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1 the Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variation: A THE ACQUISITION OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS OF CHINESE OVER A SHORT-TERM STUDY ABROAD SOJOURN By YANMIN BAO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 1 © 2017 Yanmin Bao 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to express my sincerest gratitude to my committee chair, Dr. Blondeau, who introduced me to the field of sociolinguistics and who expertly guided me through my graduate education. Her generous guidance, professionalism, support and patience enabled me to work on a topic that was of great interest to me. The joy and enthusiasm she has for sociolinguistic variation was really contagious and motivated me to develop my research interest from an abstract idea to a practical study. I am especially thankful for her valuable suggestions to my research methodology and variationist analysis of the variable DE, helped me improve these sections a lot. I am also heartily grateful to my committee members: Dr. Golombek, Dr. Lord, and Dr. Fang. Dr. Golombek guided me to compare different models applied to the acquisition of the target language, which was very important for the development of the theoretical framework. To Dr. Lord, I would like to express my gratitude for her interest in my topic of research, for providing me with kind suggestions and the data collection tool (i.e., Language Contact Profile) that I could not possibly have discovered. Also, I want to thank Dr. Fang for being willing to come on board as a committee member and gave me useful advice. Finally, I am thankful to the entire committee for finding time for me in their busy schedules, and also for their insightful comments, which did provide me with excellent ideas for the dissertation revision work. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to the academic directors of both study abroad programs, Elinore Fresh and I-Chun Peir, who provided me with information about their students. I also thank the Chinese native speakers and CSL 3 learners for their voluntary participation in my data collection. The dissertation would not have happened without them. I am thankful beyond words. My sincere thanks also go to the faculty in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Florida (UF), for providing me with excellent linguistic study atmosphere and helping me to grow as a linguist. I am also very grateful to Professor Li-Chien Shen and Kwai-Lee Chui, a warm- hearted and wonderful couple, who treat my husband and me like their family members. I am also thankful for time spent with my friends, because of them, my time at UF was enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my husband for their unfailing support and loving encouragement. They are always supporting me with their best wishes, and stood by me through the good and the bad times, which motivated me to complete my study. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12 Types of Variability in L2 Speech ............................................................................ 13 Research on Sociolinguistic Variation ..................................................................... 15 Grammatical Description of DE ............................................................................... 20 Study Objectives and Research Questions ............................................................. 24 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 28 Acquisition of the Target Language: Competing Models......................................... 28 Variationist Sociolinguistics ..................................................................................... 34 Research on Study Abroad Learning Contexts ....................................................... 37 L2 Gains During a Study Abroad ...................................................................... 39 Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variation During a Study Abroad Stay ................ 47 Sociolinguistic Gains in Classroom Settings ........................................................... 54 Research on Sociolinguistic Variation in Chinese ................................................... 60 Summary ................................................................................................................ 63 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 66 Participants ............................................................................................................. 66 Background Information of Study Abroad ............................................................... 67 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 68 Data Coding ............................................................................................................ 75 Transcription ..................................................................................................... 75 The Dependent Variable................................................................................... 77 The Variable Context ........................................................................................ 78 The Independent Variables: Linguistic Factors ................................................. 82 The Independent Variables: Extralinguistic Factors ......................................... 84 Analytical Approach ................................................................................................ 85 Qualitative Approach............................................................................................... 86 Summary ................................................................................................................ 87 4 VARIATIONIST ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABLE DE .............................................. 90 5 Native Speaker Results of DE Variation ................................................................. 91 Preliminary Analysis on Learner Data ..................................................................... 95 Discussion on CSL Learners’ Use of DE Variants ................................................ 100 Possible Explanations to Learners’ Overuse of DE ........................................ 101 The Learning Context of Study Abroad .......................................................... 102 Patterns of Variation in DE Use by SA Participants ........................................ 105 Influence of Independent Variables on SA Participants’ Use of DE Variation 107 Linguistic functions of DE ......................................................................... 107 Learners’ communication willingness and attitude/motivation .................. 108 Chinese proficiency .................................................................................. 110 Length of study abroad ............................................................................ 111 Factor groups of formality and gender ..................................................... 112 Summary .............................................................................................................. 114 5 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 123 Ni’s Attitude/Motivation and Willingness to Communicate .................................... 124 Lan’s Attitude/Motivation and Willingness to Communicate .................................. 130 Gao’s Attitude/Motivation and Willingness to Communicate ................................. 136 Hua’s Attitude/Motivation and Willingness to Communicate ................................. 143 Wei’s Attitude/Motivation and Willingness to Communicate .................................. 148 Summary .............................................................................................................. 152 6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 154 Research Findings ................................................................................................ 154 Pedagogical Implications ...................................................................................... 160 Contributions of the Present Study ....................................................................... 162 Limitations of the Present Study ........................................................................... 163 Recommendations for Future Work ...................................................................... 167 APPENDIX A UFIRB #2014-U-221-INFORMED CONSENT ...................................................... 169 B PRETEST VERSION OF THE LANGUAGE CONTACT PROFILE ....................... 171 C POSTTEST VERSION OF THE LANGUAGE CONTACT PROFILE ...................
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