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Biologie Du Développement Des Hémi-Épiphytes Ligneux

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Biologie Du Développement Des Hémi-Épiphytes Ligneux UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER II -SCIENCES ETTECHNIQUES DULANGlJEIX)C- THÈSE présenté à l'Université Montpellier II pour obtenir le diplôme de DOCTORAT Spécialité: Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation Doctorale: Evolution et écologie Ecole Doctorale: Biologie des systèmes intégrés - Agronomie et environnement Biologie du dé veloppement des hémi-épiphytes lign eux par Juliana Prôsperi Soutenue le 18 décembre 1998 devant le Jury composé de : M. Francis HALLÉ, Professeur, Université Montpellier II Président M. Patrick BLANC, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Uni versité Paris VI Rapporteur M. Comelis C. BERG. Professeur, University of Bergen, Norvège Rapporteur M. Jean-Louis GUILLAUMET, Directeur de Recherche, ORSTOM Examinateur M. Claude EDELIN. Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Directeur de la thèse M. José ESCARRE, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, CEFE-CNRS Examinateur M. Georges MlCHALOUD, Ing . de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Invité UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER II -SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC- THÈSE présenté à l'Université Montpellier II pour obtenir le diplôme de Doctorat Spécialité: Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation Doctorale: Evolution et écologie Ecole Doctorale: Biologie des systèmes intégrés - Agronomie et environnement Biologie du développement des hémi-épiphytes ligneux par Juliana Pr6speri Soutenue le 18 décembre 1998 devant le Jury composé de : M. Francis HAilÉ, Professeur, Université Montpellier II Président M. Patrick BLANC, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université Paris VI Rapporteur M. Cornelis C. BERG, Professeur, University of Bergen, Norvège Rapporteur M. Jean-Louis GUILLAUMET, Directeur de Recherche, ORSTOM Examinateur M. Claude EDELIN, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Directeur de la thèse M. José EsCARRE, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, CEFE-CNRS Examinateur M. Georges MIGIALOUD, Ing. de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Invité A mis padres à Richard Remerciements J'ai la joie d'adresser ici, mes remerciements à tous ceux qui m'ont aidée ou encouragée dans la réalisation de ce travail. Je voudrais remercier Claude Edelin, mon Maître, pour les enseignements que j'ai reçus de lui, pour son esprit éclairé, son exigence, son amour des arbres. Je voudrais qu'il sache combien je lui suis reconnaissante de m'avoir montré un chemin solide pour appréhender les arbres. J'espère que ce travail lui apporte mon affectueuse gratitude. Je remercie M. Jean-Louis Guillaumet qui a cru dans mon sujet de thèse et grâce à qui j'ai eu le financement de l'ORSTOM pour réaliser cette étude. De plus j'ai reçu un accueil remarquable à l'ORSTOM de Cayenne: merci Fanchon, Daniel, Jean François, M. Colin, M. Georges Elfort, ... la liste est longue! Je remercie tout particulièrement Francis Hallé qui m'as ouvert le monde merveilleux des Tropiques et qui m'as appris l'indépendance intellectuelle. Ta passion des plantes, ta disponibilité, tes critiques enrichissantes, ton talent pour le dessin et la synthèse m'ont toujours donnés envie d'aller plus loin dans l'étude des plantes. Excuses-moi de t'avoir donné tan de "fil à retordre", ainsi le veut la vie. A Jeannine Blanc qui a contribué à la recherche et la mise en forme de la bibliographie, merci d'être si rapide! Que Claire Atger et Yves Caraglio reçoivent toute mon affection et ma gratitude pour les discussions critiques et enrichissantes, j'espère que nous aurons encore beaucoup de choses à faire pour cette passion commune. Je remercie Georges Michaloud pour son optimisme et sa combativité. Que Elio Sanoja reçoive todo mi cariiio y mi agradecimiento, sans son soutien au Vénézuéla ce travail aurait été profondément limité. Une sincère gratitude aux gens de l'Université de Guayana, de Mata Clara de Los Llanos, du Parc National Henri Pittier, de l'Université de Mérida. Caro, Mijo, Dawn, Yildiz, Jean Marie, Pascal, Manuel, Guy merci d'avoir partagé cette aventure avec moi, et pour les prochaines!!! Les mots me sont étroits pour vous exprimer toute mon émotion première pleine lune de décembre Sommaire Chapitre 1 Introduction 1 - Données générales sur les plantes hémi-épiphytes 5 1.1 - La notion de type biologique: évolution des concepts 5 1.2 - Les définitions du type biologique hémi-épiphyte Il 2 - Syndrome de caractères d'une plante hémi-épiphyte 15 2.1 - Les capacités d'enracinement 17 2.1.1. La morphologie des racines adventives et leurs fonctions 19 2.1.2. Les particularités anatomiques des racines adventives 20 2.1.3. Les capacités d'anastomose des racines 21 2.2 - Le lignotuber 23 2.3 - Les fruits 24 2.3.1 - La microspermie 24 2.3.2 - La dissémination 24 2.4 - Caractéristiques de la canopée 26 2.4.1 - Rôle de la 1umière dans la germination 27 2.4.2 - L'humidité - la sécheresse lors de la germination 27 2.5 - Les adaptations à la sécheresse 28 2.6 - L'importance systématique et écologique 28 2.6.1 - Les genres ayant des représentants hémi-épiphytes 29 2.6.2 - Étendue phylogénétique 29 2.6.3 - Les hypothèses sur l'évolution de l'hémi-épiphytisme 31 3 - Bilan et problématique 33 Chapitre II Matériel et Méthode 1 - Les si tes d'étude .. 35 2 - Méthode d'étude de la répartition des hémi-épiphytes en forêt primaire ..... 38 Sommaire 2 - Méthode d'étude de la répartition des hémi-épiphytes en forêt primaire..... 38 2.1 - Présentation de la parcelle étudiée......................................... 38 2.2 - Caractères considérés dans l'étude de répartition....................... 38 3 - Méthode d'étude de l'architecture végétale 41 3.1 - Principes d'étude............................................................ 41 3.2 - Caractères morphologiques utilisés dans l'analyse architecturale...... 44 3.2.1 - Mode de croissance et développement................ 44 3.2.2 - Direction de croissance................................................ 44 3.2.3 - Mode de ramification 46 3.2.4 - Position de la sexualité 48 3.2.5 - Caractères morphologiques concernant les racines... 48 3.2.6 - La croissance racinaire 48 3.2.7 - La ramification racinaire .......... .. .... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .... 50 3.2.8 - Quelques précisions sur les tennes utilisés dans cette étude...... 50 3.3 - Les concepts ................................................................. 51 3.3.1 - Unité architecturale.. 51 3.3.2 - La réitération.............................................................. 51 3.3.3 - Plan d'organisation......... 53 4 - Choix des espèces et des individus.............................................. 55 Chapitre III Résultats sur la répartition des hémi-épiphytes en forêt primaire 1 - Diversité spécifique et abondance.............................................. 57 2 - Sur quels arbres s'installent les hémi-épiphytes 58 3 - Les sites de gennination et le relief de la canopée .. ................. ........ 62 4 - Les hémi-épiphytes et la topographie.......................................... 64 Chapitre IV Résultats sur l'architecture des hémi-épiphytes A propos du genre Ficus L. - MORACEAE...................................... 67 Ficus nymphaeifolia P. Miller 71 Sommaire La plantule 72 La jeune plante....................................................................................... 74 L'arbre adulte........ 78 Dynamique de croissance 79 Ficus guianensis Desv. 83 La plantule......... 84 La jeune plante 86 L'organisme adulte..................................................... 89 Dynamique de croissance 90 Ficus leiophylla C. C. Berg 95 La plantule....... 96 Le jeune plant 96 Le jeune plant terrestre... 99 L'organisme adulte 102 Dynamique de croissance 104 A propos du genre Coussapoa AubIet - CECROPIACEAE........................ 107 Coussapoa trinervia MiIdbraed 109 La jeune plante........................................................................................ 110 L'hémi-épiphyte adulte 112 Résumé du développement 114 Coussapoaangustifolia AubIet 117 La plantule.............................................................................................. 118 La jeune plante terrestre........................... 120 L'arbre adulte terrestre 122 Le jeune hémi-épiphyte 125 L'hémi-épiphyte adulte 127 Dynamique de croissance 128 Coussapoa asperifolia Trécul 131 La plantule................................ 132 La jeune plante 132 La plante adulte terrestre......... 135 L'hémi-épiphyte adulte 139 Résumé du développement 141 Coussapoa latifolia AubIet 143 La plantule 143 La jeune plante 146 La plante adulte 148 Dynamique de croissance 152 A propos du genre Clusia L. - CLUSIACEAE . 155 Clusia rosea Jacq. 159 La plantule 162 Sommaire Le jeune plant 162 L'arbre adulte........ 166 Dynamique de croissance 170 Clusiacuneata Benth. 171 La plantule épiphyte 172 La jeune plante...... 174 L'hémi-épiphyte au stade de l'unité architecturale 174 La plante adul te 176 La jeune plante terrestre 178 Le marcottage.......................................................................................... 179 Dynamique de croissance 184 Blakea sp. - MELASTOMACEAE 187 La plantule....................... 187 Le jeune plante 189 La plante adul te 190 Résumé du développement 192 Chapitre V Synthèse des résultats et discussion 1 - Richesse et répartition des hémi-épiphytes 195 2. - Les hémi-épiphytes etles plantes pionnières................................. 196 3. - Comparaison des espèces étudiées. .... ... ........ ...... ........... ....... .... 200 3.1. - L'unité architecturalecau1inaire........................................... 200 3.2. - La réitérationcaulinaire 201 3.2.1. - La réitération totale séquentielle.................................. 202 3.2.2.
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