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(U) National Reconnaissance Office
• eview an e ction Guide
For Automatic Declassification Of 25-Year-Old Information
Version 1. 0 2015 Edi tion
Classif From: INCG dated 20120213 (b)(3) Declassify On: 25Xl, 20631231
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(U) Table of Contents
(U) Preface ...... (U) Background...... 1 (U) General Methodology ...... 4
(U) le Ser s s...... 6 (U) Exemption from Declassifi on ...... 6 (U) i on of 25X and SOX ions : ...... 6
(U) on classi cation dance : ...... 7 (U) sys tems- .0. 12951: ...... 7 (U) Declassifi cation of SIGINT and COMM Systems : ...... 8 (U) The Diss ion of Declassification dance to the onal Declassifi cation Center: ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. (U) ion 25Xl: Reveal Sources and Methods ... 10
1.1 (U) General ...... 11 1.2 (U) About the National Re (NRP) ..... 15 1.2.1 (U) Fact of Satellite Re ssance ...... 15 1.2.2 (U) Nat onal Reconna ssance Informat on ..... 17 1.2. 3 (U) zati Relati ...... 18 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . ( U) Navy ( C) ...... 2 2
1.2.3.5. (U) Defense Recon Support (DRSP/DSRP ) . . . . 22 1.3 (U) Satellite ry (IMINT) Sys tems ...... 24
1.3.1 (U) ry Sys tem Information ...... 24 1.3.2 (U) Non-Operat onal IMINT Sys tems ...... 27 1.3.3 (U) Current and Future IMINT Operational Systems .... 31
1.3.4 (U) Meteorol cal Forecast ...... 32
1.3.5 (U) IMINT Sys tem Ground rations ...... 33 1.4 (U) Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Sys tems ...... 35 1.4.1 (U) S s Intell System Information ...... 35 1.4.2 (U) rational SIGINT Sys tems ...... 37 1.4.3 (U) Current and Future SIGINT rational Sys tems ... 38 .4.4 (U) SIGINT S Parameters ...... 39
1.4.5 SIGINT Sys tem Ground rations ...... 40 1.5 (U) Measurement and Si nte ligence INT ) ..... 41 1. 6 (U) cations ...... 42 1.6.1 (U) General Communications Information ...... 42 1.6.2 (U) cation Sate ite oads ...... 43 .6.3 (U) Re ay Miss on Contra Center ...... 43
1.6.4 (U) Relay Satellites ...... 43 1.7 (U) Satellite Ground and Sys tem Vulne lities and Countermeasures ...... 45 1.8 (U) Collection Planning, , and ...... 46 1.8.1 (U) Overall ng ...... 46 1.8.2 (U) Col ction r So 46 1.8. 3 (U) Satellite Tas ...... 4 7
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1.9 (U) Mission Ground Stations (MGS ) ...... 49 1.9.1 (U) MGS and Remote Station Locat ans ...... 49 1. 10 (U) Launch Ac tivi ties ...... 55 1.10.1 (U) Pre-Launch Activit s ...... 55 1.10.2 (U) Launch cle (LV) Utilization ...... 56 1.10.3 (U) Launch Dates ...... 58 . 0.4 (U) oad rt ..... 59 1.10.5 (U) Launch ectory, , Telemetry ...... 60 1.11 (U) Devel si on ...... 62 1.11.1 (U) Relati ...... 62 1.11.2 (U) t ...... 6 .3 (U) Contract 66 1.12 (U) Product-Related Information ...... 66 1.12 .1 (U) IMINT-Re ated Products ...... 67 1.12.2 (U) SIGINT-Rel Products ...... 68 1.13 (U) Terms and Code Words ...... 69
1.14 (U) D •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 1. 14. 1 (U) Program l - General ...... 7 0 ���g� ::::::�::1::::::::l·�������-��-���-���iii�i��-�-�����1���- �� 1.14. 4 (S//'l'R//RE:Lt-
1 ...... I 76 1.14. 5 I (3//Mf?) 1 ...... 77 1.14.6 (U) I D-Related Code Words and Te1 rms ...... 79 1.15 (U) NRO Security Policy - General Administrat on ...... 81 2. (U) Exemption Category 25X2 : Reveal Information That Would Assist in the Devel or Use of Weapons of Mass Destruct 83 3. (U) 25X3 : Reveal In on That Would c terns or Activi ies ...... 8 4 . 25X4 : Reveal Information That Would Impair ication of the State of-the-Art Technology Wi Weapon System ...... 85 5 . (U) 25X5 : Reveal Actual U.S. li War Effect ...... 86 6. on 25X6 : Reveal Information That Would ously and Demonstrably r Relations between the U.S. and a Foreign Government, or Seriously and Demonstrably c es of the u. s ...... 87 8. (U) ion 25X8 : Reveal nformation That Would Seriously and y r Current National Se y Emergency ss Plans ...... 88 9. (U) ion 25X9: Violate a Statute, Treaty, or onal ...... 89
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10. (U) Other ion Factors ...... 90
10.1 (U) Names and Si s ...... 91
10.2 (U) etary Information ...... 94 10.3 (U) NRO-NASA Rel on ...... 95
10.4 (U) NSAM 156 ttee ...... 99
10.5 (U) ARGO & the Civil i ons Committee ...... 101 10.6 (U) Inte anal Traffic in Arms at ons (ITAR) ,
rt Controlled Technology and cal Data ...... 104
(U) Appendix A GRAB /POPPY Review Guide ...... 105 (U) Addendum 1: GRAB /POPPY Terms, and Codewords . 146 (U) Addendum 2: Releasable Personnel Names Ass ated th
GRAB/POPPY ...... 157 (U) B - Acknowl Names and Funct ons ...... 67 (U) C Glossary of Code Words and Terms ...... 203
(U) D - Footnoted Sources ...... 219
(U) E - WS 117L: SENTRY/ SAMOS ...... 220
(U) F ARGON , and LANYARD ...... 224
(U) G - GAMB T /HEXAGON ly ...... 231
(U) H - LL ...... 251 (U) s ...... 259 (U) 272
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(U) Preface
(U) This document represents the current icy of the National Reconnaissance Of ice (NRO) for the declass on o all 25 year-old and older NRO in on covered Execut Order (E.0.) 13526. Such declassifi cation is conducted unde r the NRO Ins on 56-2-3 n25-Year Automat c, Sys temat c and Declassifi on on 24 2014. The Director, National Re ssance Office (DNRO) has appo the Chie o the Information ew and Release (C/IRRG) in the Information Management Services Office in the Communi ons Systems Directorate (IMSO/COMM) as the NRO' s itial 25-Year Release and Denial ty. The IRRG is responsible for the review, pursuant to a varie of and sere onary release programs, of 25-year-old NRO formation for declassificat or cont ction . The need to protect sensitive space intelligence operations and lities and to establish i es for the class ficat on, declassificat , and release of related formation were reaffirmed the President in Policy, dated 28 June 2010.
(U) This and de (RRG) is a 1 document intended to achieve rit of r public access to gove rnment records as envisioned in E.O. 13526. The IRRG s policy s and necessary cl fications (as Directorates and basis, and interprets and s the RRG' s behal the DNRO . stions conce in on in s de, or about ing it, should be addressed to C/IRRG at l I (b)(3)
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(U) SECURITY NOTE : All paragraphs in this document designated REL are REL TO FVEY unless otherwise indicated .
(U) Background
il 1995, si E.O. 12958, "Classified onal Se In This order, subs ly amended on 25 March 2003, and aced E.O. 13526 on 29 December 2009, rects the automatic declassifi on and release to ic of in ion on a fie date or event dete the nal classification authori od for classifi on es i It s two s mandates : classi on only when necessary to do so, and declassi as as possible as soon as possible . The order also calls for the proper balance between the free flow of information to the ic- 25 year-old information o historical s i icance--and ct the nation' s legitimate secrets , even when they are recorded in documents of historical si ficance .
(U) The the NRO' s Cold War mission red the z covert until 1992 . Si cant amounts of the technology devel by the NRO, and the methodo logies for empl that technology, remain sensitive , even they fall wi the 25-year-old informat on declassificat framework of E.O. 13526. The need to ct sensi space lligence operations and li es was reaffirmed the President in Presidential Direct -4.
(U) The release of satellite re ssance information as described in this de is consistent sions of National Security Policy Directive (NSPD) 49 and with the Director of National ntelligence's (DNI) s respon s li to ct sources and NRO serves as the Executive for the DNI in ct the aspects o re ssance systems .
(U) This declassification guide remains ed around i e ons c classification contained in E.O. 13526 (Sec 3.3( b )). Ei of the ions apply to the o NRO records based on the NRO Files Series Exemption Plan . These ei exemptions pertain to in on that would:
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a. (U) "reveal . . . a nonhuman lligence source; or r the e feet ss o an intelligence method currently in use, available for use, or unde r development" (Exemption 1)
b. (U) "reveal format that would assist the devel or use of weapons of mass destruction" ion 2)
c. (U) "reveal on that would ir U.S. cryptologic sys tems or activities" (Exemption 3)
d. (U) "reveal format that would r the appli state-of-the-art technology within a U.S. weapon sys tem" on 4)
e. (U) "reveal formally named or numbered U.S. mi i war ans remain in effect, or operational or tactical elements of prior plan s... in such active plans" 5)
f. (U) "reveal information ... that would cause serious harm to relations between the United States and a fore gn gove rnment, to omatic es of the Uni States"
g. (U) "reveal on d seriously r current national se emergency ss plans or reveal vulnerabilities o sys tems... relat to the nat onal se ty" (Exemption 8)
h. (U) " olate a statute, treaty, or international " (Exemption 9)
(U) In ng the 2012 RRG the Interagency Securi Classification s Panel (IS CAP) a 50 year declassifi cation ion for NRO space sys tems . NRO Se Note 2013-03 (3 il 2013) subs ly rected that NRO classification blocks on de classification de sions related to spe fie NRO satellites, R&D e forts, or sys tems sitions will be marked 25Xl and will use a date 50 years from the date of the document, per the NRO Office of Se ty and lligence de to Class fied Documents:
CL BY : XXXXXX (Enter loyee CL D) DECL ON : 25Xl YYYYMMDD DRV FM : INCG, v. 1.0, 13 Feb 2012
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(U) NOTE : Non-satellite classified information will employ a three-1 classi ication block, will use a date 25 years from the date of the document :
CL BY : XXXXXX (Enter oyee CLID) DECL ON : YYYYMMDD DRV From : INCG, v. 1.0, 13 Feb 20 2
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(U) General Methodology
(U) This document establishes the criteria for determining what 25-year-old NRO informat shall be declass ed and what must remain classified. To maximize the release of in on when a document cannot be declassified in its enti , residual classi information will be redacted (rendered unreadable) so that the rest may be released. in on that falls unde r of another government agency mus be referred to, or with, that agency for a release dete on .
(U) Information is therefore recommended for one of three results : Redact , Release, or Referral to another for further review, coordination , or sposi on . The al results are below . Re ferred NRO formation 11 be redacted as necessary before le ng NRO control for action by other government agencies . Final for release of 25-year-old NRO records in any form rests th the C/IRRG .
(U) Release : All readers should note that the objective of review, per the Pres ident' s intention in E.O. 13526, is to release as much in e without s national securi ion not meet any of the E.O. 13526 ion teria for cont classification or for withhol ng otherwise authorized and warranted unde r i e law must be recommended release.
(U) Redact : Redaction involves ng still-class ed in on in order to assified and releasable. The actual me cs of redacting information will hard copy paper records or so copy zed re cific ion methodology is in ew and Redaction Procedures (RRP) (published s ly)
(U) IRRG ewers have ty to redact NRO information only unless specifically authorized othe se de or in written agreements between the NRO and other classifi on es .
(U) The basic redaction philosophy calls for redacting only in on that ifies for one of the automat c declassificat ions E.0.13526, or that is othe se covered law or nformation may not be redacted to d reve al , an i 1 act, or an
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(U) Redacted in on should be limited to the smalles amount poss le that still ly cts sensit information . Rewriting to generalize or smooth the text where on has created sj es or sentences s not tted. However, t l words, sentences, , or entire sections of a document may be redacted for the following reasons : a. (U) To easy recon s on of the deleted material, or b. (U) f the required deletion of the text or renders it me s is re as "reasonable s ility." A document may, in fact, ed in full if there is no information that is "reasonably s e" must .)
(U) In authori a tion to redact t onal
f sentences, s, or ons of a document, ewers are not to violate the of releas as much information as poss le without sing nat on al secur y.
(U) Refer : Some documents are referred to another agency for and inal release at on because they were originally created by that agency. Referral also may be red when documents ly created the NRO conta equit s of concern to another agency ( s is technically a request for on, because the other agency or es will return the document (s) to the NRO for a release decis .) In referral de sions, NRO have the authori to redact only NRO information unless spe fically zed otherwise in de or written the NRO and other classi cation s. del s s document i on referral to the extent poss e. The Review and Redaction Procedures manual ns the mechanics of processing in on that res referral .
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(U) File Series Exemptions
(U) Executive Order 13S2 6, Section 3.3(c) , zes the NRO Director to recommend certain ile series o NRO records for on from declassifi on . The series in question classified information falling one or more o ies spec f ed n Section 3.3( b) . A list of exempted Records Control Schedule (RCS) item numbers is cont in the NRO IMSO/IRRG Internal SharePoint Site . For detailed information NRO exempted file series, see the NRO File Series Exemption Plan tted by the DNRO to the Information Se ty Oversi Office (ISOO) on 7 Oct 2010, subs by the Information Securi Classifi s Panel (ISCAP) on 27 Dec 2010.
(U) Continued Exemption from Declassification
(U) All NRO documents exempted from automatic declassifi cation in full or in during the ini ial 2S-year 11 be dec lassif if they are not re-evaluated and exempted 31 December of the year in which they become SO years old. Any document (s) follow-on on wi be lly marked th the ate SOX code and assi a future date or event for declassification . See Appendix I for SO-year declassifi cation dance .
(U) The Application of 25X and SOX Exemptions:
ons may be ied to records ewed in antic c declass at 2S years ( .e., in reviews 201S, re 1971 and 199S) . Other than the SOXl-HUM and S -WMD ions, SOX s may only be ed to records automatic declassification at SO years (i.e., in conducted in 201S, for records dated between 1946 and 1970) . SOX may be appl to SO year old records and the Executive Order des for five years headroom for review. A ew of records older than SO years may now that s have been le : 2015 NRO may records older than SO years or dating before 196S AND may begin records between 196S and 1970 in the year allowed by the execut order . Records unde r 2SX will be automatically declassified on December 31 of a year that is no more than SO years from the date o of the record, unless an SOX ion is wi S 6
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(U) Exemption incorporation in classification guidance:
(U) This de allows NRO to its exemptions from declassificat into its classification gu for informat that remains n current use or reveals es or rabili es of current sys tems, as lowed s on 2.2(e) of E.O. 13526. The declassification date or event for records i as from automat c declassification at 25 years at the time of derivative classification will be no later than 50 years from the date of or o the record. As programs become el e for declassifi cation as directed by the Director of National Intelligence and the Director of the National Re ssance Office , the records associated th those programs be reviewed for declassifi on and release ess of the declassifi on ins ons marked on those records . (U) Declassification of IMINT systems- E. O. 12951:
(U) E.O. 12951 requires the DNI to conduct a peri c with the object o making lable to the publ c as much as possible, consistent with rests of national de fense and foreign policy . In accordance with E.O. 12951, the dete ion for declass cat on rests with the DNI, in consul on wi Secre of State and Secretary of Defense .
(U) Under terms of E.O. 12951, only imagery data from US space-based national lligence re ssance sys tems deemed obsolete by DNI 11 be cons red for declassi cation . sed national intelligence re ssance sys tems will, neve rtheless, not be cons idered "obsolete" they are o cont relevance to current or planned space-based national reconnaissance sys tems .
(U) D recommendat s for a dete nation of obsolescence for space-based onal lligence re ssance systems will the o the NRO . The NRO' s Office of Policy and St (OP&S ) rs the Sys tems 7
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ew (SRWG) which is of the NGA-led Historical Declassi ication Panel (HID) . The C/IRRG serves as a ect matter expert for the The SRWG s that a cular sys tem is obsolete and makes that recommendat to the HID. The HID , si by , is ded to the DNI for his concurrence .
(U) Declassi on of the sys tems themselves rests th the DNRO, in coordination and concurrence with the DNI .
(U) Declassification of SIGINT and COMM Systems:
(U) is no r like E.O. the DNI to conduct a periodic ew with the ma available to the public as much SIGINT possible, consistent with the rests of and foreign icy.
(U) Declassification of legacy SIGINT and COMM sys tems rests with the DNRO, in ion and concurrence with the DNI . S lar to the terms of E.O. 12951, legacy space-based national intelligence re ssance SIGINT and COMM sys tems will not be cons idered "obsolete" if are o cont relevance to current or planned space-based national reconnaissance sys tems .
(U) For SIGINT sys tems : DNRO has ty to dete obsolescence for space-based onal lligence ssance systems, but declassification wi l re the of NSA. The NRO' s SIGINT rectorate works with IC s to come to a de s . The ef of the nformation ew Release serves as a ect matter expert on a working group convened to dete if a legacy sys tem still on unde r E.O. 13526. The group' s on is then to DNRO des a recommendation for declassification to the
(U) For COMM sys tems : DNRO has to determine obsolescence for space-based national lligence reconnaissance COMM sys tems . The NRO' s Commun cat ons Directorate works with IC counte to come to a de The C/IRRG serves as a ect matter expert on a group convened to dete if a COMM sys tem still res protection unde r E.O. 13526. The working group' s determination is then ded to the DNRO who des a recommendation for declassificat to the DNI .
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( ) elease an e action i elines
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1. (U) Exemption Category 25Xl: Reveal Sources and Methods
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1.1 (U) General Guidance
This sect s general only. Further details and al cases may be found in the relevant spe alized section of the RRG . dance for the release and redaction of names can be found in Section 10.1 o this de .
Redact :
a. (U) Redact all Social Se ty Numbers wherever they appear . Treat DoD serial / service numbers as s al Se Numbers for s purpose .
b. (U) Redact all cable address s not if below for release .
, se , and codeword for release .
d. (U) ct all di s, and r ations for NRP codewords, etc . ess of unclassified status as stand-alone terms wherever their context reveals a s 11-classified or otherwise discloses classifi information . For example, the date and location of a Nondisclosure ( may preclude the release o such ons .
Release :
a. (U) Release Document Control Numbers :
( 1) (U) Release the BYE prefix to BYEMAN Document Accountabili Numbers (DAN ) and numbers associated th the BYE pre
(2) (U) Release BIF DANs ssage-c numbers and speci c program-re ated document control numbers/message cite numbers associated with the BYEMAN control system.
(3) (U) Re ease BYEMAN Cover Sheets and BYEMAN secur te logy, to include the word BYEMAN and its abbreviat s "BYE, " "Bravo" and references to "B" system .
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b. (U) Release Non-BYEMAN document control numbers or message cite numbers, or similar desi ass ated with officially declassified and acknowledged former BYEMAN programs ,
c. (U) Release "SPECIAL HANDLING" cave a ts that were predecessors to the BYEMAN control sys tem for prate satellite re ssance ic information .
d. (U) Release identification markings for specific copy numbe s assi to a document, i.e., "copy 4 of 10 es ."
e. (U) Release the se ty channel code words TALENT- KEYHOLE and the on "TK."
f. (U) Release the satellite product code words
RUFF DAFF ZARF
g. (U) Release references to " " mar
h. (U) Release re rences to the term, "Sensi In on" and its ation "SCI ."
i. (U) Release the l SIGINT code
ACORN CREAM FLARE KIMEO PIXIE THUMB AMBLE KRONE FROTH LARUM SABRE TRINE BASTE DAUNT GAVEL MAGIC SAPPY TWEED CANOE DENIM GLINT MORAY SAVIN ULTRA CHEER DINAR HERON PEARL SPOKE UMBRA CHUTE EIDER HYSON PINUP SPRIG USHER COPSE BOOTY IVORY PIVOT SUEDE WITCH
j. (U) Release the foll SIGINT Desi
ARCA FRONTO NECTAR SARDINE DIKTER KAMPUS PROTEIN SEABOOT DIVERS ITY KEYR UT PYLON SETTEE DRUID MUSKET RORI PA THES S
k. (U) Release the following COMINT flags :
DELTA ECI GAMMA Handle via COMINT Channels Only
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cial Intelligence (SI) Very Restricted (VRK)
1. Release the following SIGINT-related conventions : i
(1) "CONFIDENTIAL-Handle via COMINT Channels Only"
(2) ( G) "GAMMA"
( 3) "SECRET-Handle COMINT Channels Onl
( 4) (SC) "SECRET SPOKE"
( 5) "SECRET MORAY"
( 6) "TOP SECRET SPOKE"
( ) "TOP SECRET Handle via COMINT Channels only"
( 8) ( TS- TKC) "TOP SECRET-Handle via TALENT-KEYHOLE COMINT Control Systems Jointly"
(9) (TSC) "TOP SECRET UMBRA"
m. (U) Release s ion lists as long as classified or unacknowledged activities and/or personnel that might be present in such lists are redacted .
n. (U) Release ons of or references to classified records in the body of the document or as part of a b li , as long as any classified information is redacted from within the citation or reference itself.
o. (U) Release barcodes .
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(b)(3)
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1.2 (U) About the National Reconnaissance Program (NRP)
1.2.1 (U) Fact of Satellite Reconnaissance
Redact:
a. Ts// ll'Z//IFL..L Redact information that reveals: ( •
�-� CORONA, GAMB IT and HEXAGON carried color and infrared film .
•
)( 1) 0 (b (b)(3)
• in on beyond the of NRO c aperture radar (SAR) lligence collection from space, and all mention of such col le I I except information about ILL identified for Ire lease in H.
Redactor' s Note : Redactors will need to fferentiate from context between references to the Based Radar/ Radar program, generic scuss of radar andc="------� SAR (unclassified), and specific references to �______� � I -��------�---�-----! S y gene r i· c re fe rences to "space based radar" or "space radar" may refer to the USAF/NRO Radar sys tem, which was openly acknowledged as a radar sys tem with t cation, SAR, and 11 collect ilities until its 2008 cancellation . f in doubt, redactors should consul the on i Control rvisor for dance .
Release :
a. (U) Release fact of satellite connaissance for peaceful purposes, colle on and monitoring of arms control s.
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b. (U) Release fact that satellite ssance ludes a near-real-t capability and defense related information for indications and warning and the planning and conduct of military operations .
c. (U) Release fact of satellite photore the colle on of , chart for the devel obal materials to support defense and other ties, and the fact that such data is released to authorized federal agenc s. d. �elease fact of NRO radar satellite reconnaissance, including Synthetic rture Radar (SAR) , after 9 June 2008 but no "facts about" the activity or acknowledgement of NRO satellite radar reconnaissance prior to that date other than Quill as a 196 4 radar imaging experiment (See gu in H) This guidance does not y to the former devel Based Radar/ Radar sys tem, cancelled in 2008, which s largely unclassified and releasable .
e. (U) Release fie and ronment and data on natural or human be collected satellite ssance asse to zed federal es . (See i ons section 10.5)
f. (U) Release fact that photoreconnaissance assets can be used to the United States and its terri es and possess s.
g. (U) Release fact that the U.S. conducts satellite collect of s ls lligence (SIGINT) , to lude the SIGINT component disciplines of communications intelligence (COMINT) , elect lligence (ELINT) , and fore gn strumentation s ls (FISINT) .
h. (U) Release fact that U.S./NRO sys tems perform overhead measurement and s lligence INT) collection (see section 1.5) .
i. (U) Release general facts offi al sclosure of the U.S. satellite re ssance program in the summer of 1962 to all NATO of government, Foreign Ministers, and Permanent sentatives to the North Atlantic Council .
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j. (U) Release fact of and generic information about the NRO assoc ion with tactical re ssance and the Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) program wi the of Defense .
k. (U) Release fact of intelligence rel with es (UK, Canada , and New ry
l. (U) Release Fact that NRO systems oy real-t command and control telemetry.
1.2.2 (U) National Reconnaissance Program Information
Release :
a. (U) Release fact of the NRP and NRO .
b. (U) Release fact of Intell Community ic ion in the NRO .
c. (U) Release fact that the NRO is an agency of the of Defense (DOD) , and that the Secre o Defense (SECDEF) has respons li exercised in concert the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) , for is and operation .
d. (U) Release fact that the NRO executes programs the CIA and DOD .
e. (U) Release the foll "facts about" DNI NRP respons ilit s:
( 1) (U) Establishes NRP collect s and requirements for the s NRP sate ites and the r coverage ,
( 2) (U) Establishes the NRP t with the Se of Defense (SECDE F) ,
(3) (U) s securi policy gu for the NRP,
( 4) s in rmulat of NRP
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f. (U) Release fact that the NRP is a of the National Fore Intelligence ional Intell (NFIP/N IP) .
g. (U) Release only those program ss numbers associated with the declassified sys tems (see se on 1.3. 2) .
h. (U) Release fact of and general information about the the Inte (ICPC) . s sm to US Government response to to satellite or r cle overfl of denied terri
1.2.3 (U) Organizational Relationships
(U) This se on s on and release s for legacy zations within the NRO , C and of Defense : Secretary o the Air Force Sys tems (SAF/SS); Secre of the Air Force cial ects (SAF/SP) A; CIA Offic e of Enginee and Devel (OD&E) B; Naval Research Lab and elements o Security C); Defense ssance (DRSP) and its Defense ect Office (DSPO) . dance for NRP Aircraft Reconnaissance July 1974 ( D) can be found in section 1.14.
1.2.3. 1. (U) SAF/SS
Redact:
a. -r"S'i'-f':rtt-f-1.�!:.L..L Redact details concerning the association = of the NRO he t, Se of the Air Force )( 1) Sys tems (SAF/SS) th the NRO . One spe (b example is the (b)(3) organizat \------�� Thus, and any information or
'----o--��----� f ic dual was the NRO to REDACTOR NOTE : The fact er is otherwise releasable .
b. (S//IK//REL) Redact details conce SAF/SS or above support provided to personnel at NRO miss on ground stations, ce government and 8
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c. (U) Redact all references to office des ions in SAF/SS in the that are not identified in Release below .
d. (U) Redact references to 4C1000 and SOC where lin between special programs and the NRO remains classified.
Release :
a. (U) Release fact of the creation of the Office of Missile and Satellite Sys tems (SAF S) r 1960 unde r di on of Air Force Underse Fact that SAF/MSS became the National Re ssance Office (NRO ) in r 1961, with its named to SAF/SS.
b. (U) Release fact that the i ation o st 1965, of and the DCI . This is releasable .
c. (U) Release NRO is y governed DoD re ct No . 5105.23 dated June 28 2011.
d. (U) Release fact that the early NRO satellite ssance A, B, and C were ass ated with the Air Force, C and Navy, respect ly. Also the fact that A was associated with hi resolution and SIGINT satellite devel B was ass ated with (to elect ical) and SIGINT satellite devel and C was associated with SIGINT satellite devel opment . 62
e. (U) Release fact that early 1964 an NRO Execut ttee was established and its members consisted of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) McCone, y Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) Carter, of Defense (DEPSECDEF) Vance, Office of the Secre of Defense/ Director, Defense Research and (OSD/DDR&E) , and Director NRO (DNRO)
f. (U) Release in on SAF/SS . From 1961 to il 1995, SAF/SS was the unclassified for the sory element o the NRO that performed sta ons Director and Director . The 1 9
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( 1) (U) Re lease fact that personnel ass to SAFI SS and SAF/MSS to the Se Under Secretary and Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( ) on rcraft and space reconnaissance matters .
(2) (U) Re lease names of all past SAF/SS and s Staff rectors .
( 3) (U) Re lease genera assoc of with SAF/SS declassif NRO programs .
( 4) (U) Release general desc ion of SS operations and s functions if not assoc with current y c NRO
(5) (U) Release SAF/SS office des re t tles only for SS-1 P&B, L&A, S&T, & t, Policy & Security, Li son & Administration, Systems & Technology, DD for Systems, DD for R&D, DD for & ysis, Assistant r Se TENCAP, all of them located he rters .
( 6) (U) Re lease fact of the SAFI SS role as Secretar for the I l Cont Plann Committee (ICPC) . Release fact of and general rmat about the DNRO role in r the ICPC . Release fact that s body served as a mechanism to insure a fully coordinated US Government response to cont s relat to satellite or air of den territory.
( ) (U) Release locat of SAF/SS in the
(8) (U) Release fact o the Satell te rat Center (SOC) located rmation s col ct Board (USIE) /tasking the satell te
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g. (U) Release the stence o a posit titled "NRO Comptroller, " ect to the guidance in Redact A, above .
1.2.3.2. (U) SAF/SP (Program A)
Redact:
a. (U) Redact any references , functions, missions, and locations of the ous offic e s o the Secretary of the r Force cial ects ( SP) des SP-8 and higher . )( 1) b. (S// TR//R�Lt Redact anv references to � _ (b in conne c tio_n __w_ i_t_h_ _t_h _e_N_R_P ------(b)(3) or NRO . I
Release :
a. (U) Release general information the fact that SAF/SP was the overt o ice desi A and was based in Los Angeles, CA . Fact i s Director overtly y Commande r of the Air Force Ballis ic Missile i s successor zat ons . Release fact SAF/SP l ons included Los les Air ), CA (later named Los les Air Force Base le AFS (later named Onizuka AFB) , Washington, D.C., Vandenberg AFB, CA, and Canaveral Air S on, FL . SAF/SP offices desi SP-6, along th the office titles, can be released unless such sclosure would reveal information classified operations and technol es .
b. (U) Release SAF/SP office desi SP-7, along with the office tles, when ass ated with the GAMB IT and HEXAGON programs unless such sclosure would reveal formation classified operations and technol
Release
a. (U) Release CIA/Office of Devel and (OD&E) , ously the Office of al Activities o the Directorate o S ence and Technology
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(DS&T) , was the overt office desi for B, and was located in the Wa , D.C. area .
1.2.3. 4. (U) Navy (Program C)
Release
a. (U) Release fact that Program C was located in the Wa , D.C. area and elements of the Naval and the Nava l Se ty
d. (U) Release historica relation s between the NRO and SPAWAR 40, NAVSECGRUCOM .
1.2.3.5. (U) Defense Recon Support Program (DRSP/DSRP)
Redact:
a. (U) Redact all information assoc cal ligence and Rel es (TIARA ) line the DRSP what is now the Defense Reconnaissance
b. about the methods, sys tems and equ (tas , etc.) in providing overhead intelligence in support of tactical forces .
Release :
a. (U) Release the fact that the Se o Defense established the DRSP (renamed DSRP 1994) on 14 May 1980 to provide space reconnaissance products to tactical combat forces in respon se to President Carter' s NSC/PD-37, Na onal ce Policy (1978) .
b. (U) Release the fact that the cal oitation of National ilities (TENCAP) program and that it was funded s y a defense t not the NRP .
c. (U) Release the fact that the defense es ished Defense ect Office (DSPO) on 16 November 1981 to manage and of the DRSP/DSRP .
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d. (U) Release the fact that the defense established the Airborne Reconnaissance November 1987 in response to Congressional pressure, to include all U.S. rborne ssance platforms funded wi the GDIP, and ass of it to the DSPO .
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1.3 (U) Satellite Imagery (!MINT) Systems
1.3. 1 (U) Imagery System Information
Redact:
a. (:3//R� Redact any formation eating or the following: (outside of associ on with declassified sys tems).
( 2) (SI' I' �:3; I I REL I 1 ------'I -_ __�______�-__- � �· �· irnagi ng ope rat i ons . I�------�����1 (3) -tf�:3�/�/�R�E�L�)�Im aging operations
b. (S/ /RJ!:L) Redact all information on performance for classified sys tems . This s parameters ( e, l es and distance to number of square miles per mission/annually, or the cloud-free ry ), response to i achieved. )( 1) (b c. (U) Redact all in scloses IMINT (b)(3) satellite vehicle anned/ on- s or pl dates of Initial Operational li y (IOC) and Full l Capability (FOC) on class sys tems .
d. (S//'fl':://REL)
e. (:'5//'fr
on num ers associa e
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f. (U) Redact the KH-12 or the KH- 3 system desi when erroneously assoc ated with a sti l c ass ed NRO program. The KH designators were dis continued after KH- 11.
Release :
a. (U) Release fact of and l ted format about electro-optical imaging (EO I) . (See 1.3.2)
b. (U) Release the fact that NRO spacecraft oy control moment gyroscopes it is not ass ated with a fie cle or program .
c. (U) Release fact of NRO radar satellite re ssance, i use of SAR, a r 9 June 2008 edge 11 as a 1964 radar expe per dance conce that sys tem in H.
d. (U) Release KH-11 system des for the first EOI satellite, in isolation or related in a general way with intelligence activities, without reference to fie intelligence ions, zations, or related national securi matters.
e. (U) Release fact that the KH-11 EOI satellite was first launched on 19 December 1976 and that Pres dent Gerald Ford declared it operational on 20 1977 .
f. (U) Release fact of research and devel in Fusion Techniques.
g. (U) Release general IMINT program acquisit management plans and schedules for commercial off-the shelf sub- sys tems without program assoc on .
h. (U) Release fact that IMINT sys tems use non-specified relay satellites for data return .
(U) Release fact that data return is near-real- i. Note that exact response s are classi ed S/TK//NF.
j. (U) Release line, non-scale silhouette of IMINT satellite vehicles (SV) without antenna size and location or r detail .
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k. (U) Release devel documentation and usage documentation o program star catalogs .
1. (U) Release number of stars used to create catalogs and source catalogs .
m. (U) Release on rel to how star catalogs are applied.
n. (U) Release posi on accuracy of the stars in a star catalog .
o. (U) Release fact that the IMINT program uses a particular star catalog .
p. (S//'f'IE//REL) Release name "De se or "DMA" when related to satellite reconnaissance or IMINT (b)(1) 1n�r�o�a�r�a�m�s�h�u�t�n�o�t�t�o�l���1--��-(b)(3)
q. Release data content o the raw c Mission Trac (SMTP) collection .
r. (U) Release pe formance characte of the sy &G) mission via DMA , i.e., stereo , 1 error, rcular error .
s. (U) Release fact of the Southwest Geodetic Control Network (SWGCN) and its characteristics .
t. (U) Release utilization of the SWGCN to veri MC&G performance on IMINT systems .
u. (U) Release title, "Metric Assessment Program" (MAP) .
(U) Release the best- resolut of any v. sys tem as be nbetter than" 2 feet. The si e the ected one-foot resolution ass ated with P- camera expe flown on CORONA mission 9056 in late June 1963 . Information rel to s expe and its resolution is releasable .
w. (U) Release references to the NRO' s role in es i the rements ini and first ope onal ar orbiting meteorol cal satellite program . Other NRO-related facts about this program and on to reconnaissance satellites, as 6
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x. (U) Release KH-12 & KH-13 sys tem desi s, were not used officially and are unclassi ed when not associated with any NRO program de ls. The KH desi were s afte KH-11.
Refer :
a. (U) Refer to National Geo ial-Intelligence , formerly the ry and ing (NIMA) : all Defense r hardware ) and software modules, on algorithms not related to NRO IMINT sys tems ties, and overhead ry not al eased in CAL and KH-7, KH-8, KH-9
1.3.2 (U) Non-Operational IMINT Systems
(U) NRO has declassified most of the in ion on SENTRY/ SAMOS IMINT sys tems (see the CORONA, ARGON , and LANYARD (CAL) IMINT sys tems F) , the x GAMB IT IMINT sys tems (see G) ,and limi information about the ILL All other IMINT sys tems remain classi ied.
Redact:
a. (S//IK//R�L) Redact all information concerning non- onal IMINT programs that classi ed. This ludes the IMINT terms and code words listed below . Should a redactor encounter a term or code word that may still be classified but is not on s list, consult the on lity Control sor for guidance . )( 1) (b (b)(3)
KENNEN (Early name of Program B' s EOI satellite sys tem, later called KPO KENNEN Project Office
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STOPPER satel ites) (Vulnerabili on reconnaissance (b)(1) (b)(3)
ZAMAN (Early name for B' s KENNEN EOI satellite sys ZOSTER ( B pre-ZAMAN s of EOI)
b. ('I'S/ /HU/NFt- Redact fact of and all references to I c. (3//R'.!!:L) Reda ct all references to the KENNEN program except for the limited in on on the KH-11 desi at the ous "Release" (see a. unde r . 3. . ) Other ons are the l ted formation desi for release below and in other s of this document as follows :
(1) (U) 1.3.5, IMINT terns Ground rations
(2) (U) Pa 1.6.4, Re Satellites
(3) (U) 1.10.3, Launch Dates
(4) (U) 1.11.1, and isit
(5) (U -&) B, Releasable Names
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d. SI TRI /l'ZEh-:) Redact the non-operational IMINT mission numbe s list( ed/ below :
)( 1) (b (b)(3)
e. dance for KH-7 GAMB IT, KH-8 GAMBIT-3, HIGHERBOY, HELIX, and KH-9 HEXAGON see G.
Release :
a. (U)Release non-operational IMINT mission numbers listed below can be released as a mission group (all fli s) and dually, associated with mission dates and operations :
1000 CORONA (KH- 63 69) 1100 CORONA (KH4-B, Dec 67 - 72) 1200 HEXAGON (KH-9, Jun 71 - 8 6) 2355 ILL (Dec 1964) 4000 GAMB IT (KH-7, Jul 63 - Jun 67) 4300 GAMB IT-3 (KH-8, Jul 66 - 84) 9000 CORONA (KH-1 KH- 4, Feb 59 Dec 63) 8000 LANYARD (KH-6, Mar 63 - Jul 63) 9000A ARGON (KH-5, Feb 61 - 64)
b. (U) Release facts about the S-2 program, a devel effort sponsored A (SAF/SP) in the early to mid-1960s as a foll ow-on to the CORONA sate lite system which con tr to deve of the HEXAGON sys tem (See G.)
c. (U) Release the fact of -coupled ce (CCD) array technology used in the E.O. satellite .
d. (U) Release the ass ation of A and B with devel of the GAME T and HEXAGON sys tems .
e. Release the fact that NRO resolution satellite oads have a s ing li
f. (U) Release gu for KH- GAMBIT, KH-8 GAMBIT-3, HIGHERBOY, FULCRUM/HELIX, and KH-9 HEXAGON can be found in G. 9
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g. (U) Release general informat concerning the foll owing LANYARD roll joint lities .
( 1) (U) Roll ished three , and 30°, offe + t of 92 naut les.
( 2) (U) A response t of 30 seconds was required roll from one 30 extreme to the other. y 3 seconds were required for ro
(3) (U) The ro jo was of 200 maneuvers per mission.
g. (U) Release the fact that NRO spacecraft employ control moment gyroscopes ded there is no ass on of CMGs wi fie vehicles or programs .
h. (U) Release the fact ILL as an exper 1 radar r flown in 1964. See H for further re
i. (U) Release the fol facts and about 10:
Release that DORIAN and KH-10 were the classi for the equipment ), also referred
(2) (U) Release that, after DORIAN' s cancellat ect COLT six 72" i blanks use in the Institution/University of Arizona' s Multi Mirror Telescope .
(3) (U) Release that the 72" blanks, manufactured by , were constructed o borosil to
( 4) (U) Release that the 72" blanks were as ated with imagery collection .
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(5) (U) Release that the proposed DORIAN miss also SIGINT coll ection .
(6) (U) Release that a single, unmanned launch the feas lity of the -B heat made DORIAN possible, and that the program was subs cancelled and never flew .
(7) (U) Release programmatic facts about DORIAN, to al ly shed about the MOL l , and the names of personnel, but l t s the 'fact of' IMINT and
or of Arizona .
( 9) (U) Release in with KH- 0/DORIAN the names o NRO personnel for release .
( 10) ( S//'f!C/REL) All other ls classi to ude the fact o , and facts about, DORIA )( 1) (b (b)(3) 1.3.3 (U) Current and Future IMINT Operational Systems
Redact:
(8//'f'IE//REL) Redact all in on conce current and future IMINT sys tems that mi be reflected in year-old records .
)( 1) (b (b)(3)
Release : 3
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(U) None . No information about these IMINT sys tems has been declassified.
1.3.4 (U) Meteorological Forecasting
Redact:
(U) Reda ct ng of the low altitude polar meteorol cal satellite ( 35, 417, etc.) while a of the NRP before 1966, and to the amount of (percent of) cloud free that the mili weather satellites allowed and to permit.
Release:
a. (U) Release all in the NRO's e in early-1960s initiating and devel what became the Defense Meteoro cal Satellite (DMSP) to support satell te operations . General release in ion includes ous program desi DMSP devel and operation (e.g., 698BH) .
b. (U) Release all information found in A Hi story of the Mi li Polar Orbi ting Me teorol cal Sa tellit e by R. Cargill Hall. This history, reflecting the dance in release (a) , above, is unclassified and for public release. I ludes TIROS and other programs related to DMSP.
c. (U) Release the fact that the foll es (and to de ) meteorol forecast data and atmospheric point analyses to IMINT
( 1) (U) USAF
(2) (U) USAF Air Weather Service
(3) (U) USAF Globa Weathe r Central
( 4) (U) USAF Environmental Technical ications Center
(5) (U) USAF Forecast Center
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1.3.5 (U) !MINT System Ground Operations
Redact:
a. (3//'f'IE//REL) Redact an information indi or sugges the presence of a
al c Process Facility Massachusetts .
b. (3//'f'H/ /REL) Reda ct information that refers to the AFSPPF process of color film after the te on of the )( 1) CORONA in 1972 . (b (b)(3) c. lS// IK//KEL) Reda ct any information i or suggesting that the Air Force Satellite Control Network's Satellite Test Center (STC) I�������������������� -----j
d. (S// Il'(//KEL) :Reda ct - Although the acron ms and names of the mission stations
e. (�//'f'K//Ri'.I ) In tion to guidance above the IMINT mission ons, redact any in cat or implying specific locat of these ,-----c���������������������- s tatio ns (e.g.
£. (U) Reda ct all other formation not cited below for release .
Release :
a. (U) Without reveal its actual l on, release the fact that the station for the electro- ical satellite sys tem is located in the continental U.S.
b. (U) Release the term "Area 58" or "A-58" when limited to the context o a very general ass ation with the NRO , i ligence activities, ry intelligence, or satellite 33
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c. (U) Release the AFSPPF as of NRO A. Located at Wes tover AFB, Massachusetts, it has been acknowl (b)(1) a s a s i te fo r pro ce s s i ng CAL program f . lm _�-�___�_ ��______�_��__��_�___�__i___.�������������(b)(3) Rochester, NY, l it was closed in 1974 7 5.)
d. (U) Release the fact that the 544 Reconnaissance Technical Wing at rs S c Air Command processed some of the film from NRO satellites after the closure o the AFSPPF in 1974 75.
e. (U) Release ons of film process and of film process ems , provided that s information does not sclose classified facts about the satellite sys tems .
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1.4 (U) Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Systems
1.4.1 (U) Signals Intelligence System Information
(U) Three NRO SIGINT satellite sys tems have been declassified to a limited : the GRAB /POPPY programs (see Appendix A) and the WS-117L SENTRY/ SAMOS program (see E) . All other NRO SIGINT sys tems n classified. Selected general facts about the sys tems that have been declassified appear be ow unde r "Release ."
Redact:
(S// IK//!\ELl- Redact all information about R&D, ope onal and non-ope onal NRO SIGINT collection and process programs, with the of the three programs noted above and the in ted below for release. nformation to be redacted which a system to technolo and o erations
program names and mission numbers, dates, contractors, funding, facili locations, and satellite vulne l ties sus li to on, and countermeasures . I also s in on LEO HEO and GEO )( 1) (b (b)(3)
(S// IK//REL)-Redact reference and de ls to 1,------�ISee 1.4. 3 for further de tails .
Release :
a. (U) Release fact of satellite SIGINT collection ility.
b. (U) Release fact of satellite COMINT collection ility.
c. (U) Release fact of satellite EL INT col le on ility.
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d. (U) Release fact of satellite FISINT collection capabili
e. (U) Release generic references to U.S. government SIGINT relation s th unspecified foreign gove rnments .
f. fact that SIGINT satellites re ct ility for elect earth .
g. (U) Release NSA as the RANGER SPO .
h. (U) Release fact that NRO SIGINT satellites operate in LEO, HEO, and GEO orbi ts .
i. (U) Release NRP SIGINT satellites military Combat Search and Rescue ( operations . All facts about CSAR remain classified.
j . (U) Release fact that SIGINT ing NRP space sys tems is conducted in near real t
k. (U) Release the following facts NRO SIGINT satellite sys tems .
( 1) of on-o t process of s ls.
(2) (U) Featured str ampli rs and pulse s 1 processors .
( 3) (U) Deve a fe, mul t -purpose SIGIN T satellite system the 1960s that to be the mode l for follow on systems .
(4) (U) Deve satellite constellat s for broader coverage .
1. (U) Release the following "facts about" SIGINT Ground Data Processing .
( 1) (U) Data collected SIGINT satell de red to the Nat Se r process
( 2) (U) The s c Air Command (SAC ) rece icates of ELINT a processed them 36
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ily for ELINT Order of Battle analysis of cance to the S I Operations (SIOP) .
(3) (U) All format conta the NRO GRAB history brochure ished in June 1998. See A, GRAB/POPPY , for more specific on these two programs .
1.4.2 (U) Non-Operational SIGINT Systems
(U) See on SENTRY/ SAMOS SIGINT POPPY S GINT information .
Redact:
a. lS//YK//REL� Redact all in on, words themselve s, concerning non-operational SIG INT programs and missions that remain classi ied. This s but s not limi to those programs and missions lis below . Should a redactor encounter a term or code word that may still be but is not on s list, consul the Redact on supervisor dance .
GRAPE JUICE P-1 VAMP AN HARVESTER SAMPAN WILD BILL HAYLOFT SAVANT ARROYO SETTER BIRD DOG SLEW-TO BIT IX PLYMOUTH ROCK SOCTOP = Proj ect 698BK SOUSEA CARRIE LAMPAN SQUARE 20 LIEGE Proj ect 770 STRAWMAN CONVOY LONG JOHN THRESHER DONKEY LORRI Proj ect 989 IVOLI All redactions this page : PUNDIT TOP HAT (b) (1) and (b) (3) . RAQUEL TOP SOC FACADE HAMPSHIRE TRIPOS FAN ION NEW JERSEY NOAH 'S ARK
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b. (U) Redact any other SIGINT program and code words not cated unde r Release, below .
c. _lS //TK//Rf:L)-Reda ct all information indi or 1 a fact of context that any SIGINT or lity detection pi oads were ed on CAL missions .
Release :
(U) Release fact of and general information about the GRAB and POPPY ELINT satellite ects (see A) .
(U) Release fact of and general in the SENTRY/ SAMOS ELINT satellite ect (see
1.4.3 (U) Current and Future SIGINT Operational Systems
Redact:
a. \S I I IK//REb-) ct all in on conce followina current and future SIGINT svstems .
)( 1) (b (b)(3)
j(
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)( 1) (b (b)(3)
Release:
(U) None . No in on about these SIGINT sys tems has been declassified.
1.4.4 (U) SIGINT Signal Parameters
Redact:
(U) Redact all information on SIGINT collection, ink, and downlink parameters the very limited releasable in on GRAB , POPPY , and SAMOS Ferret oads . (See ces A & E)
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1.4.5 SIGINT System Ground Operations
Redact:
(U) Redact all on on ope ons and remote tracking stations except for the limited information approved for release in the GRAB /POPPY and SAMOS s: A and E, respect ly.
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1.5 (U) Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)
(U) No MAS INT programs have been declass ed. Only a limited amount of general information about MAS INT has been declassified, as specified below unde r "Release."
(U) MASINT is the discipline harnessing technically-de rived intelligence, SIGINT or IMINT, to detect and classi s or s s .
Redact:
(U) Redact all information about R&D, operational and non ope onal NRO MASINT colle on and process , with only a few ions, as i cated below . Information to be redacted ludes sys tem descr ons, technology, ili es and ons, program names and numbers, dates, contractors, funding, lity locat s, and satellite vulne lities, ng sus li , de on, and i countermeasures .
Release:
a. (U) Release fact that NRO sys tems perform MASINT collect
b. (U) Release general information the fact that the NRO is associated with MAS INT in an R&D connotat on .
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1.6 (U) Communications
1.6.1 (U) General Communications Information
(U) No dedicated NRO communication programs have been declassified. Communi ons information related to CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD programs (see F) , the GRAB and POPPY SIGINT satellite programs (see A) , and the WS 117L: SENTRY/ SAMOS program (see has been declass fied and is descr dance for those programs . General information about NRO communication programs has been declassified and is releasable, as cated unde r "Release" below and the remainder of Section 1.6.
Redact:
(S/ / IK//REL) ----Redact all in about R&D, ope onal and non-operational NRO communi ons programs , subsystems, and tectures, with the ion of the information ted in the s noted above and the general in ted for release below in se ons 1.6.2 h 1.6.4. redacted s all references to )( 1) (b (b)(3) All sys tem and architecture descriptions, any ment on of: I es, technology, capabilities, or operations . I Also, redact all references to program names and numbers, ldate s, contractors, funding, organiI zation , and lity l ons, and sys tem vulne li ies, sus ility to countermeasures .
Release :
a. (U) Release Link Sys tem command and telemetry (SGLS CMD/TLM) es when ass ated with Air Force Satellite CN) Inter rational Numbe (IRON) .
b. (U) Release fact of NRO link with the Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS) .
c. (U) Release fact of space-to-space lasercom tests and usage . 4
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1.6.2 (U) Communication Satellite Payloads
Redact:
(U) Redact all on for the 1 ted release authority concerning the NRO relay satellite (see section 1. 6. 4) .
1.6.3 (U) Relay Backup Mission Control Center
Redact:
(U) Redact all references to the bac mission control center the relay satellites . Sensi on includes, but is not limited to, the term Relay Satellite rations Center (BRSO) when assoc with a spe on; operational reason (s) ion ; and det ls of transfer t 1 s and functions to the backup li
1.6.4 (U) Relay Satellites
Redact: )( 1) (S//TK//KEL� Redact all in on about (b (b)(3) or about NRO relay satellites not indicated �- � -�-- --� be-l�ow�f�or re�l ea se . This includes but is not limited to: des ian data, fact that the ��������������������������� satl ellite program, general lities or the bands used, number o sate
Also redact any information the----�
(Note : On 23 Decembe 2004 the NRO acknowl "the fact of a SDS sate ite" without ifying any functions that it performed on orbit. Releasable information, below, s limited sclosure of SDS funct s.)
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Release :
a. (U) Release the fact that the NRO sponsors a relay satellite program .
b. ("5//'f'I(//REL) Without disclosing program names )( 1) re ease the fact that a relay satellite was deve (b at s in the 1970s to operate th the rst near real (b)(3) E.O. imaging satellite .
c. (U) Release fact that the relay satellite operated in a t than the E.O. ng satellite, thus ods of j vis lity over the USSR and the al U.S.
d. (U) Release the relay satellite oned perfectly the first time it operated in unction with the ng satellite in 1976, at a data rate ent to 100 di TV channels .
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1.7 (U) Satellite Ground and Space System Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures
Redact:
a. (U) Redact all in fies fi e threats to and vulnerabili and space sys tems, de ion and denial countermeasures to which space sys tems are sus e or that they may and defens countermeasures taken to minimi e damage or s on to and space sys tems , or reduce susceptibility to deception and den 1. (Note : noefens countermeasures" are some s termed measures for n ility." For guidance on re aircraft countermeasures, see Section 1.14.5)
b . ]S/ / IK//REL� Redact all references to satellite )( 1) I (b Release : (b)(3)
a. (U) Release c fact that satellite and space sys tems are vulnerable to attack, but without spe program i fi , sys tem node or t ons, or countermeasures in ace to mi
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1.8 (U) Collection Planning , Targeting , and Support
(U) Only a few specified facts about collect on plann ng and in the CAL, GAMB IT, GAMBIT-3, HEXAGON, LL, and GRAB programs have been released. Information conce other NRO operational and non-operational programs class ed.
1.8.1 (U) Overall Targeting Strategy
Redact:
(U) Redact in on that refe s to the methods used to i , select , pr itize, and process t sites for NRO overhead re ssance sys tems . This includes but is not limited to the content of onal and miss on-spe c data (b)(1) bases; software and documentation or special collection �----(b)(3) arameters that reveal s e NRO to law enforcement, counternarcotics, and counterte rrorism.
Release :
a. (U) Release generic satellite re ssance stem from a systematic process wi the Communi that plans collection t des rest.
b. (U) Release fact o NRO support to law enforcement, counternarcotics, and counterte rrorism.
c. (U) Release fact that NRO satellites can collect s entific and environmental data as well as data on natural and man-made sasters, and that such data can be shed to authorized federal es .
d. (U) Release total number of col le on t s for a declassif IMINT sys ssion, or bucket, and tabulat ts broad cal area, where se will not be revealed.
1.8.2 (U) Ground Collection Planning and Computer Software
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Redact:
(U) Redact information about NRO ground collection anning but not limited to r software spe fications, ithms , and documentat process programs; and requirements databases; and schedules, contracts, and costs for the devel and ementation o col ect on plann es .
Release :
(U) Release fact that the ttee ry rements on [COMIREX] Automated Sys tems (CAMS ) to current Requirements System (RMS) ] was to tas of IMINT programs without reference to onal sys tem mission numbers .
1.8.3 (U) Satellite Tasking
Redact:
(U) Redact in on of NRO satellites but not limited to rides when assoc with speci ic t in on or or to target areas when associated with operational sys tems ; ting accuracy; real ope ons pl li including tas of spacecraft; and the general response t to tas
Release :
a. (U) Release generic references to the fact that collection ions re ssance satell tes result from s tran tted from the to the satellite in
b. (U) Release identification of the following r programs relating to CORONA satel ite ope ons : (Unclassified in CORONA context only.)
( 1) (U) CORONA camera operat s on forecasts and on ays of operat l information and accompl shments .
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(2) (U) CALICO : dete camera operat and splayed operational information .
(3) (U) CACTUS : listed target locat s for
(4) (U) COMET : dete t select 0
(5) (U) LETHAL : program for automatic command and control o the satell te .
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redactions this page : (b) (1) and (b) (3) . Al l 1.9 (U) Mission Ground Stations (MGS)
(U) Much o the in about NRP miss on remains classified. This includes their ons performed, connectivity, etc . A few general facts about them have been declassi , as indicated below unde r nRelease."
(S// TK/ /REL) As o October 2008 the location o NRO miss stat s the Continental ted States, renamed Aerospace Data and the fact of an NRO presence at the )( 1) (b (b)(3)
Note : The names and acronyms of NRO ssion are not classified uniformly .
•
declassified specifically in association with GRAB /POPPY (See A) The pre-15 October 2008 names and acronyms of two • �---- mission ground stations are unclassified as long as they are not ass ated with a spe fie c location , an 11 organization, or a satellite sys ss on number . These are : o Consolidated Wa Mission Ground Station (CWMGS) and o Consol idated Southwest Mission Ground Station (CSWMGS) .
•
1.9.1 (U) MGS and Remote Tracking Station Locations
Redact:
a. , sugges , or
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(1) IS//'l'K/ /Pt!S't ) I
( 4) I --.;· I I
(5) (S//I�;'/REL)-
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- � - , ( 6) (;;)/ / l_l\.j (L .LT I
- ( 7) (SI 11' .LI l'll\.l I
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redactions Al l this page : (b) ( 1) and (10) (S//'l'K//rtEh) (b) (3) .
b. Ts/ /IK//KE� ) Aside from the s ecific release t below,
( 1)
c. (U) Redact informat about NRO S GINT and IMINT MGS ans/operations including but not limited to des ons of general functions performed; identification/identity of station personnel; descr on or details of spe fie ons per at any of se MGS poss e lity or ility issues; design and performance characteristics o ground s s at these stat ons; and MGS antenna l ons .
d. (U) Reda ct all other in on not cited below for release.
Release :
a. (U) Release fact that the Woomera Satellite Station Australia was used to DISCOVERER (CORONA) (at least for 1101 1) .
b. (U) Release fact that the following remote t stations (RTS) supported DISCOVERER (CORONA) and/or SAMOS ssance satellite programs, and any of these locat ons' for the GAMBIT/HEXAGON ly of sys tems .
o Annette Island, Alaska o Fort Greeley (aka Donnelly Flats), Alaska o Fort Stevens, o Kaena i o ak (aka Chiniak) , Alaska o New Boston, New re o Ottumwa, Iowa o Palo Alto, Californ , California 0 AFB, i a 0 52 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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o Christmas Island o Guam
c. (U) Release term, "MGS" or "Mission Ground Station" thout reference to programs/systems or a spe c cal location .
d. Release generic references to NRO ssion Ground Stations located in the nwashington Area" OR the nsouthwestern ted States" or to 15 October 2008. ------�------�--- 1 (b)(1 ) (b)(3)
e. (U) Release the fact that SAF /SP was the overt office for NRO A and was based in Los les, CA . edged SAF/SP locations Los les Air Force Station ), CA (later named les Air Force Base [AFB] ), le AFS (later named Onizuka AFB) , CA, D.C., rg AFB, CA, and Canaveral AFS, FL .
(U) Release the fact o Aerospace Data Facilit s East, Colorado, and Southwest , ADF-C, ADF-SW) as NRO Mission Ground Stations and their mission as mul i-mission stations respons for worldwide defense operat ons -agency le on, analysis, , and ss ion of intelligence information, data to defense, 11 , and civil es the U.S. gove rnment after October 15, 2008. Also release the locations of ADF-E (Fort Belvoir, VA ) , ADF-C (Buckley AFB, CO) , and ADF-SW ( te Sands ssile Test ) . See NRO MGS Declassi cation de ls.
g. (U) Release the fact of an NRO presence at the Defence li Pine (JDFPG) and Royal Air Force Menwith Hill Station ) on and after 15 October 2008. See NRO MGS Declassificat Guide for t de ls.
h. (U) Release the fact that NGA and NSA are present at ADF-E, ADF-C, ADF-SW, MHS , and JDFPG, and that the CIA is present at ADF-E . See NRO MGS Declassification de for onal de ls.
(U) Release the fact that the NRO s the joint i. missions at JDFPG MHS sion of technical sys tems and shared research and devel The NRO ic s with the consent o the Host gove rnments and
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j. (U) Release AFSCN ons in ass on with declassif NRO programs general ass ation th AFSCN to NRO .
k. (U) Release the fact that AFSCN is respons e for providing tracking , telemetry, command and control support ons for satellite ope ons .
1. (U) Release the fact that the AFSCN s the NRO .
m. (U) Release the locations of all current and previous AFSCN stations, to
Station sign Station
n. (U) Release Office (SPO) des ion MCS (Mission Control
o. (U) Release information MGS of a or mission- for e ons, counte cs, GWOT- consistent wi classification of the operation in question . If the reveals a speci ic o 11 l ty (SIGINT , IMINT , e c.), that remains classified S//TK//REL FVEY in the absence of other, spe fie zation .
Refer :
(U) Refer all format des details of r Force Satellite Control Network of the NRO to Air Force Command PC) .
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1.10 (U) Launch Activities
1.10.1 (U) Pre-Launch Activities
(U) Al a great deal of launch-related information about ous NRO programs (CAL, DMSP, GRAB , POPPY , STEX, GeoLITE, GAMB IT, GAMBIT-3, HEXAGON, QUILL, and SENTRY/ SAMOS) has been declassified and released, the NRO continues to classi in on that connects spe fie NRO sate l te programs to specific pre-launch events the absence of other guidance .
Redact:
(U) about NRO pre- and post-launch es, es which but are not imited to: flight mission objectives, program names ( atform identifiers), planned launch dates, e se ected, colle on mission numbers, lities, ope confi vulnerabilities, satellite vehicle (SV) needs or program and SV l in s descriptions of SV size, , weight, me characteristics and structural cs, and operat onal anning and rements l in absence of r dance .
Release :
a. (U) Release fact that NRO satellites are launched from Canaveral Air S ation , FL, and Vandenberg AFB , CA .
b. (U) Release fact that as of December 1996 the NRO has had "well over 300" launches since 1959, including 145 CORONA, ARGON, LANYARD launches from Vandenberg AFB between 1959- 972 . Also see A for launch s ass ated th the GRAB ELINT satellites, Appendix E for SENTRY/ SAMOS, F for CAL, and G for GAMB IT
c. (U) Release fact that NRO launch assets were (and to be) located at zuka Air Force Base (formerly Onizuka Air Force Station and le Air Station) , CA; Canave ral Air Force S , FL; Los AFB, CA (formerly LA AFS) ; NRO rations ever AFB, CO; and AFB, CA .
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d. (U) Release fact that some NRO satellite , launched, and operated under Air Force designators. Only selected AFP designators can be released, as indicated in the following
e. (U) Release the following AFP numbers associated with the CORONA, ARGON, LANYARD sate lite programs . 162 241 622A 846
f. (U) Release the foll AFP numbers assoc th the SAMOS satellite program . 101B (related to the E-5 that evolved the LANYARD sate 201 (related to the E-6 film return oad) - 315A (rel to the E-6 oad) - 722 (related to the E-6 ilm return payload)
g. (U) Release the fact that the following AFP numbers also are NRO programs (without i ng the spec f c ) . - 104 - 580 141 623 - 259 - 732 - 326 - 774 465 843 - 475 - 868 - 491 - 878 557 946
h. (U) Release the fact that NRO satellite cles have been and launched using nNROL" (NRO Launch) desi December 1996.
1.10.2 (U) Launch Vehicle (LV) Utilization
Redact:
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NRO oads ( platform identifier, collection mission number, or AFP number) with speci ic launch cles ( for the declassified CAL, SAMOS, DMSP, GRAB, STEX, GeoLITE, GAMBIT, GAMBIT-3, HEXAGON, QUILL, and POPPY launch cles) .
Release :
A. (U) Release fact that NRO oads launched the 25 year-old timeframe of RRG guidance were carried by the foll launch cles (LVs) without associating them with program payloads unless specifically indicated in !E� , AFP numbe s, or spe fie launches. Fact that the NRO oads on the Tran ion System (STS or Shuttle), was acknowl in 2001. ( 1) as/Agena (SAMOS, GAMBIT) ( 2) Atlas IA (NROL-5) ( 3) Atlas IIAS (NROL-1, 10, 12, 13, and 18) ( 4) as III (NROL-23) (5) Scout (One unsuccessful GRAB launch at ( 6) Scout/MG-18 ( launches, 417/DMSP) (7) Thor (CORONA, ARGON, LANYARD, POPPY) (8) Thor le-Star (Launched GRAB oads )
( 9) (CORONA, ARGON, LANYARD, POPPY) (10) Thor/Burner I (DMSP) (11) Thrust Thor (TAT) ARGON, LANYARD, POPPY) (12) Titan 3B (GAMBIT-3) ( 13) Titan 23D (HEXAGON) (14) Titan 401/Centaur (15) Titan 4/Centaur (16) STS ( e) 57 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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(17) Taurus (STEX) (18) Delta II (GeoLITE ) (19) Delta IV (NROL-22)
B. (U) Release that the Shuttle's cargo bay ions were dictated the plan to use it to launch the HEXAGON system, and the subs ZEUS program . See G.
1.10.3 (U) Launch Dates
(U) l s of declassifi ially declassified NRO programs including CAL, GRAB, POPPY, SAMOS, STEX, GeoLITE, and DMSP, GAMB T/GAMB T-3 and HEXAGON have been released. on 20 De r 1996, the NRO has released launch s NRO satellites without sclosing their spe fie, classified missions. All othe NRO launch dates before 20 December 1996 classified.
Redact:
(U) Redact all information about NRO satellite launch dates not speci ied below for release.
Release :
a. (U) Release fact that NRO launches were (and continue to be) aced in the UN Launch s ry U.S. Command and its cessor organizat s .
b. (U) Release list, schedule, or fest of the fol ac NRO launches: ( ) (U) CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD launches from Vandenberg AFB between 1959 1972. (2) (U) GRAB/DYNO launches between 22 June 1960 and 22 l 1962 from Canaveral Air Station, Flor and Po lo, Cal a. (3) (U) POPPY launches between 13 December 1962 and 14 December 971 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Cali rnia. 58 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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( 4) (U) Fact that the rst launch o the KH-11 near real time electro ical imagery satellite occurred 19 December 1976.
( 5) (U) The date and ace of launch activities ident f ed with an NRO Launch (NROL) desi thout sclosure of speci c ssions, for al NRO satellites launched after 20 December 1996.
( 6) (U) STEX launch on 3 October 1998 from Vandenberg AFB .
( ) (U) GeoLITE launch on 18 May 2001 from Canaveral.
1.10.4 (U) Payload Integration and Pre-Launch Support
Redact:
(U) Redact lblazer/ r plans, activi ies, requirements, and schedules that reveal satell te veh cle (SV) c in on, to include mission, ect s, ili ies, vulne lities, ties, constellation size and status, operational and technical limitat ons, and operational infrastructure and interfaces.
Release:
a. (U) Release the foll if it may be done without reveal a spe c program (platform er, collection mission number, or an AFP number) : i
( 1) (U) SV /Launch cle lift-off wei
(2) (U) SV destruct system or system ls that do not reveal the nat on System (FTS) Rece fl code .
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( 4) (U) The fact o an SV anomaly ion, ground processing, or launch operations and its effects on launch schedule, process , or base assets.
(5) of the launch cle or launch system on contractors th the NRO .
(6) (U) A specific NROL LV or launch service or launch date.
( 7) (U) aunch fests after December 19 9 6 when identified an NROL number.
b. (U) Release tran on of an SV ASE, and/or SV AGE that does NOT reveal an AFP number, methods, and/or off-site routes.
1.10.5 (U) Launch Operations , Trajectory , Tracking, Telemetry
Redact:
(U) Redact information about NRO launch operations to lude launch window, planned launch t , and any identification of the specific NRO oad except by NROL desi All information about planned SV operations ascent and on orbit, unless rected othe se by spe c dance.
Release :
a. (U) Without reveal IRON or an AFP number, release:
(1) (U) AFSCN or radar and telemetry coverage est s.
(2) (U) Tran able/mobile AFSCN assets, ing a launch.
b. Release real t ctures, video, or systems or to 60 seconds s
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c. ctures, video, or ical data from systems .
d. (U) Release fli of an LV from lift-off spacecraft s ion for a program identi ed th an NROL desi including: fact of successful SV s ion, real /actual e , and metric data; fl operat s; mark event items, numbers, and des ions; and command or telemetry data after separation .
e. (U) Release fact of SV communicat s security (COMSEC) ilities to lude fact of ion .
f. (U) Release fact that an SV has stat ing or attitude control ility .
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1.11 (U) Development and Acquisition
1.11.1 (U) General Participant Relationships
Redact:
a. (U) Reda ct any references to contractors ng an NRO associ on unless otherwise indicated below .
b. Unless identif for release elsewhere, redact any references� to CIA covert contracting/procurement rel on s with any contractor.
c. (U) Redact all other relation in on not ted below for release.
Release : a. (U) In tion to Eastman Kodak's ously ac film R&D role in the CORONA role in process the CORONA film at
b. (U) Release Defense Meteorological (DSMP) contractors included:
(1) (U) RCA (spacecraft)
( 2) (U) Chance booster)
( 3) (U) Minneapolis Honeywell (guidance and control)
( 4) (U) Aeroj et General (sol fuel rocket fabricators)
(5) (U) ko (so fuel rocket fabr cators)
( 6) (U) Allegheny Ballistic Laboratories of Hercules Powder
c. (U) Release contractors with the SAMOS : (See E for more st)
( 1) (U) Genera cs tronautics las booster assembly and test)
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r and Te cal Direct
(3) (U) General Electric Company (Atlas guidance)
( 4) (U) (Atlas based computer guidance) (5) (U) Rocke sion of NAA (Atlas propuls ( 6) (U) Lockheed pr contractor) ( 7) (U) Be ( 8) (U) Philco (AGENA communicat s) ( 9) (U) Eastman Kodak ( 10) (U) TRW ( 11) (U) ITEK
d. (U) Release Eastman in devel and processing the mission film for U-2 and A-12/0XCART aircraft systems .
e. (U) Release Autometric role in the ARGON satellite mapp program .
f. (U) Release fact that Hughes was the contractor that built the relay satellite in the 1970s unction th the onal for the E.O. satellite .
g. (U) Release fact of Aerospace ass at with declassified A imaging systems .
h. (U) Release fact of TRW association th B S GINT satellite systems .
(U) Release fact of Advent Systems association with i. A S GINT activities.
j. (U) Release fact of General Electric ass ation with B devel of the E.O. ng satellite system .
k. (U) Release fact of Lockheed association with E.O. satellite devel in support o B.
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1. (U) Release fact of Lockheed association with A SIGINT satellite activity.
m. (U) Release fact of Technology Services ion (TSC) association th and of SP the early 1970s time frame .
n. (U) Release fact that the Stanford Elect c Laboratory (SEL) at Stanford University supported NRO SIGINT programs the 1960s until the rs te all contracts in 1969.
o. (U) Release in on for NRO contractors and subcontractors ass ated with the design, devel , launch, and operation of the GAMB T and HEXAGON ly of programs can be in G
1.11.2 (U) Funding and Budget
Redact:
a. Redact all in on NRO and , wh�ich ludes but is not limited to: funding of the (NRP) the Nat anal Fore e or decrease may directly or indirectly or that may reveal the )( 1) (b (b)(3) Release :
a. (U) Release any f for SAMOS that falls the funding previously allocated the Advanced Research (ARPA) in millions as o 30 June 960. ( 1) (U) Funding in fiscal year (FY) 195 9 and prior years $105.6 (2) (U) Amounts in FY 1960 $164 .5 (3) (U) Cumulative Obl $247.2 (4) (U) Cumulat tures $187.8
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Above figures do not include $85.7 million the Air Force dur FY 1958 and pr years for a broader scope WS 117L program . Note : SAMOS figures for FY 1961 and thereafter are not releasable.
b. (U) Release fact that Presidential S ence sor akows cated in a 6 June 960 memo that a $30 mi on emental se for satellite reconnaissance would be helpful but not essential. c. (U) Release all program costs & overall t, for the CORONA program, without reveal any sources and methods; see RRG se on 1.11.2 for further cl f icat on on what items still need to be cted.
d. (U) Release any or figures y are not related to the NRP or NFIP. For tance, al the NRO used the B G SAFARI testbed aircraft program in the 1970s, s was a pure Air Force ef of Defense t (as opposed to the NFIP) least the early to 1950s. (See sect on 1.14.6, on element a.) es MIDAS satellite under the old WS-117L Air Force satellite devel for launch services that are not, dire y or indire y, rel to NRO programs may be in documents that also address NRP activities.
e. (U) Release funding figures for the DISCOVERER (CORONA' s cover ect) found in Air Force (but not documents. Those s include items unrelated to activities, such as the care and feeding of zees, were presented to ss each year for , and appear in unclassif congress l records .
f. (U) Release total program ts for GAMBIT, GAMBIT-3, HEXAGON, and related programs, but no breakdown figures: Total cost of the GAMBIT program between FY 963 and FY1 967, was $651,000,000 in 1963 dollars. Total cost o the GAMBIT-3 program between FY1964 and FY1985 was ly $2,300,000,000 in respective year dollars. Total cost of the HEXAGON program, ng the CIA- managed ion, between FY1966 and i FY1986, was $3,262,000,000. 65 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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1.11.3 (U) Contract Administration
Redact:
a. (S//TK//�EL) Redact all information related to NRO contract st but not limited to an explicit associat th )( 1) (b (b)(3)
b. (U) Reda ct all contract numbers assoc with NRP contractors, and i ication o all contractors, where the NRO on or scope of association not been for
Release :
a. (U) Release fact that the NRO does covert b. (U) Without revealing release fact of spe al mechanisms and transaction s .
c. (U) Release any s zed federal or o Defense contract clauses or sions so long as they have not been modified to include NRO-specific information or reveal a s of NRO bus ss ices. st ons release of specific clauses or sions must be referred to the NRO Office of Contracts.
d. (U) Release entire contract numbers that begin with the prefix nNRO," (e.g. NROxxxx-xx-x-xxxx).
e. (U) Release last four digits of a contract number not covered other ions of 1.11.3.
1.12 (U) Product-Related Information
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1.12.1 (U) !MINT-Related Products
(U) The classification of ss IMINT-related s and the methods used for oi them is under the purview of the onal Geo al-Intelligence (NGA) . Classificat of certa related act ties n NRO mission ground stations remains under NRO control and, in , has not been declassified with the on of the general facts below and in CAL-related formation con ta in
Redact:
( O//REL) ct all in on NRO-controlled related---- activities that is not referred to NGA or fically ted below or in F for release. This is not limi film image when in context o type; nates o re ssance imagery; ity, and res ion (if less two feet) ; and data.
Release :
a. (U) Release the se, " Data oitation ."
b. (U) Release the acronym "IDEX" Data Exploi ation Sys
c. (3//T'IC/ /REL) Release the stence of IAG ( ry Analysis , formerly IAD) absen t any associations wi th :
( 1) ( � //T'K//.�Ui:L� I ts locat
(2) (1'//TK//REL)
(3) (3//T'IC/ /REL)
d. Release the rel between IAG and the U.S. Center (TEC) rly ETL) .
e. (U) Release the ragency composit o IAG .
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Refer :
(U) Refer to NGA: All product-related information not identified above for release.
1.12.2 (U) SIGINT-Related Products
Refer :
(U) Refer to NSA: All related in on.
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1.13 (U) Terms and Code Words
Redact: a. ect S Numbers that are clearly assoc with the unless spe cally ed otherwise in Appendix C.
b. (U) Reda ct ect study numbers associated study efforts, in an NRO context, that came existence CORONA devel or after creation o SAF/SP in S 960 unless specifically zed othe se C.
c. Redact all NRO/NRP code words, KH suff s, and terms not listed below or c.
Release :
a. (U) Release mission desi prefix, "KH-11 when used alone or as specified below .
b. (U) Release the fol ng KH suf s: KH-1, KH-2, KH- 3, KH-4, KH-4A, KH-4B, KH-5, KH-6, KH-7, KH-8, KH-9, KH-10,and KH-11.
c. (U) Release all pre-1960 Air Force program numbers (e.g., WS-461L, WS- 119L, WS-117L) , and the code words/terms listed in C.
d. (U) Release all common mili ary acronyms or terms found in JP 1-02 (the DoD Dictionary) , and all othe unclassi ied U.S. or NATO terminology.
Refer : a. (U) Refe non-NRO codewords to the ate Classificat Authority the absence Memorandum of Understanding or other authorization redaction . Redactor Note : Terms listed the DoD ct , JP 1 02, are not classif and do not require referral or redaction .
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1.14 (U) Program D
(�//YK//KEL) Al the NRO no longe cons ders as sens t most information related to the former aerial re ssance D, the foll ng sections address information that remains classi
(U) The al Reconnaissance ew and Reda c by the NRO, r Force, and C spe c j dance for the treatment of aerial equities. That guidance is to be ied in NRO declassification de s ons, in unct on th the foll NRO-specific dance. In the event of conflicting guidance, the guidance most recently approved by the Director, National Re ssance Office de the bas s for decis s by the Seal and Release or zed members of the In on Release consistent with E.O. 13526 and its pre on o sclosure.
1.14.1 (U) Program D - General
Redact:
a. (U) Redact all references to D funding, ess of ect.
b. ( :S// !K//�'l!:L) rences to any s numbers and in ar to the D-rel numbers:
•
•
•
•
•
c. (S// IK//KEh) Redact refeFr� liaison between NRO/Pro ram D and or r NRO program offices, references to site access, clearances, etc.
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d. (S//Mfl) references to Program Redact D I
e. TS//NFt- fact that as a result of the realignment in 1974,Red actmanpow er formerly assigned to the D offic e in was assi to
f. (S/;'"E'IC//gJi!:L� fact that as a result of the reali Redin act1974, the Air Staff po D s of contact (POC) for NRO rements for g. fact that as a result of the Pro ram D reali �in 1974Red, act
h. (:5//"E'IE//REL) any references to Redact I
i. (S/ /"E'H//gJi!:L.,) references to the possibility of using the Redact
references to �.....+...,..,..�...- Redact and to the benefit that the NRO could such a li a reality.
k. (el//MF") information revealing or inferring that Redact
1. fS //IK;';'KELt references to assoc ion with Redact
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m. (S/ /'IK//'F(f::L) Redact association of �------���g�
Release:
a. Release general in about D not if above for redact
b. (U) Release the i es of all D rectors.
Refer :
a. (U) Refer to CIA any information that mentions: CIA U-2 and OXCART f li ope ons
Code words for U-2 ous worldwide missions I fi covert U-2 or otherwise s
Non c 11 co lection Electronic countermeasure
b. (U) Refer to the Ai Force: any informat concerning the missions, flight performance, or lities of the U-2 and SR-71 rcraft.
c. (U) Refer to JCS/JRC : information conce tas and targe ing for U-2, OXCART, and SR-71 missions.
d. (U) Refer to Secretary of the Air Force SAF/AQ Se : All re ssance rcraft informat on after 1974 not covered joint Aerial Re ssance ew and Redaction Guide .
e. (U) Refer to the National Se ty Council (NSC) : records addressing the 5412, 303, or 40 ttee meet and role in spe fie overfl ght reconnaissance operations. (These ttees are sometimes
referred to as the n cial .")
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1.14.2 IS//i:K //�) I I I
Redact:
( G //'ft(/NFl Redact all on that reveals or lies a
This information ludes but is not limited to:
a. (3//tH')
(5//TK//REL) Reda ct references to the fact that the NRO
c. Reda ct references to any NRO assoc ion with the �
d. (5//TK//KEL, Redact references to any NRO association with
e. (3//'fIC//K'!!:L) Reda ct fact that Program D provided
f. (S//IK//KEL) Redact references to I
g. (�//'fIC//RE;L) Redact references to the following I
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(1) ($/ /"fI{//REL�
(2) (5//"fI{//REL) I
(3) (S//'PH//REL )
Release :
a. (U) Release in on not identified redaction . If in doubt, the redactor should consult the Redaction li Control supervisor for
1.14.3 (U) Logistics Support to NRP Facilities & Locations
Redact:
(U) Redact information rel to l sties of NRP facilit s and locat s. formation not limited to:
a. ( 5 //IK/ /�l!:L) Reda ct information revealing or infe that the D office (and its ous now-acknowl
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b. (�//'J'.'K//REL) Redact information revealin or inferrin that the
d. (SJ /Il'(//REM Reda ct references to
e. 1 .1.n /::'�:::.. ' Redact references to the 1 ;::; 1 I I
f. (S//'J'.'K//REL) Redact fact that the �1------��
g. (8//'f'IC//REL) Reda ct fact that the
h. (O//'f'IC/ /REL) Reda ct use of
(:'5//'f'IE//RJ±;Is) Redact references to temporary space at ousi. Air Force installations in of
j . (8//NE1 Redact references to any NRO associ on with
k. (:'5//Tl'(//!itl!:L ) Redact
75
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1. (5//I�//R�L) Reda ct any reference that locates the
m. (8//'fIZ//R'.!!:L) Fact that the Reda ct I
n. (S//iK//REL) Association of the Redact I
o. (:S//'fIE/ /REL) Redact Ass on of the
p. (S/ / IK//RJ!:L) Redact all references to l
Release :
a. (U) Release in on not identified redaction . If in doubt, the redactor should consult the Redaction li Control supervisor.
1.14.4 (S//'fK//Ft:Efl)
Redact:
(:S;'/'fIC//REL) Reda ct all formation about This information includes '-----rb-u�t_i_s_n_o�t-l�i-m-i�t-e-d�t-o_: ______� I
a. (5//YK;'/KEL) Redact references to l l�------� b. IS//YIE/ /REL+ Redact references to the
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c. (3//�K//REL ) Redact information revealing or inferring Program D
d. (G//�IC//REL) Reda ct reveal D
e. (S//�K//REL) Redact information revealing or inferring Program D I
f. (G//NF) Reda ct fact of and information about
1.14.5 (!//tli!)
Redact:
tB//.NF)_Reda ct information about ludes but is not limited to:
a. Redact in on that reveals or implies �
(3//NF) Redact (1) I
(2) (G//NF) Redact Program D management of the
(3) "t3//N� Redact
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(5) Redact �) (6) �) Redact ( 7)
( 8) Redact Proqrarn D technoloqv support for �SAF /SP I
( 9) ( S//M'J'.i"j Redact references to Project I
0) .-J - ' Redact references to tests us in the ( l -1 a I
b. CS-7'/) Redact references to R&D efforts in the late 1960s to develop an] c. \S//NF)-Redact references to the I
d. (3//NF) Redact in on regarding to
e. (C//NF) Redact all references to I
(C;'/NF+- Redact fact o
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h. Redact fact of � l
Redact fact of �)
Release :
a. (U) Release information not i fied above for on; for e, the fact o BIG SAFARI ficat ons o rcraft for SIGINT miss s in the 1950s. If in doubt, the redactor should consult the on ity Control sor.
1.14.6 (U) Program D-Related Code Words and Terms
Redact:
(U) Reda ct all informat conce program D-related code words terms remain classifi This s is not limited to those code words and terms listed below . If a redactor encounte s a term or code word that may st 11 be classified but is not on this list, consult the Redaction i Control supervisor for dance.
a. (£//'PIC//�EL) Redact
������������� � � �� �� f----- ��e _n_ c� a s-s-�-e� � �������c--." ,, is not an in ormation equiu andi iti if used outside the above context. This was an Air Force program for and test aircraft for a number of non NRO deve t �-'=-"'----"��----"'c-"; leas the early to mid 1950s, thus the program . b. ( £// 'PIC//r'Z'.E:L) Redact I
s ; c-· -1- ;- / / ) - d t __· ·T_K___R_E _L _ R __a_c__l �� � � e ��������������� f � � 79 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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d. (S/ /'IK/;'REhi Redact
e. (3;'/'f'I\:/ /Rl!:L) Reda ct !
f. (3//'f'IE//REL ) Redact I
( 3 / / l!:L ) d t ��-g-·�___;_';-''f'_I_\___R ___�R-e__a_�c -1 ����������������� �Release: �
a. (U) Release and terms not identified above for redact ; for e BLACK SHIELD, GLASS LAMP, EBONY, ISINGLASS, OLYMPIC TORCH, SENIOR BOOK, and TROJAN HORSE.
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1.15 (U) NRO Security Policy General Administration (U) The word BYEMAN and its tri BYE are unclassified and releasable.
Redact:
a. (U) Redact any information reveal or the rement for te cal countermeasures ct ions NRP physical areas where class take
b. (C//lfE") Redact any formation reveal ng
how
d. Redact an information revealin that the
e. the
(U) Redact any information revealing or ng the ical security sa icable to the handling and control of NRO information contractors, sub- contractors, vendors and rs in the ical se ty an of an industrial complex used the NRO.
g. (U) Redact details about and methodo es used securi practices and cover planning, SCI adj udication and s ices, counte lligence, and covert contract as detailed below .
Release :
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(U) Release the fact of but no det ls about:
a. (U) Release Area Securi Controls, including: ( 1) (U) Pe r Protection (Fenc Entrances, Fire Control)
( 2) (U) Faci i ty Guard Force ( 3) (U) Personnel Controls ( 4) (U) Re ease General Secur i Pr act ces (Safe comb ion secur , dai secur check system, se violations)
b. (U) Release secure s of NRO classified materials involving the following parameters:
( 1) (U) NRO Classified Documents in Vaults Secure Areas
( 2) (U) Classified Ha re, s and ( 3) (U) cal Se Construction Standards for Vaults Secure Areas
c. (U) Release the stence o the NRP Electrical Communications Network under the Air Force Communications ce.
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2. (U) Exemption Category 25X2 : Reveal Information That Would Assist in the Development or Use of Weapons of Mass Des truction
Redact:
a. (U) Redact information relat to the il ty and vulnerability of NRP satellite systems to the effects of nuclear weapons.
b. (U) Redact information describing NRP satellite system countermeasures s the effects of nuclear weapons and those countermeasures' effect SS . c. on det l the li and vulnerability of NRP systems to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, nuclear, cal, and cal weapons.
d. (U) Redact information des NRP ground system countermeasures st ef cts of weapons of mass destruction and the ss of those countermeasures.
Refer : (U) Unless contained in a document generated by another agency, re r any classified or unclassified related to weapons of mass destruction conce b l weapons to the U.S. . Refer similar radial cal and of Energy.
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3. (U) Exemption Category 25X3 : Reveal )( 1) Information That Would Impair U. S. (b Cryptologic Systems or Activities (b)(3)
I Redact:
(U) Reda ct information rel to empl on an NRP program . This includes to information related to techniques, design,
Refer:
(U) Refer to NSA any information related to c system des ons, technology, li es, operations, program names and numbers, dates, contractors, funding, or vulnerabili these systems, whether used n NRO satellites, s ons, or some other federal agency.
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4. (U) Exemption Category 25X4: Reveal Information That Would Impair the Application of the State-of-the-Art Technology Within a U. S. Weapon System
techno may be used in U.S. non-space systems, weapon systems; conversely, U.S. weapon system technology may be used in NRO overhead systems . NRO near real time overhead systems also provide defense related informat for the planning and conduct of mili operat s.
Redact:
(U) Redact information that identifies exactly how NRP overhead systems rectly support U.S. forces, and where and when these NRP systems de tical information to U.S. weapon systems that s their battlef ld accuracy and lethal ty. This informat but is not imited to NRP collectors, data provided (i ng formats) , communications methods and l s, rec s, anned uses, and vulne lit s. (Note : the fact that NRP overhead systems s the warf r with ry and signals intelligence is unclassi . )
Refer:
(U) on rel to state of- -art techno in U.S. weapon systems to the appropr DoD agency.
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Redact:
a. (U) Redact one or more Basic a (BE) numbers if associated with past or present editions of the Single I ions Plan .
b. (U) Redact one or more BE numbers if connected to a fie install on/ i that may be ass ated with current war one or more BE numbers associ wi lities which b their nature reveal a rest in
d. "'"t€+- Reda ct any BE number i it is revealed that a oncerning the installation facility associated with the BE numb e .
e. Redact all lists of BE numbers if revelation of their assoc des an inclus into U.S. intelligence interest or knowl , for example, a list that identifies all ts in of OPLAN XYZ .
Release :
a. (U) Release s e BE numbers or lists of BE numbers not revealing above classified associations.
b. (U) Release any and all BE numbers from the Southeast Asia theate of ope ons e land, a, Laos) 15 Nov 1961- 30
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Redact: (:3//NF)... Redact fact of and details about I
Refer:
a. (S/ / IK//RELt Refer to the National Geo al Intelligence (NGA-formerly NIMA) : Indications of sensitive tasking (e.g., I�---�-- I b. (�//'fIC//REL) Also refer to NGA: fact o and details about
c. (S) Refer to the State Department: fact of and ls about I
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8. (U) Exemption Category 25X8: Reveal Information That Would Seriously and Demonstrably Impair Current National Security Emergency Preparedness Plans
( U7I E auo ) ....:rhe NRO (b)(3)
Redact:
(U) Redact all in on of NRO ans (b)(3)
Refer:
(U) Refer to the Federal Emergency ce of Homeland Security: All information on national ss other federal Office of l De e and of
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9. (U) Exemption Category 25X9 : Violate a Statute , Treaty , or International Agreement
Refer:
(U) so see Se 6 for i onal s to may be instances where statutes, treaties, or international s may affect the outcome of declassification de sions in on in NRO re . Be cit s exemption as the basis for a declassification de sion, refer it to the Seal and Release Authority, who will e feet on wi the ate NRO offi als to confirm disclosure status of the information, to the terms o a specific law,
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10. (U) Other Exemption Factors
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10 .1 {U) Names and Signatures
Redact:
a. (U) Redact the names, labeled , and s s o government and mili personnel, fore gn or American, employed, assigned, iled to, or ic ing in the NRO/NRP who are not senior government o ficials: Unless appear on the release list in B, fall under release ry below, or released elsewhere in connect duly autho zed source.
b. (U) Redact the names of contractor personnel who have worked on the unless they appear in Appendix B, fall under an approved release ry below, or have been public released elsewhere th the NRO by a duly authorized source.
c. (U) Redact the names of r Force to CIA overhead systems unless appear in on the CIA list of releasable names, fa l under an release ry below, or icly released elsewhere in connect by a duly rized source.
d. (U) Redact Social Se Numbers wherever are encountered. Release:
a. (U) It is IRRG icy to Release the names of Defense personnel, the on of DoD personnel 0 to or i in the NRO/NRP, or IC ls.
b. (U) Release the names and labeled s of the foll le: ( 1) (U) All past and present DNROs. (2) (U) All pas and present NRO y Directors (DDNROs ). ( 3) (U) Past Directors of NRO Programs A, B, C, & D.
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(4) (U) Past Directors of the NRO Staff (SAF/SS & SAF S) . ( 5) (U) Past and present directors or deputy directors of NRO rs Directorates, Offices. ( 6) (U) Elected or presi offi als CAL devel or (7) (U) Corporate senior executives, where their ions are releasable. (8) (U) Senior fore government officials are releasable unless context i cates otherwise. ( 9) (U) or government offi als. These but are not limited to: • Heads and
NOTE : For C, s government • c als include only the Directors s . • Assistant Secreta s of s and s. • or staff members of the Execut ce of the Pres (Ass stants to the President or the equivalent). • Members of Congress and committee staff. • Military flag officers and General cers. ( 10) (U) Contractor personnel who worked on the WS- 117L/SENTRY /SAMOS before 1 September 1960. (11) (U) Names and labeled of government and all mili personnel ess of rank) who were assigned to the NRO AND associated with declassified programs . • EXCEPT CIA personnel whose names should be referred to their agency to ascertain if the r names are releasable. ( 12) (U) Names of US mili rpreters wor at NP C associated with CORONA ( 13) (U) Names and ctures of USAF Recovery Pilots and r crews ass ated with the film return systems . (14) (U) NSAM 156 ttee members. ( 15) (U) sory ttee members s on an NRO/NRP program are releasable unless context indicates rwise.
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( 16) (U) NRO authors i papers at the unclassi ied level. c. (U) Release the names of personnel in execut es outside the Intelligence Communi or current se concerns. d. (U) Release 25 year-old photographs of unnamed individuals where the context does not present a subs al risk o rtently ng an dual whose name would be redacted. i e. (U) Release all other names unless spe fically zed to redact them.
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10 .2 (U) Proprietary Information
(U) Even though n in on may not be class ed, redact any information so marked that has been desi for sclosure an NRO contractor after documented consultat Redact o propr in on must refer to these l citations: 41 USC 423 (Procurement Integrity Act) and 18 USC 1905 (Trade Secrets Act) .
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10 .3 (U) NRO-NASA Relationship The NRO has NASA space fl ght programs with �advanced technology and sensors developed in the National Re ssance (NRP) s 1962 . the Cold War years, the NRO and the NSAM (Nat Se Memorandum) 156 Committee imposed limits on NASA' s imaging sensors could eve at the earth's surface. The first formal between the two es, pe to NASA' s Lunar , was signed in t 1963 and provided for NRO of the Lunar ter and Apol o ects. American leaders or ly sought to avo any revelation that connected NASA with the intelligence community, given the onal repercussions such a revel on mi have among nat s that hosted NASA act ties on their s 1. The cal assistance, guidance, instruments for its Lunar Pro li ons stem S ace Shutt e This ec no ogy over e years as resu ed in the government. Some aspects of s assistance icly releas ; other aspects remain classified as descr below .
Redact:
all in to c contract cover and se handle NASA/NRO contracts and processing for Lunar Orbiter, UPWARD, and later joint efforts. b. (S//TK/;'R:E;;J;..) Redact all references to NRO or NRO contractor
I c. (s// IK//RE� Redact all references to NRO or NRO- contractor I I
d. (S/ / IK//L) Redact all reference to l 95
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Release :
a. (U/ )Release Lunar Orbiter Project details, except for NRO contract� cover/se and processing controls i fied above unde redact. b. (U) Release fact of Project UPWARD, descr to the Lunar and Survey System (LM&SS). UPWARD NRO cameras to NASA' s ect lo, for lunar surveillance as a bac to the SAMOS-der ter ect. In 1967, wi the success of Lunar ter, UPWARD was rected for use in earth t on the lo Applications ) . The AAP-UPWARD e fort ly cancelled. Techni and ic ls are releasable per the guidance found for GAMBIT G. c. (U) Release all in PERCHERON, the sect use of cle (OCV) to support NASA ng expe in earth orbit. d. (U) Release fact that the NRO ded the Itek ical bar camera that NASA used in the lo Command/Service Module on lo 15-17 missions and that s in lunar t dur fl s to the moon. (NOTE : The camera and des of its use to map the moon are unclassified and appear in numerous NASA records .) e. (U/ Release fact of and imited details about the 196�3 nDOD/CIA-NASA on NASA Re ssance ." Discussion of contractor cover s and securi controls, as spe fied above under redact, cted. f. (U) Release fact of and details about a DOD-NASA committee es ished in 1966 to ew, and tor NASA activities that involved the NRP, known as the Survey Applications nating ttee (SACC) . The SACC to DOD-NASA Manned Policy Committee (MSFPC, 96
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composed of three seniors from DDR&E, NASA, and NRO) . MSFPC functions were to responsibil ty for the recommendations of the SACC . g. ttee reviewed and lo earth orbit Mission Plans for missions 13-17, and that the 8- camera llo 13 and 14 Se ce Modules could be used to image the earth, and that the Itek 24 inch focal length c camera in the lo 15-17 Service Modules l se the earth.
h. (U) Release fact that of the 303 and 40 ttees (President l pr was sometimes s for these decis s made by the SACC, MSFPC, and NSAM 156 committees.
(U) Release fact that the SACC NSAM 156 tteei. in 1966 sed a res on at 's sur of 20 meters (from any altitude), eventually reduced in s s to 5 meters, on all NASA ng sensors. Fact that these not y to NASA astronomi s, non-earth-1 efforts.
j. (U) Release fact ttees in 1973 zed an Earth Te n Camera for on NASA' s SKYLAB that had a resolution at the earth's surface between 10 and 20 meters, which exceeded the 20-meter constraint imposed in 1966. Fact that a j agency group zed the 11 community conducted a post-launch s of ry taken by s camera before the was publicly released. k. Release fact that NASA and the NRO established a oad Accommodations Working Group" in the te cal ems and costs of transit oads from e launch cles to the Shuttle. And fact that NASA and the NRO also established a j " ew Board" at s t to their respective programs and ensure that these programs lized common te ques and services when ate.
1. (U) Release NASA' s limited role in the P-35 and P- 17 programs of Defense cal Satellite (DMSP) .
m (U) Release NASA' s use o NRO SAMOS E-1 oad ogy in its 1966 Lunar Orbiter mission . 97
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n. (U) Release NRO o NASA' s lunar re ssance operations in the 1960s that involved unmanned and manned ter and Apollo] ects, as established in the 28 1963 "DOD/CIA-NASA on NASA Re ssance and associated correspondence (released in on about the NRO's for the subs lications and the codeword UPWARD with these efforts. See Appendix G.
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10 .4 (U) NSAM 156 Committee
(U) Pres John F. j American s gnals intelligence and film recovery reconnaissance satellites, which had in 1960, to be national assets essential for defense ss. See ways o se onal acceptance of overhead reconnaissance conducted from outer issued National Se ty Action Memorandum No. 1962, ch requested an assessment of the itical and informational aspects of satellite reconnaissance icy. The NSC group formed to conduct s assessment, which became known as the "NSAM 156 ttee," issued its on Pol itical and Informa tional ts of Sa tellit e Reconnaissance Pol cy on 29 June. The 's icy re ons were as National Security Council Action ( 2454, ce Pol icy and In telligence remen ts, at the 502nd NSC meeting on 10 July 1962 . This on established national cy for reconnaissance satellites for the next thirty years.
(U) in mind need to ct NRO in on ies ified above and elsewhere in s guide :
Release
a. (U) Release NSAM 156 (26 1962) and NSCA 2454 (app 10 July 1962) .
b. (U) Release the names o NSAM 56 ttee members.
c. (U) Release the minutes of NSAM 56 Meet and related corre that address:
( 1) (U) Re ssance satellite fact of disclosure policy.
(2) (U) Poli cal and se aspects of NASA earth sens
(3) (U) Re ssance satellite fact of sclosure policy c Arms L tation (SAL) talks . ( 4) of SALT I fi on on ssance satellite disclosure icy.
( 5) (U) Release of SKYLAB mission and approval of use of 10-meter resolution camera on SKYLAB . 99
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( 6) (U) Release likely t reaction to fact o disclosure and to proposal s for joint (US-USSR) space programs .
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10 .5 (U) ARGO & the Civil Applications Committee (U) Could NRP satellite ry be used for U. S. civil appli ons? Unquestionably it could, a fact that became ous to many government offi als when Corona satellites began to return large it s o o the earth in the early 1960s. As a result, in 1966 the NASM 156 committee recommended, and the United States Intelligence Board al ted number of TS//TK clearances to oyees and consultants of ous civil es to permi their review of ssance satellite In early 1967, l Sc Donald F. Horn th the approval study of selected satellite culture, Inter , and Commerce, along for International and NASA. n ect to dete ry' s usefulness for e c, s al, and natural resource surveys . The group of resource experts issued a four volume in March 1968, that s ry would be of conside e in archeol al, cal, and cultural s es; forestry , surveys of land use and natural sasters; and area analyses; among r uses. (U) An ARGO ttee repres relevant federal s es was subs ly formed to consol their data rements and t them to the s of the 11 communi y for tas NRP . r s group was issued in 1970. formation tee for l ication of Classified Overhead the United States, popularly known as the Civil ications Committee (CAC) , formally established the group in 1975. He red at the U.S. Geol cal Service Advanced Systems Center Reston, a, the CAC oversees and facilitates es' use of classified systems and s the ion of , de data, and technology the performance of domestic c lian functions ..." The CAC charter, revised later in the 2 century, expanded natural saste worl de, with a network for assessment and response. It also the of al name to ttee on l ications of Classified Remote y Sensed Data. (U) At the USGS Advanced Systems ications of NRO- shed overhead data to natural disasters, detecting and wildfires, monitor volcanoes and ecosystems, and mapping wet ands . The
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NRO was and is a non-vot Ass ate CAC member, along with the o State and the Nat al-Intell gence (NGA-one of whose predecessor organizations was NPIC) CAC Voting Members the s of Agriculture, or, the Federal ence on, the Environmental Prote on , the National Aeronaut cs and , and the U.S. of rs. (U) questions about the release of informat on not covered the struct s below should be referred to your redaction supervisor.
Redact:
a. (3//'f'IE/ /REL) ct all references to use of currently classified NRO overhead system products ARGO and CAC )( 1) I I (b b. (U) Redaction guidance for names can be found in (b)(3) Section 10.1 o this gu
c. (U Redact all information related to CIA/NRO cover and sec�urity co ntrols for this effort, ng s securi clearances, which were l facilitate transfer of NRP overhead data from the lligence communi to the civilian agenc s that composed ARGO/CAC .
Release : a. (U) Subject to the on ins ons listed above and elsewhere in s de, release all memoranda, lette s, br f s and charters that cover the establishment and evolution of ARGO and CAC, including their working groups.
b. (U) Release the names of all in establi ng and operating ARGO and CAC es, the lligence Defense (e.g., ttee members, chairmen, Secretaries of Defense, president's s ence
c. (U) Release the fact that ded classified remote sensing data to other purposes, to include general in aspects of that
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a. (U) Classif overhead ry to other federal agencies began in the mid-1960s under the auspices of the Presidential Science Advisor. b. (U) In 1969 a spec l li , operated by the U.S. Geo cal Survey, was established in the Wa DC area to support use of classif data by federal c lian s. c. Order created the C l 975. The CAC ragency collect and use o ry and data federal civil agenc s.
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10 .6 (U) International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) , Export Controlled Technology and Technical Data
(U// Some 25- d or older NRO records that des space� syste m' s design and ope on etely, wi spe y and in great detail, may assist an adversary to build and launch similar moderni ed ve s s. Such records could be ect to s under ITAR. s associ wi the D booster-satellite, which were serially and used in the NRP for 25 years, are a case n . Similar records or technical manuals that describe obsolescent launch cles may also fall under the Missile Technology Control ( (U// ) Al the spacecraft and launch cles in quest�ion are no longer state-of-the-art, public release of de led information about their design, construction, and on can be tantamount to an These records wi be marked Unclassi ed and des al Use Only (FOUO) , and shall not be publicly released. Questions on whether a spe fie record is ect to control restrict ons will be referred to the Office of Policy and St
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(U) Appendix A - GRAB /POPPY Review Guide
(U) Preface
(U) This document dance for the on of NRO in on the GRAB and POPPY electronic intelligence re ssance Such declassification is conducted under the NRO Business Function, c Sys c 25-year Declassification Review Instruction 56 2 3, on 22 July 2009. The DNRO has appo the Services and ons Directorate's ef, In ew and Release (C/IRRG) as NRO's ini Only the Information Release review 25 year-old NRO records and in on equities for declassification or ion from declassification .
(U) This appendix updates and replaces declassification in ces A and G of version 1.0 of the "National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) ew and Redaction de" (RRG) . It is based on DCI de sions in 1998 and 2004 to declassi these programs, and takes account informat on o fi al y authorized for release unclassif brochures at the program declassification ceremonies. Limited public information on GRAB and POPPY is also lable from zed releases of satellite models, museum ays, and responses to Freedom of n Act ( requests.
(U) Ori 1 authority for cting and releas information comes from three basic sources:
• (U) The NRO ew and Reda c on de, Version 1.0.
(U) DCI on 29 1 1998 of the " al for • the Declassificat and Release of Information ng the First Satellite ELINT Col ection
(U) DCI on 17 March 2004 of the • "Declassification sal for the Electronic ntell Satellite (1962-1977)". This Document dance ction of POPPY and GRAB information . 05
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(U) GRAB/POPPY Reconnaissance Assets - Equi ty Considera tions
(U) NRO : Owns GRAB and POPPY ic and space system equit s, shares processing es with NSA, and acts as the ini al of contact NRL and USN ic equities .
(U) NSA: Owns collect ion guidance and , and and processing, and collection pl and with the NRO . Acts as the o contact for processing operations service ogic organizations .
(U) USN : NRO s the initial po of contact for NRL and USN equities .
(U) If ques ions arise, refer to the respect agenc s' declassificat units as appropriate .
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(U) Program Overview
(U) GRAB
(U) GRAB was the st operational U.S. 11 gence satell te . The project formally as a U.S. ELINT satellite sys tem in 1959, launched its first satellite in June 1960, and the satellite operated successfully until t 1962 . Its miss on was to obtain information on Soviet r defense radars inside the country that could not be observed Air Force and ferret aircraft fl ng ELINT ssions along access e borders in and the western fie.
(U) The Naval Research (NRL) proposed an ELINT satellite collection sys tem in of 1958, and President Eisenhowe full devel 24 t 1959. Initially ect TATTLETALE , the President 's approval it was in a r se ty control sys tem named CANES . Access was limited to less than 200 persons in the Wa D.C. area .
(U) occurred from Canave 1960 Star booster number 283 as a oad ng the 's TRANS T ion satellite . With launch a success, GRAB (also re rred to as DYNO) subsequently became the world's first operational re ssance satellite .
(U) The GRAB ed two electronic oads , the classi and scientific trumentat on measure solar (SOLRAD) . A l expe SOLRAD oad was sclosed in DOD press releases and served as a cover for sclosed ELINT payload.
(U) GRAB was inserted ne ar at 500 with a swath of 3500 nm . Its antennas inte of a dth within the S-band, corre si to collection s tes f ld
(U) GRAB was of Earth Satell te cle ( huts
(U) The Director of Nava l Intelligence exe sed overal control . rators in the ESV huts recorded GRAB 's t 07
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN information onto magne ic tape and ered i to NRL for evaluat The NRL then icated the s and forwarded them for processing and analysis by the NSA in and, and by the S c Air Command (SAC) in Nebraska . Processing revealed the radar 's antenna scan rate, its se repetition , the of radar, the radar disposition, and permitted analysis of the threat and ocat on . SAC's process was at def the characte sties and locations of air defense equipment to the S e anal Plan (SIOP) , respons ility of the Jo St c Pl Staff at Offutt AFB , Nebraska. In searching s for new and unusual si s, NSA scovered the S ets were al a radar system that a ility to destroy ballistic missiles .
(U) GRAB ended with the termination of GRAB 2 in t 1962 .
(U) POPPY
ect as a successor to GRAB . mission collect radar emiss from vessels seas . In 1962 this U.S. ssance ect and the o z s formally became C of the National (NRO) , funded the National
) . POPPY 1 months later, in c Air Command (SAC ) used GRAB- and POPPY-furnished on the locat and lities of Soviet r defense radar sites to prepare the U.S. nuclear war plan, known as the Single I rat Plan (SIOP) .
(U) The man first rector of NRO C, RADM Vernon L. Lowrance , USN, (who also served as rector of Naval Intelligence) , in 1963 notified the Director of the Nat Re ssance 0 V. , of the st shared among the zat c Wi C, the Naval Research Labo operated the POPPY satellites. The NRO' s Air Force element, A, launched and the National , anal , and signals. The personnel from 08
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN the Air Force ) , s at various locations over the yea rs . effected monthly meet of a POPPY (TOG) made up of representat s from each z ons .
(U) In 1968, POPPY' s demonstrated capabilit s the Chief of Nava l Operations, Admiral Thomas Moorer, to request that these ELINT satellites be used expe ly to collect radar ss t at sea. The success of that expe John H. Chaffee to t a formal ope anal rement for that miss on to the intelligence community in 1970. the time that POPPY ceased operating on orbit in st 1977, the project' s mission sized ocean surveillance ope anal commanders . GRAB and POPPY launch dates and results, released icly on 12 r 2005, appear in on 9.2 of this Each of POPPY satellites ave of use
(S; / IK//KEL) The POPPY s stem de ended on
Two to four satellites were ed on each launch cle .
)( 1) (b (b)(3)
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(U) GRAB/POPPY Organiza tion Information
the history, events, antecedents, l.�o Relzaeaset onal c s and rfaces, and program structure of the GRAB program, including the later role of the NRO , unless rected the RRG or . References to related non-satellite programs , e.g., 1 should be �------)( ) I NSA or Navy . l (b (b)(3) C was located in the luded elements o the Naval Naval Securi 3. (U) the historical re ati between the NRO and Releasely Systems Command (NAVSUPSYSCOM [OSP] ), Naval Command (NAVSECGRUCOM) and Naval Warfare Command (SPAWAR-40) . 4. (U) membe and functions of the cal ratinReleaseg (TOG) for the GRAB predecessor sys tem to POPPY. 1 the POPPY program, the TOG as the staff for rector, C.
a. (U) Formed by the DNI in August, 1959
b. (U) s from NRL , NSG, and the ONI ST C
(U) NRL member was desi ect c. manager/ cal representat , and was responsible for overall sys tem
d. (U) The NSG member was desi the ect operational repres NSG was responsible for direct and all mission station operations, ng the satell te ons
e. (U) The NSA membe was desi the sor to the staff. NSA authorized the allocation of se ce personnel to man and operate s ons . I also processed diss the ELINT to the Intelligence
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ty. NSA also interpreted national collect and processing requirements gave selection of the frequency ranges for GRAB collection .
f. (U) The STIC member ded lligence to the director, provided s l analysis NSA, monitored the signal analysis program, and techni to the mission
5. (U) that the Navy GRAB ELINT program was transferred to theRel NRPease and redes POPPY on 6 1961 .
6. (U) y 1962 the DNRO established C. RelThe easeDNI Director, C. The fol at to stituted:
a. (U) formerly ded ARPA and the was transferred to the NRP .
b. (U) The NRO Director for rations rout tas ng schedules for ope anal control of POPPY satellites with te cal from the TOG .
c. (U) The Navy Bureau of Weapons (BUWEPS) ded a fiscal repres to the Te cal rations who was respons e for : the annual disbursing funds to the NRL ; and tt records of tures to the Director, c.
d. (U) NSA continued of the stat s, magne ic as well as process and analysis NSA .
e. (U) (SAFSP) assumed responsibil ty C and for launch on .
7. (U) that in 1967, ONI was redes as the Naval IntelRel igeaseence Command (NIC) . COMNAVINTCOM retained the respons l o Director, C.
8. (U) that in 1970, the Director, C was dua - Release of Project Office (PM-16) Materiel Command .
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9. (U) Release that n 197 3, the 's PM-16 was redesi PME 106 of the Naval Electronic Sys tems Command. Its manager cont as Director, C.
10. (U) Release that on 30 r 1977, the DNRO directed te ion of the POPPY program .
Refer :
(U) Refer to NSA, in to NSA' s z on relating to GRAB/POPPY , as spe fied above . Note : POPPY related NSA organization information (based on NSA' s FOIA F07- 0088 coordination ) is ded in Addendum 1: GRAB /POPPY Terms, and Codewords section to s )
(U) Securi ty
Redact: )( 1) (b 1. Redact descr ions, methodologies, and (b)(3) any or executed U.S. wi GRAB or POPPY . Ass I�------�se ans remain classified. (See ion at Release 1, below.) 2. (U) Redact Identification of l and room numbers for NRL GRAB/POPPY act ties .
Release :
1. (U) Release that GRAB shared satellite atforms with unclassified, oads inc ally "white world" cover. The facts and general information conce GRAB program securi may be releas
a. (U) DYNO program or lly was n t ated at the DOD SECRET level th the code name TATTLETALE .
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b. (U) The project was later in a t s control system named CANES . Access was imited to less than 200 persons in the Washington D.C. area .
2. (U) GRAB satellite two elect c Reloadsease, the classified ELINT s entific instrumentat to measure solar on (SOLRAD) . A l timate SOLRAD oad was publicly disclosed in DOD press releases served as a cover for the sclosed ELINT cove name GRAB ( c radi on and was used combined DYNO intelligence mission .
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(U) Terms, Code Words and Project Names
Redact:
1. (U) Reda ct all classif terms and information for items desi as classified in of the RRG . Note : POPPY-related terms are also in Addendum 1: Terms, tonyms and Codewords section of this appendix)
Release :
(U) Release GRAB and POPPY ass on with the fol names and terms can be icly revealed. See C of the RRG x and Addendum 1: GRAB /POPPY Terms, Cryptonyms and Codewords s on of s for a more ete l st of releasable terms, code words, and names .
CANES CANIS CHARLIE DOSIMETER DYNO ECM EROS GGSE GRAB GREB HOLD ELINT POPPY REPTILE SISS ZULU SOLRAD TATTLETALE WALNUT
Refer :
Refer to NSA informat rel ated to NSA-related terms, code , and ect to GRAB /POPPY, as spe fied above or of the RRG or Addendum 1: GRAB/POPPY Terms , Codewords sect on of this
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(U) GRAB and POPPY Program Declassification
(U) Sen level corre and associated attachments relating to the program declassifi ons of GRAB and POPPY was released in responses to FOIA requests between 2003 and 2006.
Redact:
1. (U) Redact in on concerning GRAB and POPPY program declassification not specifically zed for release below .
Release :
1. (U) Release descr s of ons taken after 1997 to declassify the GRAB and POPPY programs , including the ously released posi ons taken the DCI, DNRO, and DIRNSA and associated dates, ded non-releasable information as spe fied above and elsewhere in the ew and Redac on de for Automa c Decla fi ca Year-Old Informa tion is not released.
2. (U) Release in in the of the GRAB risk assessment team to the proposed release of information and panels, provided non-releasable informat as specified above and e sewhere in the ew and c on de for Automatic Decla fi ca tion of 25 Year-Old Informa tion is not released.
Refer :
��_r_ to NSA, NSA or re rences to NSA act or posit GRAB/POPPY declassification that have not been released.
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(U) Acquisition Activities
(U) PARTICIPANTS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Redact:
1. (U) all contractors and subcontractors assoc the deReds act , devel , launch, and operation of the GRAB and POPPY Navy ELINT reconnaissance satellites that are not listed below or otherwise properly for lie release .
2. (U) detailed contractual informat not for releaseRed actor othe rwise specif for redact under RRG 1.1 .3.
Release :
1. (U) NRO and NRL contractors and subcontractors assoc Release the design, deve , launch, and operation the GRAB and POPPY ELINT reconna ssance sate l s, those that are listed below as authorized for lie release : American Electronic es
ics Research Inc .
Consol El cs g Sys tems DuKane Electronic ring Company General Ele General cs Lab General Haller, Raymond, and Brown (HRB ) ITT Keithley Inc . RA CAL Sc ific Atlanta Sylvania Sys tems TACO tone, Inc .
Refer: 6
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1. to NSA informat ng contractors (not listed as(U) reRefleasaer ble above) involved with NSA processing or of NSA process systems for the ELINT data the GRAB/POPPY satellites .
(U) FUNDING AND PERSONNEL
Redact:
1. NRO ng information and methods, (U) Redact in p t proposals, s, and transfers o funds per s.
2. all information (CCP and Navy) specifying or (U) l Redact cost data for the process of, and/or for , devel , and operation of systems used to process the ELINT collect ion results of the GRAB/POPPY satellites .
3. manning totals for Program C organizational el(U)em Redentsact at NRL .
4. names and labeled of duals who ar(U)e Rednot act sen r government off ic ls or l sted as releasable in Addendum 1: GRAB/POPPY Terms , Cryptonyms and Codewords section of (See Release 3 below ) . Senior government ls at or above the following levels : Secretaries or Heads and their and Assistant Sec s of rtments r staff members of Executive Office of sistants to the President or the equivalent); members o ss and ttee sta f directors; and 0-7 military officers or above (General Officers and rals) . For NRO, NSA and C government o f c als include on the Directors and the r es . Note : rmat on names sed in FOIA F-05-0054 in FOIA F-07 0088 is in the related tables s
Release :
1. (U) funds on GRAB or to on of the NRO's C (23 July 1962) .
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2. (U) non-NRO ng information for s of GRAB/PRelOPPeaseY-as soc space and ground sys tems and related services .
3. (U) names and labeled listReled asease relea sable in Se on 10.1 and RRG and names of s or government offi als (other than NRO or C ass ated th the GRAB/POPPY programs . (See Redact 4 above for definition of senior government officials .) s without i fi on are releasable . Note : on names released in FOIA F-05-0054 and to be released in FOIA F-07-0088 are ded in the related tables for s
(U) SCHEDULES, CONCEP TS , AND PLANS
Redact:
1. �) schedule-related in (schedules, Redactremen ts, s and schedule related information on related sys tems or programs , which would reveal sensit n on on GRAB/POPPY .
2. I 'IK//R&l.) schedule-related in relating to(SJ POPPY Redloactw-on system (incl11din all 9 - - ---� information and the desi The �I f�a c�t o-f�a follow-on sys J deJ 1, may be released. (b)(1 ) (b)(3) Release:
general rmat on POPPY and GRAB schedules, requi(U) Relrementeases, and plans subject to redact tern above .
Refer:
to NSA, schedule-related informat for NSA RefPOPPYer systems or programs , unless redacted in accordance redact 1 or redact 2 above .
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(U) Sys tem Description
(U) General
Redact:
1. / 'IK//R&.J:...) all references to POPPY miss numbers (s/ andRed payloadact numbe rs, and letter desi onsLJ I �� �� l �I �I _J-�� �I format revealing POPPY ssion durations . 2. (U) Redact 3. � of" POPPY Redact
4. S/ /TK/ I REL) ( Redact
5. (S//II
(See Section �����___�------�I 8 be l ow . )
6 .( s//'IK//Ri'.L.,L all references which would reveal aboutRed actother classif NRO SIGINT systems, all formation on or reference1 to the POPPY follow-on system (including references to � l� ______in a cco rd_ance______�-�---�------� guidance in the RRG . l 9
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7. (S//IK//l'tE'.:L) Reda ct
10. (U) Redact any other in on not spe fied below for re se .
Release :
1. (U) Release general information about the GRAB basic operat l
a. (U) Called for placing the satellite in an ly 70 -inclined circular orbit, at an altitude of about 500 mil es . The first launch was as oad along with the much larger TRANSIT satellite, also devel by the Navy .
b. (U) Without site locat on or other i on, general formation about the fact the GRAB satellites transponded collected data sites located around the world where the was recorded on magnetic s and tran NRL and subs y to NSA and SAC .
c. (U) General information that GRAB had the col ection sensi for radar beam collection l
d. (U) SAC' s analysis and process of GRAB data was to determine ris cs and l ons of et air defense radars, such as GAGE and TOKEN, o the SIOP . NSA analysis and process ng s for new and unusual si s . 0
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e. (U) The GRAB launch dates, launch cles/s tes, and indications of mission success/failure (see table in s on 9.3) . Release information on the actual satellite orbits as it has been released to the ic and could also have been easily determined the et on from their space t system .
f. (U) Durations of all GRAB missions .
(U) general format about the POPPY basic 2. operatRel ease1
a. (U) Called multiple satellites in an -incl rcular t, at an 500 mil es .
b. (U) site location or other i on, general in on about the fact that the POPPY satellites t collected data sites located around the d re on was recorded on c tapes and tran NRL and subs ly to NSA and SAC .
c. (U) That POPPY s retched tran ses result in the fact that tran tted ses would bear no fideli to pulses detected other than the between their s.
d. (U) General information that POPPY had the collection sensi for radar beam col ection i
e. (U) The POPPY launch dates, launch vehicl es/sites, and i cations of mission success/ lure (see table in section 9.3) . Release information on the actual satellite orbits as it has been released to the ic and could also have been easily dete by the S t Union from their space ng sys tem . Note : POPPY mission s are not releasable . (See on 4.1, redact 2.) f. (U) ect to redaction information elements listed , the the POPPY ope evolved into one featuring two or more satellites in one launch for coverage . The nfact o " and facts oads are releas e;
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3-:-=(S I I IK//RE];...). Release in the techn s used and the accuracy of si e geolocation techniques and that they can be used to eve gross miss stances (e.g., scores of mi es) and large areas of uncerta (e.g., hundreds of square les) . GRAB' s sinqle ball emitter location accuracies may be disclosed I
4. (S//'l'K//REL+ Release in on on POPPY station ing and the fact of st lization sys tems , designs and s, i ng the ent s lization experiment (GGSE) . Details that disclose the specific techni anes nsed orl ������������� �I �I �------�
5. (U) Release general information on NRL test chambers, such as thermal-vacuum, used for satellite des gn and devel
(U) Overall Collection Stra tegy
Redact:
1. (S/'i'R/ /I'<'Eht Redact in on reveal li y to
2. (U) Redact all references to the bands or specific s targeted by POPPY satellites or their GRAB cessors .
3. (S11 IK//�EL.) Reda ct references to POPPY collec<-c�t�i�o�n�--- nals
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4. any other information not speci ied for release be(U)lo wRed . act
Release:
1. "Fact that" colle on and measurement o the follo(U) Relwingease radar parameters was to be der from GRAB signal processing :
a. Radar (RF) b. (U) Pulse ti ti on Pulse ion i Inter(U) val (PRF/PRI) c. Antenna Scan Rate (U) general in on ori mission 2. of(U) GRABRel easewas to and identify known types of S-band radars in the on, espe ally in its i or, and to dis cover and s new s of A further ELINT was to locate these radars as accurately as possible .
3. the fact that NSA and SAC expl ted GRAB data to(U) deveRelloeasep tech nical 11 about S e radar and to s l SIOP .
4. that after GRAB had i st detected the S t ABM(U) Relradarease candi date in 1961, collection requirements and coll on sis for follow-on GRAB /POPPY focused on detailed format about the ABM radars od up to 1967 .
5. "Fact that" POPPY ss s first conducted ocea(U) nRel surveaseeilla nce of ship borne radars in 1967 . General information about POPPY 's mission evolution one of ly ocean surveillance until program te ion in 1977 .
Refer:
POPPY col lect stra informat
(U) Ta sking and Reporting
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Redact:
1. (S//'fIC//REL) references to and implications of Redact
I (U) process ing t l SS 2. specificRedactatio ns and s sties of actual t l SS performance .
3 . ( �i'i'HE'+ Redact I
4 . \�i'i'� Redact I
I any other in on not spe f ically Redact below for release .
Release:
1. (U) the fact that the NRO Satellite rations CenteRelr ease(SOC ) in the Pentagon tasking of the POPPY satellites st the col e on rements of the U.S. Intelligence Board (US IE) . Naval Se He rs reta responsibility for Control Center that translated the SOC's on of I ligence ins on satellite .
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(SI I reyfli- references to inadvertent, non-spe fie 2-:-=-collect Reloease all ied radar sys tems can be tted as a matter of ics .
3. the facts of SIGINT targeting of (1) Asia, �Rin generalelease, and (2)Warsaw Pact Conventional Forces from 1964-1967 have been declassified by NSA and may be released
I )( 1) (b 4. (U) instances of Intelligence Communi (b)(3) assimiRell easeon of lligence s from mult e unclassified or declassified sys tems .
5. (U) the of, no de ls on, the Relsseaseion of POPPY ocean surveillance information to l naval forces .
Refer:
(U) to NSA, all tasking and informat as specRefer fied above .
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(U) Space Segment
(U) Sa tellite Vehicles
Redact:
(U) Redact any information not cated below for release. i
Release :
1. (U) Release s, , and models/ of all GRAB and POPPY satellites, ELINT antenna con s and rece r components models of the various GRAB and POPPY satellites are on public display ) . The wei sions of all satellites and subsys tems are also releasable . A top level GRAB satellite functional block agram with on is releasable .
a. (U) Release general information concerning the GRAB satellites be of rical conf i on with a amete of 20 s . The first satellite wei 4 2 , while later GRAB satellites weighed up to 55
b. (U) Release general information about the fact that the first POPPY launch occurred on 13 December 1962 when a 2 satellite confi ion was put into t. These satellites had a stretched rical and weighed 55
c. (U) Release general information about the fact that first of two POPPY 3 satellite confi ions was o orbit in June 1963 . These satellites also had a stretched rical and eventually we up to 130
2. (U) Release general informat about the fact that the first POPPY 4 satellite confi ion was into in March 1965, and that all POPPY missions featured the 4-satellite confi
3. (U) Release that the POPPY multi face design was firs used 1967, th three of the four satellites be multi 6
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4. (U) Release general information related to the power on subsys tems and ties o the GRAB and POPPY satellites .
5. (U) Release general information, spe fie RFs, the des and operat of the command rece r in the satellites . (See se on 7.1 for redactions red for formats and contents o the . )
(U) Sensors
Redact: 1. (S/ /TR/ /RI!:Lt= Redact I
2. (S/ / IK//�J!:L) ct dete on lity calculations and dete on lity for spe classes o ted tte s by GRAB/POPPY ELINT rece sys tems . This includes receiver on sensitivi
3. (S//'fK//VFLL Redact ELINT t antenna/rece r detection patterns and plots
4. lS/ /lrt//REb.+ Reda ct all references to specific ELINT intercept radio frequency bandwidths cited in proposed or as lt spe fi ons of RF band ans for dual GRAB or POPPY satellites . upper and lower
limits of GRAB 1 becau� (see Release 4 below) .
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6. ("5/;"fK//fiZI":L) Redact I I )( 1) (b (U) Redact any other in on not spe fically identi ed(b)(3) 7. below for release .
Release :
1. (U) Release general information conce use of the open crystal r for all GRAB and POPPY miss ons, a of the GRAB assembly. Also release general in that of was first determined analog means used later .
2. (U) Release in ini al ELINT receivers, omni rect az coverage was provided loying six monopoles around the surface o the re .
3. (U) Release the fact that as POPPY coverage , the "antenna farms" on the satel ites grew to turnstile arrays, cal monopoles, open-end s, s and horns .
4. (U) Release the upper and lower limits of a satellite mission' s (not that for an POPPY sate lite) 1 RF coverage GRAB 1, which s e ELINT receiver. The fact that GRAB 1 coverage was within the S-band is releasab le .
5. (U) Release non-mathematical itative statements of dete on likelihood, provided that unacknowledged on es are not reveal
6. (U) Release references to the fact o of pulse width measurements without References to fact of investi r measurements other se wi details are released.
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(U) Ground Segment
(U) Location
Redact:
1. (S//'T'H//REL) Redact location and identification of all stations, detachments, activit s, and 1 t es that hosted ground interrogation, collection, analys is, process , and ing for GRAB and POPPY missions, those listed below, but not i awa, a Valley, VA , (see release 1 below) . Also redact on that can be used to deduce locat on o s ons . Such on lude data l ground slant range or periods of visibility. It mi also the station desi ion for spe fie stat ons or other anecdotal such as s of rest.
)( 1) (b �------(b)(3) 9
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readout and ng facility at Hybla a was
3. (U) Redact any other formation not specified for release below .
Release :
1. (U) Release the fact that the TATTLETALE/ CANES/GRAB operat l called for a dual on/rece hut, called the cal hut . The to Naval Commun cat Stat , Hawa i for l on-orbit checkout NRL dur the mission of GRAB 1. operat was later relocated to an NRL s located at Coast Guard Communicat s Stat in Valley, Virgin The Val facility was relocated in 196 NOTE : Stat t for these releasable ions are not
Release the fact that GRAB ion huts were at SIGINT s s around the pe ry of the USSR. General ion desc rs such as "Europe", "As ", or "Africa" may be used.
(U) MGS General Functions
Redact:
1. TS//l'tl!'+- Redact the fact that some ground sites ass with GRAB /POPPY
2. (U) Redact any other formation not specified below for release .
Release :
1. (U) Release the fact that with GRAB were manned and operated by the (NSG) and that some of the GRAB /POPPY sites were operated Air Force Se Service and the Se y Service .
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2. (U) Without ng any location or other identi informat , release general information about the fact that the GRAB satellites transmitted collected data to sites located around the world.
3. (U) Release general information conce the fact TATTLETALE/ CANES/GRAB stations were talled in self-conta tran able shelters known as Earth satellite vehicle ( These were lightweight, structures desi for worl de service All equ stalled at the NRL . Tran e heli r, aircraft, truck, , the huts were to ous worl ons as essentially stand-alone facilities . the exterior ( antennas) easable the s do not indire station location from the Photos of the rior of the huts are as are general ions of the GRAB on conf i on, commercial equ identifiers, and a s functional block and interpretation inte ons .
4. (U) Release the fact that GRAB ly aced permanent installation of better process o the prefabricated POPPY operations 1970s (wi thout antenna detail) are releasable . general facts antenna ilit s and sys tems .
(U) Processing
Redact:
1. (SI/'IK/ /�E"EJ-1 ct all in on reveal the process results of GRAB and POPPY collected signals in terms o numbe radar l s, accurac e _ _ and liness of . Redac � ____ l_-----, measurement te ques and li ies. and tl_inter medi ate _J quantitat performance descr s I
)( 1) (b (b)(3) 3
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2. (U) Redact ELINT al data process te ques and methodol s, inc ng (1) ithms , (2) r code , and (3) intermediate results (i.e. computer printouts). Redact in on about the use and value of
)( 1) (b 3. (C//REL) Redact (b)(3) !
I 4 . sys tem descr s and performance n on s and process sys tems developed or
5. (U) Redact all other in on not specified below release .
Release :
1. (U) Release general format about the fact that analysis of the GRAB and POPPY data was performed at NSA [with some anal c from NRL and the Sc ific and Technical Center (STIC) ] and SAC .
a. (U) Release in on that si s collected by the early GRAB oads in 1960 revealed that the actual densi of radar data over the S et rior was many s r than anti Volume and density of data overwhelmed exist analytical ilities and s of s. Grab' s analysts at the National Se with ELINT data that them busy period tween GRAB 1 and GRAB 2. had devel an automatic sys tem to improve the time con process o GRAB ELINT data .
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b. (U) Release the fact that NSA' s data analysis of s ls collected by GRAB was intended to allow the determination of radar characteristics of pulse ition , antenna scan rate, and band, as well as a very ion of emitter l on . Further analysis allowed dete on of radar sposition and analys s o threat .
c. (U) Release references to the fact that GRAB was used by SAC to def the characteristics and location of air defense equ in of the S OP . Release references to SAC' s process losophy for GRAB .
d. Release references to the fact that in colle on s for new and unusual et radar that an ABM
2. (U) Release information des general manual s at the s tes along the lines . One operator t pass in az /elevation and selected pol zation for re A second operator l signals o After a pass, analog analysts at site tapes and performed aural and visual scans of each of the recorded data links . Parameters o these s interest were measured and tabulated. After verifi cation of the parameters, analysts at the site a daily s l of rest (SOI) for t NSA and others .
3. (U) Release format , inc performance, the supporting external sys tems used to estimate the satellite ris as an to process
4. (U) Release analog analysis te ques and methodol es, those at sites, NRL, NSA, and SAC, may be they do not disclose sys tem performance that must be withheld. Terms such as PRI se de rl , burst burst maker may be released without performance descr s are not releasable .
5. (U) Release the general his of GRAB /POPPY processing devel s, the names o rs and
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process equ empl , and the zations lved.
Refer:
(U) Refer to NSA all information related to GRAB /POPPY process as speci ied above .
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(U) Communications Segment
(U) Trajectory, Tra cking, Teleme try and Command
Redact:
1. (C/ /Rf:Lt- Redact descr s o command ��������� protocols associated with payload receivers, I I
I
3. lS//TK//REL) Redact I I 4. (S/ I !!(//REL) Redact all information ng details of link to adversaries and
5. (U) r in on not specified below for release.
Release :
1. (U) Release for VHF telemetry downlinks , general information (see Boundary Document, 3) about the information content of the si , and spe
2. (U) Release for VHF command inks, specific RFs for GRAB and POPPY . In on about the format and informat on content of the releasab le . (See Redact 2 above .)
3. (U) Release general information about the 1 analys is and resul debate prior to the first GRAB (CANES) launch .
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Refer :
Refer to NSA, information about COMSEC techniques and lities as spe fied above .
{U) ELINT Downlinks
Redact:
1. (U) Redact formation that would reveal the content of specific downlinks (see Section 7.1, Redact 2) .
format ng details of es and
3. (U) Redact any other information not spe fied below for release.
Release :
1. (S//'l'K/ /l'!::EL+ Release, for VHF ELINT downl , release dth, and average t tter power. on would the content of spe fie downlinks is not releasable because i would reveal tas , and collection lity.
2. (U) Release general information about the link analys is and resulting debate pr to the first GRAB (CANES) launch .
Refer :
Refer to NSA, on about COMSEC te ques and ilit s specif above .
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(U) Capabilities, Accomplishmen ts and Products
Redact:
1. (C/ / 'l'K/;'REL+ Redact references to the types of radars col le (Note : and Token , asI examples of GRAB detection litI y have been released and are ions ded ls such as are not released. Redact references to the
Redact on on SAC' s SIOP-related miss on success for GRAB or POPPY .
2. \S//NF)-Redact references to mission s or
A to detect other emitters cannot e thus inadvertent, non-spe fie colle can be consequence of ics (see release 9 low) .
3. (S/ /IK//R�'.lo) Redact
a. \"S//'fIC//P.P ) Redact
b. ( 5//no'/"l:�J!: L) RedactI
c. IS / /JK//RgJ;,,) Redact I d.I (S/ /IIC//�ELLBedactl I
e.I (S/ /IK//R!!:UReda ct I I 37
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- f . (S/ / IK//Ri:L.,).Red a ct I
g. edact references to detection b POPPY of
The term " et naval radar" is permiss le .
(�EL) Redact reference h. I " General inte 11i gen ce" is acc·'=e�p� c-a� v�i =e �.------�
i. ( )Redact � I I
(�L) Redact 4.
5. (S/ / IK//REL)...R edact details of POPPY collection ishments st hi red ABM si s. General statements referencing these sys tems as targets for POPPY are releasable I
6. ('C7'/'fK//REL) Redact details of POPPY colle ishments in of ocean surveillance,
quantitative requireme�n�t�s� �������r�e� f� e�r �e �n �c�e�s� �t�o____ � detect POPPY of e c term "Soviet naval radar" is e (see release 5 below) . s of dete ons of spe fie naval si nals direct or indirect are not releasable
e erences o speci accep a es ons of sh s are not similar reasons . �i=--_:::_::=-==-=-===-=-=--e=v-=---=e=n�t
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General information describing examples of ship tracking may be released if spe fie s, ship identities, and locat s are not released. No information that reveals lities to may be released. No information on time iness of
8. !SI/ ,) Redact l.t\.1 -,.; I I
9. (S/; IK/ /REL) Redact informat about on-orbit subsys tem failures and the resulting effects on mission lities in spe fie periods .
10. (U) Redact any other information not specified for release below .
Release :
1. (U) only general information ng the radar and, , of an Use o generic terms, such as "Soviet naval radar", "mobile threat emitter" or powered ABM radar", are e for des radar . Date/t s should generally only the date of detection (no times) ; even broad statements the inte l on should not be released.
2. (U) Release the fact that GRAB and POPPY s contr to EOB
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3. (U) Release qualitat general information on SAC' s mission success (see redact 1 above) . SAC's process was defining the characteristics and locations of r to the single operations plan (SIOP) , responsibili of the Joint S c Pl Staff at Offutt AFB, Nebraska . Re ease informat on cat that the results from GRAB were felt to have a direct and significant bearing on this effort as well as on s ke force t cs and EW hardware .
(U) Release ect to release 1 above, general references 4. to ABM search and the ions o GRAB and POPPY to general intell and technical lligence on Soviet high ABM sys tems
5. (U) Release general references (no de ls) to the on of POPPY an ABM si tector to a system which pr ily naval ocean surveillance .
6. (U) Release general des ons of es to perform the ocean surveillance mission below (see redact 6 above) .
a. (U) Release references to detections of S naval emitters provided that liness of reporting, radar type, specific location , time of on is not i fied (see release 1 above)
b. (U) Release references to general itative in on des es of may be released in the absence of fie times, emitter s, ship identities/types, or ship locations .
TC//'IK//REI.) Release the "fact of" 7.
)( 1) (b (b)(3)
8. (U) Release , non-specific colle on of emitters in non- Soviet countries as a consequence of (see redact 2 above) . The facts o SIGINT of (1) Asia, in general, and (2) Warsaw Pact 40
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Conventional Forces from 1964 1967 have been declassified by NSA and may be disclosed.
Refer:
ishments and fied above . as spe ed above , refer if the lligence content is identified as derived from SIGINT .
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(U) Launch Opera tions
(U) Launch Vehicle Utiliza tion
Redact:
(U) Redact any GRAB /POPPY related information not spe fied below for release .
Release :
1. (U) Release design and performance information related to the GRAB /POPPY launch cle systems and the rfaces oads : Thor Able Star, Scout, , and Design details are not releasable for
releasab le .
2. (U) Release information on ascent t e es for spe fie launches .
3. (U) Release the fact that GRAB 1, because of presidential s, had 22 data collection passes during its
4. (U) Release the fact o and general informat about the GRAB launch on 30 November 1960 to be before t. Debris landed in Cuba, a cow and causing subs launches from to be modified to over-fli s of in the future .
(U) Launch Da tes
Release :
1. (U) Release all launch dates and associated information on launch vehicle, launch l on, mission identification (GRAB vice POPPY) , and success/ lure information as spe fied in the table below is releasable .
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(U) GRAB and POPPY Launch Dates and Results
No . Date Site Launch sult Mission 1 6/22/60 cc Thor Able Star GRAB 1 2 11/30/60 cc Thor Able Star led) GRAB 3 6/29/61 cc Thor Able Star GRAB 2 4 1/24/62 cc Thor Able Star (failed) GRAB 5 4/26/62 PA Scout ( led) GRAB 6 12/13/62 VAFB Thor D POPPY 1 7 6/15/63 VAFB Thor D POPPY 2 8 1/11/64 VAFB TAT POPPY 3 9 3/9/65 VAFB Thor D POPPY 4 10 5/31/67 VAFB Thor POPPY 5 11 9/30/69 VAFB D POPPY 6 12 12/14/71 VAFB Thor ad D POPPY 7
(U) Launch Site : CC = Cape Canaveral FL ; PA= Naval Mi ss le Faci at Point , CA (later part of VAFB) ; VAFB Air Force Base , CA .
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(U) Redaction Ca tegories Other Than Sources and Me thods
(U) Reveal In forma tion that would Impair US Cryptologic Sys tems or Activi ties (25X3)
Refer:
Refer to NSA, on that would r US c sys tems or as speci for GRAB/POPPY elsewhere in this
(U) Impair Relations wi th a Foreign Country (25X6)
Redact: 11(O/n 1urv�t Redact
_ _/___ s /M )- R d t ______)( 1) 2,---. T l" l _J______, � ��=e=====--l (b ------ac �I �I �! (b)(3) 3. (S//NF) Redact I I (U) Vi olate a Sta tute , Treaty or In ternational Agreement (25X9)
Refer (U//� There may be instances where statutes, es, or rnational s may affect the outcome o declassification information in POPPY records . Before ion as the basis for a declassifi on decision, refer it to the Government ty, who will with the appropriate NRO authorities to con irm the public sclosure status o the
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(U) Addendum 1: GRAB /POPPY Terms , Cryptonyms and Codewords
(U) Column One i fies the term, , codeword, codename , cator, etc .
(U) Column Two identifies the current classification status of the term or codeword and cont s a number between and 3 that if s the classificat relati between the codeword and the activi 1 means that both the codeword and the activi are In many cases, NRO does not have "1" information on the appropriate desi r. se cases conservat ly des as and noted as "interim", ng receipt of tional information . "1" "2" means codeword is y unclassifi all information about the activity and any reveal context remain classified. (Note : the codeword must be if it reveals still class ified information .)
"3" means that both the codeword and the activi y are unclass (Note that some aspects of the activi may still be c ssified. )
(U) Column Three des codeword and often guidance ons information associated with the The classification and content of the column 3 on for items desi "classi (interim) " are not authoritative . They represent NRO' s best1 current format on the item. (U) AFSCN : Air declas 3 obal configuration of space Force ink resources interconnected Satellite cations l to Control trac , telemetry, command, Network. and control funct ons pr i y for manned and unmanned DoD and non-DoD satel ite operations and space cle missions . (U) declas 3 NSA group ta
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Air Force one of the GRAB sites . NOTE : Securi )( 1) Service (b (U) ASA : The declas -3 ies for GRAB
Declas-3 (U) German-devel crystal video WWII. (U) AUDICO : declas -3 (U) by NSA to convert analog Automatic s collected by GRAB / POPPY digi 0 conversion s (U) BOGART (U) A special purpose y NSA for efficient data conversion nd formatting o the GRAB ELINT interce t data . (U) BORESIGHT de . � iy /Eh )( 1) (b (b)(3)
(U) BUCKSHOT declas -3 (U) The nickname associated with the unsuccessful NRL mult oad launch in 962 called COMPOSITE . See COMPOSITE .
(U) BULLSEYE declas-2 (U) (b)(3)
(U) BUWEPS : declas 3 (U) Assumed respons for The ial execution POPPY Bureau of program the Navy the early 1960s . It provided a fiscal representat to the POPPY TOG to carry out such functions . declas 3 (U) Interact software programs , r-Aided written HRB and nstalled at the Manual Sys tem sites by NRL . 47
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(U) CANES dee las 3 ONI secur stablished to ct in the Navy ELINT econnaissance satellite program when was ostens y cancelled unde r i s 1 name o TATTLETALE . (U) CANIS (U) A mis spelling of term CANES es above that may be present in ocuments deal especially with the RAB Navy ELINT project . )( 1) )( 1) (b classi 1 (b (b)(3) -3 (U) Nie c.
(U) COMPOSITE declas 3 (U) an unsuccessful multi launch on 24 1962 of three NRL expe satel ites two non-NRL satel ites . A GRAB satellite was one of the NRL oads . It also was nicknamed BUCKSHOT . See also SurCal, LOFTI, INJUN . (U) COSA-5. declas-3 (U) Was the zat onal The advanced lement in NSA dedicated to analysis of si s LINT s. It evolved from the analys is armer NTPC . COSA-5 later became C-15 . division of OSA became C-1 . C-14 was spe al the offic e of sion involved in COllect and rocess of ELINT data . C-13 was Si ommunications Intelligence Div. �nalysis (COSA) (U) COURIER declas 3 (U) A communication satellite project whose transfer to control per a S r 1959 decision by SECDEF McE roy also affected a s for DISCOVERER, SAMOS, MIDAS , TRANSIT, and U)DOs!MiTER--rctE�� �ilEU� (U) DYNO declas-3 to a GRAB by POPPY ) and retroact y to al GRAB
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classi-1
(U) ECM : declas 3 (U) Acronym c ounterrneasures
classi-1 code word for the CIA's EGGSHELL collect site Iran border .
(U) ELCOM declas 3 committee of a joint board (USIB) . (U) ELT : ELINT issued NSA. Technical
(U) EPHEMERIS orbital ite, such as apogee, per gee, and c
(U) EPL : ELINT declas-3 (U) report on fore Parameter system ELINT s iss NSA .
EROS class -1 To be s ed. rim) (U) EXPLORER declas 3 (U) The first satellite o the ted States . It was launched on 31 1958. (U) FERRET declas 3 c name ied to the ELINT ssance satell te variants within SAMOS program . The re ants were F-1, F-2, and F-3 . No te: Continue to rotect the
(U) FOV : Field declas-3 (U) An ELINT satell te will detect any of View. emitter radiating on a targeted in its field of on the earth' s surface . (U) GAGE declas 2 (U) NATO designator for Soviet air defense radar . NSA redacts . (U) GERBER declas-3 (U) A unique osci 1 NRL to convert GRAB 49
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tal data further analysis . (U) GGSE : declas-3 oad aunched with
periment (U) GRAB declas -3 The unclassified program name for ELINT reconnaissance satellite
the . It also that stood for Galactic , which was a ific exper used ELINT mission . (U) GREB : The declas -3 a solar ation measurement acronym for oad that also served as a cover Galactic mission for the GRAB ELINT on reconna ssance sate l te project . It �nergy Balance was the tor to the t Solar See SOLRAD . (U) HOLD declas 3 s ty contro sys tem instituted the Office of Naval Intel n 1961 to replace the CANES sms and s associated with the GRAB satel ite s stem . (U) declas-2
(U) INJUN declas 3 ggyback scienti c sate l te spon sored by Dr . James Van Allen to s the ation belts around the arth . It was connected to the GRAB-2 LINT satellite and both were launched n fa on with a TRA�N=S�I�T� cation satellite .
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(U) JUNO declas 3 (U) A modif of JUPITER C EXPLORER satellite, the firs successful U.S. satellite . (U) JUPITER C declas -3 (U) An inte ate range ballistic was used to small t in y
(U) K-4/SP ial Projects
c ) . and ELINT data .
(U) LOFT! declas 3 (U) A 60 pound NRL experimental satellite to c effects on very low ion . It was lost dur January 1962 unsuccessfu TE aunch .
(U) MIDAS declas -3 (U) The name of an Air Force ect unde r the WS- 17L devel umbrella program with the ective of devel an infrared miss le warn
(U) MOON declas 2 BOUNCE
declas-3 NSA Office of Machine Processin
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(U) NASA : The declas-3 (U) Cont s to exercise leader (b)(3))( 1) over the civi ian space program . Their (b tracking facilities the launches of the GRAB ELINT satell te .
(U) NEW declas 3 (U) Officia nic HORIZON Force WS-117L mili devel effort (U) NRL . The declas 3 (U) in the Naval Research des the GRAB and POPPY ELINT satel ites . The declas 3 ( organization ty performed on- t ional control of the GRAB and POPPY ELINT satel ites . a so be re to as COMNAVSECGRU or NAVSECGRU . )( 1) (b
(U) NTPC . The declas-3 Was the ragency ELINT National analysis organization at the early Technical s s of devel for the GRAB Process ELINT satel ite project . It soon Center relocated and became into NSA, where t became part of the fl ELINT o zat on NSA named COSA-5. Formerly known as and E ectronic Evaluation
(U) ONI . The declas 3 organization that provided Office o overa l execut rection within the Naval for the design and devel of ntelli ence the GRAB ELINT sate l te . (U) PAPS : declas-3 (U) POPPY Ground Stat on processing POPPY sys tem devel by NRL . Automated Process Sys tem (U) PIED PIPER declas-3 ori c to he Air Force WS-117L satellite program
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(U) PROJECT declas 3 communications SCORE satellite, it was devel by the Air Force and broadcas the rs voice message from space President E senhower's stmas message in 1958 .
(U) REPTILE word used by NSA for oitation
(U) de NSA Office of R&D. �77V /; (U) SAMOS declas 3 (U) An Air Force reconnaissance satellite devel effort unde r the ces of the WS- 17L umbrella devel opment program . It luded ng and ELINT reconna ssance satel ite projects . classi ( S/ r 1 d
(U) SCOUT declas 3 (U) An r Force booster used unsuccessful attempts to launch GRAB GRAB 1 1962 . declas 2 (b)(3)
(U) SENTRY declas 3 (U) An earl er name for the SAMOS reconnaissance satellite devel opment effort outl above . classi (interim)1 53
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(U) SIOP : The declas -3 The U.S. nuclear war plan . S ELINT threat data from GRAB and POPPY was used for SAC bomber to the s Plan (U) SISS ZULU covername the to refer to its ic the POPPY program (chiefly with to organization, llets, sties) . (U) SOC : The declas-3 (U) Located in t NRO Satellite translated the collection requirements ons 1 ed the lligence communi Cente for tas by the satell te stations . It was sestablished in the late 970s. (U) SOLRAD : A declas-3 (U) Was a 1 scienti c solar launched with the GRAB ELINT atellite . Acknowl of the OLRAD exper ct or the classified ELINT See REB . (U) SPASUR : declas 3 (U) surve 1 ance sys tem The Naval comprised of a chain of transmitter s tes and rece sites, ng a Surveillance cont wave elect c fence above facili the southern states from coast to coast. Can also be referred to in the records as NAVSPASUR .
(U) STAR declas-3 (U) The codeword assi to descr ELINT variants be devel unde r the Air Force WS- 17L satel 1 umbre la . (S classi 1
(U) STIC . The declas-3 (U) STIC ded a representat to Sc ific and the GRAB TOG . The STIC member of the Technical TOG ligence requirements l_ntelligence to the TOG rector; ded s gnal Center unde r analysis support to NSA; tored the the Offic e of analys s program; and Naval ssemi quali control ical Intelligence data to the mission stations . 54
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(U) SURCAL declas -3 (U) The term associated with a small nine NRL sate l te des as a the Naval Surve l ance fence . It was lost dur the unsuccessful 1962 COMPOSITE launch . classi 1 ('Sj-- Later code word for a CIA SIGINT TACKSMAN ollect site Iran the oviet border . (U) TATTLETALE declas 3 (U) The DoD-SECRET name ly to the ELINT 0 reconnaissance project whi later became GRAB . (U) THOR ABLE declas-3 (U) An Air Force launch c e used to STAR launch GRAB satellites . (U) TIROS : declas 3 (U) Ori nally a program for to record deve ing cloud formations, sion and storm sys tems, and cloud cover s Infrared for weather forecasting purposes . Observation S stem (U) TOG : declas -3 (U) The established Technical by the and control ons activities the GRAB ELINT satel ite project .
(U) TRANSIT declas -3 ion early aunched in a
( U) VANGUARD declas-3 space program from which rtant features of the GRAB took root after transferred to the contra (U) WALNUT declas 3 (U) A secur compartment established y the Offic e of Naval Intelligence to rotect the Navy ELINT reconnaissance satellite project after classification on at the DoD SECRET level unde r the name
(U) WHITECLOUD declas-2
orce umbrella
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950s to develop satellites for a ar o funct s, i ng econnaissance . See DISCOVERER, MIDAS , IED PIPER, SENTRY , and SAMOS .
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(U) Addendum 2: Releasable Personnel Names Associated with GRAB /POPPY
2 of the appen is UNCLASSIFIED in its entire
RELEASE the following names and functions for either the GRAB or POPPY , as cated. onal releasable names and funct ons may also be found B of the RRG .
NOTE : Wi th the exception of the NRO and other In telligence Communi ty componen ts, names of Departmen t of Defense officials appearing in records twen ty-fi ve -years old or older are releasable, as are the names of officials in other executive branch agencies (e. g. , DOE, NA SA , etc. ) or in the Congress. The names of con tractor personnel wh o have worked on GRAB or POPPY are not releasable unless they appear below, in Section 10.1 or in Appendix B of the RRG. CIA or NSA personnel , or personnel assigned to the CIA or NSA likewise are not releasable unless their names appear below, in Appendix B of the RRG, or in the CIA list of releasable names. Any names tha t appear below, wh en associated wi th more recen t, specific NR O satellite programs or activities outside of the GRAB/POPPY timeframe , should be redacted under the Priva cy Act exemption. See also release authority regarding signatures in Section 9 of the RRG . Note :
encountered .
NAME COMMENTS Ander le, tal model Richard J. Arnold, POPPY NSG CAMS operat on/ tal analys s James M. (Naval enl sted) Ashbacher, POPPY NSG s s Raymond W. (Naval offer)
POPPY NRL Satel ite s ilization
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Betz, command & control Bickham, POPPY HRB Software devel opment & enhancement Wil iam W jr B POPPY NSG s Robert P. (Naval
POPPY NSA NRO ring overs (1967 69) R. POPPY NSG PAPS ementation F.
, Albert GRAB NRL
POPPY NSG Fie d site analog analys is
POPPY NRL rt Robert Calde ? NSG Fie d site signals s W.
Data Recorders
Chumb ey, POPPY NSG fi e maintenance William T. (Naval (b)(3)
Cole, Isa ah POPPY , TOG (1973-76) C. ,Naval offer (fla Con ey, Herbert L. Conlon, John GRAB , NSA, oitation and J. POPPY NTPC s technica (1960 1968) ; NRO
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Conno ly, GRAB BUWEPS F.
, John POPPY NSG s , program analysis
POPPY NSG direction (1963 71)
NSA
NSA clas s ed)
GRAB NRL
P ann ng, data evaluation & GRAB , analysis, POPPY (Re ease onl when at NSA) Dee ey, NSA TOKEN locat on task force Walter G. GRAB , NRO transition pl DeMark, HRB c. POPPY NRL RF T GRAB
Eichel, Assembly language software, Siss A. (Naval Zulu operat ons Offer) Eisenhauer, POPPY NRL On board signal measurement sys tems Robert E. E l s, GRAB , CIA CIA operations and representation
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Marshall POPPY to TOG Fisher, POPPY NRL Analog/ tal data sys tems Terry W. Flach, POPPY NRL Active sate lite s lization George E. ��fPm;pyTNSc;-11� (b)(3) POPPY NSA ical k, power measurement mission ( 968-77) )( 1) (b Co-author "El c ntel (b)(3) Satel ite" (1957)
West coast launch s (USAF offer) Go GRAB NRL Telemetry Ass embl ion Charles M. Gran , Ra GRAB NRL Ground Instrumentation M. Haines, GRAB NRL Printed C rcu t Board Des C arence R. Jr .
NSA NCM POPPY NRL Telemetry, trac , sate lite command & control
Hi z, GRAB NSG Pl & operat ons Frederick W. j r (Naval offer)
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Hilbert R. Huntley, POPPY NRL Satel ite trac facili William J.J.
POPPY NSG Software con qua i control
POPPY S SS/Zulu collection/analysis supervision
Kellogg, POPPY NSG S SS ZULU field operations mgmt Robert L. (Nava offer) Kel y, GRAB NRL Documentation George W. Jr .
Kurtz, RADM NSA Asst. Director, Product on Thomas R. Lawton, POPPY HRB, Geo ocation accuracy Thomas F. NRL Lee, P02 GRAB ? Lenker,Paul POPPY NSG L. (Naval enl sted) Lentz, POPPY NSG s SS Zulu ld operations Robert E. (naval offer)
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Martin, POPPY NSG, Field ana og analysis, equ Johnny HRB test D. (Naval enlisted, contractor)
POPPY NSA NSA technical k,on site SOI reports GRAB, NRL Ground Instrumentat on Operat on R. POPPY POPPY NRL Ground equipment tallation & test McGraw, POPPY NSG Ll H. (Naval offer) Meade , POPPY NSG Fie d site s ls search Kenneth E. (Naval enlisted) Michael, POPPY NSG Standard operat res N. (Naval offer) Miles, GRAB NRL Site ing Eval M. Milner, POPPY NSG CAMS operat on/ tal analys s David F. (Naval enl sted) Misner, GRAB NRL s Processing Robert D. Mo fitt, POPPY NIC, TOG project direction, ocean Ll W. OPNAV surveillance mission vali ion (Naval offer) Monacelli, GRAB, NRL A. Morgan, POPPY NSG operations coo ion, James E. , POCG (Naval (b)(3) 62 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN
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Offer.) O'Connor, POPPY HRB, control, hardware James N. NRL i test Oesterl POPPY HRB ion and test Paul A. 0 son, Ross POPPY NSG Siss Zulu focal point W. (Naval offer) Over, GRAB NRL Tel neering J. (Jack) Jr.
POPPY NSG
GRAB, NSA B. POPPY Potts, POPPY NSG Siss Zulu operations Ronald L. (Nava offer)
Randleman, GRAB, NRL S e M. POPPY Ratcliffe, GRAB NRL Structures & Sate lite nstal ation POPPY NRL Solar sensors, s, station W.
Roeder, GRAB, NSG, Operations direction, Bernard F. POPPY OPNAV communications s (Naval offer)
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GRAB NRL Command Decoder POPPY NRL Sa tel des (structures, POPPY NRL r measurement
Seal, GRAB NRL Sec Virginia Jane Shaw, G. ? NSG e d s te si s search (Nava enlisted)
on
GRAB, NTPC,O ELINT techn cal s M. POPPY NI (NAV- STIC) Smith, POPPY NAV- Extended theory elements Richard H., SPAS UR jr data system POPPY NSG s s search, (b)(3)
POPPY NSG CAMS operation/digital analysis
rberg, GRAB, NSG, NRO trans t on ons Franklynne POPPY NRO overs R. (Naval
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Struve, GRAB, NSA tal conversion & Jos H. POPPY process , NSA overhead ELINT data process mgmt Thom, Art NSA Too Arthur GRAB, NRL S te Eval, co- Q. f POPPY developer command complex Trexler, GRAB NRL James H.
Urman, Wa ly GRAB NRL Structures Design Van de POPPY HRB, Receiver design, deve opment Wal e, Mark NRL J. Van Loo, GRAB NRL Structures cian Gordon
POPPY NSG s s search
neering Eval Willis, CDR GRAB NRL Site Executive Officer Irving E. POPPY NRL Parameter measurement im lementation, satellite telemetr
NRL Gerber on s f(U SAF enl sted)
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Withrow, GRAB , NRL Payload I Wil iam POPPY antenna, ex
Wulfhorst, GRAB NRL Site ions Officer LT John K. Yuen, Jos GRAB , NRL E ectrical Power Y. POPPY
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(U) Appendix B - Acknowledged Names and Functions
B is UNCLASSIFIED its en tirety)
(U) See also release authori ty regarding names and signatures in Section 10. 1 of RRG .
Release: Th e names listed below:
ABPLANALP, T. nated and field sites. ABRAMSON , Vic. r HEXAGON Sensor system, Oct 1980 Jan 1985. ADAMS , Bruce L. Aerospace ., General Systems s , HEXAGON Dec 1969 1973. AHOLA, Teuvo A. (Gus) (Col, USAF) . Commander, 6594th Recovery Responsible for the CORONA recovery effort in the 1960s. ALDRIDGE, Edward C. ("Pete") . Undersecre of Air Force and Director, NRO, (1981 1988) . ALKOFER, James. Eastman Kodak. Instrumental n and characteriz the unique technical challenges for tude re ssance films . He lop and sensitometric and ial performance for the CORONA program and assisted the government in operational system performance. ALLEN , Edward L. A CIA member who the U-2 program in the 1950s. ALLEN, Lew (Gen, USAF) . Director, Se of the Air Force al ects (SAF/SP) and A from 97 to 2 1973. Also served as rector of the NRO Staff (Secretary of the Air Force for Systems [SAF/SS])from 20 June 1969 to 20 st 1970.) Later became Air Force e of Staff. ALPAUGH , Harold. ITEK. Worked on Camera PFA Team . Served on PET for Corona. ALSER, Donald. ( USAF) . A member of SAF/SS, 1969-70. ALVARE Z, s. A membe of the Drell ttee established DDS&T Bud Wheelon in the mid 1960s. AMORY , Robert. CIA ligence, 1960. ANDERLE , Richard J. NWL, ., tal Modell ANDERSON , David (Lt. Col, USAF) SAFSS, GAMBIT program . ANDERSON, Everett E. 6593rd Test ANDERSON , John R. , USAF) . r of SAF/SS 1973-74.
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ANDERSON , A. (Col, USAF) HEXAGON 73- Jul 78. ARAKI , Samuel. President of Lockheed Missiles and Co. NRO Pioneer, 2004. Consult Center for the S of Nat l Reconnaissance for tional information . ARTHUR , GEORGE . NPIC CORONA years. BACALIS , Paul. A CIA member (later D/ who the U- 2, A-12, and CORONA programs the 1950s and 1960s. BACHELOR, William B. Associated with the Naval Research Laboratory' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite. BAGWELL , (Lt Col, USAF) . Assi to SAF/SP in 1971 frame. BAILEY, Bernard L. (Col, USAF) . Director, D, 21 July 1972 1 October 1974. BAKER, James G. Harvard Astronomer, member of the 1954 Technology ilities Panel. Desi virtually all of the lenses and many of the cameras used in the SENSINT and aerial overfli s of "denied terri ace in 1950s. Des NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S o National Reconnaissance for on. BAKER, William 0. A ical st and si lligence at AT&T Bell es who served as s entific counselor to the NSA, USN, and NRO on the overhead sory ttee Presi 's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. Desi a Founder of National Re ssance, 2000. Consult Cente for the S o Nat Re ssance for additional information . BAILEY, Bernard L. (Col, USAF) . Member o D, 1970-74. BARNES, C. CIA Assistant Deputy Director, Plans. BARRETT , Bruce . NPIC CORONA years. BASS, Gordon. ( , USAF) . Member of BATTLE , Clarence L.,Jr. CORONA r. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National ssance for onal in on. BAUMGARDNER, , USAF) . Member of Program D, 1970 72. BEALE , Robert T. Ass ated with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB/POPPY ELINT re BECKE , Edward G. Ass with the Naval 's devel of the GRAB/POPPY ELINT re BECKETT , NORMAN . NPIC dur CORONA years. BEEDE, Donald. Air Force officer assi to SP in the 1971 t frame . BEERLI, Stan W. (Col, USAF) . Served on the U-2 program reporting to Richard Bissell, and later as Deputy to CIA Director for Research ( Herbert S lle, represent him at wi DNRO in 1962 . 68
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BEERS , D. NRO sta f worked on HEXAGON MCS . BELL, (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of D, 1970-73. BENNETT, John P. ef r in Mr. John Bennett conce the spacecraft design, reflectors, used signals lligence satellite systems . BENNETT, John T. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consul Center for the S of onal Re ssance for tional formation . BERG,Russell A. (Brig Gen, USAF) . Director, SAF/SP from 1962-1965 . Late served as NRO Staff Director, SAF/SS, from 1 1967 to 19 June 1969. BERGANINI, d F. SAFSP HEXAGON MCS oad Division Feb 1966- June 1970. BERRY , Lon. 6594th Aerospace Test Wing. BETTERTON, Thomas C. (RADM, USN) . Director, C, 20 March 1985 31 1992 . BETTS, Austin W. OSD Director, Advanced Research ects BETZ, Fred. Associated with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB/POPPY ELINT reconnaissance satellites. BICKHAM, William W. Jr. Ass wi the Naval Res 's devel of GRAB/POPPY ELINT reconnaissance satellites. BILLINGS, Bruce H. OSD Director, Research and , 1960. BISHOP, Charles. As a or in the USAF in the served as the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) rface with SAF/SP. Later became a Brigadier General and served as Chief of Intelligence for HQ USAFE. BISSELL, Richard, M. CIA, U-2 and CORONA ect Director, 1954 1960. BLACK, F. litary Assistant to DEPSECDEF. BLACKWELL, Arthur. An Aerospace on engineer during the CORONA program who later became the first African-American to eve status at CIA. BLANKENSHIP, James R. (Maj, later Col, USAF) . An Air Weather Service membe of the DMSP program, late 1960s; member of SS 1977-78. BLANTON, Forrest D. McDonnell/ as Astronautics Co. Mark 8 cle team lead, HEXAGON 1974-1984. BLUM, Edward F. Lockheed, r. Devel and manufacture A, B, and D upper s to which CORONA oad was i BOENNING, William R. Ass ated with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB/POPPY ELINT re ssance satellites 1967-1969. BONNER, Edward J. GE . Worked on HEXAGON . 69
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BOREL, Paul A. C Assistant Director Office of Current Research, 1960. BOTZONG, Wilbur B. (Lt Col, USAF) . DMSP Director in the early 1970s. BOYD , Albert P. Associated with the Naval Research Laboratory's devel of the GRAB/POPPY ELINT re ssance satellite. BOYD , ROBERT . NPIC dur CORONA years. BRADBURN, d D. (Brig Gen, USAF) . Director, SAF/SP and A from 22 1973 to 31 July 1975. Earlier served as Sta f Director, ssance Office (SAF/SS) from 1 June 1971 to 7 BROOKS , s (COMM, USN) . Director, C, 4 October 1982- 19 March 1985. BROSS , John . Director, National ntelligence Evaluat Led s that resulted in the fourth NRP in st 19i65 . BROTHERTON, Howard G. Pioneered advances in satellite technology that better i , delivered more and satellite life . Also instrumental in the at o the mapping, ng, and geodesy Desi NRO Pioneer, 2008. t Center for the National Re ssance for tional information . BROWN , George S. (Gen, USAF) . Mili Assistant to SECDEF, 1960. Later came Air Force ef of Staff and rman, JCS (CJCS) . BROWN , Lee. A member of the COMIREX staff who he develop the NIIRS rating scheme, an empirical way to define resolution for ation of satellite ry. BROWNING, John W. (Col, USAF) . Directed a key SIGINT satellite project for NRO A, its first launch and ons . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of onal Reconnaissance for tional formation . BROWNMAN , Harold. Director, OSP. BRUGIONI, r, Nat 1 c Interpretation Cente (NPIC) . BRACKEY , Thomas A. Pioneered tical bre first-of-a- hardware, in space-based cat ons technology and operat 1 s that enabled near real time collect and ss of data. NRO Pioneer, 2011. Consult the Center for the Reconnaissance for tional information . BRICKER , John C. SAFSP. Worked on HEXAGON Camera System . Was a Lt. Colonel in 1973. BRYANT, Robert. Ass with the Naval Research 's devel o the GRAB/POPPY ELINT re ssance satell
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BRYSON, Jon H. (Col, USAF) . acquisition, and o a A s s 11 gence satellite system that handled rapidly increasing data rates. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of Nat l Reconnaissance for tional information . BUCK , William V. Thompson-Ramo-Woolri Inc, T'Unity Software team lead, HEXAGON Mar 972-Sep 1972. BUSCHMAN , Lockheed Missiles and , GAMBIT program principle. BUMM, lliam. One of the or 13 duals work space operat s at the Satellite Test Center CORONA program . ded the vital link between the ope at the Advanced ects ion i and the t controllers at the Satellite Test Center. BURKE , William (Col, USAF) . Assi to the CIA in of U-2 program in the 1950s. BURKS , A. Served as Te cal Director of the NRO B CORONA NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consul Center for of ssance additional information . BURNETT , cal terns Division, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module. Oct 1976 1981. BUSH , H. W., 1976-20 1977. Later Pres o the United States. BUTLER, Robert A. Was a consultant with Technology ion while Perry researched for the BUZARD, Frank S. (Col, USAF) . CORONA System on r. Became the first Air Force Director of Program B's follow-on KH- 9 HEXAGON satellite Jul 1966- Jun 1971, des as "the most complex electromechanical ce ever NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S onal Re ssance for tional informat on. CABALLERO , Julian . ded executive leader to NRO satellite system development and operation as B Director. CABELL , C.P. y rector Central Intelligence (DDCI ), 1957. CALVIN, Clair, D. TRW r for HEXAGON April 1975 1979. CAMINITI, Lee. Involved th CORONA launch act CAMPBELL, James P. s es and analysis, which resulted in a new, , operational ssance li ded te cal s that have extended the operational lifespan of spacecraft to l unprecedented in space-based national re ssance. NRO Pioneer, 2009. Center for the S l Re ssance information . CARLSON, William Dr. ef S entist for TRW . 7
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CARPENTER, Ra A. Ass with the Naval Research 's deve GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . CARROLL, F.P. (Lt Gen, USAF) . Director, Defense Intell gence He ic in the ragency debate the 1970s about development of an EOI li CARTER, D.L. (Col, USAF) . A membe of the NRO Staff, 1960s. CARTER, Marshal S. (Lt Gen, USA) . Served as DDCI under DCI John McCone, 1961 1966; subsequently named Director, National ty (DIRNSA) . CASEY , William J., DCI, 28 January 1981 1987. CHAMBERS , Cornel s W. fli measures" for use on mos NRO satel ites, to on-board fault detection . Desi 2000. Center for the Study of ssance onal in on. CHARLSTON , Dr. Jeffrey A. for CSNR 2006-2008. Co- 11 Declassification Process Team ( PT) CHARYK, Jos V. Director, National Re ssance Office (DNR0) ,6 r 1961 to 1 March 1963. CHUBB, Melvin F. "Nick" ( , USAF) . A SAF/SP member of DMSP program in mid 1960s. CHRISTMAN, Donald B. Assoc with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . CLARK, Edward. An Aerospace ion oyee. CLARK, (ADM, USN) . ARPA, 1957. CLAUSEN, I M. General Electric r for the CORONA space return cle assembly. Des P r, 2006. Consult Center for the S of National Reconnaissance for tional in CLINE , rector of State 's Bureau for Intell and Research the 1970s. He parti in the debate over development of the EOI imaging system od. CODY, Jos J., General, USAF. Commander, 6555 Aerospace at Vandenberg AFB ) during the CORONA program . COFFMAN, Vance D. Associated th NRO programs at Lockheed s 1971. Led the devel of a new satellite attitude control li de in large ities of detailed maps from satellite collected P r, 2002. Consult Center for the onal Re onal in on. COGGAN , cal Systems Division . Worked on HEXAGON .
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COHEN , Harvey. Des NRO Pioneer, 2004. Consul Center for the S o National Reconnaissance for tional in on. COHEN , Randall ( USAF) . SASP, GAMBIT program . COLBY , Will E. DCI 4 r 1973-29 1976. COLE, (Capt, USN) . Member of SAF/SS 1976 77. COLLINS , James. SAFSP worked on HEXAGON Camera System. in 1973. COLEMAN, d G. Involved with E-4 while at Ae cal Systems Division . COMBS , Lockheed r who headed the structural analysis team for the U-2 and later worked on the A-12 and SR-71 programs . CONOVER, Alfred R. Associated th the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . CONWAY , L. Worked with the 6593rd Test S to p air-to-air pi of space es used in the CORONA program . COOK , D. David. ITEK ical Systems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module. Feb 1972 19 3. COOK, W. Director, NRO (16 y 1974 - 30 November 1979) and Director, NRO (1977) . COOK, G. - Pioneered the deve and appl cat on o un technology to add new l ng NRO satellite . Mr. Cook' s poli rs with unprecedented and complex technical challenges. Desi NRO Pioneer, Consult the Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for tional information .
COPLEY, John 0. (Col, USAF) . ded the devel A si s lligence satellites from the earl es expe the later constel ons that ded broader coverage. Designated NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of onal Re ssance for tional informat on. CORBETT , Donald A. TRW employee who worked on NRO programs . COYLE , Harold S. Jr. (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of SAF/SS who worked icy issues for the DNRO, 971-1975. CRAIG, (nfi) (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of the NRO Staff ( SS) in the 1970s. CRESS , (Col, USAF) . HEXAGON r Mar 1983 1986. CRETCHER, James R. ons, Analysis the Missiles , 1965- 1972. CRICKMAY , C. James. Aerospace ., General terns division, HEXAGON 1973 Jun 1979. 73
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CRISTY , J. Lockheed, r AGE, GAMBIT-3 program . CROFT , es ( , USAF) . Member of DMSP staff within SAF/SP, in of contracts. CROMER, Donald L. (Br Gen USAF) , Director, NRO Sta SS) 5 1982-11 June 1984. Desi NRO oneer, 2001. Consult Center for the S of onal Reconnaissance for onal in on. CROTSER, Robert H. Business manager for supporting the Program B electro-optical imaging and wrote the handbook on cost and schedule a standard reference in spacecraft sition . Des P r, 2000. Consult Center for the S of onal Re ssance for onal information . CROUCH , Leonard. nvolved with E-4 while at Aeronautical Systems Division. CROWLEY, John J. Served as f of B's Office of ects (OSP) , and is ted with establi a true between the CIA and SAF/SP elements of the NRO . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2002. Con t Center S of National Re ssance for tional information . CSENCSITZ , S F. General Ele c Co., Systems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Mark V reentry cle. Mar 1970-Feb 1975. CUDMORE , Patrick H. Associ wi the Naval Research 's devel of GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . CULLEN, Paul E. Air Force officer. CUNNINGHAM, James A. Assis ant to Richard Bissell in CIA' s U-2 ect Office . CULLINANE , T. M. (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of SAF/SS in 1976 77. CURTIN, chard D. Gen, USAF) . rst rector, SS (NRO Staff) from st 1960 to 14 June 1962. CUTHER, Otto E. CIA Assis ant Director, Office of Research and Reference, 1960. DARCY, Robert T. (CAPT, USN) . Director, Program C, 24 July 1975 to 30 June 1977. DAUGHERTY, Kenneth I. Geodesist. DAVIDSON , H. Lockheed, manu manager, GAMB T-3 program . DAVIES, Merton E. An , re ssance system des r, ry r, and space r who the in-Pan camera and worked on designs for a family of film-based reconnaissance satellites that led to CORONA. his career at RAND, he also served established reconnaissance requirements and systems . Des a Founder o Nat Re
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Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for tional informat DAVIS, Arthur. ( , USAF) . Member of SAF/SS 1979 80. de BROEKERT , James C. A contractor with Advent Systems, Inc., contr key oad designs for several of A' s firs ration si s intelligence satellites. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consul Center for the o Nat onal Reconnaissance for anal on. DENNIS, Marion Associated with the Naval Research Laboratory' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite. DIENER, William. Air Force officer who served with the CORONA launch crew the CORONA program . DIOSY , Tom . Eastman Kodak, GAMB T program pri e. DIRENZO , . NPIC CORONA years. DIRKS , Leslie C. B from 6 June 19 6 to 2 July 1982, to NRO satellite system devel on, espe the technical deve of the system in 1960s and 1970s. DIX, with the Naval Research 's devel ELINT re ssance satell DOLAN , Don. oyee who worked with NRO Pioneer John Bennett on SIGINT systems for the NRO . DONOVAN, A. F. A member of Purcell Panel. DORNBRAND , A Naval Research oyee. DOYLE , John F. ITEK ical Systems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module. Nov 1968-Jan 1970 DOYLE , CORONA years. DRELL, S Ph.D. Stanford Un rs ty s st re ted by Wheelan (C y rector for S ence and Technology) to tackle CORONA ems . A theoretical icist, he also served on the President's Foreign Intelligence sory Board and the Pres 's S ence sory ttee. He served as a key scientific consultant to Program B, and served on the Technology ew Panel of the Senate Select ttee on Intell gence where he was strumental securing and for several NRO spe ects. Des a Founder of anal Re ssance, 2000. Consult Center for the S of Nat Reconnaissance for tional information . DUCKETT, Carl E. Succeeded Bud Wheelan as CIA DDS&T and Director, B. DULLES, Allen W. Director of Central Intel igence (DC ) , 1953- 1961. DUMAIS, Robert H. Pioneered the intelligence utility of an innovative lity for an ng satellite system. This led to the subs des o a new subsystem on an st s y i of ry 75
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s from space. NRO Pioneer, 2010. Consult the Cente for the S Re ssance for t anal information .
DURBIN, William. COMIREX MC&G Working lead. DUVALL , Gordon . NPIC CORONA years. DVORCHAK, S ( USAF) , worked launch cles for DMSP the early 1960s. EARMAN , John S. CIA cial Assistant to the DCI, 1960. EASH , Col Jos J USAF (ret) . oneer of Nat 1 Reconnaissance. P red the ication of spe al technol es to the NRO overhead mission . posi on as ef of the NRO's " " Col Eash way in the devel of new, hi y sensitive NRO missions for both aircraft and satellite systems . ECHOLS , Emmett D. CIA Director of Personnel, 1960. EDWARDS, Sheffield. CIA Director for Se , 1960. EISENHAUER, Robert E. Devel high- , real-t , onboard on, s of SIGINT multiple satellites, 19z 62 NRO Pioneer, 2005. Consult Cente for the S o Nat ssance for addi anal in on. ELSBY, C. Neal (Capt, USAF) . A SP member o the DMSP program in the 1960s. ENNIS, William P. OSD, Director, System Evaluation , 1960. ERKELENS , Mi 11 . (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of D, 1970- 72. ERSKINE , Graves G. (GEN, USA) . OSD cial Ass stant to SECDEF for cial rations, 1960. EVANS , Fred. Provided exe leadership to NRO satellite system devel and ope EVANS , L. (Col, USAF) . Director, SAF/SP, 1960 1964. EVERETT, James. r Force of cer who ic NRO programs . EWIN, Harold. Harvard rsi professor who worked on the 1960's Purcell Panel that recommended ed resolut on ilities for re ssance satellites. FAGA, Director, NRO (1989- 993) . FARKAS , Leonard J. Pe lmer HEXAGON Sensor Subsys Jan 1985 1986. FARNUM, Mark. (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of SAF/SS in 1963-64. FEAK , D. Lockheed, r, oad r Section (Roll ), GAMBIT-3 program .
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FELDMAN , Norman N. General Electric Co. Aerospace Elect cs Systems , Extended Command System team lead, HEXAGON 1966 1967. FELDMAN , Will A Kodak employee involved in developing NRO oads as ment the NRO oneer r of Charles lhof. FERDENSI, Carl L., Jr. P red algorithms and r process te ques for foreign trumentation signals intelligence data, leading to dramatic improvements in telemetry collection . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2003. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for tional formation . FITZGERALD , William . NPIC CORONA years. FITZPATRICK , James C. Author of declassif NRO s es. FLAX, Alexander. Director, NRO from 1 October 1965 to 17 March 1970. FLUCKEY, USN) . Director, C, 8 July 1966 to 30 FOECHTERLE , Edward R. (Lt, USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. FOLEY , Paul F. (Col, USAF) . Director, NRO Staff (SAF/SS), 15 July 1984-31 1985 FORD , J. Assistant CORONA r. FORSYTHE , n i (Capt, USAF) . Member o in 1964-65. FOSS, Joe (Col, USAF) . Commander at Vandenberg, AFB the CORONA FOSTER, John S. Addressed NRO programs while se as Director o Defense Research and nee (DDR&E) in the Department of Defense, late 1960s. FROST, Laurence H. ( USN) . Director o Naval Intell gence, 1960. FUBINI, Director of Defense Research and Enginee (DDR&E) in the of Defense, earl d 1960s. Addressed NRO issues for the SECDEF and served on the NRO Execut Committee. GALLOF, Sanford . SAFSP. Worked on Was a Lt. Colonel in 1982. GARWIN, Richard L., Ph.D. A st who served on the President's S ence sory tee, and red its pane s on Mili Aircraft, Anti submarine and Naval Warfare. He established standards and found s ons for e ectrome cal o modern spacecraft. on of Ele , he Kiss r understand its role for our l defense. Desi a Founder of National ssance, 2000. Con t Center S of Nati Reconnaissance for tional information . GATES, s. SECDEF 1960.
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GAVLAK , Lockheed. rvised the neers and technic s at the Lockheed facility at VAFB and CORONA launch efforts with the other contractors. GEARY , Leo (Brig Gen, USAF) . The irst Director o D from 2 1962 to 15 July 1966. GEER, Richard L. ( , USAF) . Member of DMSP staff respons e for DMSP launch cles, 196 - 965. GEIGER, Robert K. , USN) . Director, 1971 to 23 July 1975. GEIGER, lliam. (Maj , USAF) . Member of SAF/SS 1976 77. GENEZ, Victor M. (Col, USAF) . The Director of Intelligence in AF Ai Research and Devel Center in the 1950s when WS-117L was established. GEYER, S. (Col, USAF) . Contr to notable s in process and ss ion that permitted the reach mili and civil users in near time . NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of ssance for tional information. GIBBS , Jack A. Pioneered the ication of ive techniques to U-2 operations. Brig. Gen. , USAF (Ret) , contribut s resulted in the e fe use o high-alt tude airborne reconnaissance lligence colle on over denied areas during the Cold War. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2010. Consult the Cente for the S of National Re ssance for on. NPIC employee involved with interpret satellite GIFFORD , El NPIC ris . GILLER, Edward B. A CIA and A-12 programs in the 1950s and 1960s. GOETSCH , Fred. McDonnell/Douglas Astronautics Co. Mark 8 Reentry cle team lead, HEXAGON 984-1986. GOODPASTER, Andrew J. (GEN, USA) . Eisenhower Staff Secre GORDAY , Charles A. Ass ated with the Naval Research Laboratory' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite. GORMAN, Frank B. , USN) . An member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . GRAFE , Arthur H. CORONA rations officer, 6594 Recovery , GRAN, Assoc th the Naval Research s devel the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . GRAY , Gordon. Eisenhower Assistant for National Se Affairs. GREEN, Eastman Kodak. r for the Kodak face with the government and camera manufacturers CORONA program ementation years. 78
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GREER , Kenneth E. CIA his and author of a Corona his GREER, E. Gen, USAF) . First Director, SAF/SP and A, 20 September 1960 to 30 June 1965 . GRIEGO , William. ( , USAF) . Member o SAF/SS in 1976- 77. GRIPMAN , Ray . NPIC during CORONA years. GRISWALD , John H. General Electric Co. Aerospace Electronics Systems , Extended Command tern team ead, HEXAGON 1964-1966. HAAS , Donald, L. y Director, NRO from 9 December 1979 to 11 l 1982 . HAGERTY, James. Eisenhower Press Secretary. HAIG, Thomas 0. (Lt Col, USAF) . First 417/D MSP Director at SAF/SP. Led a team in 1961 that deve an operat onal ar-orbiting meteorological satellite, its launch vehicle, and assoc ground command and control s ons . Des NRO Pioneer, 2000. Con t Center for the S of National Reconnaissance for tional information . HAINES, Clarence R. Ass ated with the Naval Research 's devel of GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . HALL, Kei Director, NRO (1997-2002) and Director, NRO (1996 HALL, R. Ai Force, and CIA Historian, retired) . Author o var s NRO and Air Force his es; a number o unclassified ones are in the ic HAMMARSTROM , Lee M. with NRO programs since 1962 . His s and deve s for satell te, ground s on, and processing systems greatly improved the accuracy, timeliness, and volume of NRO ELINT s. He also served as the head of the NRO's Technology Office , and as the NRO's ef S entist. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2002 . Consult Center for the S of onal Re ssance for tional informat on. HANE , James L. (Col, USAF) . GAMBIT HANLEN , William. NPIC during CORONA years. HARD , Donald G. (Br Gen, USAF) . Served as of the CORONA Recovery the late 1960s and early 1970s. Director NRO Staff (SAF/SS), 5 November 1987-5 HARDING, A. Associated 's devel of the GRAB ELINT reconnaissance satellite. HARLEY , John . Lockheed, Design manager, GAMBIT-3 program . HARLFINGER , Frederick J. USN) . Director, c, 10 r 1968 to 4 1971. HARRIS, Jeffery D. Director, NRO (1994 1996) . HARRIS, Will R. A Lockheed oyee who worked on early NRO SIGINT systems in the 1960s.
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HARTLEY , Frank (Col, USAF) . Director, D from 1 November 1967 to 30 June 1972. HATCH , d. NSA Hist an, acknowl in the GRAB and POPPY brochure. HAWKINS , Willis M. General r of the Lockheed space vehicle effort the formative of the CORONA program . HEISLER, Ernest. (Col, USAF) . ef, CORONA Launch Control Team ) . HELMKEY , Tom . NPIC CORONA years. HELMS , chard. DCI, 30 June 1966-2 1973. HELLRICH , Fred V. Designated NRO Pioneer, 2006. Consult Center for the Study of onal Reconnaissance for tional in on. HENRY , James R. Aerospace ., General Systems ring sion, HEXAGON Jun 1979-Mar 1983. HERAN, Paul (Col, USAF) . SAMOS E-6 Director. Also involved with the CORONA program and later on NRO Staff. HERAN , Paul J. Lockheed Missile and Co. Satell te Bas c Assembly and System on. HEXAGON 1970- 1980. HERMAN , S "Steve". ITEK Team at , New co. HERMANN, Robert J. Director, NRO from 8 October 1979 to 2 st 1981. HERRON , Thomas J. (Lt Col, USAF) . A member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . HEYROTH, James. Air Force officer zant of NRO programs . HICKS , Frank, Ph .D. Eastman Kodak, GAMBIT program e. HICKS , John J. Director o NPIC who the NIIRS devel by NRO Pioneer Kohler and s team . HILL , Jimmie D. Director, NRO and Acting Director, NRO (1993-1994) . Also served as NRO Staf Director (SAC/SS), 2 June 1978-9 il 1982. HINEMAN , Evan . CIA rector of DS&T, and of B, 1982 1986. HOFMANN, Frederick L. "Fritz" (Maj , later Col, USAF) . Member of the NRO Staff (SAF/SS) in the 1970s. 1 HOFFMAN, Ra (Lt, USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. HOGARTY, (Lt, USAF) . Member of D, 1970-73. HORNER, chard. Assistant Secretary of the r Force, 1957. HOUSTON, Lawrence R. C General Counse HOWARD , C. or, USAF) . A member of the first NRO sta f (SAF/SS), 1961-1965. HUBBLE , Hilbert R. (POl, USN) . A USN technician mentioned in the memoi s o NRO as in the GRAB o control and on in Hawaii. 80
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HUFFSTUTLER, R. M. (Rae) . C Exe Director, y Director for nistration, and Director, NPIC. HUNTLEY, Hal. oyee of Lockheed Martin ion . INLOW, Roland S. CIA Of ice who served as rman, COMIREX, late 1960s and 1970s. IORILLO, Tony. Mr. Iorillo conce a new in spacecraft control and ope on, which became a fundamental for many NRO spacecraft. He also was a leader the and development effort that fielded the critical, time cal- ry-tran ssion relay system . He and government funded research efforts on that si ficant advances in national re ssance His efforts cont to the successful a chal and ant vision : near-real , with data rectly from space to a system . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2001. Center for the S of National Re ssance for 1 information . ISTVAN , Edwin J. (Lt Col, USAF) . An ori member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . JACOBSON, H. (Brig Gen, USAF) . Director of A, 20 1973 19 1987. JAME S, Clifton E. or, USAF) . An or member o the irst NRO sta f (SAF/SS) . JOHNSON, Albert W. CORONA oad Recovery r. JOHNSON , Bob. Lockheed Missile and Co. Satellite Bas c Assembly and System I ion . HEXAGON 1983-1986. JOHNSON, Clarence Leonard "Kelly" . Aircraft r, head of Lockheed Skunk Works. Designer of 40+ rcraft, including B-37, P-38, Constellation, F-80, T-33, P2V, F-104, F-117, C-130, U-2, and the Bl rd ly 12, YF-12, SR-71, M-21, D-21) . JOHNSON , . NSA storian, retired, acknowl the GRAB and POPPY brochure. JOHNSON, First rector of ARPA, 1957 59. JOHNSON, Will (Capt, USAF) . Involved Corona oad ion and recovery dur the early 1960s. JOHNSTON, Means. Military Assistant to SECDEF, 1960. JOINER, Ernest. Lockheed f Fl Test neer on U-2 1955 1959. JONES , Dana. ITEK camera contract o ficer. Worked on HEXAGON. JONES, Thomas , USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the 1960s. KAEMMERER, Robert S. TRW oyee involved with NRO programs . Des NRO Pioneer, 2004. Consult Center for the S of National Reconnaissance for t informat on.
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KATZ, Amrom H. A icis in lens and camera des gn who performed the irst exper simul on o electro- optical satellite imaging. At RAND, he co-directed a project on overflight re ssance, and co-proposed film-recovery satellites as an ate alternat to the near-real-t readout satellite, a proposal eventually established as the CORONA ect. Desi a Founder o National Reconnaissance, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for additional information . KAMINSKI , Paul G. Desi NRO P r, 2007. Consult Center for the Study of Nat l Reconnaissance for tional in KAUFMAN, Frederick H. rected the TRW team that B s ls lligence satellites, the first communications cross- ink system in space. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Con t Center for the S of National Reconnaissance for tional information . KELLY, el. CORONA Contracts. ated the ini contract wi Lockheed Missiles and in 1958. KELLY , George W. Jr. Associated with the Naval Research 's deve o the GRAB ELINT re ssance M. Aerospace Corp., General Systems divis , HEXAGON Jul 1966-Dec 1966. KENNEDY, Jos A member of Edwin Land' s Technology ili ies Panel ect Three that ored ways to the nat 's 11 capabilit sin the 1950s. KENT , Sherman. CIA Assistant Director, National Est s 1960. KERR, Richard J. C DDCI. KIEFER, Eugene P. al Assistant for Technical Assistance to Richard Bissell and later Director, NRO, 2 July 1963 18 1965. KIEFER, Richard. (Lt Col, USAF) A member of SAF/SS in 1969 70. KIERTON , R. Lockheed, General r, al Division (GAMBIT-3 program office ) . KILLIAN, James. President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he red the panel that recommended l the U-2 rcraft and re ssance satel ites. He the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and President's Science sory ttee. He also worked on o Defense-CIA s that structured the NRO . a Founder of National Re ssance, 2000. Consult the S of National Re ssance for onal in on. KING, Will G. Gen, USAF) . Director, SAF/SP and A from 1 August 1969 to 31 March 1971. As a Lt Col in 1956, he
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN was a member of USAF board that selected Lockheed as the contractor for WS-117L . KIRKPATRICK , B. C Inspector General, 1960. KISTIASKOWSKY , George . Eisenhowe Sc sor. KLEBAN , John S. General Electric Co ., Reentry Sys tems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Mark V vehicle . Feb 1975 1981. KLEYLA , Helen H. Author of declassified NRO his KLINGER, d L. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2006. Consul Center for the S of anal Re ssance for on al formation . KNOCHE , E. Director of NPIC and later DDCI, DCI 21 1977-8 March 1977. KOCH, Robert . in in USN in 1964. Worked on HEXAGON Performance KOCHE , Robert "Bob" . Lockheed GAMBIT-3 KOHLER, Robert. A CIA c measurement and tools used to evaluate and enhance overhead ry. ded execut leader to NRO satellite system devel and operation later in his career. NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S anal Reconnaissance addi ional in on . KOZIOL , Benedi ct J. Pratt Whitney a role in devel of the J57 1955- 1960. KRAPF, E. , USN . Associ wi Naval Research Laboratory' s devel opment of the GRAB ELINT ssance satellite . KRONMILLER, G. Associated with the Nava l Research 's devel opment of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . KRUMPE , Robert H. (Col . USAF) HEXAGON Director Jun 1971 1973. KUCERA, George . rst f of the CIA CORONA Deve l Staff. KUEPER , Robert . Lockheed, Controls (bus SS) manager, GAMB IT-3 program . KULPA, John E. , later Gen, USAF) . Director of the DMSP between 1966-1969. Later, Director, SP and A from 1 st 1975 to 19 1983. Earl er served as NRO Staff Director (SAF/SS) from 8 1973 to 20 S r 1974. KONICA , ITEK. Worked on Ultra Thin Base (UTB) Film lementation . LAMBERT , d K. ri Inc, T' So team lead, HEXAGON Sep 1972-Nov 1973. 83
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LAND , H. ry intelligence expert who was the CEO o the Polaro ion and chaired the Intell gence Subcommittee of the Technology lities Panel . As Chairman of the President's S ence sory Committee Intell Panel, he sed the NRO on new and st overhead sys tems . He a vital role in sing President on the es of Ele cal . Desi a Founder of National Re ssance, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for additional information . LANSDALE , Edward C. OSD, 1960. LAPIN, Ellis E. Managed the Aerospace Corporation 's sys tem efforts for A ng satel ites, ons nearly doubl functional on- orbit time . Des NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Re ssance for on . LARGE , Scott . Director, NRO from Oct 200 LARKIN, Bert . Aerospace ., General Systems s , HEXAGON . Mar 198 3-Mar 1986. LARKIN, Robert M. General Electric Co . Aerospace Electronics Systems , Extended Command Sys tem team lead, HEXAGON 1967-1969. LASHER , Richard J. GE . Worked on HEXAGON . LATHAM, Allen . A membe o Edwin Land' s Technology l t es Panel ect Three that ored ways to the on' s lligence li in the 1950s. LAUDERDALE , Lloyd K. manager for the CIA B team an advance s s intell gence satell concept first launch . Desi NRO Pioneer, Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for t l formation . LAY , James S. Jr ., Execut Secretary of the National Se l the Eisenhower stration, 1953- 96 LEACH, (nfi) (Col, USAF) . A SAF/SP staff member . LEDFORD , Jack (Brig Gen, USAF) . As a Colonel, served as y to CIA DDR Herbert S lle, and represented him at 1962 th DNRO Later served as rector, 12 st 1963 to 27 r 1965 . LEE, (nfi) POl, USN. A USN technician mentioned the rs of NRO Pioneer who worked at the GRAB o control and ion hut in i i. B. CORONA Launch Control Of cer ) . Richard. to the early CORONA camera devel as a consultant to the USAF S Advisory the cial Assistant to Presi Disarmament Affairs . Co-founder and the first President of the Itek . Des NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN for the S of National Re ssance for tional information . LEHAN, Frank W. An electrical r who was a member of the President' s S ence sory Committee and served on the Land Panel that sed the NRO and B on overhead reconnaissance sys tems . He was instrumental in the de sion to with an high altitude si s l gence satellite sys and contr to the reflector design for that sys tem . Desi a Founder of National Reconnaissance, 2000. Consult Center for the of onal Re ssance for t l formation . LEHMANN , Clark. SAFSP. In 1973 he was a Lt . Colonel at the SOC . Colonel June 1976 on HEXAGON . LEVERTON , Dr . Walte F. Aerospace ion . Discovered GAMB IT s in Britain . LEVISON, Walter J. Itek CORONA r. Pri high resolution Petzval lens in a c camera to be used on a s e space vehicle . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for t l informat LIDSTROM , Leonard C. Aerospace ., General Sys tems sion, HEXAGON Jan 1969 1969. LINDSAY , Nathan J. . Gen., USAF) . On NRO staff and, as a general officer, served as Director, SAF/SP and A 1987 1992 . LINDSEY, Frank. OSS in WWI I, CEO, Itek ion in mid- 1960s. LINZ, D. P. A member o Purcell Panel. LISCIOTTI, Francis L. , USAF) . A member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . LLOYD , H. Gates . CIA Assistant y rector, Se ty, 1960. LORENZEN, Howa rd 0. An early advocate of si s intelligence satellites who directed the devel opment of GRAB , the nation' s first such program, at the Naval Research . Des NRO P r, 2000. Consult Center for the Reconnaissance for onal in LOWRANCE , Vernon L. USN) . C from 23 July 1962 to 19 June 1963 . LUECHT , John W. Aerospace ., General terns sion, HEXAGON 1967-Dec 1968. LUNDAHL, Arthur C. Director c Cente , 1960 and later Director, NP C. LYDON , . NPIC during CORONA years . MACDONALD , Duncan . Postwar rector of the Boston Un rsi Research , in 1957 he co-founded with Richard Itek lt CORONA cameras . 85
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MACLEISH, Kenneth . A Kodak employee involved in devel NRO payloads as mentioned in the NRO Pioneer Charles Spoelhof. MACMILLAN , T. McDonnell/Douglas Astronaut cs Co . Mark 8 team lead, HEXAGON manager Jun 1968- 1974. MADDEN, Francis J. (Frank) . ion . ef r for devel of the HYAC c camera and subs responsible for all engineering devel opment of the CORONA camera and its ve sions . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for t l information . MAGNESS , Thomas A. son-Ramo-Woolri Inc, ty Software team lead, HEXAGON Oct 1969-Nov 1971. MAGUIRE , Michael F. HEXAGON Sensor sys tem . Oct 1966 1969. MAHAR, James . Eastman Kodak, sys tems GAMB T program le . MAHON, J. E. COL, USA. Staff Officer, JCS, 1960. MAHONEY, William C. st during the CORONA program . MAILHOT , J. ITEK cal Systems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module . Jan 1970 1972 . MALIN, Bernard. Perkin-Elme HEXAGON Sensor Subsystem. Aug 1969-Jan 1971 and 1975-Dec 1977. MANENT , Jean R. ITEK ical Systems Division, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module . 1974-0ct 1976. MANNEN, James T. (Col, USAF) . As director of a vi satellite program, introduced procedures that improved tasking and si ficantly ased resolution and on- orbit system reliability. oneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S Reconnaissance for onal in on . MARK, Hans . Director, NRO (1977 1979) . MARKWOOD , H. ( , USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. MARSH, r C. Deve l means to construct, operate, and manage covert organizations us open source methods, 1971- 2001. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2005. Consul Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for tional information . MARTIN, John L. Jr . (Brig Gen, USAF) . Aide to DNRO and later, as a officer, Director of SAF/SP, A, and NRO Staff Director (SAF/SS), 1 July 1962 3 st 1964 . MASON, Charles W. CIA ef, and roller, 1960. MATHISON, Charles G. Vice Commander, 6594 Recovery MAXEY, Jackson . Head of the CIA office that was rectly responsible for devel and sys tem on o the CORONA cameras 1965. 86
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MAYHEW, Paul W. , Ph .D. Served as TRW' s ect manager and sys tem neer for two unprecedented s s 11 gence satellite sys tems . Designated NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of onal Re ssance for tional formation . MAYO , Reid D. Working at the Naval Research and desi the first si s satellite, GRAB/DYNO . Later served as project r and technical director of C. Designated NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Cente for the of National Re ssance for t l formation . MAZAIKA, Michael A. HEXAGON Sensor Subsystem . Dec 1977-Jul 1979. MAZZA , Louis F. LL Officer . Mc.ANALLY , James W. Desi Pioneer, 2004. Consult Center for the S of onal Reconnaissance addi ional information . McBRIDE, Charles C (Jr.). SAF/SP sta f member with financial Officer on HEXAGON . McCARTNEY, Forrest S. (Lt. Gen., USAF) Satellite Tes Center . Responsible for the on-orbit control o early CORONA satell tes and was at the console first success CORONA mission. Later became Commande r, AF Division . McChristian , Lester S (Col, USAF) . HEXAGON r, Jul 1978-Mar 1983. Also in GAMB IT program . McCLELLAND , Harold M. CORONA Sta f. liaison between the 's Advanced Research and the CIA CORONA Program Office during the formative years of the program . McCONE , John A. DCI, 28 November 1961 28 April 1965. McCRAY , Phillip R. ated with the Naval Research 's devel the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . McDonald, James H. CIA member of the CORONA team, (1960 1972) McLUCAS , John L. Dr . rector, NRO (1969 1973) . McMAHON , John N. CORONA Deve l opment Team and later DDCI. McMILLAN, Broe Director, onal Re ssance Office from 1 March 1963 to 1 October 965. McMILLAN , T. McDonnell as As cs for HEXAGON 1968-19 74. MECEDA, John . , USAF ) . A member of SAF/SS 1968 69. MESERVE , Kent H. Per HEXAGON Sensor Subsystem, Jul 197 9-0ct 1980. MESSNER, David. ( , USAF) . A member of SS in 1976 77. METTLER, Reuben . TRW official who was cognizant of NRO programs .
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MILES , John Associated with the Nava l Research 's devel o the GRAB ELINT re ssance satell te . MILLER, Edward A. GE CORONA r. Led the team that successfully devel the recovery cle in record Des NRO Pioneer, 2005. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for on . MILLER, C DDS&T/D MILLER , Herbert I. CIA member who the U-2 and A-12 programs in the 1950s and 1960s. MISNER, Robert D. Ass ated th the Nava l Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . MITCHELL, Harold E. r Force pilot the rst ae al recovery of the CORONA film return MITCHELL , Leslie . Eastman Kodak, GAMB IT program e. MIZGORSKI , Richard J. SAFS . Worked on MCS . in 1982 . MONTGOMERY , William G. Pioneered pre sion control and ing es for a new generation national re system that enhanced volume , res on, and accuracy in ry i ligence coll on . Led i on of precision and control instruments and advanced systems to balance pe formance ons from mult Desi Pioneer, 2013 . Center for of National Re ssance for informat ion . MOORE , James 0. General Electric Co . Aerospace Elect cs Sys tems , Extended Command System team lead, HEXAGON 1969-1978. MOORE , Richard R. Involved with CORONA Thor booster fi ons . MOORMAN , Thomas S., Jr . (Brig Gen, USAF) . NRO Staff Director (SAF/SS), 5 February 1985 18 October 1987. MORGAN , James E. An early Navy of c 11 satellite tactical to operations, devel the t tasking and ss tectures for C systems . NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S National Reconnaissance for tional in on . MORTON, Mark. GE General r respons le for ensuring all GE to CORONA was delivered on schedule . Desi NRO P Consult Center for the S of onal Re ssance onal in on . MUNSON, Alden V., Jr . A contractor with the Aerospace ion and TRW who conce and developed a fully c ele c intelligence sys tem dire y 88
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U.S. military forces in the field. NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S o ssance for additional information . MURPHY, Charles L. (LtCol, USAF) . The irst CIA Field Te cal ect I ion lity. the launch, and on-orbit ope ons of the CORONA system . Force and CIA a fi iat ons can be acknowl NRO oneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for additional information . MURPHY, Frank (CAPT, USN) . Inter rector, C. NAKA, F. Robert . Director, NRO from 1 July 1969 to 31 st 1972. NALLY, (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of D, 1970-72 . NELSON , F. Aerospace . Worked on HEXAGON ing Camera Sys tem . NETHERCOTT , . COMIREX loitation R&D lead. NEUNER, (Lt Col, USAF) . Analysis Branch, SAFSS . NEWMAN, Mark. oyee of TRW who was ant of NRO programs . NEWMAN, Mark. A TRW oyee who worked with NRO Pioneer John Bennett on SIGINT systems for the NRO . NOLAN, d. oyee of TRW who was zant of NRO programs . NORMAN , L.S. (Col USAF) , NRO Directorate o al ects, HEXAGON NOWINSKI, Edward. executive leader to NRO satellite system devel and operations . O' CONNELL, M. (Lt , USAF) . Air Force officer who on SIGINT programs in SAF/SP. Later worked for Lockheed. O'DONNELL, Robert F. - Deve analysis and simulat on techn s ch made poss e the pre sion and flexible structure depl and control of a new generation of coll on satellites . His career in national re ssance spans from 1972 to the present . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2012 . Consult the Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for anal information . ODER, Frederick (Col, USAF) . r. Deputy to General Shre r for WS- 117 CORONA . Pl al role in early CORONA NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for National Reconnaissance for tional in on . O'GREEN, Fred. Lockheed manager for the design, manufacture, and test of the vehicle for CORONA . O'TOOLE , Jos P. Satellite Test Center . Control ef for CORONA ope e and supervised controllers .
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OVER, John J. (Jack) . Associated with the Naval Research 's deve o the GRAB ELINT re ssance
B. Associated with the Nava l Research of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . OWENS , Wesley D. (Col, USAF) . A member of SS 1969-75. PAIGE , Hilliard . GE General r with overall responsibili for devel opment of the CORONA bucket reentry sys tems . PARANGOSKY, John . CORONA Staff. Served as y f, then later as ef of the CORONA Of Deve l Staff in CIA DS&T. Desi 2000. Consult Cente for the o National Re ssance for tional information . PARKER, Dr . chael N. 2011 Pioneer of National Re ssance . Pioneered and geolocation techniques based on precision s externals measurements . In the 1970s, he devel te ques that rectly arms limi ons . He also demons first time I dif ference of arr capability from space, a technology now at the heart of si lligence . PARRISH, P. (Col, Air Force o cer ass to SAF/SP. PATTERSON , Donald W. HEXAGON Sensor Subsys tem Office , C P Sep 1965 Jun 1973. PATTERSON, Lee (CAPT, USN) . Director, C, 31 st 1981 10 September 1982 . PAULSON, Robert L. (Col, USAF) . Associated with NRO programs between 1973 and 1989. Served as the r Force r for a multi agency IMINT satellite sys tem program . He successfully led his program o fice and operations team the critical design, deve , and test of the sys tem, and developed its complex ground architecture . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2002 . Consult Center for the S of Nat onal Reconnaissance for t formation . PEAKE , (Lt Col, USA) . A member of SAF/SS in 1969-70. PELINE, Jul s P., Ph .D. Served as Lockheed's system test director and program manager for a key ry intelligence satellite program . Des NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Cente for the S of National Re ssance for t onal information . PENCE , Lawrence . , USAF) . Member of SAF/SS 1969- 70. PERRY , Robert L. Member of RAND and an NRO contract his an, 1966 1974. PERRY , William J. An cian who advis NSA and CIA on programs to and S et missile 90
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN telemetry and lligence . He red the nPerry Panel" CIA on all overhead s s intelligence collection , and later served as Under Secretary of Defense for Research and ring and as Se of Defense . Des a Founde r of National Re Consult Center for the S of onal Reconnaissance for onal in on . PETTY , Paul E. Perkin-Elmer Corp . HEXAGON Sensor Subsys tem, Jan 1971 1973. PEYTON, Keith . ( , USAF ) . Member of SS 1972 1975. PHILBRICK, Richard W. (Col, USAF) . Aerial reconnaissance p the Air s (later USAF) and a top leader at the on the Corona in the 1960s. PHILMEYER, oyee of Eastman Kodak who was cognizant of NRO programs . PIETZ, John (Maj , USAF) . A staff member of SAF/SP. PLUMMER, James W. Director, onal Re ssance Office from 21 December 1973 to 28 June 1976. Earlier in his s career, he led Lockheed team early of WS 117L, and as the Lockheed program manager for the CORONA program, led the pr contractor e forts all the way its years to l ope onal li PONCE , NPIC during CORONA years . POTTS , . SAFSP. and techni HEXAGON in 1977. POTTS , Ronald. Re ired NRL neer and historian , acknowl in the GRAB and POPPY brochure . POST, William S. (RADM, USN) . y J-2, efs of Staff (JCS) 1960. POWELL, Robert M. Lockheed program manager for the GAMB IT hi resolution satellite reconnaissance program who devised a novel tal maneuve that y extended the ifet s o satellites orbit . Des NRO oneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for additional in on . POWELL , William G. SAFSP. Lt . Colonel in 1974. Worked on HEXAGON Camera Sys tem oad Division 1973- July 1976. POWERS , Francis CIA U-2 pilot shot down over the S et on on 1 1960. PRICE, Charles W. Ass ated with the Naval Research Laboratory' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . PROFFITT, L. sm that permitted a satellite to ons antenna a relay satellite and continuous contact . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2005. Consult Center for the S o Nat Reconnaissance for addi onal in on . 9
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PURCELL, Edward ., Ph .D. A Harvard Nobel Laureate and radar who worked on all early overhead re ssance projects that operated at extreme altitudes . His main contribution involved methods to make these cles, if not invisible to radar, hard to observe th radar. He also red the Land Panel subcommi ttee that selected the B follow-on film recovery re ssance sys tem . Desi a Founder of National Re ssance, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for additional information . QUARLES, Donald A. DEPSECDEF, 1957 59. Drafted the rst "Freedom of " president rect for the IGY satellite program while se as Asst SECDEF R&D in 1955. QUIGGINS , chard S. (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of SS 1963-65 . QUIGLEY, Frank. As a in the was of a satellite ELINT Sys tem Office (SPO) devel and early onal period of ELINT processing system. RABORN , William F., , USN) . DCI, 28 l 1965-26 l 1966. RAGUSA, Peter . Lockheed Missiles and program princ le . neer manager, GAMBIT-3 RAMBOLT, William. A Stanford University who worked on early NRO SIGINT sys tems in the 1960s. RANDAZZO, Richard J. - Pionee the on and i on of new ope techniques sys tems . Col . Randazzo, USAF (Re t) , made a profound contribut to the acquisition and ope on by all NRO sys tems from 1964 to 1986. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2010. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for t formation . d Colonel, USAF . 102 advanced methods of spacecraft launch and ded cruc al that enabled susta operation of re ssance satellites . Designated NRO Pioneer, 2003. Consult Center for the S of onal Re ssance for onal informat on . RATCLIFFE , Louis T. (Jack) . Associated with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . REBER, James Q. Director, NRO from 1 r 1965 to 30 June 1969. Had earl r served as Overhead rements (COMOR) . REDWINE , Charles "Charl ILL ect Office . REED, Thomas C. Director, NRO 9 st 1976 to 7 l 1977. REED, nfi (Lt Col, USAF) . Member of D, 72 . REESE , Edward H. General Ele e' s program led the devel the ground data sys tem to process ry electro- 92
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ical satellites . NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult for the S o Re ssance for additional information . REUSCH , William J. ITEK Corp . ical Systems team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module . 1974. RICKS , Luin ( Member of the DMSP staff respons s on ( , command and control) RIEPE , ") (Col, USAF) . Planned and established es for the WS- 117L/Samos program at Vandenberg and elsewhere, and set up the remote t stations for the CORONA program . Served as first rector of the MIDAS (1959-1961) . RINDSKOPF, M. H. (CAPT, USN) . Director, C, 14 June 1966- 12 r 1966. RITLAND , Osmund (Maj Gen, USAF) . Assistant to Richard Bissell for the overall CORONA Later became Commande r, AF Sys tem Divis NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consul Center the Re ssance addi i information . ROBERTS, Lee W. , USAF) . A satellite re ssance ef high-resolution ry of the earth' s surface . NRO Pionee , 2000. Consult Center for the S 0 ssance addi in on . ROBERTS, James F. , USAF ) . A SAF/SP membe of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. ROOT , Betty. Transcr r of declassified NRO his ROOT , L. Pres , Lockheed Miss le and Company at the itiation of Lockheed 's effort on the r Force' s space programs . ROSE, S. At the Naval Research he des the first ELINT payload used SIGINT satellites . His achievements earliest receivers to collect radar ssions across broad ranges that "horizon to horizon" area coverage lities . s onal designs gave the U.S. its firs space re ssance on success, and he cont to the devel of advanced ELINT receivers, antennas, and associated elements for four decades . Des NRO Pioneer, 2001. Consult Center for the S of ssance for onal informat on . ROSENBERG , Robert A., "Rosie." (Col, ater Brig Gen, USAF) . Served in SAF/SP in 1960s and early 70s. Act Staff Director, SAF/SS, , 1976; later se White House Staff, 1977 79. ROSS , B. Alan . Perkin-Elmer HEXAGON Sensor sys tem . 1973 1975. 93
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ROSS , Grant r for ITEK. In 1977 he was the Itek s r for HEXAGON . ROSZAK , Jos ated with the Naval Research Laboratory' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . ROTELIUK, A TRW employee zant of NRO program
ROTH , Charles . r for the first electro- cal imaging satellite to be put into orbit. Designated NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the of anal Re ssance for t l formation . ROWLETT, Frank B. al Assistant to Director, Nat anal Se (NSA) . ROY , Rob . The fi st CORONA launch controller at VAFB . NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of anal Reconnaissance additional in ion . ROYCE , Winston W. son-Ramo-Wool ty Software team lead, HEXAGON Nov 1971-Mar RUDERMAN, Malvin . A member of the Drell Committee established DDS&T Bud Wheelan . RUEBEL, J.H. (Col, USAF) . A staff member of SAF/SP. RUFFNER, Kevin C. CIA histor and editor of CORONA : ca 's Fi rst Sa tellit e Program, 1995 . RUNGE , Fritz . Worked Lt Col Haig in the DMSP Office . RUPERT , n i (Lt Col, USAF ) . Member of D, 1970- 73. RUSSO , Jos P. EK. ect officer closeout of operational se of the HEXAGON Mapping Camera . RUZECK, Charles (COL, USA) . An or l member o the irst NRO staff (SAF/SS) . Worked on HEXAGON le a Colonel at SP-6. RZEPNICK , I Aerospace Discovered GAMB IT s in Bri SABELHAUS, Anthony H. A TRW oyee zant of NRO program activi SAMFORD , John A. (Lt Gen, USAF) . rector, NSA 1960. SAMPSON, William F. An Aerospace Corporation technical manager with NRO program activities . SAUNDERS , Clason B. (Col, USAF) . rector, D, from 15 July 1966 31 October 1967 . SAUNDERS , Edward R. CIA, ler, 960. SAXTON, H. L. Ass ated the Nava l Research ' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . SCHADEGG , John J. COMIREX ry Collection rements ttee chair; chief NRO SCHALK, Louis . CIA A-12 lot in the 1960s. SCHOESSLER, d. Liaison wi film manu division, r necessary 94
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cat the CORONA program 's film rements and devel o ilms to these unique rements . Robert A. SAFSP. Worked on HEXAGON . Was a Lt . Colonel in
SCHRIEVER, Bernard A. (Gen, USAF) . Commande r, AF Ballistic Missile Division the CORONA program . Later became Commande r of the AF Research and Deve and o the Air Force Sys tems Command. SCOTT, Roderick M. Per r r who i in the design o the and A-12 cameras . SCOVILLE , Herbert Jr . CIA Office of Scientific Intelligence, 1960. Director of B from 1 March 1962 to 14 June 1963 . ia Jane . Associated th the Nava l Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . SEAWELL, William T. Mili Assistant to DEPSECDEF, 1960. SEAY , J. S. (Col, USAF) . A staff member of SAF/SP, in
SELTER, nfi Member of D, 1970 72 . SENG , Joseph . CORONA years . SEWELL , John M. Eastman , test and GAMB IT program e. SHAMBLE , J. Alfred. ITEK. Worked on Ultra Thin Base (UTB) Film lementat SHARP , Dudley C. SECAF, 1960. SHELDON , Hunt D. CIA Director of B from 27 1965 to 13 1967 . SHELTON, William (Col, USAF) . Commande r, U-2 Detachment B. SHEPPARD , William A. ("Red") (Col, USAF) . CORONA Office . Established the early processes and ded the transition between the unclassified Discoverer and the classified CIA activities . Interacted with senior r Force leader to ma booster and also responsible for establishing the Autumn Leaves study to how conventional film could be fied to the space ronment . SHERRILL, J.C. Exe Officer to rman, JCS, 1960. SHIELDS , lliam L. Jr . (Br Gen, USAF) . NRO Staff rector (SAF/SS) from 18 March 1976 to 12 June 19 8. SHIPLEY , Dr . John W. Pionee ssance . Pioneered the devel tectural , and initial system definition that led to the successful devel of a revo NRO colle on asse . His unique beam- design led to proven on- t per and critical collect ions that have exceeded expectations . SHOEMAKER, Earl . NPIC CORONA years .
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SHOVER, T. Associated with the Nava l Research 's deve o the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . SHURA, Carl Van . Assoc with the Naval Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . SIDES, Jack (Lt Col, USAF) . An or l member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . SIMKINS, Donald N. Pioneered devel of si process ques that allowed thms to be dramatically advanced. s also devel automated techn s to lude use of long term coherency to and col le on, and ay o information . Pioneer, 2013 . Consult the Center for the Study of National Re ssance for on al in on . SIMMONS , Arthur B. Eastman Kodak Director of Research and during the CORONA program . SIMONTON, Jack, (Col, USAF) . Assi to SAF/SP in the 1970s in the area of launch SINEX, es H. ( An member of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . SINGEL, Robert D. Director, NRO from 18 S r 1972 to 15 July 1974. SMITH , Francis . General Electric Co . Aerospace Electronics Systems , Extended Command System team lead, HEXAGON 1980-1986. SMITH, J. R. (Lt Col, USAF) . r, Defense Meteorological within SAF/SP. SORRELS , Dr . John D. Aerospace Corp., General Sys tems neering division, HEXAGON . Dec 1966 Jul 1967. SPOELHOF, Charles P. An Eastman Kodak official who collaborated on the design of the U-2, A-12, and SAMOS cameras, and rected efforts that led to the ication of thin-based Mylar film in NRO ssance satellites . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for t l information . SPORKEN, Stanley. CIA General Counsel who was zant of NRO/NRP activities . SPRAGUE , W. (RADM, USN) . Last Director, C, 3 1992-31 Decembe 1992 . STARNES, Arthur (Lt Col, USAF) . A SAF/S officer in the 1970s ted with modern launch ion te ques and s . STEARNS , Clifford B. (Lt . USAF) . A SAF/SP officer assi to DMSP in the 1960s.
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STEININGER, Donald. A re Colonel who was a , sta fer to the Pres s early 1960s and supported the Drell Committee's investigation of ways to ssance satellite lities . STELLING , Henry, B (Hank) (Col, USAF) . Assi to the SAF/SP office involved with NRO launch in the 1970s. STEVENS , Don . Eastman Kodak, stration , GAMBIT program . STEWART , James T. (Brig Gen, USAF) . Director of the NRO Staff (SAF/SS) from 3 st 1964 to 1 1967. STIEG , Forrest H. A CIA engineer and spacecraft operations ist in B who sed a process for se ect an that s col ect on with cle longevity. Desi r, 2000. Consult Center for the Study of National ssance for onal in on . STINE , D.A. BMD Scout booster Office . Worked on HEXAGON . STONE , S., Ph .D. and ect manager on c lligence satellite programs . Desi Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for tional informat STONER, James W. Pioneered techniques for near-real time processing of elect c lligence si s and whose a ithm and qua lity control were er cal to satellite c successes . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Re ssance for tional informat STOWE , Richard. Eastman Kodak. and cal dance for the devel ion, and i assurance of Kodak handling , for lms and chemis es used in gove rnment liti es, and for process and i on of the program films . STRAND , John H. (Col, USAF) . Member of SAFSS in 1964 65 . SUKOW , William. COMIREX Exploi ation ttee r. SUOMI , Verner . Worked th Colonel Thomas Ha during of the DMSP oad. F. (Col, USAF) . Director of NRO Staff ( SAF /SS) from 21 st 1970 to 31 197 TALIOFERRO , W.R. NRO Staff. Chair of the Booster Source Selection board. In 1966 he was a Colonel with the Titan Sys tem Office . TAMANINI , Elmer B. General El c Co . Aerospace E ect cs Sys tems , Extended Command Sys tem team lead, HEXAGON 1978-1980. TANG, Don F. A Lockheed spacecraft neer in A who established a ncollection scale" for what s could be techni ly colle at af s . 97
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NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of National Reconnaissance for tional in on . TAYLOR, Rufus L. (VADM, USN) . Director C, 19 June 1963 to 14 June 1966, subs ly DDCI from 13 October 1966 to 1 1969. TEVIS, Charles C. His for space-based si on resulted in the several systems, and who was strumental in ng of the Defense cial Missile and Aeronautics Center . Designated NRO Pioneer, 2003. Consult Center for the S of Nat onal Reconnaissance for t formation . TENET, George . DCI July 1997- July 2004, second longest se DCI after Allen Dulles . ous y served as y DCI and Acting Director . THOMAS , Herbert . QUILL ect Office . TIDWELL, William A. C y Director for Intell 1960, and later served as the rector of COMIREX . TOMAN , Ronald G. SAFSP worked on HEXAGON Camera System . or in 1976.
TOOL, Arthur Q. Ass with the Nava l Research I S devel o the GRAB ELINT re ssance satell te . TORDELLA, Louis W. y Director, National Security 1960-1980. TREAT , Steve P. Lockheed Missile and Co . Satellite Basic Assembly and Sys tem on . HEXAGON 1980- 1983. TRUAX , R.C. (CAPT, USN) . An r of first Air Force WS 117L staff and later a staff member of SAF/SP. TSUTOMI , Janet. Secretary for the CORONA Recovery Group Commande r. TUKEY, John . A member of Edwin Land' s Technology li ies Panel Three that ored ways to the nat on' s 11 li es the 1950s. TURNER, , USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. TURNER, Stansfield (ADM USN) . DCI, 9 March 1977 27 1981. TWINING, Nathan F. (Gen, USAF) . Chairman, JCS, (CJCS) 1960. URMAN, Wally. Ass with the Nava l Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance sate lite . VAN KEUREN, NRL s an acknowl the GRAB and POPPY brochure . VAN MATER, Robert A. (Lt Col, USAF) . An membe of the first NRO staff (SAF/SS) . VAN WAGONER, Richard C. Pioneer of onal Reconnaissance . Pioneered antenna and system design and the evaluat on o sys tem per criti to success execution of NRO 98
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SIGINT mission . His devel of technology has resulted in the high ty SIGINT now available to the Intelligence and DoD Communities . VELDERS , (Col, USAF) . Membe o D, 1970-73. VOTAW , Martin J. Associated with the Naval Research 's devel opment of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . WADDELL, Kirk. Cited but no in on lable . WAGGERSHAUSER, Herman . Eastman Kodak, Vice President and General s and ical Divis on . GAMB IT program pr le . WAKITSCH, Harold E. , USAF) . A SAF/SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. WALD , Bruce . Associated with the Nava l Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance sate WALKER, Donald R. (Brig Gen, USAF) . NRO Staff Director (SAF/SS), 6 1989 1992 . WALSH, James H. Gen, USAF) . Assistant ef of Staff, Intelligence, 1960. WALTON, John . Walton, as manager of the General Ele organi ation for the rst near-real-t ssance satellite, made poss e , successful operation of the earth and space-based program elements. He served a key tect and leader n system' s de fini on, , and , and established and emented processes for the system ion and execution o large, ex, multi- contractor acquisition program . Mr . Walton provided leadership to de sion-making forums in de and evaluating program cost, schedule, and performance data, and litated a cohes gove rnment and contractor team . His revolutionary methodology addressed the re life e of program events, and has been appl to other NRO programs . Des NRO oneer, 2001. Consult Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance for onal information . WARNER, John S. CIA Legislative Liaison/Office of General Counsel, 1960. WATSON , John T. ITEK . Optical Systems sion, team lead, HEXAGON Camera Module . Jun 1968-Nov 1968 WATTS, Sherilyn . NRO Staff. WAYNE , James (Lt Col, USAF) . A SP member of the DMSP program in the mid 1960s. WEBB, Vernard H. (Curly) (Lt Col, ef o ons, CIA' S Advanced ects 1960- 1964. Pl an ant role in the test of the CORONA camera systems and also in the on- ons o s lite . 99
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WEBSTER, William H. DCI, 26 1987-31 t 1991 . WEINSTEIN, Melvin (Lt Col, USAF) . An SAF/SP officer assi to DMSP in the mid 1960s. WEISS , Stanley I. Ph .D. Lockheed Missile and Satell te Basic Assembly and Sys tem I ion . HEXAGON Jul 1967 Feb 1970. WEISNER, Jerome . The Pres 's Sc sor the early 1960s who NRO Founder y Drell to j the Strategic Military Panel of the Presidents' Scientific Advisory ttee . WELCH , Guy F. SAFSP. Lt Colonel, Deputy for oads , SAFSP. HEXAGON Camera Sys tem oad Division July 197 6-July 1982 . in SAFSP MCS oad Division between July 970- 1971. WELZENBACH, Donald E. (CIA an, retired) . Author o Th e CIA and e U-2, among r ished WHEELER, Earle G. (GEN, USA) . ef of Staff, 1960. WHEELER , Harold P. Jr . (Col USAF) , NRO Staff Director (SAF/SS), 1 r 1974-17 March 1976. WHEELON, Albert D. (Bud) . First CIA Director of DS&T (1963-66) . NRO Pionee , 2000. Consult Center for the S o Reconnaissance additional in ion . WHISENAND , James F. (MG, USA) . c Assistant to CJCS, 1960. WHITE, Thomas D. (Gen, USAF) . Air Force Chief of Staff, 1960. WILCOX, Fred. CEO of Fai ld Camera and Instrument ion in the 1950s. WILHELM, Peter G. Chief spacecra r at Naval Research Laboratory who invented new techniques and devices that added lities and performance of signals 11 satellites . Desi NRO oneer, 2000. Consult Center for the S of onal Reconnaissance for onal in on . WILKINSON , John T. ITEK ical Systems Division . Worked on HEXAGON . WILLEMS , John (MG, Assistant f of Staff, Intell , 1960. WILLIAMS , John R. ated with the Naval Research 's devel o the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . WILLIAMSON, William E. (Lt Col, USA) . Member of SAF/SS 1966-69. WILLIAMSON, R. E. Lockheed, HEXAGON ic WILLIS, Harold W. CIA Office of INT; served on S GINT Panel in 1961 and worked on C POPPY ect, later worked wi NRO Pioneer Bennett on B SIGINT systems for the NRO .
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WILLIS, I E., USN . A U.S. o ficer ment oned in the memoi s o NRO Pioneer as in the GRAB ELINT satellite ect . WINFREE , Vance C. Associated with the Nava l Research 's devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . WINKLER, James G. Associated th the Nava l Research 's deve of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . WITHROW, Will Ass ated th the Nava l Research
f s of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite o control huts . WOLFE , John . The first ITEK CORONA r. WONG, Sun Yet. Desi NRO Pioneer, 2007. Consult Center for the Study of National Re ssance for on al in on . WOOD , Janet A. Des NRO Pioneer, 2006. Consult Center for the Study of Reconnaissance for tional in on . WORTHINGTON, (Col, USAF) . Office . devel o the three- Later s as CORONA r. As of the 6594th Aerospace Test Wing, rected the launch o some 200 satellites from the Western Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Con t Center of National Re ssance for tional information . WORTHMAN, Paul E. , USAF) . CORONA Office . an Air Force Laboratory which developed aerial recovery; member, SAF/SS 1964-1970. WULFHORST, John K. Lt, USN . A U.S. Navy officer mentioned in the memoirs of NRO as in the GRAB ELINT satellite YAKSICK, d M. son-Ramo-Woolridge Inc, T' Software team lead, HEXAGON Program . 1979 1986. YATES, Donald N. OSD, rector for Research and 1960. ' YORK, Herbert F. OSD, Director for Research and 1960. YOST , Will R. (Lt Col, Col, USAF) . Member SAF/SS, 1966-71. YOUNG, Peter W. SAFSP. Worked on Was a in 982 . YOWELL, Grover M. ( USN) . C from 1 July 1977 to 29 st 1981. YUEN , Jos Ass ated with the Naval Research ' s devel of the GRAB ELINT re ssance satellite . YUNDT, Robert W. Directed the Signals Intelligence Of a new, long-1 , mul e si s ligence satellite . In 1960, se as 20
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Director of the SAMOS program . Desi NRO Pioneer, 2000. Consult Cente for the S o Nat ssance for additional information .
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(U) Appendix C Glossary of Code Words and Terms
C is UNCLASSIFIED except as cated by ion markings . Redactors may find addi tional curren t guidance on code words and terms in the separa ed "all codewords list" and the ate cla cation de . See also the DoD fied internet ct or intellink
and acronyms . substi tute for the informa tion contained , or unn icate genera l hist cal or cal informa tion readi available in more ate sources . Cl a fi ed terms are iden tified elsewhere in the RRG.
AFSCN Air Force Satellite Control Network . An rconnected, obal set o stations that provided tracking , telemetry, command, and control functions ly for manned and unmanned of Defense (DOD) and non-DOD satellite operations and space cle miss ons . AGE Aerospace Ground Equipment. All ground equipment required to prepare and checkout the oad and launch cle or to launch . Angel An informal nickname for the U-2 alt tude re ssance rcraft the staff of Lockheed's Advanced Deve l lity. AQUATONE The code word ass to U-2 l and early operations in the late 1950s. ARGO The code word for a jo program established in 1967 Pres 's Sc Advisor coo the needs and use of classified reconnaissance ry for civil purposes. The only ry can acknowledged as supporting ARGO is that from the CORONA, ARGON, or LANYARD programs . Succeeded the Civil ications ttee (CAC ) in 1975. ARGON The code word associated with first satellite
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camera that flew in the early to 1960s. ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (later DARPA) Athos A WWII German rece r AUDI CO An analog-to tal converter used NSA to prepare GRAB ELINT sate te downlink data for comnuter nrocessina.
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BE Number Basic Encyclopedia Number . A number fore tallation or it in
BEACON HILL An Air Force s formed in the early 1950s to research s to overhead re ssance, alti balloons, rcraft , and earth satellites. BLACK KNIGHT A SENSINT overfl o Vl stok three USAF RB- 57Ds on 11 Decembe r 1956. When sted the S s, Pres Dwight E senhower ordered a halt to all SENSINT and TALENT overfl s of S -S count s. BLACK SHIELD The operational code word associated with the operat onal o A-12/0XCART rcraft to Kadena Air Base in 1968 to support U.S. mili operations in Southeast Asia. BLACK SHIELD rcraft ly overflew North On three occasions in 968, A- 2 rcraft overflew North Korea after that country' s seizure of the USS Pueblo in of that year. BLUE BOOK The Air Force effort st al commonly known nvest rs checked reported s t U-2 and ater OXCART fl records, which accounted for a number of them. BORESIGHT Nickname for Naval Se network o high finding 0 stat ons . See also BULLSEYE . BRIDGEHEAD A generic name as to process of overhead program film Eastman Kodak. BUCKSHOT The nickname assoc ated with the unsuccessful NRL mult launch in 1962 204
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called COMPOSITE . BUGH The name by NSA to the rst detected signal associated with a Soviet ABM radar. It was the GRAB ELINT satellite . BULLSEYE Successor nickname for BORESIGHT CACTUS CORONA r program that t locations for to Unclassified in CORONA context only. CALICO CORONA r program that dete camera operations and operational data. Unclassi in CORONA context only. CANES The access and se contro system for the GRAB ELINT satellite project started the Naval Research Laboratory. CANIS A misspell of CANES, o found in records . CAT EYE A WS-117 project circa 1956 deal with l ification . CCAM Controlled Collision Avoidance Maneuver . CDRL Contract Data Requirements List. CHALICE The operational code word associ with the U-2 program before the shoot down of Powers . It was aced the code word IDEALIST . CHESS Code name ass the U-2 ry CIO Central Imagery Office . CL -282 The Lockheed designation for the preliminary that evolved the U-2 high ssance rcraft . COMET program that determined o t select ons . ass in CORONA context only. COMINT Communications Intelligence . See SIGINT . COMINT Con trol An 11 for System cations COMI REX Committee on Imagery Requirements and Exploitation . COMOR Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance . The cessor to COMIREX, it de overhead collection rements. COMPOSITE used to desc an unsuccessful NRL oad launch in 1962, a GRAB ELINT satellite . COMSEC Communications Security . CORONA The once-class name for the covert reconnaissance satellite program 205
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first returned s to earth . CORONA TA RGET CORONA r program that selected o t- PROGRAM (CTP) orbit camera operation based on weather forecasts and on ays of operational formation and ishment . COURIER COMSAT project transferred to control, 959. Re ated to of scoverer, SAMOS, MIDAS , Transit, and SpaSur . Dera ted The operat on of a system at less than its des lity. DEFCON Defense Condition . DCI Director of Central Intelligence . DCIA Director of the Central Intelligence Agency DDL Direct Down Link . Dirty Bird The term used to refer to U-2 airc us radar s reduction s. DISCOVERER The unclassi cover name for the covert CORONA program, until 1962 it was aced with numbe rs . DNI Director of National Intelligence . DNRO Director , National Reconnaissance Office . DOD Department of Defense . DOSIMITER Unclass oad launched with GRAB/ DRAGON LADY name of Air Force project in 1956 to procure its own fleet of U-2 rcraft , with the cooperat on o CIA for security purposes . DSP Defense Support Program . An Air Force satellite that uses infrared sensors to detect ballistic ssile launches. It was an outgrowth of the early WS 117L MIDAS R&D program . DYNO An operational code word associated th GRAB , the first satellite ELINT system, which was devel and operated by the Naval Research Laboratory until it transferred to the National Re ssance office in 1962 . DYNASOAR A 960s era Air Force program to deve op a space ane . It neve r progressed R&D. EBONY The code word asso ated with a so U-2 overfl of North in the summe r o 1961 . ECI Exceptionally Controlled Information . An NSA strat COMINT flag . ELINT Electronic Intelligence . See S GINT . EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility . EMI Electromagnetic Interference . 206
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EMP Electromagnetic Pulse . Ep hemeri s Da ta Informat on a satell te' s o tal rs, altitude, inclination, etc . EQUINE The code word for the initial anning to oit the taken the U-2 altitude re EVEN STEVEN The code word fl s 1970 that overflew the Suez Canal ceasefire zone between Israel and Egypt . Executive Order S on 22 1995, t rects the 12951 declassi cation and release to the ic by October 1996 of all ry collected the CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD sate te ssance systems . Executive Order S on 19 l 1995 and amended on 25 12958 March 2003, it directs automatic declassification of records on a specific date or event dete the o classification ri , or on ration of a maximum period of time for classi cation established by this order. Exemption The nine specified criteria in amended Ca tegories Execut Order 12958 that justi ion from automat FFRDC rally Rese Center. FIS Fore Instrumentat on s. See SIGINT . FEED BACK The RAND study project on the feasibility of re ssance satellites that in a 1954 de sion the Research and Devel opment Command to s the al for trans at the FEED BACK recommendations to actual hardware . ARDC's decision evolved into the WS-117L PIED PIPER program . FERRET The gene c term to the SIGINT ants of the SAMOS WS-117 sate ite deve effort . (See E) FL IP TOP The code word associated with 15 U-2 over fl s of Cuba in l 1961 to c coverage of the ion and its aftermath . FOG Refers to the Follow-On-Group of 31 U-2 Air Force, purchased initially by the CIA. FORWARD PASS
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The code word s unc ass when reed from its GENE TRIX Program name for a covert effort to perform alt tude balloon re ssance over the t on the 1950s. Also ass AFP number WS -119L. A follow-on project in 1958 was as 461L. GGSE ty S lization unclassi GRAB/POPPY a load.
GRAB T e cover term or the first satellite ELINT sys tem, which was called DYNO, and devel Naval Research ratory before ransferred to the NRO in 1962 . The term was an acronym r "Galactic Radiation And Bae ." (See A) GRAND SLAM The operations code word associated with the over fl o the S t Union that resulted in the downing of Powers' U-2 on 1 May 1960 . GREB A of the cover term for DYNO rst DARPA . It is an acronym represent the term Galactic ation riment GREEN EYES The code word associated with three U-2 miss ons over Cuba in Nov-Dec 1960 . GSE Ground Support Equipment . HEMP High Energy Magnetic Pulse . HOLD The se contro system t tuted by the Office of Naval Intell in 1961 to ace the CANES control systems ass ated with the GRAB/DYNO ELINT satellite system. HOT SHOP The operations code word associated with two U-2 pe ral elect c 11 col ction fl s along an border in June 1959. The first mission involved operations with an USAF RB-57D and made first telemetry inte from a 208
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S ICBM its first s HTAUTOMAT The name to the project des to exploit U-2 imagery in January 1956 that )( 1) evolved into NPIC. (b (b)(3) IDEALIST The cryptonym used to describe the overall U- 2 program after the S ts shot down Franc s Gary Powers' ssion on 1 May 1960 . ILC Initial Launch Capability . IMINT Imagery Intelligence . The collection and analys is of and elect c across the electromagnetic rum,
visual, radar, r and olet data. Informa tion ry of information cont Elemen t (IE) se classification s or declassification s. INJUN A sub satellite launched as a co k oad wi GRAB/ on 29 June 1961 onboard a TRANSIT II cation satell te . Sponsored by Dr. James Van Allen, its purpose was t sc ific s of the around the earth . IOC Initial Operational Capability . IR Infrared IRON Inter-Range Operations Number . A y selected four-digit number used to schedule and AFSCN support for booste r, launch, or on-o t operations . ISOO Information Security Oversight Office . The zat on respons for oversee the ion of amended Execut Order 12958 within all Executive departments and agenc s. JA NUS The name of the last-generation CORONA J cameras . Often referred to as the J-1, J-2 , J-3, or J-4 cameras . JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff . KICK OFF The operations code word associated with the overall Cuba overfl effort in support o the of ion in 1960 . LANYARD name unsuccessful first to ion surveillance Launch Da te A term that when a space launch s to (or was to) occur; year, r, month, 209
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week or Launch Period The calendar pe od which launch targeting information is available . The time span (encompassing the launch ) during ch a LV launch is occur. Launch Wi ndow A spe period of time which a space aunch must occur to te cal constra ts and rements . LCO Launch Communications Office . LETHAL CORONA r program that automat cally commanded and controlled the satellite . in CORONA context only. LOFT I NRL expe sate te to ric effects on very low ion . t was lost unsucce ss COMPOSITE
LONG GREEN s over Cuba in March 1961 to r of ion . LPO Launch Program Office . NRO OSL ion and launch SPO . Formerly known as SMC/CLX, SMC/IMO and/or Launch ce . Lifeboa t A redundant and self- back-up s lization system (BUSS) AGENA space cle that could be act recove the satellite reentry vehicle in the case of an AGENA power failure . LV Launch Vehicle . Consists o the ent re space del ry system , as ate, the booster, core vehicle, upper stage, and the oad for al current and currently anned launch systems . MASINT Measurement and Signature Intelligence . MCC Mission Control Complex. MC &G Mapping , Charting , & Geodesy. MCS Mission Control Station . MGS Mission Ground Station . Me thods rational te s used to 11 or support clandest covert actions . MIDAS A of the USAF program with the of detect ballistic missi It evo into the operational Defense (DSP) ball stic miss le Midas R&D was declassi entirely 2 0
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in 1998 . 0 MILSATCOM Military Satellite Communications . MOB Y DICK Program name for overt balloon meteorological expe s from the early-to-late-1950s. MOON BOUNCE A project started 1949 to collect S radar s s reflected off the moon . MURAL The first two-camera CORONA ant that the rst stereo lity. NCA National Command Authority . NA CA The National Advisory Committee Aeronautics . The National Aeronautics and stration that a cover story for the U-2 in the early of the aircraft . Under the cover s the U-2 's ostensible mission was to support NACA with high altitude weather research . NA REC An NRL r used for s s search in unction wi GRAB ELINT satellite . NEW HORIZON Official nickname for the WS 117L military reconnaissance satellite devel e fort . NGA National Geospatial Intelligence Agency . NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency . See NGA . NIMB US code word associ wi U-2 over fl s of Cuba after the ion that eventually led to detect on o Soviet strategic missiles on the island. (Also the name of an expe NASA weather satellite .) NMCC National Military Command Center . NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command . NPIC National Photographic Interpretation Center . A national level imagery exploitation o zation that had Governmental li for CAL c
NRO National Reconnaissance Office . NRP National Reconnaissance Program. NSA National Security Agency . NTPC National Technical Processing Center OARFISH The code word ass to the CIA contract with Lockheed to develop the U-2 . OBP On board processor . OILS TONE The Air Force code word for the devel program o the U-2 altitude reconnaissance program . 2
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ONI Office of Naval Intelligence . OP SEC Operations Security . OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense . Overhead A term that refers to rborne and space borne re ssance . OXCART The code word ass to the A-12, the alt tude , supers c successor to the U- 2.
1._he military ,--"--'"� (S//'l'R; /!\Eh+
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PAPERCLIP T e name o t e proJect whe German rocket s sts were the U.S. in 1950 to lop ld missi s. PARAMOUNT The name of a multi agency dur the Commi ttee 1956 that produced all source reports, inc use of U- 2 high altitude ry. PATHFINDER A me cal test to veri the compatibil of space cle and its wi the AGE . Payl oad (s} One or more miss on enhanc hardware integrated onto the space perform program rements . Payl oad Iden ti ty The combination of the rt (ASE) and the sate tes . PFIAB President 's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board . PIED PIPER The o c ass to the WS- 117L advanced re ssance satellite program in 1955-56 and used in the des t on . PLF Payload Fairing . The hardware that covers the oad while t launch on top of the POPPY Follow on to GRAB . PROFORMA data, usua y
Programma tic related Da ta space-based reconnaissance systems in foll 2
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areas : - Research, devel and operation Budgeting and funding - Contractor relati - I ion of launch and sensor atforms - Command and contro operat ons des and devel opment details Survivability and vulnerability. PSAC President 's Scientific Advisory Committee . RAINBOW The code word associated th the project to reduce the U-2 's vulne radar detect on . RAINCOAT The name of the policy tituted DNRO in early 1962 to classi launches of all mili satellites. Its tus was the reasing ffic ul of maintaining the DISCOVERER cover story for the CORONA program . It can associ wi SAMOS, CORONA (DI , ARGON, and LANYARD programs . However, classified are details conce methodo l cons s currently RAPPORT A COMINT i Reflig ht Informat on that reveals or ans to launch anothe r SV with similar con ion to a ously flown SV . REP TILE NSA codeword for POPPY-related oitation and report RD Restricted Data . RF Radio Frequency . RTS Remote Tracking Station . SAF/SL Office of the Secretary of the Air Force/Space Launch . SAP Special Access Program . SAMOS An early Air Force re ssance sate te program that ized film read-out sys tems . One SAMOS photo satellite project to develop a resolution film return system . Anothe r SAMOS project was lved with ELINT "ferret" sate ites . (See E) SCI Special Compartmented Information . SCIF Special Compartmented Information Facility . SCOPE SAINT A series of U-2 overseas oyment 2 3
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exercises . SCOPE SHIELD U-2 miss ons flown on the pe ry o North Vietnam mostly in 1973 to monitor that country's compliance with cease fire s . SCORE First military comsat, developed the USAF, broadcast first vo ce message from space- Pres Eisenhower' s 1958 stmas message . SEAFOAM The code word :asso ciated with six U-2 fl s from Ramev AFB Puerto Rico in December 1963.
l(S//l'l!') I � )( 1) SECAF Secretary of t e Ai r Force . (b SECDEF Secretary of Defense . (b)(3) SENSINT Control Sensitive Intelligence was an access and System securi control system for a military re ssance overfl 1950s, one U-2 program . It featured a variety of modi mil aircraft that flew missions over mainland S t satellite states in Eastern , and the USSR. Its ry ct was held in a WINDFALL . SENTRY The cessor name for the SAMOS program . SGLS Space Ground Link System . SIGINT Signals Intelligence . The ion, analysis, and report information s either ly or combination, all COMINT , ELINT, and FISINT . SIGINT s both raw data and the analysis product of that data . Subsets of SIGINT include : a. Communications Intelligence (COMINT) . Te 11 gence formation de from foreign cation by other than the intended rec ients . b. Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) . Technical and ligence information elect transmissions rec s, and foreign non- communications e ct ic ion emanat s from other than atomic detonation or radioact sources . c. Foreign Instrumentation Signals 2 4
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Intelligence (FISINT) . Technical and 11 gence information de from the intercept of foreign instrumentation s ls (i.e., elect ic ssions) asso ated th the test and operational deployment of non-U.S. aerospace, surface, and subsurface systems . s include telemetry, beacons, elect c interrogators, tracking/fusing/arming/ command systems , and video data links . SISS ZULU Naval Se ckname for its ion in the POPPY program. Skunk Works to the Lockheed's Advanced Devel facility at Burbank, California that devel the U-2, the A-12, and the SR- 71 pe rmance reconnaissance re soc The NRO Satellite Operations Center . Located in the Pentagon in the early 1960s, it transl col ction rements the intell ty for tasking the satell te stations . It was disestablished late 1970s. SOFT TOUCH The operations word associated with U-2 over fl the S t Un on and two over fl ic of in 1957 . Resulted in scovery o Missile Test Center in the USSR. SOLRAD Solar Radiation Experiment. A s i c expe launched th the GRAB ELINT satellite . The SOLRAD cly ac while ELINT oad was not, thus for the latter. SPAR TAN Name to the SAMOS E-6 oad devel effort when the E-6 was cancelled in 1963 and reo from a two-camera system aunched on ATLAS to a one-camera system launched on Thrust-Assisted-THOR (TAT ) . SP-AS-63 A second de effort of the SAMOS E 6 oad after the first de effort, des SPARTAN, was cancel in 1963. SPASUR The Naval Surveillance facility transmitter sites and receiver sites, a continuous wave 2 5
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elect c fence above the southern states from coast to coast. Can also be referred to in the records as NAVSPASUR. SPCI Special Program Controlled Information . Includes formation relat to ial act ivities, but not warrant a TOP SECRET or SECRET class ficat on . SPCI s handled only by fed personnel and may not leave the cial Program Controlled area. SPO System Program Office . SRV Satellite Recovery Vehicle . A detachable of the spacecraft in film-return sate te re ssance systems that was de- o ted for delivering exposed film back to earth for process and oitation. STAR Codeword r ELINT variants l under WS 117L. STARFISH The name asso ated with a U.S. nuc test in 1962 . See a on dance in F. STEX A SIGINT technology satell te, fact o only. STIC S ific Techni Intelligence Center, Office of Naval Intell SURCAL NRL a space Surveillance fence . It was lost unsuccessful 1962 COMPOSITE launch . sv Satellite Vehicle . The satellite space to perform an operational, research, or test ssion . See oad. SVC Satellite Vehicle Contractor . SV Mi ssion The activi the sate te wi ac sh space . Sys tem-V The first electronic inte equipment to be flown aboard the U-2 . System 438L A which the WS-117 system (IDHS) was to be deve the Air Force . Devel of the IDHS of the WS-117 Advanced Re ssance System was eventually abandoned. TA GBOARD A supers c ssance drone des in the 1960s o ly to be launched from the A-12/0XCART . It y a operational missions launched from a B-52 .
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TALENT Con trol The access and se control system System for the U-2 program . U-2 ry products held in two other compartments: CHESS and CHURCHDOOR . TALENT-KEYHOLE access and se control system Con trol System established for re ssance satellites in t 1960 . TA TTLETALE The code word initi ly ass to the GRAB ELINT satellite project in the late 1950s. TIME STEP The code word associated with a anned U-2 overfl of the S on in late 1, 1960 . It was scarded favor of another overflight plan that resulted in the shoot down of 1960 . TIGER The non- code word for the then compartmented TAGBOARD supers c re ssance drone by former D. TIROS sion and nfrared Observation System, a program to record cloud formations for weather forecast TOG Technical Operations Group . The establ shed by the to coo and control activit s related to the GRAB/DYNO ELINT satellite project . TOMAS See VAULT/TOMAS . TRAILBLAZER A test to verify the ibili of the SV and ts rface with the LV . TRAP Tactical Related Applications . TRANSIT The Navy 's first ion satellite, it also a covert piggyback for the GRAB ELINT nation 's first operational ssance satellite TRAPEZE The name at s to reduce the U- 2 's radar s under Project RAINBOW the use of attached ass rods and small gauge wire with prec sely ferrite beads . UV Ultraviolet. VA UL T/TOMAS A proposed, but neve r devel , successor to the ARGON satellite system. VRK Very Restricted Knowledge . An NSA COMINT flag . WA LNUT TOP SECRET se ty system by the Office of Naval for the GRAB ELINT satellite 2 7
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project . It aced the SECRET level TATTLETALE se ty system . WA LLPAPER A name given to attempts to reduce the U-2 's radar s under Project RAINBOW the use of astic mate al a circuit des to absorb radar ses in the 65 to 85-MHZ range . WINDFALL Access and control system ass to the imagery product of the SENSINT Program . WRSP-1 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron , Provisional . The cover name given to the first U-2 operational detachment, which cons sted of four rcraft . WS -117L The umbrella Air Force devel effort in the 1950s for ssance satel ites stemming from 's Project FEEDBACK . It eventually luded three s MIDAS , SENTRY (later SAMOS) , (CORONA) . WS -119L Air Force number ass to the Genetrix re ssance balloon project in 1955 56. A follow-on project in 1958 was called WS -461L.
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(U) Appendix D Footnoted Sources
(U) Note : This appendix provides a record of the decision process supporting newly approved information releases Origins of previous changes may be found in earlier editions of the RRG . The 2008 edition included documentation for all changes authorized to that point.
1. (U/� New guidance dete in consultation with NRO Classi icat Working in response to a FOIA, and per the rit of E.O. 13526 and previ ous RRG dance .
(U) After the 2012 RRG t changes to the RRG will be documented using the authorized st for Change form . Footnotes will be dis cont
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(U) Appendix E - WS-117L : SENTRY/SAMOS
(U) WS-117 served as the umbre la R&D program for Air Force reconnaissance satellites in the 1950s. eventual y main s: MIDAS (a space ed in sensor sys tem e of detecting ballistic missile launches on land and at sea, DSP and SBIRS) , SENTRY (later SAMOS, divided visual "E" series and electronic intelligence "F" s ssance sys tems, see below, ), and DISCOVERER (CORONA, see F) . The Air Force declassified the MIDAS R&D Program (1956-1968) in its entirety in 1998 .
Redact:
1. (s//'IK//Pt�) Reda ct any format cat or ng evolution of SAF/SP A low earth orbit ELINT satellites from the SAMOS F-2 or F-3 ELINT oad ants, such as 698BK and 770.
2. ('S7'/"fK//EJ.E:.L ) Redact mission series numbe s.
3. (U) Redact all in on after 1 July 1960 (Fiscal Year 1961) .
Release : 1. � Release all information ng the SAMOS payload variants (E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, and E-6) . This (b)(1) includes ect ature E- [ 698A and , E-6(b)(3) (201, 698BJ, 722) payloads, but not any infor� mation(�) ] revealing that a fact that s not ����������������������- easaI ble. Similar nomenclature SIGINT l oad ants (698BK) will be redacted per dance above .
2. (U) Release on the technical ies of the F-1 F-4 "ferret" ELINT oads , to
a. The F-1 oad variants were to collect radar ss ons the on of the elect ic spectrum between 50 and 40, 000 megacycles (me, aka rtz, Mhz ) per second . The object of s col ect on would be to r information describing the signal parameters and locat o s unknown tters . 2 0
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b. The F-2/F-2A was capable o collect t two frequency bands; however, the bands can not be ified.
c. The F-3 possessed si recording a up to 6 me , used rece rs with s ty and contro lable antennas, and a e capability permitting satellite search of a given area or cy range .
d. Airborne nstruments Laboratory L) performed s es and devel work on a l of these ferret oads .
e. The WS- 17L/SAMOS ELINT oads could store, filter, process information . At the proper time , s information would be tran tted to the earth .
f. est accuracy in geolocating emitters on was set at 50 100 miles for the 1 and F-2 ELINT payloads .
g. Fact that tional planned Ferret ELINT rece would seek to rporate a direction l could geolocate ters on earth within a mile CEP .
h. The fact that a COMINT collection lity was planned for a future SAMOS F- oad. (Note : discuss on o s, collection st , or actual performance remains classified. )
3. (U) Release names o all Air Force and contractor personnel lved the WS-ll7L SENTRY/SAMOS program before 1 S r 1960. Names after that date will be handled in on 9 of s de .
4. (U) Release names of all of the WS-117L contractors .
5 . Release al o the WS- 7L R&D I dent rs in Lockheed' s statement of work, issued shortly before the ous formal names (i.e. SENTRY, MIDAS , DISCOVERER) in r 1958.
a. Deve l of the SM 65 as) booster
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b. II, Pioneer Visual Re ssance SM 65
c. IIA, Prototype devel opment biomedical recovery - SM 75 (Thor) booster
d. III, Pioneer Ferret Re ssance SM 65
e. IV, Advanced sual Reconnaissance SM 65
V, Advanced Ferret Re ssance - SM 65
g. VI, Visual Surveillance - SM 65
h. VII, Infrared Early SM 65
i. VIII, Ferret Surveillance SM 65
6. (U) all Force ) numbers for the foll RelSAMOSease vi systems :
- 101B (related to the E-5 oad that evolved LANYARD satellite)
- 201 (related to the E-6 film return oad)
315A (related to the E 6 oad)
722 (related to the E-6 film return imaging oad)
7. (U) all SENTRY/ SAMOS data ior to 1 July 1960 (FReliscalease Year 1961) , to numbers for contracts let prior to that date . if th CORONA ( ch stood up unde r that name il 1958) , will be redacted. Funding identified with DISCOVERER (CORONA' s cover ect) found in Air Force (but not A) records embraced other items such as the care and of zees, was presented to ss for , appears in congressional documents, and may be released.
8. (U) organizational elements wi SAF/SP, s and SAF/SSRelease with the SAMOS program .
9. launch information, for information deal�Ring with lelease s of the F-2 and F-3 SIGINT or their derivative oads ( ects 102,
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10. (U) Release general information conce the use of Atlas launch cles for the E-1/F-l and E-2 payloads, or plans to use a fie launch vehicle for the imaging oads that did not fly.
11. (U) Release fact of F-2/F-3 SIGINT ants' use of the Thor launch cle without launch or oad de ls.
12 . (U) Release fact that the following remote tracking stations (RTS) DISCOVERER (CORONA) or SENTRY/ SAMOS reconnaissance programs .
a. Annette Island, Alaska b. Fort Greeley (aka Donnelly Flats), Alaska c. Fort Stevens, d. Kaena Point, Hawaii e. ak (aka Chiniak) , Alaska f. New Boston, New re g. Ottumwa, Iowa h. Palo Alto, California i. Point Mugu, Californ j. Vandenberg AFB, California k. Christmas Island 1. Guam
13. (U) Release fact o ect 102, the SAMOS ferret miss ons .
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(U) Appendix F - CORONA , ARGON , and LANYARD
(U) Information in this has been the ARGON, and LANYARD (CAL) Declassification more ons . The DNRO CAL in as of a systematic declassification review (SDR) . That SDR was completed in November 1997 .
1 . DEVELOPMENT
Redact:
(U) See 2 below .
Release : a. (U) Release "facts about" the CORONA program that called for first conceal the program with i s overt cancellat as an ostensibly exper o the umbrella project WS 117L, only to be followed by its covert resurrection . b. (U) Release fact of and details about the CORONA program cover an purpose to DISCOVERER missions . c. (U) Release fact that in April 1962 the Air Force changed the CORONA program cove from that of DISCOVERER be expe satellites to the announcement that further launches secret mili satellites . At the same t , the Air Force announced a new re classi all information military satellites and eliminating series desi ions for D SAMOS, and MIDAS . d. (U) Release details about the design and operation of the tek c and frame cameras used in the CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD satellites (KH-1 KH-6) . e. Release any othe informat not speci ically dent ed on below .
2 . PARTICIPANTS AND RELATIONSHIPS 2 4
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Redact : a. (U) Redact any tradecraft de ls conce cover s used by the C Lockheed ssiles & (LMSC) , and Hiller Heli r on for the , and ope on of the Hi ler Heli r ant in the
b. (U) ed below, redact any references to a CIA covert relat th any contractor . c. (U) Redact names of NRO contractor personnel unless are if unde r Release below or acknowl in B.
Release : a. (U) Release names of elected or Government officials CAL When reflected users CAL , mili icers are cons dered to be presi ally- Government officials whose names can be released. (e.g., CINCSAC or CINCPAC articulat opinions about the value o CORONA to their operational ) . b. (U) Release fact of CIA' s role in CORONA for classi and ma se ty. 0 c. (U) Release fact of and non-se related de ls about the roles of foll ng contractors:
- Aerospace on
Lockheed Missile and Company
- Itek ion
ld Camera & Instrument ion
as Aircraft ion
Technology es (STL)
- (U) Bell Tel Laborator s (BTL) . BTL had a contract with Pacific Missile Range to de 0 5 2
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dance commands to all first s burns from VAFB (Thor, Atlas, Titan, and possibly Delta) .
- (U) Eastman-Kodak and i s roles in film technology research and processing the CAL ssion lm at its Hawkeye facili in Rochester, NY .
(U) Autometric as an ARGON contractor d. Release oyees of the the names and 0 foll contractors ass wi CAL :
- Lockheed Missile and Company Itek c - Eastman-Kodak Company e. (U) Release fact that the r plant, also known as the Advanced lity, or Advanced ects Facility , or simply AP) , in Palo Alto, California, served l 1969 as a cover in which the CORONA second s satellites, Itek cameras, EKC and General Elect c capsules were assembled and tested before shipment to Vandenberg AFB . f. (U) Release Names of US mili rs at NPIC ass ated with CAL
3. FUNDING
Redact :
(U) Redact all other in on not identified for release below .
Release :
(U) Release all program costs & overall t, for the CORONA program, wi reveal any sources and methods, see RRG section 1.11.2 for further fication on what items that still need to be cted.
(U) Release figures (CORONA' s ect) found in Air Force (but not documents tional items such as the care and feeding of zees . DISCOVERER was presented to 2 6
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ss each year for , appear in congressional records , and may be released.
4 . OPERATIONS - GENERAL
Redact : a. I 'l'K/;'K&b-) Reda ct a fact of context that indiTu!cates or ies ELINT dete on (called SOCTOP) was ed on board DISCOVERER XIII. b. lS/ /TK//RgL� Redact information indicating or impl in a "fact of" context that any other SIGINT or vulne l detection p k oads were ed on CAL (b )( 1) c. (S//'l'K//!l:EL)- Redact fact of and de ls about (b)(3)
d. (S/ /I!Z//RgI ) Reda ct methodology used s to retrieve mission hardware on ign s 1.
Release : a. (U) Release AFP numbers ass ated with the CORONA, ARGON , - - - LANYARD satellite programs : - , , 8 , and fie CAL mission numbers in l 1000, 1100, 8000, 9000 . 162 241 62 46 b. (U) Release fact that CORONA carried color and infrared film on some missions . c. (U) Release fact that CORONA ed a oad called OSCAR Satellite Amateur o) , and other ific "p oads such as tric exper s for MIDAS and and Gamma sensors tested for VELA HOTEL that were not rectly related to lligence operat ons . The fact of "piggyback" oads in general can be acknowl s these were stered with the UN . [CAUTION : see redaction dance bel ow above.] d. (U) Release all CAL spacecraft ris data . e. (U) Release health and status data for all CAL spacecraft .
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1. (U) Release Corona film was flown i to Rochester, New York, and, after it was devel from Rochester to NPIC in Washi , D.C. m. S //NH- Release details about the recovery from Venezuela of an� errant CORONA miss 1005 capsule n summer 1964, any information dealing with CIA agent recovery methodology. n. (U) Release r Pf /relating to CORONA satellite ope
1) (U) CORONA t (CTP) : t orbit camera operation selection based on weather (WX) forecasts and on ays o ope onal in on and shments .
2) (U) camera operations and onal in on .
3) (U) CACTUS : listed t l ons for i
4) (U) COMET : determined orbit sele ons .
5) (U) LETHAL : program for automatic command and control of the satellite .
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Refer :
(U) sed releases about the internal operations of the 6594th Recovery and 6593rd Tes S should be referred to r Force Command.
5. OPERA TIONS - MGS and RTS
Redact : a. -'S//TK//K!!:Lj Redact specific details about the ssion Ground Station (MGS) or Remote S on (RTS) commands that were to the satellite, i.e., ustment, camera operat s, SIGINT payload operations, etc .
Release : a. (U) See RRG se on 1.9.1 re ease o locat ons of MGS associated with CAL missions . b. the foll U.S. remote stations DISCOVERER (CORONA) and/or SAMOS ssance satellite programs . (Note : DISCOVERER 19 carried a non-recove e MIDAS radiometer to collect ation bac data . Three tional remote t stations tric miss on and are releasable : Canaveral, Ascension Island, and Woomera, Aus ralia.)
1) Annette Island, Alaska
2) Fort Greeley (aka Donnelly Flats), Alaska
3) Fort Stevens, Oregon
4) Kaena Po , Hawaii
6) New Boston, New shire
7) Ottumwa, Iowa
8) Palo Alto, Cali a
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9) Point , Cali a
10) Vandenberg AFB , California
11) Christmas Island
12) Guam c. (U) Release fact of and names of tracking ships and aircraft can be released in ass ation with CAL launches . d. (U) Release references to the generic command function of the AFSCF or the cated MGSs . For e, informat on that mentions icitly or in context the fact that an unspe fied MGS or RTS and/or re ink commands to a s lite vehicle would not be considered sensi [CAUTION: See related redaction elemen t above.]
6. TELEMETR Y
Release :
($//'E'K//8EL) Release any associ with e tracking, and telemetry of the CAL program' s boosters and satellite cles . [CAUTION : In accordance wi th RRG sec on 1.9.1, do not be location any RTS t mi t have such da ta .] (b )( 1) (b)(3)
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(U) Appendix G GAMB IT/HEXAGON Family
(U) Preface
(U) This document contains declass cat ce for the ct of Nat l Reconnaissance Of ce formation equit s involving the GAMB T and HEXAGON lies of re ssance satellites . I ies only to the declassification of NRO equities; other agency information is referred to the office in accordance with E.O. 13526 and es ished Declassifi on of NRO records is conducted unde r Business Process, Automatic and Sys c 25-year Declassifi on on 90-5, as on 22 July 2009. Per E.O. 13526 s constitute records for the purposes of declassification review . The Director o the Nat Reconnaissance Of ce (DNRO ) has Service s and ons' In on Review and Release (C/IRRG) as the NRO' s ini ial 25-Year Release and Denial Authori . Only the Informat on ew and Release (IRRG) is zed to review 25 year old NRO records and information ties for declassification or ion from declassi ication .
(U) This ic declassification s and replaces relevant currently the Na tional Reconnaissance Revi ew and Reda c de for Automa tic Decla fi ca on -Year-Ol d Informa (RRG) . The dance that follows is for the RRG and does not constitute a stand-alone declassification de . This document therefore assumes currently zed standard declassificat s and does not icate general found wi RRG .
(U) Or l authority for ct or releasing GAMBIT and HEXAGON information comes from four basic sources :
• (U) Executive Order 13526, 29 December 2009.
• (U) 10 USC 424, 2004.
• (U) The NRO ew and Reda c on de, Version 2.0, 28 il 2011. (U) DNRO s on [-date-]. • 0
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(U) Program Overview
(U) The foll programs cons tute the GAMBIT and HEXAGON ly of programs covered in s guidance . Collectively they fill the gap between the currently declassified CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD (KH-1 KH-6) sys tems and the end o U.S. film-based imagery satellite missions .
(U) E-6, itially BLANKET, was a the WS- 117L/SAMOS project that became GAMBIT. Initiated in 1960, it was as a film-return search system with it es CORONA . c details are already declassi ed. See the RRG Appendix E.
(U) ect 307, established as an unclassi ed nnull unde r USAF Sys tems Divi sion in July 1961, ded as the cover for E-6 wore Under (or 307 Air Force Sys tems Command four and six Atlas boosters for EXEMPLAR .
established in S r 1961, was the ial-classified name for the des ination of materials ect 307 . This term ded cover first four GAMB IT launches.
(U) CUE BALL, also known as Air Force system No . 483A, an unclassified name for EXEMPLAR .
(U) ect (or ) 206 an addi unclassified name for CUE BALL/EXEMPLAR, the USAF Systems Division E-6 (GAMBIT) e fort . The e fort was transfe rred to SAFSP in late 1962 .
(U) GAMB IT (KH-7), also known as or ially E-6, Project 307, EXEMPLAR, CUE BALL, 483A, and ect 206, was the film return sys tem flown from July 963 June 967 ( ssions 4001-4038) . GAMB IT (KH-7) served as the first resolution surveillance satellite . Considerable KH-7 imagery has been declassified and released. Considerable GAMB IT (KH-7) ic formation has been declassi ed and released unde r KH-7, the unclassified desi ion for GAMB T' s camera sys tem often used as an unclassified desi for the ent re GAMB IT (KH-7) program .
(U) H GHERBOY, also known as H GHBOY and DUAL MODE , eme in the late 196 0's out of concern that the HEXAGON system mi not be available on schedule or perform as sed. HIGHERBOY would 232
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(U) Film Read-Out GAMB IT (FROG) served as NRO Program A' s compe tor to NRO B' s ini al electro- cal ry (EOI) satellite .
recently declassified, and DORIAN (KH- 0) , KH-7 cameras and are also of the GAMBIT family of sys tems . however, fall unde the dance in s document unless specifi ly included.
(U) GAME T-3 (KH-8) devel out of GAME T to fly a hi r res on camera system desi KH-8 . I flew 54 missions (4301 4354) from July 1966 1 1984. ry and some hardware speci ics
(U) FULCRUM in late 1963 as a Central Intell (C for an NRO sys tem comb n ng CORONA coverage on . A' s similar S-2 ition what became the HEXAGON sys tem .
(U) HELIX served as a later name for the FULCRUM effort .
(U) HEXAGON (KH-9) also known as or ially in S-2, and HELIX, eme from compe s to provide a surveillance sys tem that flew 20 missions (1201 1220) from June 1971 l 1986. Considerable ry from HEXAGON' s mapp camera, flown on ssions 1205-1216, has been declassified and released. Considerable HEXAGON sys tem c in on has been declassi ed and re eased unde r KH-9, the declassif designat for HEXAGON' s camera sys tem often used as an unclassified designator for the entire HEXAGON program .
(U) Miss planning, tas and control, recovery, and film process are s o the onal sys tems .
(U)
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(U) Upon approval by the Director, onal Re ssance Office (DNRO) this document will be incorporated into the 2012 of the Na anal Reconnaissance ce ew and Redaction de for Automa tic Decla ca tion of 25-Year-Ol d Informa tion (RRG) as G. The text of the 2012 RRG will also be ted to the dance in s document . applies only to NRO equities and does not y agencies' ties, s or intelligence NRO sys tems . Declass of programmatic information does not imply or require declassification of collection taskings, collected data, or the results of such colle on .
the process for the 2012 RRG first r of FY 2012, NRO offices will an ty to review the the text of the RRG . G super s. removed from the RRG for the 2013 gu and the 2012 RRG are preserved records s .
(U) The in this document goes nto e feet upon the DNRO, in wi ri of Execut 13526 (29 December 2009) Sec . 3.1. (a) . o this guidance shall be understood as the DNRO' s dete on that little information about the programs in question continues to meet the standards for classification . In accordance with Sec . 1.4 of the Order, only formation about the programs question that could reasonably be expected to cause fiable i or des e to the national se y shal classif In accordance th Sec . 1.2. (c) of the order, information about the programs in question shall be declassified if there is si ficant doubt about the need for cont ct
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General Approach
(U) Release :
(U) Release key events, l , government organizational ic and program structure o the GAMBIT ssance satell te families, and role of se in this document or the RRG .
(U) Release information for release in s document ess tructions .
{U} Redact:
( s) I 'i'RJ /Rt:Lr s from KH-8 and references to sub sats and lets)
(U) Refer :
(U) Refer requests for This guidance only to NRO es and ic information GAME T and HEXAGON ly of programs . does not
s, i s or l sys tems . Declassifi on of information does not ly or require collected data or the results of such collection .
(U) Exemption Category 25Xl : Reveal Sources and Me thods
(U) Terms, Code Words , and ect Names
(U) Redact :
( Redact all cla fi ed terms and a informa tion for gnated as cla of the RRG unless se in the
(U) Release:
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(U) Release the foll names and terms in associat on with each othe and the GAMBIT and HEXAGON programs . These programs, as of the larger GAMBIT and HEXAGON reconnaissance satellite lies, are within s declassification gu . See C of the RRG for a more ete list of releasable terms, code words, and ect names . The RRG s onal spe fies about the terms and code words below that have al been lly declassi ed.
BLANKET EXEMPLAR GAMB IT UPWARD E-6 CUE BALL HIGHERBOY PROJECT 307 PROJECT 206 FROG GAME T-3 FULCRUM HELIX S-2 HEXAGON HIGH BOY DUAL MODE 483A KH-7 KH-8 KH-9 Sunset s 698-AL VALLEY ZEUS
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2. (U) on ts and Rela on
(U) Redact:
A. (U) Redact all contractors and subcontractors associated with the design, devel opment, launch, and ope on of the GAMBIT and HEXAGON re ssance satellite that are not sted se properly ic release.
B. (U) Redact detailed contractual format not approved for release or othe se specified for redaction unde r RRG 1.11.3.
C. (U) Redact data related to sensit det ls and contracting methodol measures, i s unde r cover, or s sensi on facilities, ess specifi ly directed otherwise in guidance .
(U) Release :
NRO contractors and their s associ the design, devel opment, launch, on of the GAMB IT and HEXAGON ly of programs :
Avco Loe in Aerospace Martin Marietta Barnes ing McDonnell Douglas North American Corning Glass Owens-Illinois Eastman Kodak Fairchild
General Goodyear RCA Rockwell STL tek Textron ITT TRW Lockheed
B. (U) Release all oyee names and s assoc with the following contractors:
Perkin Elmer Lockheed Eastman Kodak
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3. (U) Fun and Personnel
(U) Redact :
A. (U) Redact in on and methods, amounts in and proposals, ts, and transfers of funds per ts, unless specifically directed otherwise .
B. (U) Redact manning totals for NRO organizational elements .
(U) Redact security mechanisms related to contract ices, operat l se ty, and personnel
D. (U) Redact covert or still sensi se ty ices related to current se ices .
E. (U) Redaction gu for names can be found in Section 10.1 o the RRG .
(U) Release :
A. (U) Release total program ts for GAMB IT, HEXAGON, and related programs, but no breakdown s.
B. (U) Release guidance for names (government or contractor) can be found in on 10.1 of the RRG .
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4. (U) Schedules, Concepts, and Pl ans
(U) Redact:
A. (U) Redact post-launch mission t l s, operational s related to sensi aspects o current sys tems ified in the RRG and current classi cation des) , collection plans, and collection success or failure t any spe fie t unless rected otherwise spe fie dance.
(U) Release:
A. (U) Release general information on program schedules, program requirements, s, and ans, ect to redaction dance above , unless rected otherwise fie guidance .
B. (U) Release general information about or ies (i.e. ICBMs , ai lds, industr l ties)
C. (U) Release Informat pertaining to National Intell gence Est s (NIEs) al declassi ed by the CIA, which appear in NRO documents being reviewed for declassifi on .
a. s: "CIA's Analys s o the S Union 1947-1991" (Published 2001: ID: CSI 1457) , "CIA Cold War Records Selected Est s on the S Union 1950-1959" (Published 1993 : ID: CSI-163 7) .
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5. (U) tem Des on
5.1. (U) Genera l
(U) Redact:
(U) Redact the foll in on about the GAMB IT and HEXAGON ly of programs, identif section 1.2 of s document, unless directed otherwise specific guidance :
A. (U) Reda ct data related to sensors, cle ilities, or the devel of future sys tems . Consistent with RRG 1.7 Redact (b. ), IMINT Se y and terns Directorate Security may, upon from the Information and Release Group, ce te cal information se redacted unde r this , of rs no substantial assistance to es, and represents no substantial risk to currently operational sys tems . That in on may be in , illustrations, or ical artifacts as well as text . Such certification renders the information releasable in the absence o tional concerns .
B. (U) Reda ct operational data related to collection s sensi le on ope ons, satellite command and collection or in cooperation with other 11 (b)(3) sc ' s n or slew rates, and till sensi. tiv� e int� I elligence activiI. � ties� or covert operations� as identified in the RRG or NRO classification dance .
C. (§//'IK/ /RE±.+- Redact k oads unless specifically
D. (U) Redact vulnerability and countermeasure information and other sensi in on as i fied in the RRG .
(U) Release:
A. (U) (Subject to contractor consultation where red) Release c de ls of the GAMB IT and HEXAGON ly of programs, contract firm identities, unless directed otherwise specific dance .
B. (U) Release the IMINT numbers isted below as a mission group (all fli dua lly,
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4000 GAMB IT (KH-7, Jul 63 Jun 67) 4300 GAMB IT-3 (KH-8, Jul 66 - 84) 1200 HEXAGON (KH-9, Jun 71 - 86)
C. (U) Release the S-2 program as a devel effort sponsored Program A (SAF/SP) in the early to mid-1960s as a follow-on to the CORONA satellite system .
D. (U) Release tal s and traces for KH-7, KH- 8, and KH-9 missions .
E. (U) Release or program mi estones, unless dire specific
programs . See RRG
G. Release Eastman Kodak' s associ on wi KH- 7, KH- 8, KH- 9,� the fil m used, and the lities where the film was burned and the silver extracted, unless such a l ty s y classified r r dance .
H. (U) Release associat o the GAMB IT and HEXAGON programs with the Air Force Satellite Control Network's Satellite Test Center in e, Cali otherwise currently for release unde r the programs . includes release of all AFSCN in associ on with declassified NRO programs . F.
I. (U) Release photographs, drawings, and models/artifacts of the GAMB IT and HEXAGON ly of programs, ded do not offer substantial assistance to ial advers es or represent any subs al risk to currently operational sys tems . Per 1.7.1 Redact (a.) above and RRG 1.7 Redact (b. ), IMINT Security and Sys tems ring Directorate Se request from the In ew and Release , certi that a fie fact meets s standard. Such certification renders ction or artifact releasable in the absence of anal concerns, such as International Traffic in Arms ons or the Missile Technology Cont Regime .
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J. (U) Release information about sys tem boosters and launches unless speci ically rected otherwise.
K. (U) Release information about Lifeboat, a redundant and self- conta stabilizat system (BUSS) used on the AGENA space Vehicle that could be for recovering the satellite cle in the case o an AGENA power lure .
(U) Refer:
A. (U) Refer to NGA detailed or t information for KH-8
B. (U) Refer to NGA' s KH-9 Redaction de ( 2013) for excluded s. All other ts are releasable per NGA dance .
(1) (U) Performance Evaluation Team rts do not require re to NGA . For se reports NPIC names not on the releasable list on B.
5. 2. (U) GAMBIT
(U) Redact:
A. (U) Reda ct any information speci ied for continued ct on in this or current RRG .
(U) Release:
(U) Release the fact of the GAMBIT KH-7 surveillance sys tem and the foll facts about it:
A. (U) rational from July 1963 to June 1967. The Intelligence Community' s first res on surveil ance or spott satellite .
B. (U) Mission Numbers (4001-4038) and i dual mission dates .
C. (U) Returned single bucket of film to earth for each mission .
D. (U) Date of
E. (U) Successfully returned lm on 34 o 38 miss ons; usable s were 30 of se 34 missions .
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F. (U) Returned 19,000 , total 43, 000 l feet .
G. (U) "Footprint" on the ground for KH-7 collections was ly 10 nm 12 nm; total coverage for all 6.6 llion square nm .
H. (U) Bes res on was initially four feet ( 1.2 meters) on ; by 1966, best resolut to two feet (.6 meters).
I. (U) le of areas 12nm de , from 5 to 400 nm long .
J. (U) cart c information for large scale (1:50,000) maps for of Defense .
K. (U) Priority targets for the sys tem Soviet and se nuclear installations and CBM sites .
L. (U) Release "fact of" Film Readout of Gambit (FROG) as a compe titor for init l EOI deve and general des on of the film no addi onal ls.
M. (U) GAMB IT the cal system cons dered for late use in UPWARD .
N. (U) Total cost o the GAMBIT program between FYl 963 and FY1 967, was $651,000,000 in 1963 dollars .
O. (U) Release formation about ect Van of remaining two KH-7 vehicles with associated records at Vandenberg AFB in program declassificat , unless other gu res continued protection of specific details.
P. (U) Release general or es (i.e. CBMs , rfields, strial lities) , mission or bucket, and general c on (i.e. S on, Central America, CONUS) as well as Information pe to National ntelligence s s (NIEs) al declassified the CIA, which appear in NRO documents be ewed for declassification .
5.3. (U) GAMBIT-3 8)
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A. (U) Redact ting information beyond "fact o " ts in the Soviet Union and China .
B. (U) Reda ct any formation specif for continued ct ion in this dance or the current RRG .
C. (U) Reda ct best re so on and spe c cations of resolution better than 2 feet.
(U) Release:
(U) Release the fact of the GAMBIT-3 KH-8 surveillance sys tem and the foll facts about it:
A. (U) The GAMB T-3 8 sys tem devel out of the GAMB T/KH-7 sys tem and r resolution than its cessor.
B. (U) from July 1966 l 1984.
C. (U) Mission Numbers ( 4301 4354) and dates .
D. (U) Desi to return 1 t of film to vehi e numbers 1 22 and 2 buckets for vehicles 23 54.
E. (U) The 54 KH-8 missions failed to reach returned time they reached orbit, over 94 percent reli
F. (U) Total cos of the GAMB IT-3 program between FY1964 and FY1985 was ly $2,300,000, 000 in respe year dollars .
G. (U) The roll joint' s design and l t es can be released.
H. (U) Release general information about or es (i.e. ICBMs , rf lds, str l lities) , ities per mission or bucket, and general geographic region (i.e. Soviet on, Central America, CONUS ) as well as In to National Intell Est s (NIEs) al the C which appear in NRO documents be declassifi on .
5.4. (U) HIGHERBOY
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(U) Redact:
A. (U) Redact any information specified for continued protection in this dance or the current RRG .
(U) Release:
(U) Release the fact of HIGHERBOY as a proposed altitude GAMB IT mapping mission and the following facts about it:
A. (U) The HIGHERBOY/HIGHBOY/ DUAL MODE eme the late 1960' s out of concern that the HEXAGON sys tem might not be lable on schedule or perform as sed.
B. (U) H GHERBOY would T cle a al (300 350 mile perigee) t on 90 missions be lowering it to lower (78 mile perigee) altitude for the balance of the mission .
C. (U) From a altitude orbit the sys tem would de coverage similar to
D. (U) Confi ion changes were necessary to both the oad and satellite control se s of the cle to dual- mode ope ons .
E. (U) HIGHERBOY lew a s e mission, on GAMBIT-3 cle No . 52 . One of its two buckets proved unrecoverable; the second also suffered a mal on and returned film .
5.5. (U) FULCR UM/HELIX
(U) Redact:
A. (U) Reda ct any in on spe for ct on in this dance or the current RRG .
(U) Release:
(U) Release the fact o FULCRUM and HELIX and the foll facts about them:
A. (U) The CIA devel the FULCRUM for an NRO system, in late 1963, as a cle CORONA coverage with GAME T res
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B. (U) FULCRUM and A' s S 2 were compet s for what became the HEXAGON sys tem.
C. (U) HELIX served as a later name for the FULCRUM effort .
D. (U) Information about the FULCRUM and HELIX efforts is releasable unde the HEXAGON dance .
5.6. (U) HEXAGON (KH-9)
(U) Redact:
A. (U) Redact any on spe ed for ct ion in this guidance or the current RRG .
(U) Release:
(U) Release the fact of the KH-9 surveillance sys tem and the foll owing facts about it:
A. (U) rat l from June 1971 to l 1986.
B. (U) Mission Numbers and dates, dates of bucket reentry.
camera was flown on 12 of the 20 miss ons 1216 5) , all of them successful; duration of each of these miss s ( from 42 to 119 ) .
D. (U) This camera" ry sys tem was devoted solely to mapp , and &G) •
E. (U) The camera returned s e bucket of film to earth for each mission .
F. (U) The mapping camera returned 2 9, 000 totaling 48,000 linear feet.
G. (U) The mapping camera " " on the was ly 70 nm by 140 nm; total coverage for all 12 missions was about 104 million square nm .
H. (U) The mapp camera ded key c formation for Level 1 Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and 1:200,000 scale maps .
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I. (U) Average mapping camera resolution was ini ially about 30 ft on the to about 20 ft on later miss ons .
J. (U) The mapping camera was foreign and domestic mapp requirements tic positi ; biggest users were the Defense (OMA ) and States Geol cal Survey (USGS) .
K. (U) The panoramic (main) camera achieved 2 7 foot resolution with a ly 16.8 nm 300 nm . Total coverage for all 230, 000, 000 square nm .
L. (U) Coverage of key control areas was in stereo or tri laps (three times) e operation to de analysts with de on .
M. (U) a maximum of 5 buckets per vehicle, 4 for the camera and one for the camera when it was flown .
N. (U) Total cost o the HEXAGON program, the CIA- on, between FY1 966 and FY1 986, was $3,26 2,000,000.
0. (U) Release general informat about or es (i.e. ICBMs, airfields , s facilities), mission or bucke , and general c Union, Central America, CONUS ) as well as to National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) the CIA, which appear in NRO documents ewed for declassificat
(1) . (U) Refer to NGA' s KH-9 de 2013) for excluded targets . ts are releasable per NGA guidance .
P. (U) dur the recovery at of ssion 1201-3 on 10 July 1971, the recovery was completely dest and the capsule sank on to rest at on the floor o the Pacific Ocean off the Islands . This event provided the opportunity for the U.S. for the first to seriously attempt to re eve a space capsule from the bottom of the f ic Ocean .
(U) Release general in on event as descr above and the following det
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(U) Redaction Categories Other Than Sources and Me thods
1. (U) ir Relations wi th a gn Coun (25X6)
(U) See RRG 6
2. (U) Vi olate a Statute, Trea or In t erna anal t
(U) See RRG 9. There may be instances where statutes, treaties, or rnat 1 s may affect the outcome of declassifi cation decisions regarding information in GAMBIT HEXAGON records . Before t s on as the bas s declassificat , refer it to the Government nate with the appropriate NRO es confirm the ic sclosure status of the information at issue pursuant to the terms of a spe fie law, tre , or
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(U) GAMB IT and HEXAGON ic Declassification De sion Process and Guidance
(U) Redact: A. (U) Redact informa tion concerning the GAMBIT and HEXAGON decla on on process that is cla fi ed under other dance .
(U) Release: A. (U) Release des tions of actions taken after 1997 to the GAMBIT and HEXAGON programs, and a ated s, memorandums, and correspondence, provided tha t fi ed informa tion as fi ed above and elsewhere in the and for on of 25- Year Old In on and relevant cla fi ca on released.
B. (U) Release in on in various icy Decision Risk Assessments, declassification zations, and declassifi on dance, provided that classified in on as spe fied above and elsewhere in the ew and Reda c on de for Automa c Decla fi ca on of 25- Year Old Informa tion and relevant classification guide s s not released.
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( ) App ndi QUI
(U) 11 was an satellite , based on Corona satellite and hardware, which flew in 964 . of the f
s
Redact :
1. (S//'l'R/ /M'f) Reda ct
2. (S/ /lt'(//lifF) Reda ct I (b)( 1) (b)(3)
3. (S//1!{//NR redact I
4. (S/ /T!C/ /N¥) Redact
5. (U) Redact any information not fically for release below .
Release :
1. (U) Release the fact of the Quill satellite as the
2. (U) Release photographs and o the 11 satellite and 25
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3. the fact that Qui ll' s synthetic aperture radar s Cutrona's team at the Research Ins tute of in 1960 when the U.S. released the rborne AN/UPD-1 SAR
4. (U) ease l of 1961 Col . Wil the possibility of SAR satel Release D. st an experiment .
Director of V. in
6. (U) Release the fact that the SAR program was i as "P-40" and that the as "Quill".
7. (U) Release the fact that 11 used from the Corona program, the space vehicle and the return of data on film .
8. Release the fact of and facts about the optical correlator , in the absence of r to process SAR data
9. Release the fact that P-40 called for the launch of two 1 2355 and 2356, first Release the fact that a with no booster for
10. (U) Release in relation to 11 the fact that ect goals included 50-foot res on in both a imuth and slant range ; ions of system 252
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2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN performance, i ng az rection ; limitations ed des paramete s; in- light performance ; cle att tude behavior; impact of atmospheric conditions; data link design and performance ; data on t field reflectivi ; general parameters for aerospace radar sys tem designs used lable to the the Quill program ; and ground and process lities . Consistent with RRG .7 (b. ), IMINT Se the Re ssance Sys tems Office , and Sys tems Engineering may, upon request from the Information ew and Release , ce that te cal informat on related to Quill offers no substantial assistance to ial s and represents no subs al risk to currently onal systems . That information may be found in , illustrations, or ical artifacts as well as text . Such certification renders the in on releasable in absence of additional concerns .
11. (U) Release the fact that Bradburn range reso not be a s
12 . (U) Release the fact that KP-II, was version of sys tem for the RF-4C rcraft . Release the unnecessary ope motion compens and des
13. (U) Release the fact that the fifteen feet long two feet SAR antenna, covered by a during launch, was flush-mounted on the from surface , and was fixed at that three of the four antenna mounts s tracks to account for thermal stress .
14. (U) Release the fact that the SAR used a heat form of
several copper bolted to the anode of the tron, and the copper fingers conducted heat to another metal heat s the satellite's skin so the klystron' s heat could space .
15. (U) Release the fact that the intended to than five minutes per , for no in , and for no 96mo re than s Release silver-zinc s provided power, without 253
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for , and so the of the
16. (U) Release the fact that the same upper used as a bus for the Corona satell . Release the fact that 11 launched on an like a Corona sate ite . Release that to support e an anticipated ±0 .4 degrees of attitude uncertainty and ±0 .25 s l , yaw, and roll, rates of not than .002 /second .005 in yaw, and .003 /second in roll.
1 . (U) Release the fact that in Quill's the reflect s from each s se cathode ray tube . The line's the intensity of the return . recorded an of the splay, with the film corre to returns . The film moved across the to record successive splays as acent pos tions on the lm. rs an aspect ratio of y 6:9 between range and azimuth scales .
fact tests showed slant range resolut of 25 35 feet .
19. (U) Release the fact that Quill conveyed radar data to the ground in two ways . As in Corona, film went Itek a General recovery Air Force C-130 teams . This data recovery had 4 October 1958 Avia on The other method a UHF data l to , California, and New Boston, New used for Corona . Each stat translated a cathode ray tube and recorded it cal to that on the satellite . cons s task thus had a recorder control systems for the satell
20. of method of data
return s from the KP-II radar could convert the preserved analog us a purpo device, the 254
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Release the unclass fact that ERIM' s Lou Cutrona had deve this for process SAR data in the 195 0' s, us analog optics to perform a task beyond the lities of that era' s
21. (U) Release the fact that the Precision Opt Processor used lenses to transforms . The film defracted a three waves, two of them producing lengths varying with the SAR data's slant range . An focused the result , which could then re to l
22 . sys tem filled the 's barrel, cal, and nose . The KP- II radar we 370 pounds , went in which measured five feet across with structure and a .06- skin . The recorder film-
raw data on Earth.
23. (U) Release the used to transfer Corona to l.
24. (U) Release the fact 11 followed a Corona le . would rotate after l first to itate film recovery and coverage . The antenna would then be the of the radar 55 s below zontal at a strip that would be 93 miles to the left of the satellite's ground track and 10 nautical miles
25. (U) Release the 11 program schedule and schedule s. Release the fact that an threatened the scheduled 21 December 1964 launch from Air Force Base . Release that the launch occurred at 11:08 fie Standard
26. (U) Release the fact that Quill was and stered as Satellite 19 87a.
27. (U) that the Quill , as lure Release that between 0644 Coordinated 255
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(UTC) 22 December 1964 and 0618 UTC 26 December swaths of the northeastern and western United States .
28. (U) Release tal s and traces for the 11 mission .
29. (U) Release the fact that data from the fourteen radar passes went to the ground station in view, either or New Boston, over a (UHF) data link in real and that the onboard lm s data from the radar passes . Release the fact that on 23 December, 33rd , the satell j soned its reentry successful recovery. Release the fact that the film at Westover Air Force Base and y made Processor and films .
30 Release general descriptions of ground ion te s.�t s , ------(b)(1) ____� � (b)(3)
31. (U) Release the fact that re 7.5 feet, the antenna, surpass 10- it slant range res feet, l , and 100,000 square miles, producing useful images of nearly 80 percent of the il Release the fact that 63 of were of the best poss Processor could provide ; the or by sl errors in that the l percent of
32 . (U) Release the fact that revealed human for ssance . affect
33 . (U) Release the fact that the satell the atmo at 1027 UTC 11 19
34 . (U) Release McMillan second Quill removed from the launch schedule on 5 Jan 1965 full the first Release that A Greer recommended 256
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of the launch program, s proof-of- obj s. The program was suspended with DNRO McMillan' s concurrence and substantial funds . The were the Corona program, and the radar was destroyed.
35 . (U) Release, per r concurrence, the role of ss partners Goodyear, General Electric and Lockheed Missile and Space in the l program, company and the names of ect staff.
3 6. (U) Release
(b)(3) 37 . (U) Release LMSC (Hi ler) in as with , also known as ity, or Advanced ects , or AP) , in Palo Alto, Cal fornia, served until 1969 as a cover in the CORONA second s, I cameras, EKC film, and General E were assembled and tested before
38 . (U) Release AFSSPL was the AFSPPF was the proposed process 1
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1. (S/ /R�L) Refer to U.S. Air Force references the ser program, rca 960, the poss l tal SAR and lel ser program examining SAR at 10 300 ranges .
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(U) Appendix I - 50-Year Exemptions
Note : Portion marks ng REL in this cate REL to USA, FVEY .
(U) This document es ishes criteria for dete 50 year-old NRO information shall be declassified and what 50 year-old NRO information must classified, as red E.O. 13526. To maximize the release of in ion when a document cannot be declassified in its entirety, residual informat will be redacted (rendered unreadable) so rest may be released. Be release, ce on may have to be referred to an outside agency that 1 classi respons ili y, or otherwise has concern for the information .
(U) The sensitivi o the NRO' s Cold War miss on red the organization to remain covert until 1992 . Significant amounts of the technology devel the NRO , and the methodol es for emp that technology, may n sensit even though fall the 50 d in on declassification framework of E.O. 13526. The need to ct sensit space 11 operat s and s was reaf rmed by the President in Na tional ce Policy, 28 June 2010.
Information not meeting any of the E.O. 13526 exemption teria below must be recommended for release .
(U) Upon fi o 50- d NRO programs that rema n ally or fully classified, 1 declassi and release their codewords/ cover names in ass NRO and pursue the possibility o secur c declass cat on , reporting the rationale for any continued classification of such programs to the Interagency Se ty Classificat als Panel (IS CAP) .
(U) All NRO documents exempted from c declassifi on full or part the al 25-year ew and subsequent 50 year review will be declassified if they are not re-evaluated and 31 December of the year in 259
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date or event for red DNI for declassification of
ions from Declassification at 50 Years Old:
(U) NRO sys tems de the foundation for obal s tuat onal awareness, and address the on' s st intelligence challenges . NRO sys tems are frequently the only collectors with cal areas of rest, and data from overhead sensors s unique format and perspect s not available from other sources . Intelligence collected sys tems has ded advance o ial mil aggression, identif weapons of mass destruction programs , tional mili and counte operations, and l and highest interes . NRO systems have also been en arms control and ronmental treaties, and an re ief s. NRO sys tems are the first re rs choice DoD, IC, and policy decis makers. In order to continue work we require the ability to ately ct our equi es . � I (b )( 1) (b)(3) I (S//'l'R; /REL) I
I
(U) 1.0 Reveal Sources and Methods SOXl
Justifications :
2 60
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(U) SUBJECT : Protect "Sensitive" Sites/Locations
(S//TR/ /REL) Continued protection will be required of much of the in on about NRP SIGINT and IMINT mission round (b )( 1) (b)(3)
Declassifi on of on related ------c----_jto s ons at 50 years wi ional y grave harm to national se ty.
(U) SUBJECT : Processing Techniques and Methodologies:
(S/ /'i'R//r Declassification of ------� information related to ques and methodol es at 50 years will cause grave harm to anal securi (U) SUBJECT : Programmatic Data (to include Launch Operations , Trajectory , Tracking , Telemetry) TS//TIE//RKb) Specific ic data res cont classification rotection into the 21 Century. �------� (b)( 1) (b)(3) 26 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (b )( 1) � declassi such information will cause ionally grave harm to se ty. (b)(3) Redact : a. (U) Redact all cable address slugs not spe fically i fied for release in the RRG and current class cat on , due to use or ass at th act ties requiring continued protection . b. (U) Reda ct all , tr , and other ations for NRP codewords , etc . ess of unclassified status as stand-alone terms wherever their context reveals a s l - classified meaning or otherwise discloses still classified information . c. (U) Reda ct all contract numbers ass ated with NRP contractors, fi on of all contractors, where the relevant NRO ass on or scope of ass on has not been for release . See RRG 1.11.3. Where such 50 year old ions are ied, IRRG shall pursue the possibil ty ease d. (U) Reda ct any in on indicating or l ng a fie individual was ler. This needs to be cted due to covert and s, in the absence o speci ic . Where such 50- year old information is identified, IRRG shall pursue the possibili of se such spe fie declassification dance . e. (U) Redact all information associated with the Intelligence and Related Activities (TIARA ) t the DRSP and supports what is now the Defense Reconnaissance Program (DSRP) , due to continued use of this and the ass ated current class cat on f. (U) Redact all de ls about the methods, s, sys tems and equ (tasking, cat , etc.) involved in ng overhead 11 in support of cal forces, in the absence of spe dance . Where such 50-year old information is identified, IRRG shall pursue the possibility of secur such declassification guidance . g. (U) Redact all 50 year old information about former NRO programs that identi c threats to and vulnerabilit s of curren t or anned s and space sys tems , 2 62 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN de ion and denial countermeasures to which curren t or anned space sys tems are sus or that they may oy, and defensive countermeasures taken to minimize damage or disruption to curren t or planned and space sys tems , or to reduce their sus ility to de and al . h. (U) Redact 50-year old in that reveals the stence of currently operat lities or relati associated with currently operational classified sys tems . See lis in RRG 1.3.3 (IMINT systems ) and 1.4.2 (SIGINT sys tems) (U) Redact 50-year old in on that reveals the i. stence of covert li es or relati in non- onal classif sys tems . See listing in RRG 1.3.2 (IMINT sys tems ) and 1.4.2 (S GINT sys tems ). j. (U) Reda ct all 50 year old information related to NRO contract s on as i fied in RRG 1.11.3, in the sence of specific release to association with sensitive s and programs . Prior to this ion, IRRG shall consult current classifi on ect matter experts to confirm that such 50-year old information still represents a reasonable and specific threat to NRO activi es . k. Redact any 50 year old information reveal or �l the deve and execution o cover stories to disguise NRP facilities and their associated project activities in the absence of other dance . This ction extends to cover certa types of personnel involved th program activities at the affected lities . Prior to this on, IRRG shall consul current class des and relevant subject matter experts to confirm that such 50 year old information still represents a reasonable and specific threat to NRO activities . 1. (U) Redact 50-year old in on reveal ical se s and processes that and sensitive unde r current classification guidance . m. (U) Redact all 50-year old in on, other than KH- numbers and unclassified codewords/ cover names, concerning programs that classified unde r current classifi on des . fi on of 50-year old programs, IRRG shall pursue the possibility of securing ic declassi icat approval and the for any 2 63 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN redactions this page : (b) (1) and (b) (3) . Al l classification of such programs to the Interagency Classi ication s Panel (ISCAP) for con rmat on . n. 50-year old in on that reveals: the fact of or facts about any sys tem used for • �---� 1 access programs, the declassification n., above , for action upon of such system or program . • in absence of program-specific declassification • the fact of • oenera 1 associa' t' io n o f I with the NRO . l I 0 I • in the absence of program-specific declassification l approval . • de ond the fact of an NRO program and its unclass ed L_-----�----�cover name , the absence of specific approved declassification guidance . Refer : (U) Re fer to NSA or NGA information that may refer to 50-year old methods used to identify, select, oritize, and process t sites for current or anned NRO overhead reconnaissance sys tems , in the absence of program-spe fie release dance . 2 64 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (U) 2.0 Reveal Information That Would Assist in the Development or Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction- 50X2 Justifications : (S//1K//RE�) At the NRO, documents that information on WMDs The (b)( 1) ec assi ica ion o in orma ion re a ing o e (b)(3) and vulnerabili o NRP satellite sys tems and ground ope ons to the effects of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons will do ionally grave harm to national se Declassificat of these details 11 allow hostile forces to against NRO' s countermeasures or oit vulne li es in our sys tems . Redact : a. (U) Reda ct formation relat to the ility and vulne lity of NRP satellite sys tems to the effects of nuclear weapons . b. (U) Reda ct information des NRP sate lite sys tem countermeasures st ef cts ear weapons and those countermeasures' effectiveness . c. (U) Redact in on l li and lity of NRP sys tems to the effects of weapons of mass destruct , inc nuclear, biol cal, and cal weapons . d. (U) Reda ct information descr ing NRP sys tem countermeasures st effects of weapons of mass destruction and the ss of those countermeasures . Refer : (U) Unless conta in a document generated by another gove rnment agency, refer any classified or unclassified related to weapons of mass des on conce b cal weapons to the U.S. . Refer s information concerning radiological and nuclear weapons of mass des on to the of Energy. 3.0 Reveal Information That Would Impair U.S. 2 65 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (b)(3) Justifications : (U) I The declassification of --��-���-�- ---��-�- specific details about� cryptologic eq-!uipment, software, and related se ces on any cular NRP program 11 do exceptionally grave harm to national security. Redact: (U) Redact 50-year old in on relat to c equ emp l an NRP program . This includes but is not limited to in related to te ques, design, or use . Refer: (U) Refer to NSA any information related to c sys tem descr ions, technology, capabilit s, ope names and numbers, dates, contractors, , or vulne li es of these sys tems , whether used in NRO satellites, stations, or by some other federal agency. (U) 4.0 Reveal Information That Would Impair the Appl ication of the State-of-the-Art Technology Within a U.S. Weapon System - 50X4 Justifications : technology may be used in U.S. non space sys tems , including weapon sys tems; conversely, U.S. weapon sys tem technology may be used in NRO overhead sys tems . NRO near real t overhead sys tems also de defense-related in on and of mili operations . The declassification of s information at 50 years will do ionally grave harm to nat se ty because IMINT, SIGINT and COMM sys tems in use now have evolved incrementally from the earliest sys tems . Methods used to assis in and conduct li operat s against legacy li technology (for example: older rcrafts s 11 used in devel s of the world) in ope on Redact: 2 66 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (U) Redact 50-year old information that i es exactly how NRP overhead sys tems directly U.S. forces, and where and when these NRP sys tems de ical information to U.S. weapon sys tems that s their battle eld accuracy and lethali . This information includes but is not limited to NRP collectors, data ded ( formats) , cat ons methods and 1 tat s, re ents, anned uses, and lities . (Note : the fact that NRP overhead sys tems the warfi with ry and si s 11 s unclassif .) Refer: (U) Refer information rel to state-of-the-art technology empl in U.S. weapon sys tems to the ate DoD agency . (U) Remain in Effect - SOXS Justifications : (U) Due to to U.S. war ans that effect the NRO will continue to ct BE numbers that present themselves in NRO documents . Redact: a. (U) Redact one or more Basic with past or present ons Plan . b. (U) Redact one or more BE numbers i connected to a specific ground install on/ li may be associ with current war planning . c. �Redact one or ins allations/ liti��____,,, 11 interest in (b )( 1) (b)(3) �--=-c'------'--=--'-=---=-=-==-=-=c______c==J__==c____c"'-===--=-='------'==---='-=---=-=---=-='--'---'=-==-=-=----=cc=-=-, a 2 67 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN redactions this page : (b) (1) and (b) (3) . Al l e. Redact all lists of BE numbers if revelation of their assoc des an inclus into U.S. intelligence interest or knowl , for example, a list that identifies all ts in of OPLAN XYZ . (U) 6.0 Reveal Information That Would Seriously and Demonstrably Impair Relations between the U.S. and a Foreign Government , or Seriously and Demonstrably Undermine Ongoing Diplomatic Activities of the U.S. - 50X6 Justifications : (S//TI\.t :::- �T \ I Redact: (25//NF) Reda ct fact of and details about Refer: a. (S//TI'(//REL) Refer to the National Geo I ligence ( F'--'-'�����N�I�M �A� �· ���������f� ��� sensi tasking (e.g., 2 68 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN redactions this page : (b) (1) and (b) (3) . Al l . / /R�-c--T-1 1 SI I I K l-_A_l_s_o_r_e_f_e_r_t_o_ N_G _A_=_ _f_ _c_t_o_f______t___l _s aboutl a a n d de a i _ c. (S//l".:EL) Refer to the State Department : fact of and details about I I (U) 8.0 Reveal Information That Would Seriously and Demonstrably Impair Current National Security Emergency Preparedness Plans - 50X8 Justifications : The NRO s execut l slat branches of the(U// �)fede ral gove rnment in government" national se emergency . The NRO also holds plans for nued on the event of a national securi emergency. declassification of this information at 50 years will cause onally grave harm to nat onal security. Redact: Reda ct all information of NRO to its operati(U)o ns and r federal z event of a national s ty emergency. Refer: Refer to the Federal Emergency ce of (U) All in ion on national se emergency ss pl other fede ral defunct Office of Civil Defense and the of liz on . (U) Agreement - 50X9 Justifications : CS! / !!:(//REL+ Continued protection may be required of much of the in on NRPI I 2 69 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (b )( 1) (b)(3) (U) There may be stances where statutes, treaties, and inte onal s do not permit the automatic or lateral declassifi on of information at 50 years . Before cit s or a declassi on decis , refer it to the Seal and Release officials, who will effect coordination with the ate NRO offi als and, if necessary, the of State, to confirm the lie sclosure status of the in , pursuant to the specific law, t , or Refer : (U) Refer confirm the public disclosure status of on, to the terms of a fie law, 270 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN (U) Appendix J -DORIAN/MOL (U) The Manned (MOL) was a 1960s Air Force program with the ostens miss to mil personnel in orbit to conduct scientific experiments to determine the "military usefulness" of space and the and s for the need ever arose . The actual, classified, miss MOL program was to a manned surveillance satell . At the , several mil and contractor s that manned llance satellites could acquire photographic coverage of the Soviet Union better than the best system at the t (the first t satell ) . , the r force lled the MOL as a reconnaissance sys tem that could efficiently and ust coverage for ses and than unmanned sys tems . The r Force controlled satel , which was consistent MOL' s mission, while the NRO ran of the covert ssance miss of the program, system and other of Defense McNamara y announced the start of MOL program in 1963 . However, even program had from the mi and the Pres seldom full-funded due to competit from other DoD and was to program slashed, lines and costs pressure from the expans War, the of effort with NASA programs , and improved performance unmanned surveillance sys tems , in June 1969 the Pres cancelled the MOL program, and , the r Force' s last chance to deve a manned space fl program . The MOL program operated for five and one half years and $1.56 , but never launched a manned cle space . Redact : A. (U) The of 10 s to later NRO programs . B. (U) The facts and s about DORIAN/KR- 0 COM INT 27 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN collect and l c. (U) Al l of DORIAN ' s camera's focal lengths . D. \"SI/HC //N� All about the Electromagnetic System (EPS) (b)( 1) I (b)(3) E. (U) All details of the proposed 10 SAR lity. F. (U) All ls of the 10 IR ity . - G. (S//TK/ /l'fft-The "fact of" and the "facts about" DORIAN/KH-lOs (b)( 1) (b)(3) H. (U) any ion not fi release below . Release : A. (U) facts about 10, all MOL and B. fied , and that the program was cancelled never flew . C. (U) Release as KH-10/DORIAN the names of NRO personnel otherwise for release . D. (U) Release the names of or-contractors and sub-contractors and their employees for the MOL/ 10 program . E. (U) Release the USAF and NRO s for 10 program . F. (U) Release that the proposed DORIAN 10 mission also luded an IMINT colle on . G. (U) Release the fact that MOL/ 10 was to carry color and film on some miss H. (U) Release all DORIAN 10 camera informat not cited for redact 27 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN I. Release that DORIAN and KH- 0 were the classi de(U)s for the ssance mission and of the experimental Manned Orbiting (MOL) , also y referred to as J. that, after 10 cancellation, ect (U) cal blanks for use in the of zona' s Telescope . K. Release that the 72" manufactured (U) ' were constructed boros icate to reduce we Release that the 7 2 " blanks were as col ion . M. Release blanks (U) Arizona . of and the de ls about of an tern (EPS) li to mission . 0. (U) Release all targe s that were to be collected either DORIAN' s ELINT and IMINT missions to nclude land based, Air, and Sea based or ocean surveillance . P. Release all countr s that would have been ted by DORIA(U) N 10 proposed ELINT and IMINT missions . Q. Release that the 10 SS also inc(U) luded SIGINT collection . R. Release "fact of" 10s ELINT lity and all the(U) details about the proposed ELINT equ s. Release the "fact of" 10 COM INT col(U) lect l T. Release the "fact of" of the 10 SAR 273 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: TOP SECRE'l'/ /IK//R�FN /NOFORN U. (U) Release the "fact of" DORIAN/KH-lOs IR capabili V. (�//TK//MF) Release the "fact of", and facts about, DOR TAN/KH-J O' s ol anned astronomy capability (b)( 1) \ (b)(3) I I 274 TOP SECRET//TH://RS£N/NOFORN 2017106120 C05095967 Approved for Release: