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Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese And "^^^ CORNELL e^q-V UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library HF 408.C49 Chau Ju-Kua: his work on the Chinese and 3 1924 023 289 345 .„,,.., Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924023289345 CLy±.'C^~Ty<~~ Chau Ju-kua On the Cliiiiese and. Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. CHAU JU-KUA: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu>^fan>^chi, Translated from the Chinese and Annotated by FRIEDRICH HIRTH and W. W^. ROCKHILL. ST. PETEUSBliRG. Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vass. Ostr., Kinth Liao, 12. I9II. Sciences. rrinted by order of the Imperial Academy of Permanent Secretary S. d'Oldenburg, September 1911. iOs5" Prcf eice. Chau Ju-kua (^ f^ jS), the author of the Chu-fan-cM (^ ^ ;^), i. e. «A Description of Barbarous Peoples», or «Records of Foreign Nations», deserves to be named among the most prominent writers on the ethnography and trade of his time. As throwing light on the mediaeval trade with the Far East, then in the hands of Arab or Persian merchants, his notes com- pete successfully with those of Marco Polo and the early Arab and Christian travellers. The authors of this volume have, therefore, endeavoured to furnish a translation, illustrated by notes derived from other sources, which it is hoped will place readers in the position to fully realize the value of this new Chinese source on an interesting historical subject, The Ghu-fan-cM, is a rare and expensive work, obtainable only as part of certain voluminous collections of reprints. For the benefit of Sinological readers, therefore, Chinese characters and passages have been frequently added, and this has increased the difficulty of printing the book, credit for which is due to the Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. Friearich Hirth. W. W. nockhill. .. X CONTENTS. Page Preface V Table of Contents VII— Introduction 1 — 39 PART 1 41—190 Preface by the Chinese Editor 43 1 Tongking (Kiau-chi) 45 2. Annam (Chan-ch'5ng) 47 8. Panraug (Pin-t'ung-lung) 51 4. Kamboja (Chon-la) N 52 5. Ligor (?), Malay Peninsula (Tong-liu-mei) 57 6. Pagan, Burma (P'u-kan) 58 7. Palembang, Eastern Sumatra (San-fo-ts'i) 60 8. Kwantan (?), Malay Peninsula (Tan-ma-ling) 67 9. Lengkasuka, Malay Peninsula (Ling-ya-ssi[-kia]) 68 10. Beranang, Malay Peninsula (Fo-lo-an) 69 1 1 Sunda, Western Java (Sin-t'o) 70 12. Kampar, Eastern Sumatra (Kien-pi) 71 13. Lambri and Island of Ceylon (Lan-wu-li, Si-lan) 72 14. Java (ShO-p'o) 75 15. Central Java (Su-ki-tan) 82 16. Malabar (Nan-p'i) 87 17.. Guzerat (Hu-ch'a-la) 92 18. Malwa (Ma-lo-hua) 93 19. Chola Dominion, Coromandel Coast (Chu-lien) 93 20. Baghdad (Ta-ts'in) 102 21. India (T'i6n-chu) 110 VIII CONTENTS. Page 22. The Arabs (Ta-shi) 114 23. Mecca (Ma-Ma) 124 24. Zanguebar (Ts'6ng-pa) 126 25. Berbera Coast (Pi-p'a-lo) 128 130 26. Sohar (?) (Wu-pa) 27. Somali Coast (Chung-li) 130 28. Oman (Yung-man) 133 29. Island of Kish (Ki-shii) 133 30. Baghdad (Pai-ta) 135 31. Basra (Pi-ssi-lo) 137 32. Ghazni (Ki-tz'ii-ni) 138 33. Mosul (Wu-ssi-li) 140 34. Rum, Asia Minor (Lu-mei) 141 35. Murabit, Southern Spain (Mu-lan-p'i) 142 36. Misr, Egypt (Wu-ssi-li) 144 37. Alexandria (O-kon-t'o) 146 38. Countries in the Sea . .147—154 Andaman Islands (Yen-t'o-man) 147 Pemba and Madagascar (K'un-lun-ts'ong-k'i) 149 Malay «Men of the Sea» (Sha-hua-kung) 150 The Amazons (The Countries of Women) 151 Besi (?), Sumatra (Po-ssi) 152 Djabulsa, the Land of the Setting Sun (Ch'a-pi-sha) 153 Sicily (Ssi-kia-li-y6) 153 Mogreb-el-aksa (Mo-k'ie-la) 154 39. Borneo (P'o-ni) 155 40. Philippine Islands (Ma-i) 159 41. Islands of Calamidn, Busuanga, Palawan, — Philippine Islands (San-su) 161 42. Northern Formosa (Liu-k'iu) 162 43. Southern Formosa (P'i-sho-ye) 165 44. Korea (Sin-lo) 166 45. Japan (Wo) 170 46. Island of Hainan (Hai-nan) 175 . CONTENTS. IX Page PART n 191—239 1 Camphor (nau-td) 193 2. Frankincense (Ju-Uang) 195 3. Myrrh (mo-yau) 197 4. Dragon's blood Qiue-Ue) 197 5. Sweet Benzoin {kin-yen-Jiiang) 198 6. Dammar (tu-nau-Mang) 199 7. Liquid Storax (su-ho-hiang-yu) 200 8. Benzoin (an-si-Jiiang) 201 9. Gardenia Flowers {cM-td-hua) 202 10. Rose-water {tsHang-wei-shui) 203 11. Grharu-wood (ch'dn-hiang, etc.) 204 — 208 12. Sandal-wood (fan-Mang) 208 13. Cloves (ting-Jiiang) 209 14. Nutmegs (jou-tdu-k^ou) 210 15. Laka-wood (kiang-chon-Mang) 211 16. Musk-wood (sho-hiang-mu) 212 17. Jack-fruit (po-lo-mi) 212 18. Areca-nuts (pin-lang) 213 19. Cocoanut {ye-tzi) 214 20. Oak-galls {mo-sM-td) 215 2 1 . Ebony (wu-mon-td) 216 22. Sapan-wood (su-mu) 217 23. Cotton (ki-pei) 217 24. Mats (ye-sin-tien) 220 25. Putchuck (mu-Mang) 221 26. Cardamoms (pai-tou-k'du) 221 27. Pepper (hu-tsiau) 222 28. Cubebs (pi-tong-kHe) 224 29. Asa-foetida [a-wei) 224 30. Aloes Qu-wei) 225 31. Coral-tree (shan-hu-shu) 226 32. Opaque Glass {liu-U) 227 33. Cat's-eyes (mau-'ir-fsing) 228 34. Pearls (chon-chu) 229 I* X COXTEKTS. Page 35. Ch'o-k'u 231 36. Ivory (siang-ya) 232 37. Rhinoceros Horns (si-Mo) 233 38. Castoreum, Civet (wu-na-ts'i) 234 39. Kingfishers' feathers (ts'ui-mau) 235 40. Parrots (ying-wu) 236 41. Ambergris (lung-Men) 237 42. Tortoise-shell (tai-mei) 238 43. Bees-wax (huang-la) 238 General Index 241—267 Index of Unusual Foreign Names and Terms occurring in Chinese Texts 269—285 Errata and Addenda 286 Map. INTRODUCTION. "When King Solomon, in the early part of the tenth century B. C, had opened relations with the Saheans of the Southern coast of Arabia, the land of Punt of the Egyptians, he sent his ships from the head of the Red Sea to the land of Ophir, — generally believed to have been Guzerat or the s Malabar coast. Already at that remote time trade by sea was active between the ports on the south coast of Arabia, the principal of which was where Aden now stands, and Western India. The ships of the Sabeans carried the products of Arabia and India to the heads of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. By the former route they reached the cities of the Phoenicians; by the 10 latter they came to Media and Nineveh. Although some accurate particulars concerning the sea-route between the Indus and the head of the Red Sea must have reached the Greeks through the voyages of Skylax of Karyanda, made about 512 B. C, it was not until Alexander the Great's invasion of India in 327 B. C, that real knowledge 15 of this vast region and of the sea-route leading there was given to the Western world. Notwithstanding the fact that the writers of the time of Alexander make no mention of the considerable coasting trade which was carried on in their time between the West and India through the medium of the Sabeans, ; they were certainly aware of its existence. We learn from Arrian^ that, at 20 the time of his death, Alexander was entertaining the scheme of following up the explorations of Nearchus by another expedition to proceed fi-om the mouth of the Euphrates to the head of the Red Sea, presumably for the purpose of diverting the great profits of the sea trade between India and Egypt from the Sabeans to the Greeks. 1) Hist. Indica, XLIIL a INTRODUCTION, Fifty years later Ptolemy Philadelphus attempted to carry out this scheme by erecting on the Red Sea the ports of Arsinoe, Myos-hormos and Berenike; but it appears that the ships of Egypt went no further than the port of Aden, where the merchants of India came to sell their wares. The voyage from southern Arabia, Aden and Merbat to India was first made in 5 small vessels which kept close to the shore and followed its windings, but after sailing with the monsoons became known (sometime between B. C. 10 and A. D. 52), trade was greatly developed; larger ships were used (though the coasting trade was -not abandoned) and a straight course was steered between the Somali, or rather Arabian coast, to Diul-Sindh or Bharoch, Manga- lo lore or Nelisseram'. Though Nelkunda (Nelisseram, at the head of an estuary the mouth of which is a few miles to the north of Mt. Delli on the Malabar coast) was the farthest point habitually visited by Greek (and probably Sab- ean) merchants in the first century A. D., Ceylon and the coast of India as far as the Ganges were already known to them, presumably through the re- 15 ports of native traders. By the middle of the second century Greek knowledge of the sea-route to the Far East, though here again the information appears to have been derived solely from native traders, extended to Tongking, where mention is made of the port of Cattigara, — the present Hanoi.
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