Grammaticalization and Language Change in Chinese
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey Of
In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey of Chinese Historical Syntax Part I: Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese Edith Aldridge, University of Washington Abstract This is the first of two articles presenting a brief overview of Chinese historical syntax from the Pre-Archaic period to Middle Chinese. The phenomena under examination in the two papers are primarily aspects of pre-medieval grammar which differ markedly from modern Chinese varieties, specifically fronting of object NPs to preverbal position, the asymmetry between subject and object relative clause formation, and the encoding of argument structure alternations like active and passive. I relate each of these characteristics to morphological distinctions on nouns, verbs, or pronouns which are either overtly represented in the logographic writing system in Archaic Chinese or have been reconstructed for (Pre-)Archaic Chinese. In the second part of this series, I discuss the changes in the Archaic Chinese grammatical features and correlate these innovations with the loss of the (Pre-)Archaic Chinese morphology. The main goal of these articles is to highlight a common denominator, i.e. the morphology, which enables a systemic view of pre-medieval Chinese and the changes which have resulted in the striking differences observed in Middle Chinese and beyond. 1. Introduction This paper is the first in a two-part series on grammatical features of Chinese from the earliest attested records over a millennium before the Common Era (BCE) to Middle Chinese of approximately the 5th century of the Common Era (CE). The first installment introduces characteristics of Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese which distinguish it from both Middle Chinese and modern Chinese varieties, in particular Standard Mandarin. -
DIPLOMA GRADUATION CEREMONY 23 APRIL 2021 SIM Headquarters, Singapore PROGRAMME
DIPLOMA GRADUATION CEREMONY 23 APRIL 2021 SIM Headquarters, Singapore PROGRAMME 3.00 pm Ceremony Commences Welcome Address Mr Lenz Tan Head of Programme Academic Division SIM Global Education Graduation Address by Guest Speaker Ms Shanshan Wu Co-Founder NewFin Capital Presentation of Diplomas Presentation of Awards Congratulatory Messages End of Ceremony 1 GRADUATES GRADUATE CERTIFICATE IN GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN HUMAN BUSINESS ANALYTICS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (PART-TIME, 1ST INTAKE) (PART-TIME, 17TH INTAKE) Kamano Fumie Ang Ai Hwei Tomishima Shingo Chan Zhenshan Christine Chuang Wan Ling Ho Ying Shin GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS Ng Sock Guey (Huang Shugui) ANALYTICS (PART-TIME, 1ST INTAKE) Ong Agnes Samantha Tan Yan Lin Bansal Rinki Teo Jin Yong Colin Khanna Varun Wong Shu Hui Khine Zin Thant Lakshmanan Radha Loh Sze Lee (Lu Shili) GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN HUMAN Prabah Alagar RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Tan Seow Hock (Chen Xiaofu) (PART-TIME, 18TH INTAKE) Tang Soon Tian (Chen Shuntian) Torregoza Ma Carla Angela Tividad Khairuzzafirah Binte Ab Halim Laura Tricia Reyes Muhammad Sulaiman Bin Sukaman GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS Pecho Donna Marie Cruz ANALYTICS (PART-TIME, 2ND INTAKE) Sree Devi Teng Yi Feng Farzana Zannat Wong Yin Hui Mohammad Faizal Bin Abdul Jalil Zhou Yao Dong Thendral Vasakam Zhao Tong GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS (PART-TIME, 19TH INTAKE) ANALYTICS (PART-TIME, 3RD INTAKE) Ang Xue Ting Jasmine Syed Subhani Syed Jameer Chua Miao Jun Yeo Bee Chin Karen (Yang Meiqing) Dang Thi Hong Phuc Liew Mei -
A 'Common-Sense Revolution'? the Transformation of the Melbourne City
A ‘COMMON-SENSE REVOLUTION’? THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE MELBOURNE CITY COUNCIL, 1992−9 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April, 2015 Angela G. Munro Faculty of Business, Government and Law Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis University of Canberra ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the culmination of almost fifty years’ interest professionally and as a citizen in local government. Like many Australians, I suspect, I had barely noticed it until I lived in England where I realised what unique attributes it offered, despite the different constitutional arrangements of which it was part. The research question of how the disempowerment and de-democratisation of the Melbourne City Council from 1992−9 was possible was a question with which I had wrestled, in practice, as a citizen during those years. My academic interest was piqued by the Mayor of Stockholm to whom I spoke on November 18, 1993, the day on which the Melbourne City Council was sacked. ‘That couldn’t happen here’, he said. I have found the project a herculean labour, since I recognised the need to go back to 1842 to track the institutional genealogy of the City Council’s development in the pre- history period to 1992 rather than a forensic examination of the seven year study period. I have been exceptionally fortunate to have been supervised by John Halligan, Professor of Public Administration at University of Canberra. An international authority in the field, Professor Halligan has published extensively on Australian systems of government including the capital cities and the Melbourne City Council in particular. -
Docklands to Host Australia's Largest Ever Cycling Event
OCTOBER - NOVEMBER ISSUE 22 Priceless CELEBRATING THREE YEARS AS your LOCAL PAPER Docklands to host Australia’s largest ever cycling event Politicians, Olympians, AFL footballers and thousands of other keen cyclists will participate in the annual Portfolio Partners Around The Bay In A Day cycle challenge on Sunday 15 October 2006. This year the event aims to raise over $400,000 towards its official charity partner, The Smith Family. Departing and returning to Docklands, the largest Five hundred teams, including serious cyclists, Serious riders have booked out the 250km and 210km number of cyclists in Australia will get together to celebrities, business leaders and leisurely riders events, but places in the 42km Great Melbourne Bay challenge themselves, their colleagues, friends and have been sponsored by family and friends. All Ride and the Classic 100km course are still available. each other in a single day ride around Port Phillip Bay. proceeds will go to The Smith Family. Entry is open to individuals or to teams that have a Waterfront City Piazza will be the centre of activity minimum of four riders. Melbourne footballer Cameron Bruce and Ben at the conclusion of Australia’s biggest one-day Dixon from Hawthorn will ride together. The Docklands Marketing Association is a challenge bike ride, hosting the Finish Festival with proud sponsor of Around the Bay in a Day and live music, a cycling expo, dining offers and lots more. Premier Steve Bracks, Sports Minister Justin encourages the community to come and cheer on the riders as they return to Docklands. Bicycle Victoria is thrilled with the level of interest Madden, VicHealth CEO Rob Moodie, Bicycle in the event, now in its 14th year, which has broken Victoria president Simon Crone and Jayco Herald For more information on “Around the Bay in records with 13,000 riders already signed up. -
A Method of Teaching English Speaking Learners to Produce Mandarin-Chinese Tones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2018 A Method of Teaching English Speaking Learners to Produce Mandarin-Chinese Tones Hui Shi Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Shi, Hui, "A Method of Teaching English Speaking Learners to Produce Mandarin-Chinese Tones" (2018). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6633. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6633 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Method of Teaching English Speaking Learners to Produce Mandarin-Chinese Tones Hui Shi Dissertation submitted to the College of Education and Human Services at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Curriculum & Instruction/ Literacy Studies Sam Stack, Ph.D., Chair Ugur Kale, Ph.D. Heiko Everwien ter Haseborg, Ph.D. Joy Faini Saab, Ed.D. Xiangying Jiang, Ph.D. Department of Curriculum & Instruction/ Literacy Studies Morgantown, West Virginia University 2018 Keywords: Mandarin-Chinese Tones, tonal and non-tonal language, pedagogy, tonal production Copyright 2018 Hui Shi ABSTRACT A Method of Teaching English Speaking Learners to Produce Mandarin-Chinese Tones Hui Shi Learning Mandarin Chinese tones is a big challenge for English speaking learners. -
Contrastive Linguistics; Determiners Language Classification
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 430 401 FL 025 837 TITLE Notes on Linguistics, 1998. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Dallas, TX. ISSN ISSN-0736-0673 PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 242p.; For the 1997 "Notes on Linguistics," see ED 415 721. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Linguistics; n80-83 1998 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Book Reviews; Computer Software; Computer Software Development; Contrastive Linguistics; Determiners (Languages); Doctoral Dissertations; English; Greek; Language Classification; Language Patterns; *Language Research; *Linguistic Theory; Research Methodology; *Semantics; Technical Writing; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS Alamblak; Bungku Tolaki Languages; Chamicuro; Kham ABSTRACT The four issues of the journal of language research and linguistic theory include these articles: "Notes on Determiners in Chamicuro" (Steve Parker); Lingualinks Field Manual Development" (Larry Hayashi); "Comments from an International Linguistics Consultant: Thumbnail Sketch" (Austin Hale); "Carlalinks Workshop" (Andy Black); "Implications of Agreement Languages for Linguistics" (W. P. Lehmann); and "The Semantics of Reconciliation in Three Languages" (Les Bruce) . Dissertation abstracts, book reviews, and professional notes are included in each issue.(MSE) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** NOTES ON LINGUISTICS Number 80 February 1998 Number 81 May 1998 Number 82 August 1998 Number 83 November 1998 SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS 7500 WEST CAMP WISDOM ROAD DALLAS, TEXAS 75236 USA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND office ot Educatlonal Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) \This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. -
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task Chuan-Jie Lin and Shao-Heng Chen Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University No 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan R.O.C. {cjlin, shchen.cse}@ntou.edu.tw However in NLPTEA2-CGED (Lee et al., Abstract 2015), it is required to report the location of a detected error. To meet this requirement, two Grammatical error diagnosis is an new systems were proposed in this paper. The essential part in a language-learning first one was an adaptation of the classifier tutoring system. Participating in the developed by machine learning where location second Chinese grammar error detection information was considered. The second one task, we proposed a new system which employed hand-crafted rules to predict the measures the likelihood of sentences locations of errors. generated by deleting, inserting, or We also designed two scoring functions to exchanging characters or words. Two predict the likelihood of a sentence. Totally sentence likelihood functions were three runs were submitted to NLPTEA2-CGED proposed based on frequencies of space- task. Evaluation results showed that rule-based removed version of Google n-grams. systems achieved better performance. More The best system achieved a precision of details are described in the rest of this paper. 23.4% and a recall of 36.4% in the This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 identification level. gives the definition of Chinese grammatical error diagnosis task. Section 3 delivers our newly 1 Introduction proposed n-gram statistics-based systems. Section 4 gives a brief description about our Although that Chinese grammars are not defined SVM classifier. -
Chinese Grammar Wiki
ELEMENTARY CHINESE GRAMMAR II - UNDER CONSTRUCTION Chinese Grammar Wiki All Set Learning Book: Elementary Chinese Grammar II - under construction This text is disseminated via the Open Education Resource (OER) LibreTexts Project (https://LibreTexts.org) and like the hundreds of other texts available within this powerful platform, it freely available for reading, printing and "consuming." Most, but not all, pages in the library have licenses that may allow individuals to make changes, save, and print this book. Carefully consult the applicable license(s) before pursuing such effects. Instructors can adopt existing LibreTexts texts or Remix them to quickly build course-specific resources to meet the needs of their students. Unlike traditional textbooks, LibreTexts’ web based origins allow powerful integration of advanced features and new technologies to support learning. The LibreTexts mission is to unite students, faculty and scholars in a cooperative effort to develop an easy-to-use online platform for the construction, customization, and dissemination of OER content to reduce the burdens of unreasonable textbook costs to our students and society. The LibreTexts project is a multi-institutional collaborative venture to develop the next generation of open-access texts to improve postsecondary education at all levels of higher learning by developing an Open Access Resource environment. The project currently consists of 13 independently operating and interconnected libraries that are constantly being optimized by students, faculty, and outside experts to supplant conventional paper-based books. These free textbook alternatives are organized within a central environment that is both vertically (from advance to basic level) and horizontally (across different fields) integrated. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. -
Tsld.Tm Jjjjljjj . . Js. . .
Dejan An tic & Branimir Maksimovic The Mod ern Bogo 1.d4 e6 A Com plete Guide for Black New In Chess 2014 Con tents Fore word ....................................................7 Part I: 3.Ãd2 .................................................9 Sec tion I The Exchange 3...Ãxd2+ ..........................11 Chap ter 1 The Side line 4.Àxd2 ............................12 Chapter 2 Black Fianchetto: 4.©xd2 Àf6 5.Àf3 b6 .............21 Chap ter 2.1 Cen tral Strat egy: 6.Àc3 ..........................22 Chap ter 2.2 Fianchetto 6.g3 ................................28 Chapter 3 5...0-0 .......................................57 Chap ter 3.1 Fianchetto 6.g3 ................................58 Chap ter 3.2 Cen tral Strat egy: 6.Àc3 ..........................63 Chap ter 4 The Clas si cal Cen tre – 4.©xd2 Àf6 5.Àf3 d5: The Fianchetto 6.g3.............................69 Chap ter 4.1 Black Plays in the Cen tre with ...©e7 ................70 Chap ter 4.2 The Black Queenside Fianchetto....................77 Chapter 5 White Builds the Cen tre ..........................97 Chap ter 5.1 The Flexi ble 7...Àbd7 ...........................98 Chap ter 5.2 7...©e7: Main Line 8.Õc1 .......................113 Chap ter 5.3 7...©e7: Re leas ing the Ten sion – 8.cxd5 ............129 Sec tion II The 3...c5 Sys tem: 3...c5 4.Ãxb4 cxb4 5.Àf3 Àf6 ....139 Chap ter 6 The Early 6.Àbd2 .............................140 Chapter 7 The Sta ble Cen tre: 6.e3 .........................149 Chapter 8 Play on the Queenside: 6.a3......................160 Chap ter 9 The Fianchetto: 6.g3 -
020 1986 January-Marchop
NORTHWEST CHINA COUNCIL NEWSLETT'ER #20, January - March, 1986 CHINA OLD AND CHINA NOW: A TRA VEL JOURNAL Patrick Maveety, China Council board who come to the city daily and It.""~ member from Gleneden Beach, is also filed past the remains of Mao curator of Asian art at the Stanford Zedong in his crystal sarcophagus University Art Museum. As China inside his mausoleum. The midday scholar escort on the 1985 tour, meal that day was a banquet at a he gave lectures on each city we Beijing duck restaurant hosted by visited and his illuminating tours You Xie Vice-President Liu Gengyin through museum and historic sites and several of his colleagues from gave tour members many interesting the Department of American and O- insights into Chinese culture. Be- ceanian Affairs. We did not real- low is but a sample of the sights ize it at the time, but it was to we saw: be just the first of a dozen or more huge and delicious banquets that we would have over the next It was a rainy Saturday, October 26, three weeks! 1985, when 16 members of the North- west China Council left Portland To update us on happenings in con- for the Council's first tour of temporary China, You Xie Deputy China. We arrived in Beijing on Director Zhang Xueling gave us a October 28, for six days in the briefing in the Association's capital, and were met by Mr. Guo office, housed in the former Ital- Zepei and Miss Sun Xiujie, who ian Embassy. would escort us throughout China on behalf of the Chinese People's As- At the Summer Palace the next day sociation for Friendship with For- we witnessed the establishment of a eign Countries, You Xie. -
A Dictionary of Chinese Characters: Accessed by Phonetics
A dictionary of Chinese characters ‘The whole thrust of the work is that it is more helpful to learners of Chinese characters to see them in terms of sound, than in visual terms. It is a radical, provocative and constructive idea.’ Dr Valerie Pellatt, University of Newcastle. By arranging frequently used characters under the phonetic element they have in common, rather than only under their radical, the Dictionary encourages the student to link characters according to their phonetic. The system of cross refer- encing then allows the student to find easily all the characters in the Dictionary which have the same phonetic element, thus helping to fix in the memory the link between a character and its sound and meaning. More controversially, the book aims to alleviate the confusion that similar looking characters can cause by printing them alongside each other. All characters are given in both their traditional and simplified forms. Appendix A clarifies the choice of characters listed while Appendix B provides a list of the radicals with detailed comments on usage. The Dictionary has a full pinyin and radical index. This innovative resource will be an excellent study-aid for students with a basic grasp of Chinese, whether they are studying with a teacher or learning on their own. Dr Stewart Paton was Head of the Department of Languages at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, from 1976 to 1981. A dictionary of Chinese characters Accessed by phonetics Stewart Paton First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. -
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and RMW Dixon, Eds. 2006. Serial Verb
A Grammar of Bantawa : grammar, paradigm tables, glossary and texts of a Rai language of Eastern Nepal Doornenbal, M.A. Citation Doornenbal, M. A. (2009, November 3). A Grammar of Bantawa : grammar, paradigm tables, glossary and texts of a Rai language of Eastern Nepal. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14326 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14326 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Bibliography Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R.M.W. Dixon, eds. 2006. Serial Verb Constructions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Allen, N.J. 1975. Sketch of Thulung Grammar. New York: Ithaca. B ant av a, D. ik. 2001. ºAtAvA (rAI) fNÚkof (Bant av a (Ra ) abdako±, ‘Bantawa Rai dictionary'). D.K. Rai ‘Rupabun'. B ant av a, D. ik. V.S. 2055. ºAtvA (rAI) &yAkrZ^ , (Bantav a Ra Vyak aran . , ‘Bantawa Rai Grammar'). l#mF þkAfn, (Laks.mi Prak a±an). Bickel, Balthasar, Goma Banjade, Martin Gaenszle, Elena Lieven, Netra Paudyal, Ichchha Purna Rai, Manoj Rai, Novel Kishore Rai, and Sabine Stoll. 2007. ‘Free prefix ordering in Chintang'. Language, 83: pp. 1—31. Bickel, Balthasar and Johanna Nichols. 2006. ‘Inflectional morphology'. T. Shopen [ed.] Language typology and syntactic description. Bickel, Balthasar. 1993. ‘Belhare subordination and the theory of topic'. Studies in Clause Linkage, ASAS No. 12: pp.