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Acceso Inalámbrico De Banda Ancha Sistemas Difusión Radio y Cable Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Alejandro Martínez Abietar DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICACIONES UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA email: [email protected] OBJETIVOS Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • Definir qué se entiende por acceso inalámbrico de ban da anc ha co mo co mpe te nc ia de l cab leado • Ventajas e inconvenientes con respecto al acceso cableado • Conocer la evolución de los sistemas de acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha previos a WiFi/WiMAX, así como las causas de su éxito limitado • Conocer algunos de los protagonistas del área de acceso radio antes de WiMAX • Entender las causas de la ausencia de un sistema global de acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Acceso cableado de banda ancha principalmente: • DSL: acceso de banda ancha sobre cable de pares (bucle de telefonía digital) teléfono + internet • Cable: acceso de banda ancha sobre cable coaxial para difusión de TV TV + internet + teléfono Entre los dos, más de 200 millones de clientes en 2005, en USA más de 80 millones en 2008 proyección de 400 millones para 2010 Aparte, crecimiento de FTTx, sobre todo en China y Japón BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Evolución del mercado mundial de banda ancha (cableado) BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Evolución del mercado europeo de banda ancha http://www.websiteoptimization.com/bw/1102/ BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Aumento de la banda ancha inalámbrica Es tá previst o que en 2010-11 sea el despegue de la tecnol ogí a de acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha, tanto fijo como móvil BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Justifódlficación del crecimiento (bdh)(banda ancha): • Acceso más rápido a Internet • Vídeo de banda ancha (youtube ha disparado el consumo de ancho de banda en las redes troncales, según los operadores) • Difusión de vídeo y audio en tiempo real (VoIP) • Conferencias multimedia • Juegos interactivos • Nuevas aplicaciones: Facebook, MySpace, etc. • Otras que ahora mismo no podemos prever, y que surgirán ... (Twitter) BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Banda ancha en España (2009) BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Banda ancha en España (2010) BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Tendencia en España (2007): •El 39% de los hogares (casi 5, 8 millones de viviendas) tienen conexión de banda ancha a internet (ADSL, red de cable, ...), lo que supone un incremento de 10 puntos respecto al año 2006. •Las principales formas de conexión a internet por banda ancha son la línea ADSL (el 73,3% de las viviendas con acceso a internet la tienen) y la red de cable ((,14,9%) . Entre las otras formas de conexión la más frecuente es la línea telefónica a través de módem o RDSI (17,6%). •Los principales motivos por los que las viviendas con acceso a internet no disponen de conexión de banda ancha consisten, fundamentalmente, en que consideran que no lo necesitan (el 40,4% aduce esta razón), la carestía de la conexión (29%) y en la no disponibilidad de conexión en su zona (19%) varios millones de usuarios … hay NICHO BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha = acceso inalámbrico (vía radio, sin cables) + banda ancha (alta velocidad) • Acceso inalámbrico: telefonía móvil crecimiento de 11 millones de usuarios en 1990 a más de 2000 millones en 2005 (y lo que queda ...) • Banda ancha: principalmente, acceso a Internet crecimiento de cero a más de 500 millones en una década • La unión de ambas: ¿tiene sentido? ¿es viable tecnológicamente y comercialmente? La respuesta es sí Principal problema de la banda ancha inalámbrica: dificultad tecnológica (canal, Tema R1) BANDA ANCHA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Tipos de servicios inalámbricos de banda ancha: • Fijo: (Fixed Wireless Broadband, FWB). Trata de proporcionar al usuario un conjunto de servicios similar al prestado por la banda ancha cableada, pero de forma inalámbrica. Así pues, competirá con DSL o cable modem. • Móvil: ofrece, además, las posibilidades de nomadicidad y movilidad traer las aplicaciones de banda ancha a un nuevo escenario y ofrecer al usuario un valor añadido WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for microwave access) pppermite ambos tipos de acceso inalámbrico. Competidor: LTE (propuesta de operadores tradicionales móviles) en realidad, los nichos de mercado son diferentes VENTAJAS DEL ACCESO INALÁMBRICO Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Para el operador: • DESPLIEGUE: Mayor rapidez de despliegue de red que las soluciones cableadas • INSTALACIÓN: Menores costes de instalación; Implantación ppgrogresiva • CAPACIDAD: El ancho de banda disponible permite velocidades de transmisión elevadas para un gran número de usuarios (generaci ones posttieriores ) • FLEXIBILIDAD: Utilizando antenas sectoriales es posible extender los servicios proporcionados tanto a usuarios residenciales como empresas; La estructura celular permite cubrir adecuadamente las nuevas necesidades de ancho de banda Escalabilidad VENTAJAS DEL ACCESO INALÁMBRICO Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha Para el usuario: • COMODIDAD: con respecto a soluciones cableadas, no estás “atadoatado” • MOVILIDAD: puedes a acceder a internet incluso en movimiento vehicular EVOLUCIÓN DE LA BANDA ANCHA INALÁMBRICA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • Origen: deseo de encontrar una alternativa inalámbrica que pudiese competir con el acceso cableado tradicional. • Década de los 90: desarrollo de un gran número de sistemas de acceso inalámbrico, principalmente por parte de compañías start-up motivadas por el potencial disruptivo del acceso inalámbrico. • EtEstos sitistemas varibiaban en cuanto a sus capacididdades, protocolos, espectro de frecuencias usado, y muchos otros parámetros (sistemas propietarios) • Algunos fueron desplegados comercialmente para, más tarde, ser retirados. • Sólo se ha alcanzado el éxito en algunos despliegues limitados a nichos de mercado muy concretos (zonas rurales, países en vías de desarrollo, empresas, etc.). • Se espera que WiMAX pueda convertirse en el gran estándar que unifique el acceso inalámbrico de BA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA BANDA ANCHA INALÁMBRICA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • A partir de la evolució n hihióistórica, se puede seguir también cuál ha sido la evolución de los sistemas de acceso inalámbrico hasta llegar a WiMAX: (1) sistemas wireless local-loop (WLL) de banda estrecha; (2) primera generación de sistemas de banda ancha con visión directa (line-of-sight, LOS) (3) segunda generación de sistemas de banda ancha sin visión directa (NLOS) (4) sistemas de acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha basados en estándares WiMAX. • Nota: Dada la diversidad de los sistemas pre-WiMAX, se pueden hacer otras muchas clasificaciones/evoluciones. WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL) Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • En castellano, BlBucle LLlocal IIlábinalámbrico • Se usa en ocasiones como equivalente a Fixed Wireless Access (()FWA) nombre genérico de sistemas de acceso fijo inalámbrico, aunque de banda estrecha (< 2Mbps) • WLL fue concebido originalmente como una alternativa inalámbrica para telefonía (voz), alcanzando un éxito considerable en países en vías de desarrollo como China, India, Indonesia, Brasil, y Rusia, en los que la alta demanda de serviiicios de tlftelefon ía báibásica no podía ser satitifsfech a usando las infraestructuras existentes. • Sistemas WLL basados en estándares DECT (digital- enhanced cordless telephony) y CDMA siguen desplegados en dichos países, donde los sistemas WLL ofrecen un valor añadido acceso a Internet WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL) Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • Ejemp lo: proyecto “Ánge l” de AT&T, en USA, anuncia do en febrero de 1997 sistema de acceso inalámbrico para la banda PCS (Personal Communications Service) de 1.9 GHz con dos líneas de voz y una de datos a 128 kbps se abandona tras unos años de pruebas y una breve oferta comercial, debido a elevados costes de funcionamiento y pobre tasa de penetración. • Al mismo tiempo, diversas start-ups en USA se enfocaron en el acceso inalámbrico a internet en las bandas sin licencia de 900 MHz y 2.4 GHz a velocidades de hasta unos cientos de kbps. La mayor parte de estos sistemas requerían de la itlióinstalación de antenas en las iitlinstalaciones del cliente, lo que limitó el despliegue a determinados vecindarios y zonas rurales poco éxito WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL) Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • Ejemp lo de éx ito: sistema WLL TAWA ofertad o por la empresa tunecina OMNIA COM en África y Oriente próximo acceso inalámbrico fijo datos + telefonía a 64 kbps (www.omniacom.com.tn/english/presentation.htm) Usa el estándar DECT para acceso inalámbrico (ETS 300-175) Banda de 20 MHz en el intervalo 1880-1935 MHz Necesidad de antena externa http://www.omniacom.com.tn/tawaoverview.htm 1ª GENERACIÓN DE BANDA ANCHA INALÁMBRICA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha • TdTendenc ia: el acceso ilábiinalámbrico dbídebería proporcionar mayores velocidades de acceso para competir con el acceso cableado (DSL y cable-módem) usar bandas de frecuencia más elevadas, con el problema de que a altas frecuencias es necesario tener visión directa (Line Of Sight, LOS) • Propuestas: MMDS, LMDS, MVDS • Cierta confusión respecto a la terminología usada (muchos inc luyen MMDS y LMDS como sis temas particu lares den tro de WLL), sobre todo en España, pero siempre se trata de proporcionar acceso inalámbrico fijo. 1ª GENERACIÓN DE BANDA ANCHA INALÁMBRICA Acceso inalámbrico de banda ancha MMDS: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services (Sistema
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