First Record of a Non-Pollinating Fig Wasp (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae) from Dominican Amber, with Estimation of the Size of Its Host Figs
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Fig Tree with Unrelated Fig Wasps
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Fig Tree with Unrelated Fig Wasps Aravind Krishnan K.1, Gayathri G. S.2, Sreedevi Amma3 Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram Abstract: A few non-agaonid wasps can enter figs to oviposit and effectively pollinate their fig hosts. In the study site (Karakulam, Thiruvananthapuram) Ficus hispida is pollinated by Ceratosolen marchali (Agaonidae). Two species of non-agaonid fig wasps, Philotrypesis pilosa and Apocrypta bakeri, also enter the fig to oviposit. Yet such wasps do not establish a mutualistic relationship with figs similar to that of agaonids. Using controlled experiments in which only one foundress per species was introduced to a fig, and compared the effect of the three wasp species on pollination. It has been recorded that foundress distribution in the fig female floral phase, and counted the number of wasps and seeds in the male floral phase, and found both non-agaonids are efficient pollinators too. The species of fig-entering non-agaonid wasps significantly reduced the number of C. marchali emerging from mature figs but had no effect on seed production. If P. pilosa or A. bakeri was introduced to figs containing one foundress of C. marchali, both non-agaonid wasps produced offspring. But without the C. marchali, P. pilosa and A. bakeri failed to reproduce. P. pilosa and A. bakeri depend on the agaonid, C. marchali, to make galls. Because they depend on the legitimate pollinator to make galls, neither P. pilosa nor A. -
Book Section Reprint the STRUGGLE for TROGLODYTES1
The RELICT HOMINOID INQUIRY 6:33-170 (2017) Book Section Reprint THE STRUGGLE FOR TROGLODYTES1 Boris Porshnev "I have no doubt that some fact may appear fantastic and incredible to many of my readers. For example, did anyone believe in the existence of Ethiopians before seeing any? Isn't anything seen for the first time astounding? How many things are thought possible only after they have been achieved?" (Pliny, Natural History of Animals, Vol. VII, 1) INTRODUCTION BERNARD HEUVELMANS Doctor in Zoological Sciences How did I come to study animals, and from the study of animals known to science, how did I go on to that of still undiscovered animals, and finally, more specifically to that of unknown humans? It's a long story. For me, everything started a long time ago, so long ago that I couldn't say exactly when. Of course it happened gradually. Actually – I have said this often – one is born a zoologist, one does not become one. However, for the discipline to which I finally ended up fully devoting myself, it's different: one becomes a cryptozoologist. Let's specify right now that while Cryptozoology is, etymologically, "the science of hidden animals", it is in practice the study and research of animal species whose existence, for lack of a specimen or of sufficient anatomical fragments, has not been officially recognized. I should clarify what I mean when I say "one is born a zoologist. Such a congenital vocation would imply some genetic process, such as that which leads to a lineage of musicians or mathematicians. -
Investigations Into Stability in the Fig/Fig-Wasp Mutualism
Investigations into stability in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism Sarah Al-Beidh A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London. Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, or if not, it is clearly stated and fully acknowledged in the text. Sarah Al-Beidh 2 Abstract Fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) are involved in an obligate mutualism where each partner relies on the other in order to reproduce: the pollinating fig wasps are a fig tree’s only pollen disperser whilst the fig trees provide the wasps with places in which to lay their eggs. Mutualistic interactions are, however, ultimately genetically selfish and as such, are often rife with conflict. Fig trees are either monoecious, where wasps and seeds develop together within fig fruit (syconia), or dioecious, where wasps and seeds develop separately. In interactions between monoecious fig trees and their pollinating wasps, there are conflicts of interest over the relative allocation of fig flowers to wasp and seed development. Although fig trees reap the rewards associated with wasp and seed production (through pollen and seed dispersal respectively), pollinators only benefit directly from flowers that nurture the development of wasp larvae, and increase their fitness by attempting to oviposit in as many ovules as possible. If successful, this oviposition strategy would eventually destroy the mutualism; however, the interaction has lasted for over 60 million years suggesting that mechanisms must be in place to limit wasp oviposition. This thesis addresses a number of factors to elucidate how stability may be achieved in monoecious fig systems. -
Mutualism Stability and Gall Induction in the Fig and Fig Wasp Interaction
Mutualism Stability and Gall Induction in the Fig and Fig Wasp Interaction Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Martinson, Ellen O'Hara Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 01:14:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265556 MUTUALISM STABILITY AND GALL INDUCTION IN THE FIG AND FIG WASP INTERACTION by Ellen O. Martinson _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Ellen O. Martinson entitled MUTUALISM STABILITY AND GALL INDUCTION IN THE FIG AND FIG WASP INTERACTION and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 A. Elizabeth Arnold _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Jeremiah D. Hackett _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Carlos A. Machado _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Rob H. Robichaux _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Noah K. Whiteman Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. -
Quantitative Tests of Interaction Between Pollinating and Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps on Dioecious Ficus Hispida
Ecological Entomology (2005) 30, 70–77 Quantitative tests of interaction between pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps on dioecious Ficus hispida 1,2 1 1 YAN Q. PENG ,DAR.YANG andQIU Y. WANG 1Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming and 2Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract. 1. The interaction between Ficus species and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) represents a striking example of a mutualism. Figs also shelter numerous non-pollinating chalcids that exploit the fig–pollinator mutualism. 2. Previous studies showed a weak negative correlation between numbers of pollinating and non-pollinating adults emerging from the same fruit. Little is known about the patterns and intensities of interactions between fig wasps. In the Xishuangbanna tropical rainforests of China, the dioecious Ficus hispida L. is pollinated by Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr and is also exploited by the non- pollinators Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Philotrypesis sp., and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph. Here, the interaction of pollinator and non-pollinators on F. hispida is studied quantitatively. 3. The exact time of oviposition was determined for each species of fig wasp. Based on observational and experimental work it is suggested that (i) the relation- ship between pollinator and non-pollinators is a positive one, and that the genus Philotrypesis appears to have no significant impact on the pollinator population, whereas Apocrypta has a significant effect on both Philotrypesis and Ceratosolen; (ii) gall numbers do not always increase with increasing number of foundresses, but developmental mortality of larvae correlates positively with the number of foundresses; and (iii) there is a positive correlation between non-pollinator num- bers and their rates of parasitism, but the three species of non-pollinators differed in their rates of parasitism and show different effects on pollinator production. -
The Ecology and Evolution of the New World Non-Pollinating Fig Wasp
Journalof Biogeography (1996) 23, 447-458 The ecologyand evolutionof the New Worldnon-pollinating figwasp communities STUART A. WEST', EDWARD ALLEN HERRE2, DONALD M. WINDSOR2 and PHILIP R. S. GREEN' 'Departmentof Biology,Imperial College at SilwoodPark, Ascot,Berkshire SL5 7PY, U.K and 2SmithsonianTropical Research Institute, Apartado2072, Balboa, Republicof Panama Abstract. We present data on several previously of pollinatorwasps and viable seeds. Some of the species undescribedspecies fromsix genera of New World non- investigatedare parasitoidsof othernon-pollinating species. pollinatingfig wasps. We show that many of thesespecies We examinethe importance of thevarious forms of spatial have a negativeeffect on the reproductivesuccess of both heterogeneityin theparasitism rate that can act to stabilise the pollinatorwasps and the host figs.Our resultssuggest the host-parasitoidinteraction. Finally, we discuss the that the two most abundant genera of non-pollinating factorsunderlying the large variation in theabundance and wasps, the Idarnes and the Critogaster,compete for the diversityof the non-pollinatingwasps both among and same pool of femaleflowers as the pollinatingwasps in the withinfruit crops. Urostigmaand Pharmacosyceafigs, respectively. Wasps from the genusAepocerus induce and develop withinlarge galls, Key words. Ficus, parasitoid, parasites, coevolution, in the Urostigmafigs. By drainingresources from the fruit density dependence, spatial heterogeneity,community thesewasps may have a detrimentaleffect on theproduction structure. success of the pollinatingwasps and also the host figs,by 1. INTRODUCTION reducingthe figs'ability to dispersepollen (West & Herre, The wasp species that are only able to develop withinthe 1994). In contrast,species which merely gall the fruitwall fruitof fig trees are collectivelytermed fig wasps. These or unoccupiedovaries may have less obvious costs to their species include both mutualisticpollinators and parasitic hosts. -
Evolution of Tbe Mandibular Appendage in Figwasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
Rev. Biol. Trop., 39 (1): 87-95. 1991 Evolution of tbe mandibular appendage in figwasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) William Ramírez B. Escuela de Fitotecnia, Universidadde Costa Rica. (Ree. 20-IX-I990. Acep. 15-X-I990) Abstract: The phylogenetic value of the conformation of the mandibular appendages, the number of mandibular glands andother head characters in the Agaonidae are examined.The phylogenetic arrangement suggests thatthe pre agaonid had a normal bidentate mandible with two glands, and a undistinct facial groove as in sorneDiazi ella (Sycoecinae), Sycophaga (Sycophaginae) and in related chalcidoid non-pollinating fig wasps. lt also had thirteen-seg mented antennae;'a long scape, several times ¡onger than wide a long triangular pedicel, two or three anelli andeight flagellomeres withsensilla (as uniquely found in Tetrapus). The mandibularappendage apparently co-evolved with the development oí the ostiolum of thesyconium andthe firstmandibular appendage was fixed andhad ridges or lameUae. A flexible hinge evolved laterat its base.The polygamous males were wingless with extendible (solenogastrus) abdo men and mate inside the galls. These characters are also found in most Sycophaginae.The ancestor of Aganoidae was probably a primary sycophilous wasp, withdorsoventral depressed head, thorax and abdomen, that oviposit through thestylar channel as stiU Sycophaga sycomori does. Sycophaga wasps withits apterousand polyg amous males seem to be the sister group of Agaonidae. The Agaonidae females are characterized by their mandibular appendage and the antennalprocess. They have a prognathous head with gula. Themales are wingless polygamous andsolenogastrous. Key words: Agaonidae(Hymenoptera), mandibular appendage, evolution, phylogeny. Ficus is pollinated by small chalcidoid wasps and two or three antennal anelli. -
Temporal Associations in Fig–Wasp–Ant Interactions
DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01038.x Temporal associations in fig–wasp–ant interactions: diel and phenological patterns Yuvaraj Ranganathan§, Mahua Ghara§ & Renee M. Borges* Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India Accepted: 24 June 2010 Key words: Apocrypta, Apocryptophagus, Ficus racemosa,gallers,Oecophylla smaragdina, Myrmicaria brunnea, parasitoids, predatory ants, resource partitioning, resource pulse, Technomyrmex albipes, tritrophic interactions Abstract In a complex multitrophic plant–animal interaction system in which there are direct and indirect interactions between species, comprehending the dynamics of these multiple partners is very impor- tant for an understanding of how the system is structured. We investigated the plant Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) and its community of obligatory mutualistic and parasitic fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) that develop within the fig inflorescence or syconium, as well as their interaction with opportunistic ants. We focused on temporal resource partitioning among members of the fig wasp community over the development cycle of the fig syconia during which wasp oviposition and devel- opment occur and we studied the activity rhythm of the ants associated with this community. We found that the seven members of the wasp community partitioned their oviposition across fig syco- nium development phenology and showed interspecific variation in activity across the day–night cycle. The wasps presented a distinct sequence in their arrival at fig syconia for oviposition, with the parasitoid wasps following the galling wasps. Although fig wasps are known to be largely diurnal, we documented night oviposition in several fig wasp species for the first time. Ant activity on the fig syconia was correlated with wasp activity and was dependent on whether the ants were predatory or trophobiont-tending species; only numbers of predatory ants increased during peak arrivals of the wasps. -
Breakdown of the One-To-One Rule in Mexican Fig-Wasp Associations Inferred by Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis
SYMBIOSIS (2008) 45, 73-81 ©2008 Balaban, Philadelphia/Rehovot ISSN 0334-5114 Breakdown of the one-to-one rule in Mexican fig-wasp associations inferred by molecular phylogenetic analysis Zhi-Hui Su1,2y' Hitoshi Iino1'5, Keiko Nakamura 1, Alejandra Serrato':'', and Ken Oyama" 1JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cha, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan, Email. [email protected]; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; 3School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China; "Centro de lnvestigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonorna de Mexico (UNAM) Campus More lia, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta, C. P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; 5Present address: RIKEN Harima Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan; "Present address: Universidad Autonorna Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico 09340 D.F. (Received February 20, 2007, Accepted June 17, 2007) Abstract The interaction between figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) is one of the most species-specific cases of mutualism, and is a model system for studying coevolution and cospeciation between insects and plants. To test the specificity-breakdown hypothesis, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COi gene sequences of Mexican fig-pollinating wasps collected from each fig species at various localities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear division of Mexican fig pollinators into two major groups: one pollinating the Ficus species of subgenus Pharmacosycea: and the other pollinating Ficus subgenus Urostigma. -
(1931–1932) of the USDA to the Caribbean Islands
ORIGINAL ARTICLES The Bahamas and the First Extensive Expedition (1931–1932) of the USDA to the Caribbean Islands Raquel Chavarria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1067-2436 Florida International University Brett Jestrow https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-3146 Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Ethan Freid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-7022 The Bahamas National Trust Javier Francisco-Ortega1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-7188 Florida International University https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v26i0.369 Abstract Sponsored by Allison V. Armour and led by David Fairchild, a plant hunting expedition organized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) targeted the Caribbean Islands and the Guianas between December 31, 1931 and April 1, 1932. Three other agricultural scientists joined this plant collecting enterprise: namely, Leonard R. Toy (from the University of Florida) and Harold Frederick and Palemon H. Dorsett (both from the USDA). Seven of the Bahamian islands were explored between December 31, 1931 and January 15, 1932 and between March 29 – April 1, 1932. This contribution focuses on the Bahamian itinerary followed during this voyage. Documents and photos housed in the U.S. National Archives and the Library and Archives of Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; herbarium specimens found in the U.S. National Herbarium; and David Fairchild’s published accounts were the basis of our research. A total of 106 plant samples (89 species), including herbarium specimens and material for the USDA, were collected in this archipelago. Collections of an unidentified palm grown in the USDA Chapman Field Station, Miami resulted in the description of the Bahamian endemic Coccothrinax inaguensis in 1966 by Robert W. -
Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids
GRBQ316-3309G-C17[225-239].qxd 09/14/2007 9:52 AM Page 225 Aptara Inc. SEVENTEEN Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids SUMMER I. SILVIEUS, WENDY L. CLEMENT, AND GEORGE D. WEIBLEN Cophylogeny provides a framework for the study of historical host organisms and their associated lineages is the first line of ecology and community evolution. Plant-insect cophylogeny evidence for cospeciation. On the other hand, phylogenetic has been investigated across a range of ecological conditions incongruence may indicate other historical patterns of associ- including herbivory (Farrell and Mitter 1990; Percy et al. ation, including host switching. When host and associate 2004), mutualism (Chenuil and McKey 1996; Kawakita et al. topologies and divergence times are more closely congruent 2004), and seed parasitism (Weiblen and Bush 2002; Jackson than expected by chance (Page 1996), ancient cospeciation 2004). Few examples of cophylogeny across three trophic lev- may have occurred. Incongruence between phylogenies els are known (Currie et al. 2003), and none have been studies requires more detailed explanation, including the possibility of plants, herbivores, and their parasitoids. This chapter that error is associated with either phylogeny estimate. Ecolog- compares patterns of diversification in figs (Ficus subgenus ical explanations for phylogenetic incongruence include Sycomorus) and three fig-associated insect lineages: pollinat- extinction, “missing the boat,” host switching, and host-inde- ing fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae: Agaoninae: Cer- pendent speciation (Page 2003). “Missing the boat” refers to atosolen), nonpollinating seed gallers (Agaonidae: Sycophagi- the case where an associate tracks only one of the lineages fol- nae: Platyneura), and their parasitoids (Agaonidae: lowing a host-speciation event. -
Revision of the Genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in Ethiopia (Primitiae Africanae Xi)
582.635.34(63) MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND • 79-3 (1979) REVISION OF THE GENUS FICUS L. (MORACEAE) IN ETHIOPIA (PRIMITIAE AFRICANAE XI) G. AWEKE Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Received l-IX-1978 Date of publication 27-4-1979 H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V.-WAGENINGEN-1979 BIBLIOTHEEK T)V'. CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION 1 General remarks 1 Uses, actual andpossible , of Ficus 1 Method andarrangemen t ofth e revision 2 FICUS L 4 KEY TOTH E FICUS SPECIES IN ETHIOPIA 6 ALPHABETICAL TREATMENT OFETHIOPIA N FICUS SPECIES 9 Ficus abutilifolia (MIQUEL)MIQUEL 9 capreaefolia DELILE 11 carica LINNAEUS 15 dicranostyla MILDBRAED ' 18 exasperata VAHL 21 glumosu DELILE 25 gnaphalocarpa (MIQUEL) A. RICHARD 29 hochstetteri (MIQUEL) A. RICHARD 33 lutea VAHL 37 mallotocarpa WARBURG 41 ovata VAHL 45 palmata FORSKÀL 48 platyphylla DELILE 54 populifolia VAHL 56 ruspolii WARBURG 60 salicifolia VAHL 62 sur FORSKÂL 66 sycomorus LINNAEUS 72 thonningi BLUME 78 vallis-choudae DELILE 84 vasta FORSKÂL 88 vogelii (MIQ.) MIQ 93 SOME NOTES ON FIGS AND FIG-WASPS IN ETHIOPIA 97 Infrageneric classification of Hewsaccordin gt o HUTCHINSON, related to wasp-genera ... 99 Fig-wasp species collected from Ethiopian figs (Agaonid associations known from extra- limitalsample sadde d inparentheses ) 99 REJECTED NAMES ORTAX A 103 SUMMARY 105 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 106 LITERATURE REFERENCES 108 INDEX 112 INTRODUCTION GENERAL REMARKS Ethiopia is as regards its wild and cultivated plants, a recognized centre of genetically important taxa. Among its economic resources, agriculture takes first place. For this reason, a thorough knowledge of the Ethiopian plant cover - its constituent taxa, their morphology, life-cycle, cytogenetics etc.