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Cortegiano E Cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione E D. Miguel Da Silva

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Cortegiano E Cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione E D. Miguel Da Silva Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Rita Marnoto Centre International ci d’Études Portugaises ep Genève Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Rita Marnoto Prefácio de Maurizio Perugi Autora: Rita Marnoto Título: Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Edição: Centre International d’Études Portugaises Colecção: «Études de Philologie et Littérature Portugaises», 1 Agradecimentos Design e produção editorial: Rosa Bandeirinha Aires A. Nascimento, Aires do Couto, Amedeo Quondam, Andrea Local de edição: Genève Daltri, Barbara Spaggiari, Clelia Bettini, equipa da FBA, Francisco Data: 2017 Oliveira, Hildegarde Symoes, João Gouveia Monteiro, José Esteves ISBN: 978-2-8399-2224-1 Pereira, Juan Miguel Valero Moreno, Maria José Azevedo Santos, Depósito Legal: Maurizio Perugi, Paolo Nardi, Roberto Balzani, Roberto Gigliucci, Copyright: Rita Marnoto e Centre International d’Études Portugaises Rosa Bandeirinha. 4 5 PRÉFACE Depuis 1525, Baldassarre Castiglione se trouve à Madrid, en qua- lité de nonce apostolique à la cour de l’empereur Charles Quint. Son état de santé est loin d’être satisfaisant (il mourra en 1529) et, après le sac de Rome, ce ne sont pas les inquiétudes diploma- tiques qui lui font défaut. Mais une chose le tracasse par-dessus tout: c’est la publication de son Livre du courtisan, en ce moment sous la menace d’une édition pirate inspirée, paraît-il, par son ancienne amie Vittoria Colonna. Depuis l’Espagne, il suit avec anxiété les vicissitudes éditoriales, par ailleurs fort compliquées, de son ouvrage sous presse à Venise, chez les successeurs d’Aldo Manuzio. Une fois imprimé, le Livre n’est pourtant pas parfait: ni la dédicace ni l’introduction figurent dans le manuscrit de typo- graphie (siglé l par les savants); l’une et l’autre se trouvent en effet dans un fascicule de deux feuilles, qui a été ajouté après coup, à la suite de circonstances qui ne nous sont pas connues. Le texte du Courtisan est réparti en quatre livres, tous dédiés, ainsi que l’introduction, à Alphonse Ariosto, cousin au deu- xième degré de l’Arioste. Alphonse étant mort en 1525, il n’est pas question de dédicace au sens propre du mot. Ce vide dans la structure du livre a justement été comblé par ce fascicule addi- tionnel, contenant d’une dédicace à D. Miguel da Silva, évêque de Viseu en Portugal, auquel l’auteur ne s’adresse pas pour autant sous quelque forme que ce soit (une lettre, des vers, ou autre chose). Mais il y a plus. Aucune trace, tout au long du livre, de ce D. Miguel, dont le nom, comme le dit Rita Marnoto, «surge no início, para se eclipsar definitivamente». 7 On est donc face à une énigme irrésolue, et ceci malgré la à l’attention des savants, c’est parce qu’ils ont été publiés chez une quantité d’informations que, grâce notamment aux recherches maison d’édition (Giuffrè, 1984) plus connue chez les juristes que d’A. Quondam, nous possédons désormais sur le procès d’élabo- chez les italianisants. ration du Livre du courtisan, qui fut tout aussi long que complexe. Mme Marnoto dessine avec beaucoup de finesse le profil de Quant à D. Miguel, depuis quelques articles qui remontent à la ce noble lusitain, sur la base notamment de sa correspondance: première moitié du siècle dernier (P. Rajna et V. Cian), à partir excellent connaisseur en latin et en grec, il maîtrisait également des années 80 il a fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches, tant en Por- l’italien, ou plutôt le toscan, ce qui, bien entendu, était un atout tugal qu’en Italie, concernant surtout son œuvre latine (dont le précieux pour son activité diplomatique. Outre les Tolomei, notable poème De aqua argentea, consacré à l’aqueduc de la ville de les puissantes familles des Colocci, Rucellai, Médicis, figurent Évora) ainsi que certains aspects de sa biographie. Il manquait un encore entre ses connaissances. À Rome, où il intègre la familia travail centré sur son activité d’italophile, à l’égard notamment de Clément VII, il dispose de pas moins de deux résidences, le de ses relations avec Castiglione. C’est Mme Marnoto, italianisante Belvedere et la Lungara. L’argent, paraît-il, ne lui fait pas défaut: à de pure souche lusitaine, dont les compétences ne sont plus à une occasion, il emprunte 3 000 cruzados au pape Léon X. démontrer, qui se charge de combler cette lacune moyennant ce Ce serait donc tout à fait normal si l’on découvrait qu’il a diptyque de vies parallèles, dont le côté le plus novateur et inté- entretenu des relations d’amitié avec Castiglione, au centre, lui ressant concerne bien entendu D. Miguel. aussi, de nombreuses activités diplomatiques. Au fait, tous les Il faut d’abord rappeler que d’autres ouvrages lui ont été dédi- deux fréquentaient la Curie papale, où ils ont pu aisément se cacés, dont deux fort prestigieuses, à savoir, la quatrième édition rencontrer. Et pourtant, les contacts entre ces deux personnages de Pétrarque chez Giunta (1522) et le Polito de Claude Tolomei, ne sont documentés qu’en mesure limitée, voire insuffisante; l’un des écrits les plus marquants dans la dénommée question de surtout, il ne sont pas tels à pouvoir justifier, chez Castiglione, la langue (le débat était alors en cours entre partisans du toscan et un choix aussi délicat que celui du dédicataire, compte tenu que ceux, dont Castiglione, qui préféraient une solution ouverte aux le Courtisan est l’ouvrage auquel l’auteur a consacré le plus clair autres dialectes). Tolomei, issu de l’une des plus grandes familles de son existence. Dans la correspondance de Castiglione, qui a de Sienne, qu’avait-il en commun avec D. Miguel, qui a occupé, été publiée en trois volumes, le nom de D. Miguel n’y figure que dix ans durant (1515-1525), la charge d’ambassadeur du Royaume pour quelques allusions indirectes, concernant des questions tout de Portugal chez le Saint-Siège? D. Miguel, ainsi que Mme Mar- à fait pratiques, qui n’ont rien affaire à la littérature. noto le démontre, à Sienne était un peu comme chez lui. À trente On peut cependant supposer que les liens entre Castiglione et ans passés, il a même fréquenté l’Université de cette ville: son D. Miguel se sont faits plus intimes pendant le séjour de Casti- nom se lit dans deux documents déposés aux archives, et datés, glione en Espagne, c’est-à-dire depuis 1525. Même en l’absence respectivement, de 1510 et 1511; si, jusqu’à présent, ils ont échappé (encore!) de documents épistolaires, il existe quelques preuves 8 9 indirectes (Mme Marnoto parle à raison d’un «conjunto de indícios ÍNDICE documentais») en faveur d’une correspondance réelle entre ces deux personnages. Mais il y a plus. Si, en Italie, D. Miguel n’a été pour Castiglione que “l’ambassadeur de Portugal” (une fois, il lui est arrivé d’écrire, d’une manière plutôt expéditive: «Portugallo I D. Miguel da Silva dedicatário de Il libro 23 e io»), en Espagne il est désormais «D. Michel de Sylva», ce qui del cortegiano témoigne sans aucun doute d’une connaissance finalement appro- fondie, et ceci dans un «contexto de cumplicidades peninsulares. Eram afinal dois exilados». En effet, depuis son retour au Portugal, de graves désaccords II Os caminhos de Roma 59 ont surgi entre D. Miguel et le roi D. João III, à la suite desquels D. Miguel – évêque de Viseu dès 1527, cardinal désigné dès 1539 – s’est vu obligé en 1540 à s’exiler en Italie. Deux ans après, il a été dépossédé par D. João III et de sa nationalité et de ses biens. III D. Miguel da Silva na correspondência de 149 Mme Marnoto suppose qu’avant ces événements, D. Miguel et Baldassarre Castiglione Castiglione ont pu se rencontrer en 1526 à Granade, où se trou- vait aussi Juan Boscán, qui, le premier, allait traduire en langue espagnole le Courtisan. Autour de cette hypothèse, d’ailleurs tout à fait raisonnable, Mme Marnoto retrace savamment un chapitre IV Confluências ibéricas na impressão de Il libro 177 très important de l’histoire des relations littéraires entre l’Italie et del cortegiano la péninsule ibérique au cours du xvième siècle. C’est l’honneur du Centre International d’Études Portugaises de Genève que d’inaugurer par ce travail sa nouvelle collection Études de philologie et littérature portugaises. Apêndice 1 217 Apêndice 2 231 Apêndice 3 235 Maurizio Perugi Baldassarre Castiglione – Cronologia 241 D. Miguel da Silva – Cronologia 249 Bibliografia 257 Fig. 1 Frontispício da edição de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, In Venetia nelle case d’Aldo Romano, & d’Andrea d’Asola suo Suocero, nell’anno m. d. xxviii. del mese di aprile. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k315634m/ (consultado em 30-03-2017). 12 13 Fig. 2 Dedicatória a D. Miguel da Silva de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 14 15 Fig. 3 Início do I livro e dedicatória a Alfonso Ariosto de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 16 17 Fig. 4 Fim da dedicatória a Alfonso Ariosto de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 18 19 Fig. 5 Cólofon final de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 20 21 I D. Miguel da Silva dedicatário de Il libro del cortegiano 1 Il libro del cortegiano, geralmente designado como Il cortegiano, abre-se com a seguinte dedicatória a D. Miguel da Silva, bispo de Viseu: al reverendo et ill. s. d. michel de sylva vescovo di viseo.
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