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MVDS) in the 28 Ghz and the 42 Ghz Frequency Bands

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MVDS) in the 28 Ghz and the 42 Ghz Frequency Bands Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) in the 28 GHz and the 42 GHz frequency bands Vugts, J.A.G. Award date: 1995 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain Eindhoven University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Telecommunications division Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) in the 28 GHz and the 42 GHz frequency bands by John J.A.G. Vugts. Concerns: Graduation project Period of work : November 1994 - June 1995 Supervisors: ir. P.G.M. de Bot (Philips) prof. dr. ir. G. Brussaard (TUE) ir. J. Dijk (TUE) Eindhoven, June 1995 The Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Eindhoven University of Technology is not responsible for the contents of practical work reports and graduate reports. Author John J.A.G. Vugts Title Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) in the 28 GHz and the 42 GHz frequency bands Abstract Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) is a terrestrial point-to-multipoint radio system for distributing TV signals to the homes of end users as an alternative to the conventional cable networks. Such a system is to be operated at high RF frequencies (40.5-42.5 GHz) because of the relatively large bandwidth required which is not available at lower frequencies. The objective of the work is to examine the possibilities of MVDS in a Single-Frequency Network (SFN) and to see if a Line Of Sight (LOS) is always required. This work results in a system proposal. The propagation aspects such as refraction, diffraction, fading, attenuation etc. of the 42 GHz electromagnetic waves have been examined. Furthermore the possib­ ilities and effects of refiection on building materials is examined. There has been analytically shown that the increase in coverage due to diffraction is negligible. Measurements have been performed which showed that the link-budget calculations were accurate. They also gave an indication of the loss due to foliage (20-30 dB), refiection coefficients (10 dB) and the negligible possibilities of using diffraction and refiection. They also showed that multipath reception can be prevented largely by using narrow beam reception antennas. A program has been written which predicts the percentage of coverage within a specific area and a model of Eindhoven has been created. With these tools it is shown that the increase in the percentage of coverage due to refiections is negligible for a typical Dutch city. This is due to the lack of appropriate refiection surfaces in such an environment and the small refiection coefficients of rough surfaces. The percentage of the cell surface which is covered depends very much on the heights of the buildings and the antennas. Research on networks has been done to assess the feasibility of SFNs. Both omni­ directional antennas and directional antennas have been used to find a good solution of the SFN problem. Using directional antennas resulted in an SFN using two polarizations (CjI of 11 dB). The performance degradation due to the interference is calculated and simulated. The CIR found in the proposed network can be dealt with using the built in error correction capabilities. Three different schemes are given to feed the celluiar SFN network. It is found that an example system with typical parameters has a ceU diameter of 4.69 km and can support in the band 40.5 42.5 GHz up to 48 channels (41.6 MHz spacing), corresponding to 336 different programs. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Multipoint Video Distribution 8ystem (MVD8) 2 2.1 Introduction .. 2 2.2 Cellular system 2 2.3 System description of the current analog system 3 2.4 Description of the digital system 4 2.4.1 Transmitter description . 4 2.4.2 Receiver description 12 2.5 Discussion .... ...... 14 3 Propagation aspects 15 3.1 Free space . 15 3.2 Refractivity 16 3.3 Diffraction . 18 3.4 Diffraction around obstacles 20 3.5 Reflections .......... 27 3.5.1 Fresnel reflection coefficients 30 3.5.2 Reflection model of thin layers . 33 3.5.3 Reflection at rough surfaces 34 3.6 Power fading (flat fading) ..... 39 3.7 Fading due to multipath propagation (frequency selective fading) 41 3.8 Rain attenuation 44 3.9 ITU-R rain model. 45 3.10 Cross-polar discrimination 48 iii 3.11 Sky noise temperature 54 3.12 Discussion ... 55 4 Network topology 56 4.1 Cellular systems using omni directional antennas . 57 4.2 Cellular systems using directional antennas .... 59 4.2.1 One direction Hne-up of the transmitter antennas 61 4.2.2 Rotated Hne-up of the transmitter antennas 62 4.2.3 Rotated Hne-up using both polarizations 63 4.3 Feeding of single frequency networks 65 4.3.1 Optical feeding of the network . 65 4.3.2 Feeding the network by satellite 66 4.3.3 Mutual feeding of the network . 66 4.4 Discussion . 67 5 Link budget calculations 68 5.1 Tolerabie noise and interference . 68 5.1.1 Influence of the Nyquist filter on the noise power 68 5.1.2 Influence of noise on the QPSK performance 71 5.1.3 Influence of interference on the QPSK performance 73 5.1.4 Worst case interference model 74 5.2 Link budget with noise . 78 5.3 Link budget with noise and interference . 85 5.4 Link budget for the feeding network . 86 5.5 Discussion ............... 86 6 Expected coverage in a city 90 6.1 Line of sight coverage ... 92 6.2 Coverage using reflections 93 6.3 Discussion ......... 94 7 Measurements 98 7.1 Link budget verification 99 IV 7.2 Reflection .100 7.3 Diffraction . · 103 704 Depolarization . · 103 7.5 Discussion ... · 103 8 Conclusions and recommendations 104 8.1 Conclusions .... · 104 8.2 Recommendations . · 106 9 Acknowledgements 108 References 109 A Analog system description 113 A.I Indoor transmit unit · 113 A.2 Outdoor transmit unit · 113 A.3 Transmitter antenna · 114 AA Receiver antenna .. · 116 A.5 Outdoor receive unit · 118 A.6 Indoor receive unit · 118 B Power decay rate 119 C Snellius law for a round earth 121 D Diffraction 125 v List of Symbols and Acronyms a earth radius [km] ae effective earth radius [km] B bandwidth [Hz] Be transponder bandwidth [MHz] Bn Nyquist bandwidth [MHz] BER bit error rate [S-1 ] c carrier power [W] c velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum tm/sj C carrier power [dBW] CATV cable television system [] CNR carrier to noise ratio [dB] CIR carrier to interference ratio [dB] cl fresnel zone clearance [m] d path length (distance) [m] d Hamming distance [] D antenna diameter [m] e water vapour pressure [mbar] E received field strength [V/m] E average electric field [V/m] Et transversal electric field [V/m] eirp effective isotropic radiated power [W] EIRP effective isotropic radiated power [dBW] Eo direct wave field strength [V/m] Es symbol energy [Ws] f frequency [Hz] FEC forward error correction [] F noise figure [dB] G gain [dB] GU) power spectral density function [dB] Gn(j) power spectral density function lW/Hz] 9r receiver antenna gain [] Gr receiver antenna gain [dB] 9t transmitter antenna gain [] G t transmitter antenna gain [dB] vii H(J) channel transfer function [] hr receiver antenna height [m] Hr(J) receive filter (amplitude response) [] ht transmitter antenna height [m] Ht transversal magnetic field [Alm] Ht(J) transmit filter (amplitude response) [] I interference power [dBW] k k-factor [] k Boltzmann's constant [11K] k propagation constant [I/m] la rain attenuation [] La rain attenuation [dB] lbf free space loss [] Lbf free space loss [dB] le antenna feed loss [] Ldf diffraction loss [dB] Lf fade margin [dB] L feed feeding loss of the antennas [dB] Lm medium IOS8 [dB] lm medium loss [] LFSR linear feedback shift register [] LOS line of sight o LMDS 10cal multipoint distribution systcm [] lp pointing 10ss o Lp pointing 10ss [dB] MMDS multipoint microwave distribution system [] MPEG motion picture experts group [] MVDS multipoint video distribution system [] n noise power [W] n refractivity index [] nc(t) narrow band noise power spectrum (eosine) [] ns(t) narrow band noise power spectrum (sine) [] N noise power [dBW] N refractivity o P outage time percentage over a whole year [] Pb probability of a bit error [] Pe probability of an error D Pt transmitted power [W] Pw outage worst month time percentage o P atmospheric pressure [mbar] P(W) time fraction of W power received [] QEF quasi error free operation [] QPSK quadrature phase shift keying [] r path length reduction factor o Vlll r radius of a eell [m] r(t) noise signal in time domain [V] R rain rate [mm/hr] R eonvolutional eoding rate 0 R refleetivity 0 Rn nth Fresnel zone radius [m] RP radiated power [dBM] Ru Reed Solomon eoding rate [] Ra.Ol rain rate exeeeded 0.01 % of the year [mm/hr] s signal power [W] S signal power [dBW]
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