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LIVRO Castiglione 6.Pdf Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Rita Marnoto Centre International ci d’Études Portugaises ep Genève Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Rita Marnoto Prefácio de Maurizio Perugi Autora: Rita Marnoto Título: Cortegiano e cortesão. Baldassarre Castiglione e D. Miguel da Silva Edição: Centre International d’Études Portugaises Colecção: «Études de Philologie et Littérature Portugaises», 1 Design e produção editorial: Rosa Bandeirinha Local de edição: Genève Data: 2017 ISBN: 978-2-8399-2224-1 Depósito Legal: Copyright: Rita Marnoto e Centre International d’Études Portugaises 4 Agradecimentos Aires A. Nascimento, Aires do Couto, Amedeo Quondam, Andrea Daltri, Barbara Spaggiari, Clelia Bettini, equipa da FBA, Francisco Oliveira, Hildegarde Symoes, João Gouveia Monteiro, José Esteves Pereira, Juan Miguel Valero Moreno, Maria José Azevedo Santos, Maurizio Perugi, Paolo Nardi, Roberto Balzani, Roberto Gigliucci, Rosa Bandeirinha. 5 PRÉFACE Depuis 1525, Baldassarre Castiglione se trouve à Madrid, en qua- lité de nonce apostolique à la cour de l’empereur Charles Quint. Son état de santé est loin d’être satisfaisant (il mourra en 1529) et, après le sac de Rome, ce ne sont pas les inquiétudes diploma- tiques qui lui font défaut. Mais une chose le tracasse par-dessus tout: c’est la publication de son Livre du courtisan, en ce moment sous la menace d’une édition pirate inspirée, paraît-il, par son ancienne amie Vittoria Colonna. Depuis l’Espagne, il suit avec anxiété les vicissitudes éditoriales, par ailleurs fort compliquées, de son ouvrage sous presse à Venise, chez les successeurs d’Aldo Manuzio. Une fois imprimé, le Livre n’est pourtant pas parfait: ni la dédicace ni l’introduction figurent dans le manuscrit de typo- graphie (siglé l par les savants); l’une et l’autre se trouvent en effet dans un fascicule de deux feuilles, qui a été ajouté après coup, à la suite de circonstances qui ne nous sont pas connues. Le texte du Courtisan est réparti en quatre livres, tous dédiés, ainsi que l’introduction, à Alphonse Ariosto, cousin au deu- xième degré de l’Arioste. Alphonse étant mort en 1525, il n’est pas question de dédicace au sens propre du mot. Ce vide dans la structure du livre a justement été comblé par ce fascicule addi- tionnel, contenant d’une dédicace à D. Miguel da Silva, évêque de Viseu en Portugal, auquel l’auteur ne s’adresse pas pour autant sous quelque forme que ce soit (une lettre, des vers, ou autre chose). Mais il y a plus. Aucune trace, tout au long du livre, de ce D. Miguel, dont le nom, comme le dit Rita Marnoto, «surge no início, para se eclipsar definitivamente». 7 On est donc face à une énigme irrésolue, et ceci malgré la quantité d’informations que, grâce notamment aux recherches d’A. Quondam, nous possédons désormais sur le procès d’élabo- ration du Livre du courtisan, qui fut tout aussi long que complexe. Quant à D. Miguel, depuis quelques articles qui remontent à la première moitié du siècle dernier (P. Rajna et V. Cian), à partir des années 80 il a fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches, tant en Por- tugal qu’en Italie, concernant surtout son œuvre latine (dont le notable poème De aqua argentea, consacré à l’aqueduc de la ville de Évora) ainsi que certains aspects de sa biographie. Il manquait un travail centré sur son activité d’italophile, à l’égard notamment de ses relations avec Castiglione. C’est Mme Marnoto, italianisante de pure souche lusitaine, dont les compétences ne sont plus à démontrer, qui se charge de combler cette lacune moyennant ce diptyque de vies parallèles, dont le côté le plus novateur et inté- ressant concerne bien entendu D. Miguel. Il faut d’abord rappeler que d’autres ouvrages lui ont été dédi- cacés, dont deux fort prestigieuses, à savoir, la quatrième édition de Pétrarque chez Giunta (1522) et le Polito de Claude Tolomei, l’un des écrits les plus marquants dans la dénommée question de la langue (le débat était alors en cours entre partisans du toscan et ceux, dont Castiglione, qui préféraient une solution ouverte aux autres dialectes). Tolomei, issu de l’une des plus grandes familles de Sienne, qu’avait-il en commun avec D. Miguel, qui a occupé, dix ans durant (1515-1525), la charge d’ambassadeur du Royaume de Portugal chez le Saint-Siège? D. Miguel, ainsi que Mme Mar- noto le démontre, à Sienne était un peu comme chez lui. À trente ans passés, il a même fréquenté l’Université de cette ville: son nom se lit dans deux documents déposés aux archives, et datés, respectivement, de 1510 et 1511; si, jusqu’à présent, ils ont échappé 8 à l’attention des savants, c’est parce qu’ils ont été publiés chez une maison d’édition (Giuffrè, 1984) plus connue chez les juristes que chez les italianisants. Mme Marnoto dessine avec beaucoup de finesse le profil de ce noble lusitain, sur la base notamment de sa correspondance: excellent connaisseur en latin et en grec, il maîtrisait également l’italien, ou plutôt le toscan, ce qui, bien entendu, était un atout précieux pour son activité diplomatique. Outre les Tolomei, les puissantes familles des Colocci, Rucellai, Médicis, figurent encore entre ses connaissances. À Rome, où il intègre la familia de Clément VII, il dispose de pas moins de deux résidences, le Belvedere et la Lungara. L’argent, paraît-il, ne lui fait pas défaut: à une occasion, il emprunte 3 000 cruzados au pape Léon X. Ce serait donc tout à fait normal si l’on découvrait qu’il a entretenu des relations d’amitié avec Castiglione, au centre, lui aussi, de nombreuses activités diplomatiques. Au fait, tous les deux fréquentaient la Curie papale, où ils ont pu aisément se rencontrer. Et pourtant, les contacts entre ces deux personnages ne sont documentés qu’en mesure limitée, voire insuffisante; surtout, ils ne sont pas tels à pouvoir justifier, chez Castiglione, un choix aussi délicat que celui du dédicataire, compte tenu que le Courtisan est l’ouvrage auquel l’auteur a consacré le plus clair de son existence. Dans la correspondance de Castiglione, qui a été publiée en trois volumes, le nom de D. Miguel n’y figure que pour quelques allusions indirectes, concernant des questions tout à fait pratiques, qui n’ont rien affaire à la littérature. On peut cependant supposer que les liens entre Castiglione et D. Miguel se sont faits plus intimes pendant le séjour de Casti- glione en Espagne, c’est-à-dire depuis 1525. Même en l’absence (encore!) de documents épistolaires, il existe quelques preuves 9 indirectes (Mme Marnoto parle à raison d’un «conjunto de indícios documentais») en faveur d’une correspondance réelle entre ces deux personnages. Mais il y a plus. Si, en Italie, D. Miguel n’a été pour Castiglione que “l’ambassadeur de Portugal” (une fois, il lui est arrivé d’écrire, d’une manière plutôt expéditive: «Portugallo e io»), en Espagne il est désormais «D. Michel de Sylva», ce qui témoigne sans aucun doute d’une connaissance finalement appro- fondie, et ceci dans un «contexto de cumplicidades peninsulares. Eram afinal dois exilados». En effet, depuis son retour au Portugal, de graves désaccords ont surgi entre D. Miguel et le roi D. João III, à la suite desquels D. Miguel – évêque de Viseu dès 1527, cardinal désigné dès 1539 – s’est vu obligé en 1540 à s’exiler en Italie. Deux ans après, il a été dépossédé par D. João III et de sa nationalité et de ses biens. Mme Marnoto suppose qu’avant ces événements, D. Miguel et Castiglione ont pu se rencontrer en 1526 à Granade, où se trou- vait aussi Juan Boscán, qui, le premier, allait traduire en langue espagnole le Courtisan. Autour de cette hypothèse, d’ailleurs tout à fait raisonnable, Mme Marnoto retrace savamment un chapitre très important de l’histoire des relations littéraires entre l’Italie et la péninsule ibérique au cours du xvième siècle. C’est l’honneur du Centre International d’Études Portugaises de Genève que d’inaugurer par ce travail sa nouvelle collection Études de philologie et littérature portugaises. Maurizio Perugi ÍNDICE I D. Miguel da Silva dedicatário de Il libro 23 del cortegiano II Os caminhos de Roma 59 III D. Miguel da Silva na correspondência de 149 Baldassarre Castiglione IV Confluências ibéricas na impressão de Il libro 177 del cortegiano Apêndice 1 217 Apêndice 2 231 Apêndice 3 235 Baldassarre Castiglione – Cronologia 241 D. Miguel da Silva – Cronologia 249 Bibliografia 257 Fig. 1 Frontispício da edição de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, In Venetia nelle case d’Aldo Romano, & d’Andrea d’Asola suo Suocero, nell’anno m. d. xxviii. del mese di aprile. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k315634m/ (consultado em 30-03-2017). 12 13 Fig. 2 Dedicatória a D. Miguel da Silva de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 14 15 Fig. 3 Início do I livro e dedicatória a Alfonso Ariosto de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 16 17 Fig. 4 Fim da dedicatória a Alfonso Ariosto de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 18 19 Fig. 5 Cólofon final de Il libro del cortegiano del conte Baldesar Castiglione, […] 1528. 20 21 I D. Miguel da Silva dedicatário de Il libro del cortegiano 1 Il libro del cortegiano, geralmente designado como Il cortegiano, abre-se com a seguinte dedicatória a D. Miguel da Silva, bispo de Viseu: al reverendo et ill. s. d. michel de sylva vescovo di viseo.
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