DOCSLIB.ORG

Lying with Arguments All Arguers Sometimes Lie

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lying with Arguments All Arguers Sometimes Lie Lying with Arguments Roy Sorensen Washington University in St. Louis All arguers sometimes lie. Therefore, some arguments are lies. Confession: Although I believe the premise and the conclusion, I do not believe the premise entails the conclusion. I concede my use of `therefore’ expressed belief that the premise supports the conclusion. I lied. That completes my quick and dirty demonstration of my thesis. I next adduce slower, cleaner evidence. The Argument from Conditional Lies We can lie with conditionals. Conditionals are analogous to arguments. Therefore, we can lie with arguments. One sign of the deep similarity is our frequent uncertainty as to whether the speaker is propounding an argument or asserting a conditional: Since all communists are atheists and John Paul Sartre is an atheist, Sartre is a communist. Given that the speaker believes that the conjunction `All communists are atheists and John Paul Sartre is an atheist’ fails to raise the probability of `Sartre is an atheist’, then the speaker has lied. The fact that he believes both propositions does not exonerate him. Any argument from asserted premises can be converted into a conditional by treating its premises as a conjunctive antecedent. For instance, P, Q, therefore R converts to `If P and Q, then R’. As Peter Strawson quipped, “if” is the first cousin of “therefore”. One group of commentators goes beyond the claim that arguments are analogous to conditionals. They say conditionals are identical to arguments. 1 According to J. L. Mackie, the conditional `If you swim there, you will be swept out to sea’ is a condensed argument of the form: “Suppose that you swim there: then (in view of certain unspecified facts) you will be swept out to sea.” (1973, 69). Mackie concludes that these conditionals lack truth- values. He is joined by others who are impressed by Ernest Adams’ insight that the assertibility of conditionals is dictated by conditional probability rather than the probability of the conditional. These “no-truth value” theorists do not wish to conclude that it is impossible to lie with conditionals. Almost all postulators of truth-value gaps (for future contingents, false presupposition, and so on) would be inclined to agree that we can lie with statements that lack truth-values. Lying depends solely on one’s internal psychological state. Given the interchangeability of conditionals and arguments, we should be able to lie with arguments. Otherwise there would be a moral loophole. One could avoid lying by recasting the assertion as an inference. A Legal Asymmetry But the joke is on me! Legal ethics is based on this escape clause. On the one hand, lying under oath is forbidden. A lawyer cannot instruct her client to lie – even if the lawyer knows that the lie is her client’s best hope of acquittal. She cannot even call him to testify if she knows he plans to lie. Lawyers are disbarred for lying or getting others to lie. No other profession is as opposed to lying. On the other hand, no other profession openly trains new members to mislead innocent people about grave matters. Your attorney is permitted to coach you into propounding deceptive arguments -- as long as the premises and conclusions are not lies (because they are assertions). Since your 2 attorney is obliged to furnish a zealous defense, your attorney often has a professional obligation to make deceptive inferences. Here is the final punch line: Logicians back the lawyers! Experts on inference never characterize arguments as lies. At worse, they characterize inferences as misleading. Try it. Tell a logician that an argument is lie. He will admonish you with a semantic syllogism: All lies are falsehoods. No argument is false. Therefore, no argument is a lie. You might even be subjected to a speech act syllogism: All lies are assertions. No argument is asserted (arguments are instead propounded). Therefore, no argument is a lie. Despite this impressive convergence between the theory and practice of argument, I defend the possibility of lying with arguments. To some extent, I will be preaching to the choir. I think ordinary people, prior to legal or logical indoctrination, recognize that one can lie with arguments. Corpus searches bear me out. A Google search of “argument is a lie” will yield over a million hits. But do not try Google Scholar; you will get fewer than a hundred hits. Google Books is in between, yielding less than a thousand. Although a scholar will sometimes slip and call an argument false, the discipline imposed by the logicians is surprisingly effective. Consequently, attributions of `lie’ to argument are inversely correlated with logical indoctrination. The Modal Exaggeration Thesis Attempts to convict someone of lying with an inferential lie systematically but contingently fail. Logicians over-explain this contingent failure as an 3 attempt to do the impossible. Thus the study of logic discourages the psychological curiosity central to lie attribution. Logic instructors urge students to follow the chess player’s maxim “Play the board, not the man”. Under this approach, you choose the best move rather than try tricks that exploit the psychological weaknesses of your adversary. When playing the board, you may encourage your opponent to retract blunders so that the two of you can continue to drive the position to a logical conclusion. Those unschooled in logic detect some lying arguments and are more outraged by lying arguments than merely misleading arguments. However, logic illiteracy leads to many false charges. Consequently, logic training makes people drop out of the practice of attributing inferential lies. This abstention from attributing lies to inferences improves performance (like learning how to pilot a plane with only instruments). After the teachers themselves became drop-outs, the methodological consensus became a substantive consensus: `inferential lie’ is a category mistake. A Brief History of Lying Arguments Given that training in logic blinds us to the possibility of inferential lies, there should be more attribution of lying in the past – a period in which logical literacy was less prevalent. The history of controversy about lying arguments goes back to the Greek sophists. In 399 BC, Socrates was charged with impiety. The second charge was corrupting the youth. The third charge supported the other two accusations by specifying the means by which corruption was executed: Socrates made the weaker argument appear to be the stronger. Socrates protested that he was being confused with the Sophists. Aristophanes had 4 portrayed Socrates as a Sophist in The Clouds. Socrates laments Aristophanes’ defamation. Socrates agrees that passing off bad arguments as good arguments is counterfeiting. He appeals to his poverty as evidence that he is not so employed. In 155 BC the Athenians sent a delegation of three philosophers on an embassy to Rome. The Skeptic Carneades addressed a crowd of thousands. On the first day, he argued that you should be just for the sake of justice itself. The audience marveled at the power of his arguments. On the second day Carneades argued, with equal force, that you should be just only because justice is in your self-interest. Scandalized, Marcus Porcius Cato (the Censor) led a conservative backlash that expelled the philosophers. On my interpretation, Carneades lied on the first day and then “debriefed” the Romans on the second day. If you lie then you should confess to the lie promptly. This aborts bad consequences. However, Carneades’ rapid retraction did not change the fact that he lied. Some lies can be justified. Carneades taught the Romans a valuable lesson. Instead of dryly discoursing on the advantages of hypothetically arguing both sides of an issue, Carneades employed a memorable shock tactic. Politically ambitious Romans were soon sending their sons to Athens to learn debating techniques. Lies can be pedagogically useful. Some teachers propound fallacious arguments to provoke students into diagnosis. Tactful teachers understate rebuttals to avoid embarrassing a student. Instead of cementing the premises to the conclusion with a hard must, a gentle teacher will use a soft might, allowing wiggle room. Inferential lying is systematic in therapeutic philosophies. Consider Sextus Empiricus’ method of equipollence. As a believer in the therapeutic 5 value of suspended judgment, Doctor Sextus would argue the opposite side of any issue – but only to the degree needed to cancel out the force of the patient’s original argument. Sextus was playing for a draw, not a win. If necessary, Doctor Sextus would deliberately understate the force of his counter-argument. His goal was cure, not conversion. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus emulates Sextus Empiricus’ purgative – medicine that is expelled along with the toxin. After the book’s restrictive implications become manifest, Wittgenstein makes parting acknowledgement that his deductions are nonsense. Samuel Johnson’s Defense of Lawyers James Boswell feared becoming a lawyer. He did not want to go to hell with the other liars. His father, an eminent judge, had beat into him a need for truth and integrity: I do not recollect having had any other valuable principle impressed upon me by my father except a strict regard for truth, which he impressed upon my mind by a hearty beating at an early age when I lied, and then talking of the dishonour of lying. Paternal punishment combined with maternal Calvinism to create a teenager with a morbid fear of lying. (This honesty is widely credited with making Boswell an excellent biographer. When challenged by reviewers whether it was proper to reveal Samuel Johnson's follies and whims and private conversations, Boswell replied, "Authenticity is my chief boast".) The judge was vexed by the boy’s reluctance to follow him into the legal profession. The elder Boswell should have realized that respect for 6 truth entails respect for validity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alternative Heroes in Nineteenth-Century Historical Plays
    DOI 10.6094/helden.heroes.heros./2014/01/02 Dorothea Flothow 5 Unheroic and Yet Charming – Alternative Heroes in Nineteenth-Century Historical Plays It has been claimed repeatedly that unlike previ- MacDonald’s Not About Heroes (1982) show ous times, ours is a post-heroic age (Immer and the impossibility of heroism in modern warfare. van Marwyck 11). Thus, we also fi nd it diffi cult In recent years, a series of bio-dramas featuring to revere the heroes and heroines of the past. artists, amongst them Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus In deed, when examining historical television se- (1979) and Sebastian Barry’s Andersen’s En- ries, such as Blackadder, it is obvious how the glish (2010), have cut their “artist-hero” (Huber champions of English imperial history are lam- and Middeke 134) down to size by emphasizing pooned and “debunked” – in Blackadder II, Eliz- the clash between personal action and high- abeth I is depicted as “Queenie”, an ill-tempered, mind ed artistic idealism. selfi sh “spoiled child” (Latham 217); her immor- tal “Speech to the Troops at Tilbury” becomes The debunking of great historical fi gures in re- part of a drunken evening with her favourites cent drama is often interpreted as resulting par- (Epi sode 5, “Beer”). In Blackadder the Third, ticularly from a postmodern infl uence.3 Thus, as Horatio Nelson’s most famous words, “England Martin Middeke explains: “Postmodernism sets expects that every man will do his duty”, are triv- out to challenge the occidental idea of enlighten- ialized to “England knows Lady Hamilton is a ment and, especially, the cognitive and episte- virgin” (Episode 2, “Ink and Incapability”).
    [Show full text]
  • R S S Violating and Flouting of the Four Gricean Cooperative Maxims in Friends the American TV Series
    R S www.irss.academyirmbr.com August 2015 S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 3 Issue.8 I Violating and Flouting of the Four Gricean Cooperative Maxims in Friends the American TV Series LEYLI JORFI M.A. in TEFL, Dept. of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Arak Arak 38156-8-8349, PO. Box: 879, Iran Email: [email protected] Tel: 98-9186961529 HAMIDREZA DOWLATABADI Assistant Professor, Dept. of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Arak Arak 38156-8-8349, PO. Box: 879, Iran Email: [email protected] Tel: 98-9186404404 Abstract Pragmatics, as a vast field of study, provides us with insights on how to make communication among speakers efficient. One of the ways by which speakers can have efficient and non-problematic conversations is cooperation among them. As far as cooperation is concerned, Grice has suggested the Cooperative Maxims Principles according to which, conversations can be analyzed. The present study focuses on the instances of violation and flouting of Grice‟s maxims in the American TV series “friends” (Series 1, scene 1; the one where Monica gets a new roommate). Grice‟s maxims which are the core of cooperative principle (CP) are suggested in order to shape a better and clearer conversation. In some eccentric cases, though, the flouting of these maxims will create an effect. This effect is created in this movie series as well, and gives it an air of comedy. Among other genres, comedies have this capability to flout or violate the Gricean maxims for the creation of laughter, and also fun making.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Johnson's "Dictionary", 1995-2009: a Bibliography
    Studies of Johnson's "Dictionary", 1995-2009: a bibliography The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lynch, Jack. 2011. Studies of Johnson's "Dictionary", 1995-2009: a bibliography. Harvard Library Bulletin 20 (3-4): 88-133. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42672683 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Studies of Johnson’s Dictionary, 1955–2009: A Bibliography Jack Lynch his bibliography provides information on studies of Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755) between 1955 and 2009, from the Tbicentenary of the work’s publication to the tercentenary of the author’s birth.1 Te Dictionary remains one of the most cited books of the eighteenth century. A staggering number of critical studies include at least passing comments on the Dictionary. Te work shows up in nearly every discussion of Johnson, even the most superfcial; to much of the world, he is the man who “wrote the frst dictionary.” Numerous scholarly books and essays approach their subject by way of a defnition from the Dictionary. But the sheer size of the work—2,300 folio pages, 43,000 headwords, 115,000 quotations, and something like 3.5 million words of text—means few have read the Dictionary through, and only a small number of the articles that cite it add anything to our knowledge of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Down to the Wire INSIDE
    ISSN 1755-7585 Issue No. 205 March Issue 2009 Down to the wire INSIDE: Next Years’ Alternative Party Venues Unsung Heroes visits MB! Willow Does: 2009 brings our closest Students’ American Union election result in history Football he SU Elections are over, and Seren Andy John elected by the tightest of mar- Elsewhere, it was a case of incumbent announcement of the result was marred to can announce the results, declared gins – a mere three votes. In a contest wor- victories for Students’ Union President a degree by sporadic booing of the victori- on the morning of the 20th of March thy of the best BUCS tournaments of the John P. Jackson, Deputy President Spen- ous candidate and a small number of peo- Tfollowing a three day voting period of col- academic year, the rst round saw Chris cer George and Societies and Events Of- ple being evicted from the Curved Lounge, ourful ags, multitudes of sweets and large- Reid receive 565 votes, while Andy took cer Tom Hecht. John Jackson prevailed though no further incidents were reported. scale paper campaigns. Having utilised the 571, leaving him 14 below the quorate to- over Nathan Scammell by 979 votes to 173. Elections Secretary Matt Ison was reported week of the 9th-13th of the month to hold tal of 585. e second round recount saw Spencer George defeated post-graduate as saying, “I think it’s a momentous day for debates in Main Arts outlining their posi- Chris Reid take 574 votes, and Andy took student Iain Dalton by 881 votes to 227, the Union”.
    [Show full text]
  • DK?ELOPING TRANSLATION ::Tilifik;; ' Ispttkii Aittoiiut Por: Aiiimovi::Nai
    DK?ELOPING TRANSLATION ::TilifiK;; ' ispTTKii AittoiiUT por: AIIIMOVi::nAI. TOT:: AHM OTUKK H K v* KÜHE:; uv TC:ÄT r; oii[u:iii)H Appendix: A Bilingual Transcription of "The Challenge" 353 SCENE 5: ARNOLD MEETS HUMPHREY AGAIN A.R. Your chap had quite a little publicity A.R. El teu milhomes va triumph down at Thames Marsh, obtenir un petit triomf didn't he? publicitari a Thames Marsh, no? H.A. Oh, yes, tremendous. H.A. Ah sí, fantàstic. A.R. You don't sound appropriately A.R. No sembla pas que et happy for him, Humpy. faci gaire feliç això. H.A. Well, the trouble is he thinks he has H.A. El problema és que es achieved something. pensa que ha aconseguit alguna cosa. A.R. Splendid. Life is so much easier, A.R. Magnífic. La vida és when ministers think they have molt més fàcil quan els achieved something. They stop ministres es pensen que fretting. No little temper tantrums. han aconseguit alguna cosa. Ja no s'hi amoïnen, i s'estalvien enrabiades. H.A. Yes, but now he will want to H.A. Sí, però és que ara introduce his next idea. pretén posar en pràctica una altra idea. A.R. A Minister with two ideas. I can't A.R. Un Ministre amb dues remember when we last had one of idees. No recordo qui va those. ser l'últim que vam tenir. H.A. Oh, it's not his own. He wants to H.A. Ah, no és pas idea introduce pre-set failure standards for seva.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Johnson, I Presume? Transcript
    A history of the dictionary: Dr Johnson, I presume? Transcript Date: Monday, 2 March 2009 - 12:00AM A HISTORY OF THE DICTIONARY: DR JOHNSON, I PRESUME? Henry Hitchings I am going to talk this afternoon about Samuel Johnson - who is today better known as Doctor Johnson - and about his Dictionary of the English Language, which was published on April the 15th, 1755. It seems appropriate to begin with a few thoughts about dictionaries. They are, after all, a resource we take for granted. We consult them rather as a Christian may consult the Bible: looking for absolute and definitive truth. But to many people, even if dictionaries are useful guides, they don't seem interesting. One might very reasonably ask, 'Why expend any energy exploring the origins, methods and qualities of a dictionary? Especially a dictionary published in age so far removed from our own.' As for the idea that someone might go so far as to read a dictionary - and I have read Samuel Johnson's Dictionary; all 2,300 pages; twice... it sounds a bit like madness. Who actually reads dictionaries, apart from Scrabble addicts? One answer, as it happens, is the American civil rights activist Malcolm X, who worked through a dictionary from cover to cover while he was in prison in the 1940s. But this kind of behaviour isn't common, and on the whole we turn to a dictionary to remind ourselves how to spell a particular word or to reassure ourselves that we understand its meaning. Most people are inclined to think of dictionaries as stores of verbal lumber, full of obsolete jargon, or just as forests of words, impenetrable and redolent of damp.
    [Show full text]
  • Aapkatt, Ramfotzn, Zierlabbe. What Does the Schimpfwörterbuch Tell Us About the Role of Swearing in Modern German?
    Aapkatt, Ramfotzn, Zierlabbe. What does the Schimpfwörterbuch tell us about the role of swearing in modern German? Geraldine Horan, London ISSN 1470 – 9570 Geraldine Horan 14 Aapkatt, Ramfotzn, Zierlabbe. What does the Schimpfwörterbuch tell us about the role of swearing in modern German? Geraldine Horan, London Research into the topic of swearing in modern German reveals contradictory attitudes and opinions. Swearing, in the sense of insulting another or swearing at oneself, is regarded as a taboo utterance, and is widely condemned for being aggressive, a sign of low social standing, and of poor and inappropriate language use. Yet swearing is a common feature of everyday language and there are contexts in which certain speakers of a particular status use swearing spontaneously, or strategically, and this is positively connoted. This would suggest a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of swearing in the speech community, which is essential in acquiring communicative competence in the language The analysis in this article focuses on popular attitudes to swearing, both folk linguistic and social, and on the role of the Schimpfwörterbuch. There are a large number of swearing dictionaries in German, the majority of which are dialect swearing dictionaries. Drawing on theories of language, status and power by Bourdieu (1991, 2010), and linguistic research conducted by Andersson & Trudgill (1990), McEnery (2006), Shandler (2006), and Reershemius (2009), this article will explore the relationship between swearing and power in modern German, and will discuss to what extent the existence of swearing dictionaries reveals not only an interest and delight in taboo language, but also a desire to establish a regional or group identity through reference to such publications.
    [Show full text]
  • ABC KIDS/COMEDY Program Guide: Week 31 Sunday 26 July 2020
    1 | P a g e ABC KIDS/COMEDY Program Guide: Week 31 Sunday 26 July 2020 Index Program Guide .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Sunday, 26 July 2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Monday, 27 July 2020 ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Tuesday, 28 July 2020 ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Wednesday, 29 July 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 21 Thursday, 30 July 2020 ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Friday, 31 July 2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Saturday, 1 August 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 39 2 | P a g e ABC KIDS/COMEDY Program Guide: Week 31 Sunday 26 July 2020 Program Guide Sunday, 26 July 2020 5:00am The Day Henry Met (Repeat,G) 5:05am Timmy Time (CC,Repeat,G)
    [Show full text]
  • Rotation and Magnetism in Massive Stars Adrian Thomas Potter
    University of Cambridge Institute of Astronomy A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Rotation and magnetism in massive stars Adrian Thomas Potter arXiv:1205.6491v1 [astro-ph.SR] 29 May 2012 Pembroke College Under the supervision of Dr. Christopher A. Tout Submitted to the Board of Graduate Studies 10 May, 2012 i For everyone who helped to get me here ii CONTENTS iii Contents Contents iii Declaration vii Acknowledgements ix Summary xi List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Stellar evolution . 1 1.1.1 The mechanical equilibrium of stars . 2 1.1.2 Themainsequence .......................... 3 1.2 Rotationinmassivestars........................... 7 1.2.1 Changes in stellar structure . 7 1.2.2 TheVonZeipelparadox . .. .. 11 1.2.3 The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability . 13 1.2.4 Observations of rotational velocities . 18 1.2.5 Chemical mixing in massive stars . 21 1.3 Stellar magnetism . 22 1.3.1 Observations of magnetism in massive stars . 22 1.3.2 Stellar dynamos . 24 1.3.3 Fossil fields . 26 1.4 Commonenvelopeevolution . 27 1.5 Dissertation outline . 33 2 Modelling rotation and magnetic fields in stars 35 2.1 Stellar structure and evolution . 35 2.2 The Cambridge stellar evolution code . 37 2.3 Modelling stellar rotation . 39 iv CONTENTS 2.3.1 Structureequationsforrotatingstars . 39 2.3.2 Meridional circulation . 40 2.3.3 Mass loss with rotation . 42 2.3.4 Rotation in convective zones . 42 2.3.5 Angularmomentumtransport . 42 2.3.6 Numerical implementation of rotation . 43 2.4 Modelling stellar magnetism .
    [Show full text]
  • Verbal Humour in the TV-Sitcom Blackadder a Pragmatic and Rhetorical Analysis
    UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ “INK AND INCAPABILITY” Verbal humour in the TV-sitcom Blackadder a pragmatic and rhetorical analysis A Pro Gradu Thesis in English by Laura Kalliomäki Department of Languages 2005 2 HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA KIELTEN LAITOS Laura Kalliomäki ”INK AND INCAPABILITY” Verbal humour in the TV-series Blackadder a pragmatic and rhetorical analysis Pro Gradu –tutkielma Englannin kieli Lokakuu 2005 89 sivua + liite Tutkielmassa analysoidaan kielellistä huumoria TV-sarjassa Blackadder sekä pragmaattisesta että retorisesta näkökulmasta. Materiaalina on käytetty sarjan 24:n jakson käsikirjoituksia. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan minkälaisia pragmaattisia ja retorisia strategioita sarjassa on käytetty kielellisen huumorin luomisessa. Ensinnäkin; onko Gricen maksimeja rikottu huumorin luomisessa, ja jos on, miten, kenen taholta, sekä missä yhteyksissä ja minkälaista huumoria maksimien rikkominen synnyttää. Toiseksi tarkastellaan huumorin luomisessa käytettyjä retorisia tekniikoita, kuinka niitä käytetään, kuka niitä käyttää, missä yhteyksissä niitä käytetään ja minkälaista huumoria retoriset tekniikat synnyttävät. Tutkimusote on laadullinen. Aineistosta on etsitty humoristiset kohdat, joissa rikotaan Gricen maksimeja. Tapauksia kuvaillaan esimerkkien valossa suhteessa toisiinsa, suhteessa esittäjään ja tilanteeseen. Aineistosta etsitään myös tapaukset, joissa huumorin luomisessa on käytetty jotain tiettyä tai joitain tiettyjä huumorin retorisia tekniikoita. Tapauksia kuvaillaan jälleen suhteessa toisiinsa, sekä suhteessa esittäjään
    [Show full text]
  • Accenteur Alpin Pěvuška Podhorní
    Tento pohádkový slovník slovník obsahuje: 1. Jména dílů seriálů v originále a s českým názvem: Shippuden, Naruto, Simpsonovi do 18. série, Ženatý se zá- vazky, Startrek, Startrek Enterprise, Gumídci, Rychlá rota, Mighty Morphins Power Rangers, Southpark, Futu- rama, SG1, Xena, Přátelé, Scooby Doo, Charmed, Oban, Letohrátky, Krok za krokem, Dawsonův svět, Černá zmije, Kačeří příběhy, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2. Pojmy a postavy z Harry Potter, Kniha džunglí, Úžasňákovi, Pán prstenů 3. Seznam všech digimonů a pokémonů 4. všechny Bartovy nápisy na tabuli na začátku Simpsonů 5. část epizot Spongebob, Šmoulové České názvy nejsou oficiálními překlady, ale jsou to názvy, pod kterými se daný seriál u nás vysílal. Pokud je tam názvů více, seriál se vysílal pod různými názvy. Některé seirály se rovněž vysílaly v odlišném pořadí než v originále a s jimým rozsahem dílů. Pokud byla epizoda vícedílná, obvykle se všechny její části jmenují stej- ně. Pokud je některý díl uvedený vícekrát, byl v různých seriálech. Některé díly mají i rozdílný pravopis A Bad Reflection on You Ve špatném světle (Mighty A Fly in the Ointment El Fůňo (Rychlá rota) Morphin Power Rangers) A Foster/Lambert Production Už je to tady! (Krok A Baloo Switcheroo Jak nebýt ve své kůži (Letohrát- za krokem) ky) A Fresh Start Čerstvý Začátek (Oban) A Bicyclops Built for Two Leela se vdává (Futura- A Friend in Need Part I V nouzi poznáš přítele, část ma), O původu kyklopů (Futurama) 1 (Mighty Morphin Power Rangers) A Big Piece of Garbage Drtivý dopad (Futurama) A Gummi By Any Other
    [Show full text]
  • Subtitles and the Cultural Referent in Francophone Cinema
    SUBTITLES AND THE CULTURAL REFERENT IN FRANCOPHONE CINEMA By Elizabeth D. White A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of French, Language and Literature – Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT SUBTITLES AND THE CULTURAL REFERENT IN FRANCOPHONE CINEMA By Elizabeth D. White This dissertation focuses on the English translation of linguistic and cultural references in Francophone cinema. I have chosen films from France, Quebec, and Senegal. Based on the nine films that incorporated my filmography, I examine how subtitlers choose certain solutions when they encounter various cultural references found in Francophone films that may be misunderstood by the target viewers, as well as, if the different types of cultural references found are successfully translated in the English subtitles. This dissertation analyzes how English subtitlers deal with the difficulties of translating cultural references specific to the French, Quebec, and Senegalese cultures. The films chosen for this dissertation demonstrate how English subtitlers create new language combinations when translating various cultural references found in these Francophone films. English subtitlers are responsible for effectively communicating the cultural differences that exist to their target viewers in order to promote a better understanding and awareness of various Francophone cultures. Copyright by ELIZABETH D. WHITE 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family, especially Deborah White and Judith Ripton, who supported and encouraged me every single day while writing this dissertation. I would like to thank Professor Marshall Olds and Professor Laurence Porter who took over when I was lost and disheartened. I thank them as well as Professor Safoi Babana-Hampton and Professor Kenneth Harrow for their continued encouragement and guidance during the writing and analysis process.
    [Show full text]