Der Hauptteil des Berichts widmet sich den wichtigsten Politikbereichen und Instrumenten zur Förderung nachhaltiger (urbaner) Mobilität. Die einzelnen Abschnitte zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass theoretische Hintergrundinformationen und Argumente mit Fallstudien aus Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern kombiniert werden. Einerseits erhält der Leser damit Einblick in die große Zahl an Instrumenten, um nachhaltige Mobilität zu fördern. Andererseits wird damit verdeutlicht, dass nachhaltige urbane Mobilität unabhängig von der Einkommens- position bzw. vom Wohlstand einer Region, eines Landes oder einer Stadt möglich ist. Die Studie zeigt Erfolgsfaktoren für verschiedene Instrumente auf, auf deren Grundlage erfolgver- sprechende Strategien für Länder oder Ländergruppen in Abhängigkeit von ihrem ökonomischen Entwicklungsstand abgeleitet werden können. 17. Schlagwörter 18. Preis 19. 20. IV Contents List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 3 List of tables ............................................................................................................................... 4 List of abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................... 5 Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 13 2. Data and challenges: An international perspective ........................................................ 14 3. The characteristics of sustainable mobility ..................................................................... 22 4. Policies to promote sustainable mobility ........................................................................ 28 1. Basic considerations .................................................................................................. 28 2. Financing of infrastructure ........................................................................................ 35 1. Background ....................................................................................................... 35 2. Best-Practice Examples .................................................................................... 45 Case Study 1: National Financing Instruments: Second Generation Road Funds - The Case of Tanzania ...................................................................................... 45 Case Study 2: Local Financing Instruments in Sibiu, Romania ......................... 48 Case Study 3: Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Transport – Hong Kong ...... 50 Case Study 4: Global Environment Facility (GEF): The Latin America Regional Sustainable Transport and Air Quality Project ................................................. 53 Case Study 5: Climate Investment Fund (CIF) & Clean Technology Fund (CTF) for comprehensive urban transport systems: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ............................................................................................................. 55 Case Study 6: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Morocco .. 58 3. Settlement structures ............................................................................................... 61 1. Background ....................................................................................................... 61 2. Best-Practice Examples .................................................................................... 66 Case Study 7: Coordination of Transportation and Land Use Planning in Curitiba, Brazil ..................................................................................................
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